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fffy    'fol^c^^' 


G  K  N  K  R  A  L    HISTORY, 

CYCLOPEDIA 

AND 

DICTIONARY 

OP 

FREEMASONRY; 

CONTAINING 

AN  ELABORATE  ACCOUffT  OF  THE  RISE  AM  PROGRESS  OF  FREEMASONRY, 

AND 

ITS   KINDRED  ASSOCIATIONS-ANCIENT  AND  MODERN. 


ALSO, 

DEFINITIONS  OF  THE 

TECHNICAL  TERMS  USED  BY  THE  FRATERNITY. 


BY  ROBERT  MACOY,  33°, 

AUTHOB  OP 

The  Boole  of  the  Lodge,  ifaxonie  ifanual,  True  Jfanonie  Guide,  Vocal  Manual,  eU.;  Past  Deputy 

Grand  Mister  of  New   York  and  Nora  Smlia,  P,txt  Grand  Secretary  of  New  York,  Grind 

KtcorJf.r  of  the  Grand  Comnumdery  of  New  York,  Rrjtrtfentatirt  of  the  Grand  Lodget 

of  Wufonirin,  Illinoit,  and  Nova  Scotia,  of  the  Grand  Cammanderie*  of  Tennestee 

and  Texas,  and  the  Grand  Council  of  New  Brunswick,  etc. 


Jllnstratcb   null)   npunub   of  300   (Engramngs. 

NEW   YORK: 
MASONIC  PUBLISHING   COMPANY, 

626    BROADWAY. 

1872. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1868,  by  the 
MASONIC  PUBLISHING  AND  MANUFACTURING  CO., 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the 
Southern  District  of  New  York. 


Stack 
Annex 


PREFACE. 


TO  supply,  to  some  extent,  the  increasing  demand  for 
knowledge,  by  students  in  the  science  of  Freemasonry, 
and  to  keep  step  with  the  irresistible  progress  of  our  institu- 
tion, were  the  impelling  motives  that  induced  the  undersigned 
to  undertake  the  arrangement  of  a  work  of  this  character. 
Dr.  OLIVER'S  Dictionary  of  Symbolical  Masonry,  notwithstand- 
ing its  value  and  usefulness,  falls  short  of  the  present  wants 
of  the  Fraternity.  Dr.  ALBERT  G.  MACKET'S  Lexicon  of 
Freemasonry,  better  adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the 
Fraternity  in  the  United  States  than  any  other  work  of  the 
kind  heretofore  published,  is  also  deficient  in  many  respects. 
The  present  volume  is  intended  to  remedy  many  of  the 
defects  and  omissions  of  its  predecessors,  and  to  exhibit,  in 
a  form  of  easy  reference,  the  latest  developments  and 
progress  of  the  institution,  and  the  results  of  more  recent 
investigations.  It  contains  a  comprehensive  explication  of 
the  whole  system  of  Freemasonry,  and  of  kindred  or  similar 
associations  —  ancient  and  modern — being  a  careful  con- 
densation of  all  that  has  ever  been  written  on  the  subject; 
intelligible  to  the  Fraternity,  and  mysterious  to  the  profane. 
My  purpose  will  be  effectually  and  very  satisfactorily  an- 
swered, if  the  definitions  here  given  of  the  technical  and 
other  terms  of  Masonry,  shall  prove  of  sufficient  value  to 
1 

20(5331 


VI  PREFACE. 

irwluco  the  reader  to  increase  his  stock  of  knowledge  by  a 
reference  to  other  works,  where  the  subjects  are  more 
thoroughly  discussed,  or  to  confirm  the  more  advanced 
Mason  in  the  truth  of  those  noble  principles  of  the  Craft, 
to  the  study  of  which  he  has  devoted  his  time  and  talents. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  History  of  the  Masonic  Institu- 
tion, every  available  means  has  been  adopted  to  obtain  the 
most  reliable  information  whereon  to  found  a  truthful 
chronicle  of  its  origin  and  early  progress  throughout  the 
several  parts  of  the  world.  The  many  and  almost  insur- 
mountable difficulties  in  arriving  at  precise  dates,  when  the 
materials  are  scattered  in  different  places,  or  mixed  with 
doubtful  circumstances,  are  sufficient  to  almost  deter  any 
writer  from  attempting  the  undertaking.  Notwithstanding 
the  uncertainty  with  which  much  of  the  matter  of  history 
is  surrounded,  a  diligent  and  careful  examination  of  the 
materials,  the  probabilities  of  statements  possessing  the 
germs  of  truth  were  too  convincing  to  be  set  aside  without 
calm  reflection  and  mature  consideration.  With  these 
views  the  history  in  the  accompanying  pages  is  offered  to 
the  Fraternity,  in  the  hope  that  it  will  prove  satisfactory 
and  useful. 

I  have  been  greatly  assisted  in  the  arrangement  of  this 
work  by  Bro.  AUG.  C.  L.  ARNOLD,  LL.  D.,  whose  knowledge 
and  correct  discrimination  upon  subjects  connected  with 
the  history  and  science  of  Freemasonry  and  its  kindred 
associations,  will  be  a  guaranty  for  their  correctness.  To 
Bro.  JOHN  W.  SIMONS,  Past  Grand  Master  of  New  York, 
whose  knowledge  of  the  arcana  of  Masonry  is  not  excelled 
by  any  writer  of  the  present  age,  I  am  also  indebted  for 
many  valuable  articles  and  excellent  suggestions.  To  these 
and  other  brethren  who  have  kindly  aided  me  I  tender  my 
hearty  thanks. 

Again  asking  the  fraternal  indulgence  of  the  brethren 
for  whatever  defects  may  still  be  apparent,  the  work  is  re- 
spectfully submitted  to  their  inspection. 

ROBT.  MACOY. 


G-ENEKAL 

HISTORY  OF  FREEMASONRY. 


"  Of  all  the  institutions  which  have  been  established  for  the  purpose 
of  improving  the  condition  of  mankind,  Freemasonry  stands  lire- 
eminent  in  usefulness  as  it  is  in  age.  Its  origin  is  lost  in  the  abyss  of 
unexplored  antiquity.  No  historical  records,  no  traditionary  accounts, 
can  with  certainty  point  out  the  precise  time,  the  place,  or  the  partic- 
ular manner  of  its  commencement.  While  some  have  endeavored  to 
discover  its  footsteps  amongst  the  master-builders  and  artists  ensured 
in  the  construction  of  the  first  Jewish  temple,  others  have  attempted 
to  trace  it  to  the  Eleusinian  mysteries,  which  air  said  to  luue  taught 
the  immortality  of  the  soul  and  the  other  sublime  truths  of  natural 
religion.  Some  again  have  ascribed  its  rise  to  the  sainted  heroes  of 
the  Crusades;  while  others  have  endeavored  to  penetrate  the  mysteries 
of  the  Druids,  and  to  discover  its  origin  amongst  the  wise  men  of 
that  institution." — DE  WITT  CLINTON. 

THE  difficulty  of  arriving  at  the  precise  time,  place,  or 
circumstance  in  which  Masonry  or  its  true  prototype  began, 
has  been  encountered  by  every  writer  upon  the  subject. 
Some,  over-anxious  for  the  dignity  of  the  fraternity,  have  rep- 
resented it  as  coeval  with  the  world.*  Others,  more  moder- 
ate, find  its  origin  in  the  religious  mysteries  of  the  ancient 
world,  and  particularly  in  a  supposed  branch  of  those  reli- 
gious associations  formed  by  the  architects  of  Tyre,  who, 
under  the  name  of  the  "  Dionysiac  Fraternity,"  constituted 
an  association  of  builders,  exclusively  engaged  in  the  con- 
struction of  temples  and  other  prominent  edifices  in  Asia 
Minor,  and  who  were  distinguished  by  the  use  of  secret 
signs  and  other  modes  of  mutual  recognition.  Without 
adopting  any  untenable  opinions,  we  are  justified  in  avowing 
that  the  institution  must  have  been  framed  by  a  people  who 

*  Anderson,  Preston,  and  many  other  Masonic  writers  claim  for  the 
order  the  highest  antiquity.  Preston  is  particular  in  his  expressions 
as  to  the  origin  of  the  institution,  by  saying :  "  From  the  commence- 
ment of  the  world,  we  may  trace  the  foundation  of  Masonry."  lie  un- 
doubtedly meant  that  its  principles  were  coexistent  with  the  universe— 
for  lie  qualifies  the  preceding  sentence  by  the  following  expressions  : 
"  Ever  since  symmetry  began,  and  -harmony  displayed  her  charms,  our 
order  has  had  a  being."  Regarding  THUTH  as  the  sun  of  the  Masonic 
system,  around  which  all  the  other  virtues  revolve,  we  may  trace  then 
its  origin  to  GOD — the  fountain  of  all  truth,  with  whom  there  is  no  con- 
fusion or  disorder,  but  perfect  symmetry  and  harmony.  In  that  sense 
the  origin  of  Freemasonry  maybe  reconciled  with  the"  commencement 
of  the  world." 


g  GENERAL  HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY. 

had  made  considerable  advance  in  science.  The  Egyptians, 
in  the  time  of  Moses,  were  proficient  in  all  the  arts  and 
sciences,*  as  the  gigantic  works  constructed  in  those  early 
ages,  still  existing,  prove.  Their  language  was  mystical,  and 
their  priests  secured  the  mysteries  of  their  religion  from  the 
knowledge  of  the  vulgar  or  uninitiated  by  symbols  and 
hieroglyphics,  comprehensible  alone  to  those  of  their  order. 
The  fraternity  of  ancient  Egypt  was  denominated  the  Hiero- 
Laotomi,  or  Sacred  Builders.  They  .were  a  selected  caste, 
and  connected  with  the  government  and  priesthood,  being  in 
fact  Masons  of  the  priestly  order;  whilst  the  ordinary 
Masons  or  artificers  were  of  an  inferior  caste.f  The  intent 
and  purpose  of  those  stupendous  fabrics,  the  pyramids,  waa 
a  great  mystery,  and  a  mystery. they  still  remain. 

Moses  was  initiated  into  the  secrets  and  mysteries  of  the 
priestly  order  when  in  Egypt,  and  some  have  imagined  that 
the  Hebrews  assisted  in  the  construction  of  the  pyramids ; 
but,  in  all  probability,  these  wondrous  efforts  of  Masonic 
skill  were  hoary  with  age  when  the  children  of  Israel  settled 
in  the  land  of  Goshen,  and  were  emblems  of  sublime  truths 
to  a  civilized  nation  when  Abraham  was  a  wanderer  in  the 
wilderness. 

By  Egyptian  colonists,  according  to  our  biblical  chronol- 
ogy, the  arts  were  carried  to  Greece  two  or  three  centuries 
before  the  age  of  Moses.  By  the  Israelites  a  purer  knowledge 
of  building  was  carried  to  the  promised  land ;  and  when 
they  became  a  settled  people,  the  remembrance  of  the  beau- 
tiful and  stupendous  edifices  they  had  seen  in  Egypt,  led 
them  to  attempt  constructions  suited  to  their  future  home. 
But  it  is  evident  that  by  the  death  of  their  great  master, 
Moses,  the  Israelites  were  not  in  full  possession  of  the  knowl- 
edge requisite  to  complete  the  glorious  fabric  which  the  G. 
A.  O.  T.  U.  had  in  vision  to  King  David  directed  his  son 
Solomon  to  erect ;  as  we  find  by  Holy  Writ,  that  "  the  wisest 
man"  needed  the  assistance  of  the  King  of  Tyre.  Tyre  and 
Sidon  were  the  chief  cities  of  the  Phoenicians :  the  latter 
boasts  an  antiquity  anterior  to  any  other  whose  site  can  be 
dc'termined.  It  was  a  place  of  considerable  importance  in 

**  "  The  Egyptians  are  described  to  us  as  being  the  first  people  who 
advanced  to  any  high  degree  of  knowledge  in  astronomy  and  science ; 
and  hence  they  acquired  the  means  of  discovering  and  proving  the 
existence  of  the  Divinity,  and  worshipped  the  Author  of  those  sublime 
works  which  they  contemplated." — DR.  ASHK. 

f  Champollion  says :  "A  theocracy  or  government  of  priests  waa 
the  first  known  to  the  Kiryptians,  and  it  is  necessary  to  give  the  word 
liricxtM  i, ic  acceptation  that  it  bore  in  ancient  times,  when  the  ministers 
•if  religion  were  also  the  ministers  of  science  and  learning;  so  that  they 
united  in  their  own  persons  two  of  the  noblest  missions  with  which 
men  could  bo' invested — the  worship  of  the  Deity,  and  the  cultivation 
or  science." 


GENERAL   HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY.  9 

the  time  of  Joshua,  who  speaks  of  it  as  "great  Sidon." 
Hence  ..it  is  evident  that  the  Phoenicians  were  far  advanced 
in  the  arts  of  life,  when  the  Israelites  reached  the  promised 
land.  When  Solomon  was  about  to  build  the  temple,  he 
communicated  to  the  King  of  Tyre  his  wish  to  enter  into  an 
engagement  for  a  supply  of  timber,  knowing,  as  he  said, 
"  that  there  is  not  amongst  us  any  that  can  skill  to  hew 
timber  like  the  Sidonians."  The  answer  of  the  Tyrian  king 
is  remarkable:  "I  will  do  all  thy  desire  concerning  timber 
of  cedar,  and  concerning  timber  of  fir ;  my  servants  shall 
bring  them  down  from  Lebanon  unto  the  sea,  and  I  will 
convey  them  by  sea  in  floats,  unto  the  place  that  thou  shalt 
appoint  me,  and  I  will  cause  them  to  be  discharged  there." 
( 1  Kings,  v.  8, 9).  Solomon  was  highly  pleased  with  the  answer 
of  the  Tyrian  king,  and  in  return  he  made  him  yearly  pres- 
ents of  the  most  costly  kinds.  Hiram  sent  him  also  a  man 
of  his  own  name,  a  Tyrian  by  birth,  but  of  Israelitish  parent- 
age, who  was  honored  by  his  king  with  the  title  of  father, 
and  is  called  Hiram  Abiff,*  the  most  accomplished  designer 
and  operator  then  known  in  the  country,  who  in  Solomon's 
absence  filled  the  chair  as  Deputy  Grand  Master,  and  in  his 
presence  was  the  Senior  Grand  Warden,  or  Principal  Sur- 
veyor and  Master  of  the  work.  That  no  confusion  might 
arise,  owing  to  the  great  numbers  employed,  King  Solomon 
selected  those  of  most  enlightened  minds  and  comprehensive 
understandings,  religious  men,  and  zealous  in  good  works,  as 
masters  to  superintend  the  workmen  ;  men  skilful  in  geometry 
and  proportion,  who  had  been  initiated  and  proved  in  the 
mystical  learning  of  the  ancient  sages — those  he  made  over- 
seers of  the  work.  To  carry  on  this  stupendous  work  with 
greater  ease  and  speed,  Solomon  ordered  all  the  craftsmen, 
as  well  natives  as  foreigners,  to  be  numbered  and  classed  as 
follows,  viz  : 

Ilarodim,  princes,  rulers,  or  provosts 300 

Menatzohim,  overseers 3,300 

Ghiblim,  stone-squarers 80,000 

The  levy  out  of  Israel,  at  work  in  Lebanon 30,000 

113,600 

Besides  the  ish  sabbal  or  men  of  burden,  the  remains  of  the 
old  Canaanites,  amounting  to  seventy  thousand,  who  are 
not  numbered  among  the  Masons. 

*  This  inspired  Master  was,  without  question,  the  most  cunning, 
skilful,  and  curious  workman  that  ever  lived,  whose  abilities  were 
not  confined  to  building  only,  but  extended  to  all  kinds  of  work, 
whether  in  gold,  silver,  brass,  or  iron.  From  his  designs,  and  under 
Ins  direction,  ull  the  rich  and  splendid  furniture  of  the  Temple  and 
iu>  sever.d  appendages  was  begun,  carried  on.  and  finished.— KM  ;n; 

1* 


10  GENERAL   HISTORY   OF  FREEMASONRY. 

The  older  traditions  of  Masonry  say,  "that  the  only 
actual  Freemasons  who  were  present  at  the  building  of  the 
Temple,  were  the  three  thousand  three  hundred  overseers, 
mentioned  in  1  Kings,  v.  16,  added  to  the  three  hundred 
who  were  called  Gl  iblimites,  and  were  in  fact  masters  over 
all  the  operative  Masons  employed  in  the  work." 

This  arrangement  produced  the  happiest  effects,  and  in- 
troduced among  the  fraternity  that  perfect  harmony  and 
universal  brotherhood  which  is  so  often  referred  to  in  our 
ancient  charges.* 

Masonic  tradition  says  that  the  workmen  were  divided 
into  classes  or  degrees,  and  to  each  class  were  assigned  dif- 
ferent methods  of  recognition.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
there  was  an  organization  among  the  Jews  which  extended 
beyond  Judea.  The  Bible  exhibits  them  mixing  themselves 
with  the  Tyrians  or  Dionysian  artificers,  notwithstanding 
the  ordinary  repugnance  of  the  Israelites  toward  strangers, 
and  that  they  recognized  each  other  by  words  and  secret 
signs  similar  to  those  employed  by  natives  of  other  coun- 
tries. There  was  also  between  the  Jews  and  Tyrians  a 
conformity  of  allegorical  taste,  particularly  in  all  that  af- 
fected sacred  architecture. 

So  perfect  was  the  organization  among  the  vast  num- 
ber of  workmen,  and  so  systematic  the  distribution  of  labor, 
that  Solomon's  Temple,  with  all  its  gorgeous  splendor  and 
minute  ornaments  in  detail,  was  finished  in  little  more  than 
seven  years  from  the  laying  of  the  foundation-stone ;  while 
the  Temple  of  Herod,  where  the  same  accurate  arrange- 
ment did  not  exist,  occupied  thirty-six  years  ;  that  of  Diana, 
at  Ephesus,  two  hundred  years ;  St.  Peter's  Cathedral  at 
Rome,  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  years;  and  St.  Paul's  in 
London,  thirty-five  years  in  building. 

Many  of  Solomon's  Masons,  before  he  died,  began  to 
travel.  The  royal  descendants  of  King  Solomon  continued 
to  occupy  the  throne  and  patronize  the  noble  art  of  Free- 
masonry until  the  reign  of  Josiah,  the  last  king  of  Judah. 
With  no  people  did  the  Masons  se^m  to  exercise  a  greater 
or  more  beneficial  influence  than  the  Gentiles.  The  Syrians 
built  a  lofty  temple,  and  a  royal  palace  at  Damascus,  and 
other  cities  on  the  coast  and  throughout  Syria. 


*  They  were  instructed  to  "  salute  one  another  in  a  courteous 
manner,  calling  each  other  brother;  freely  giving  mutual  instruction, 
ns  might  be  thought  expedient,  without  being  overseen  or  overheard, 
and  without  encroaching  upon  each  other,  or  derogating  from  that 
respect  which  was  due  to  any  Brother,  were  he  not  a  Mason  ;  for 
although  all  Masons  are,  as  Brethren,  upon  the  same  level,  yet  Ma- 
sonry takes  no  honor  from  a  man  that  he  had  before  ;  nay,  it  rather 
adds  to  his  honor,  especially  if  he  has  deserved  well  of  the  brother- 
hood."— ANCIENT  CIIAHGES. 


GENERAL   HISTORY  OP  FREEMASONRY.  11 

About  thirty-five  years  after  the  death  of  Solomon,  the 
Temple  of  Diana,  built  by  some  Japhitites,  in  the  days  of 
Moses,  was  burned  down,  and  the  kings  of  Lesser  Asia  re- 
built and  ornamented  it  in  the  most  splendid  manner.  This 
temple  was  regarded  by  all  as  pre-eminently  magnificent, 
and  hence  became  the  third  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the 
world. 

In  the  twelfth  year  of  Jotham,  king  of  Judah,  A.  M.  3256, 
Sardanapalus  was  besieged  by  his  brothers  Eser  and  Nabo- 
nassar,  until,  in  despair,  he  burned  himself,  and  all  his 
treasure,  in  the  old  palace  of  Nimrod,  when  the  Assyrian 
Empire  was  divided  between  Tiglath  Pul  Eser  and  Nabo- 
nassar.  In  the  days  of  the  latter  Prince,  who  ruled  over 
Chaldea,  much  attention  was  given  to  the  study  of  astrono- 
my, and  so  great  was  the  advancement  made  in  the  science 
that  after-generations  styled  this  the  astronomical  era.  In 
one  of  the  degrees  of  Masonry  we  have  a  tradition  that  after 
Noah  safely  landed  on  Mount  Ararat,  and  offered  up  sacri- 
fice to  God  on  an  altar  which  he  erected,  that  he  turned  his 
attention  to  the  cultivation  of  the  earth  for  one  hundred 
years ;  wbon,  his  posterity  becoming  numerous,  he  ordered 
them  to  disperse  themselves  and  take  possession  of  the  earth 
according  to  the  partition  which  he  made ;  that  they  traveled 
a  westerly  course  until  they  came  to  the  plains  of  Shinar, 
when  they  counseled  together,  and,  fearing  the  consequences 
of  a  separation,  and  being  desirous  to  establish  for  them- 
selves a  name,  built  the  city  of  Babylon  and  the  Tower  of 
Babel. 

We  will  not  attempt  to  trace  Masonry  into  every  country, 
and  point  out  the  various  cities  that  were  built  or  adorned 
by  the  traveling  Masons  who  had  assisted  in  the  erection  of 
Solomon's  Temple,  but  will  be  content  to  look  at  some  of 
the  more  prominent  places. 

Masonry  not  only  flourished  in  Eastern  Asia,  but  it  took  a 
westerly  direction  also.  Boristhenes,  in"  Pontus,  was  built 
about  the  period  of  which  we  are  writing.  Prusias  and 
Chalcedon,  in  Bithynia,  Constantinople  (then  called  Bizan- 
tium),  and  Lampsacus,  in  the  Hellespont.  The  travelers  also 
penetrated  into  Rome,  Ravenna,  Florence,  and  many  other 
cities  in  Italy;  Granada  and  Malaga,  and  other  cities  of- 
Spain  ;  and  also  on  the  coast  of  Gaul. 

In  A.  M.  3416,  or  B.  c.  588,  four  hundred  and  sixteen  years 
after  the  completion  of  the  Temple,  the  powerful  array  of 
Nebuchadnezzar  entered  Jerusalem,  after  a  protracted  siege 
and  took  all  the  sacred  vessels,  removing  the  two  famous 
pillars,  Jachin  and  Boaz,  robbed  the  city  and  the  king's  pal- 
ace of  all  the  riches  they  contained,  and  then  set  fire  to  the 
Temple  and  city,  overthrew  the  walls  of  the  towns,  and  car- 
rie  I  away  thousands  of  the  people  cap*ives  to  the  city  of 


12  OKXEUAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMASONRY. 

Babylon,  among  whom  were  many  of  those  noble-hearted 
Giblemitea  who  descended  from  the  builders  of  Solomon's 
Temple.  And  Masonic  tradition  informs  us  that  they  con- 
tinued to  hold  secretly  their  Lodge  meetings,  and,  in  this 
way.  taught  their  children  the  secrets  of  Masonry  and  the 
principles  of  the  revealed  religion  of  their  fathers ;  for  it 
will  be  remembered  that,  previous  to  the  fall  of  Jerusalem, 
the  power  and  authority  to  transcribe  the  law  were  confined 
to  the  Scribes,  and  hence  but  a  small  portion  of  the  people 
were  in  possession  of  a  copy,  every  copy  found  having  been 
destroyed  by  the  infidel  invader.  The  captive  Jews,  there- 
fore, could  only  perpetuate  their  religion  by  teaching  it  to 
their  children  from  tradition,  as  they  did  Masonry.  All  the 
captive  Masons  were  compelled,  for  the  space  of  fifty-two 
years,  to  devote  their  time,  labor,  and  skill  in  finishing  and 
ornamenting  the  buildings  which  the  king  of  Babylon  and 
his  predecessor  had  commenced,  as  also  the  erection  of  new 
ones.  In  this  way  the  Chaldean  Masons,  who  wrought  with 
the  captive  Jews,  perfected  themselves  in  architecture,  for 
the  results  of  their  joint  labor  made  Babylon  the  fourth  of 
the  seven  wonders  of  art  and  the  boasted  mistress  of  the 
world.  Thus  labored  and  toiled  the  true  descendants  of  the 
children  of  Israel,  borne  down  with  oppression  and  slavery, 
and  often  denied  the  privilege  of  worshiping  the  God  of 
their  fathers.  But  their  long  sufferings  were  destined  to  re- 
sult in  good ;  for  the  very  opposite  effect  to  that  sought  by 
the  king  of  Babylon  was  the  result  of  their  long  and  painful 
captivity,  for  when  the  proclamation  of  Cyrus  was  issued  for 
the  liberation  of  the  Israelites,  according  to  the  word  of  God, 
these  architects  were  better  prepared  to  return  to  the  land 
they  so  much  loved,  and  lay  the  foundation  for  the  rebuild- 
ing of  the  Temple  and  the,  city  of  Jerusalem. 

In  536  B.  c.  the  Jews  were  liberated  from  Babylonish  cap- 
tivity by  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia,  who,  in  the  first  year  of  his 
reign,  issued  theWbllowing  proclamation:  "Thus  saith 
Cyrus,  king  of  Persia :  The  Lord  God  of  heaven  hath  given 
me  all  the  kingdoms  of  the  earth  ;  and  he  hath  charged  me 
to  build  him  a  house  a.t  Jerusalem,  which  is  in  Judea.  Who 
is  there  among  you  of  all  his  people  ?  his  God  be  with  him, 
and  let  him  go  up  to  Jerusalem,  which  is  in  Judea,  and  build 
the  house  of  the  Lord  God  of  Israel,  which  is  in  Jerusalem." 

These  "glad  tidings  of  great  joy"  were  received  by  the 
liberated  captives  with  shouting  and  praise — for  they  were 
permitted  to  return  to  their  former  homes.  Forty-two 
thousand  three  hundred  and  sixty  of  the  exiled  Jews  re- 
paired, in  the  same  year,  from  Babylon  and  the  neighboring 
cities  to  Jerusalem.  The  leaders  of  these  were  Zerubbabel, 
Joshua,  and  Ilaggai,  who  perform  an  important  part  in  the 
Uoynl  Arc}}  degree.  • 


OENEKAL    H18TOUY    OF    FKEEMASONRY.  13 

From  this  period  the  fraternity  of  traveling  Masons  passed 
into  Greece,  Rome,  Spain,  and  other  countries,  where  their 
services  could  be  employed  in  the  erection  of  the  famous 
edifices  for  which  the  ancient  world  is  justly  celebrated. 

In  passing,  in  this  brief  outline,  from  the  condition  of  the 
fraternity  in  what  we  may  properly  denominate  the  ancient 
history,  we  will  endeavor  to  trace  its  progress  from  that 
period  to  the  more  enlightened  days  of  modern  architecture, 
and  the  cultivation  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  in  such  chrono- 
logical order  as  will  give  the  most  concise  historical  facts  in 
detail — these  facts  being  based  upon  substantial  documents 
and  the  principal  monuments  erected  by  the  traveling  opera- 
tive fraternities  or  Freemasons.  In  '715  before  the  Christian 
era,  the  Roman  Colleges  of  Constructors  were  established, 
composed  of  men  learned  in  all  the  arts  and  trades  necessary 
for  the  execution  of  civil,  religious,  naval,  and  hydraulic 
architecture,  with  their  own  laws  and  judges — laws  based  on 
those  of  the  Dyonisian  artificers,  whose  mysteries  had  spread 
among  the  principal  peoples  of  the  East.  Numa  Pompilius, 
in  founding  these  colleges,  made  them  at  the  same  time  civil 
and  religious  societies,  with  the  exclusive  privilege  of  build- 
ing temples  and  public  edifices — their  relations  to  the  state 
and  the  priesthood  being  precisely  determined  by  the  laws. 
They  had  their  own  jurisdiction  and  laws ;  at  their  head  were 
presidents  called  Masters,  Overseers  or  Wardens,  Censors, 
Treasurers,  Keepers  of  the  Seals,  Archivists,  and  Secretaries ; 
they  had  their  own  physicians  and  serving  brethren,  and 
paid  monthly  dues.  The  number  of  members  to  each  col- 
lege was  fixed  by  law.  Composed,  principally,  of  Greek 
artisans,  they  surrounded  the  secrets  of  their  art  and  doc- 
trines by  the  mysteries  of  their  country,  and  concealed  them 
in  symbols  borrowed  from  these  mysteries  and  from  their 
own  arcana,  one  of  the  characteristics  of  which  was  the  sym- 
bolic employment  of  the  utensils  of  their  profession. 

710.  Numa,  the  great  legislator  Avho  founded  the  colleges, 
at  once  assigned  them^  labors  of  more  than  ordinary  impor- 
tance. First,  the  enlargement  of  the  capitol,  then  the  com- 
pletion of  the  temples  dedicated  to  the  Sun,  Moon,  Sat- 
urn, Mars,  and  other  divinities,  commenced  xinder  Romuhu 
and  other  Sabine  kings.  On  the  termination  of  these  labors 
Xuma  directed  the  construction  of  temples  to  Faith,  to  Fi- 
delity, to  Romulus,  and  Janus,  the  god  of  peace,  specially 
adored  by  Numa ;  he  caused  the  city  to  be  fortified,  and  sur- 
rounded it  with  walls.  He  also  continued  labor  on  the  fa- 
mous temple  erected  by  Romulus  to  Jupiter,  on  the  spot 
where  his  army,  about  to  flee,  was  induced  to  fight  by  the 
prayer  addressed  by  Romulus  to  that  deity.  The  great  num- 
ber of  temples  established  in  Rome  since  Romulus  are  due 
to  the  custom  that  the  general-in-chief  should  erect  a  tempi* 


14  GENERAL   HISTORY    OF   FREEMASONRY. 

to  the  deity  invoked  by  him  in  the  course  of  a  victorious 
battle ;  this  also  explains  the  number  of  temples  erected  to 
the  same  divinity.  They  were  learned  in  the  religious  or 
symbolic  teachings  of  the  period  as  well  as  in  the  arts  and 
sciences. 

010.  Under  the  reign  of  the  elder  Tarquin  temples  were 
erected  to  Jupiter,  Juno,  and  Minerva ;  he  caused  the  erec- 
tion of  a  city  wall  of  hewn  stone  (614),  a  sewer  for  improv- 
ing the  health  of  the  city,  and  many  other  public  monu- 
ments. The  first  circus  was  constructed  by  his  order. 

580.  Servius  Tullius  again  enlarged  Rome  by  the  addition 
of  three  neighboring  eminences,  which  he  surrounded  by  a 
wall :  he  also  built  temples  to  Fortune  and  Diana. 

500.  Building  of  the  temples  of  Vesta,  Hercules,  Pallas, 
and  Minerva,  under  Junius  Drusius. 

490.  The  consuls  Sempronius  and  Minucius  cause  the 
building  by  the  colleges  of  constructors  of  two  temples,  one 
dedicated  to  Saturn,  the  other  to  Mercury :  they  also  estab- 
lish the  Saturnalian  feasts. 

451.  Creation  of  the  law  of  the  Twelve  Tables,  the  VHIth 
relating  to  the  colleges  of  builders. 

390.  Taking  of  Rome  by  the  Gauls  and  destruction  of  va- 
rious monuments. 

385.  The  ruined  monuments  are  rebuilt,  and  new  temples 
constructed  under  F.  Quintius,  who  dedicated  them  to  Mars, 
Juno,  Health,  and  Concord. 

312.  The  first  paved  road  was  constructed  by  the  colleges, 
under  the  orders  of  Appius  Claudius,  who  had  it  extended 
to  Capua.  The  first  great  aqueduct  was  built  at  this  time. 

290.  The  temple  to  Romulus,  under  the  title  Quirinus,  was 
built,  and  in  it  was  placed  the  first  sun-dial,  due  to  the  con- 
BU!  Sp\irius.  Carvilius,  who  also  built  a  temple  to  Fortis- 
Fbrtuna,  to  contain  the  spoils  taken  from  the  Etruscans.  A 
temple  in  honor  of  Esculapius  is  built  on  an  island  in  the 
Tiber. 

285.  The  fraternities  of  builders,  as  they  were  then  called, 
attached  to  the  Roman  legions,  establish  themselves  in  Cisal- 
pine Gaul  (Venezia  and  Lombardy),  on  the  conquest  of  that 
country  by  the  Romans;  these  fraternities,  a  detachment  of 
which  accompanied  each  legion,  were  charged  with  the  duty 
of  drawing  plans  for  all  military  constructions,  such  as  in- 
trenched camps,  strategic  roads,  bridges,  aqueducts,  dwell- 
ings, etc. ;  they  directed  the  soldiers  and  laborers  in  the 
actual  execution  of  these  works ;  and  they  also  made  the  in- 
struments of  warfare.  So  far  as  related  to  matters  directly 
pertaining  to  the  war,  they  were  under  the  orders  of  the  gen- 
orals  or  chiefs  of  the  legions,  but  in  all  other  matters  enjoyed 
iheir  peculiar  privileges.  Composed  of  artists  and  learned 


GF.NK1.AL    HISTORY    OF   FREEMASONJIY.  15 

men,  those  fraternities  propagated  not  only  a  knowledge  of 
the  G.'.  A.  .  Cv.  T.-.  U.'.  but  a  taste  for  the  proprieties  of  life, 
and  for  literature  and  the  Roman  arts,  wherever  that  nation 
bore  its  victorious  arms.  They  also  taught  the  vanquished 
and  the  oppressed  the  pacific  element  of  the  Roman  power — 
art  and  civil  law. 

375.  The  conquest  of  nearly  all  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  (Sardi- 
nian States)  introduced  the  building  fraternities,  never  re- 
maining inactive,  and  ever  rebuilding  in  better  style  those 
monuments  which  the  legions  had  destroyed. 

250.  While  Cisalpine  Gaul  was  being  covered  with  mili- 
tary colonies  surrounded  by  fortifications,  executed  by  the 
fraternities,  who  constructed  within  them  habitations  and 
palaces  for  the  military  chiefs,  other  legions  push  their  con- 
quests beyond  the  Alps,  into  Transalpine  Gaul  and  Spain. 
The  first  causeway  was  built  from  Rome  through  Gaul,  to 
the  valley  of  Ostia. 

225.  The  fraternities  of  builders  continued  to  follow  the 
legions  and  fulfil  their  mission ;  yi  Spain  they  founded  Cor- 
dova ;  in  Gaul  Empodorum,  where  they  built  a  famous  cir- 
cus, to  which  the  consul  Flaminius  gave  his  name. 

220.  The  Romans,  attacked  by  Hannibal,  built,  after  his 
retreat,  and  in  memory  of  that  occurrence,  a  temple  to  Ridi- 
cule. A  grand  strategic  road  was  constructed  by  the  Roman 
soldiers,  under  direction  of  the  colleges.  Flaminius,  the  cen- 
sor, built  a  circus  in  Rome. 

210.  During  the  second  Punic  war  the  colleges,  having 
nothing  to  do  at  Rome,  where  no  buildings  were  in  progress, 
journeyed  to  the  conquered  provinces. 

200.  The  Roman  people  decided  to  build  a  temple  to 
Mars  and  another  to  Romulus  and  Reims,  the  founders  of 
Rome.  These  two  temples  were  nearly  completed  during 
the  same  year. 

148.  The  first  marble  temple  was  due  to  General  Metellus, 
who  consecrated  it  to  Jupiter,  after  his  victory  over  the  king 
of  Macedonia ;  he  built  another  temple  at  his  own  expense, 
which  he  dedicated  to  Juno ;.  also  a  remarkable  sepulcher, 
bearing  his  own  name. 

125.  The  legions,  having  taken  possession  of  Helvetia,  for- 
tified themselves,  and  by  gradually  enlarging  founded  a  num- 
ber of  cities. 

121.  A  Roman  colony,  commanded  by  Marsius,  founded 
Narbonne,  which  became  the  principal  stronghold  of  the 
Romans,  until  the  time  of  Augustus.  The  Consul  Opimius 
caused  the  erection  at  Rome  of  the  first  basilic;  to  him  is 
also  due  the  elevation  of  a  temple  to  Concord. 

101.  Marius,  after  his  victory  over  the  Cimbres  and  Teu- 
tons, caused  the  erection  in  Rome,  under  the  special  direction 


16  GENERAL  HISTORY  OF  FREEMASONRY. 

of  the  architect  Musius,  of  two  temples,  one  dedicated  to 
Honor,  the  other  to  Virtue.* 

79.  Herculaneum,  an  ancient  city,  containing  many  monu- 
ments erected  by  the  building  fraternities,  was  buried  under 
the  lava  of  Vesuvius.  Pompeii,  not  less  celebrated  than 
Herculaneum,  and  whose  monuments  were  fully  equal  to 
those  of 'Rome,  likewise  disappeared  beneath  the  ashes  and 
lava  from  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  this  year. 

60.  Julius  Cesar  became  master  of  Transalpine  Gaul 
(France,  Belgium,  and  Switzerland),  after  ten  years  of 
struggles,  during  which,  according  to  Plutarch,  more  than 
800  Gallic  cities  were  devastated.  Cesar  gave  occupation  to 
the  corporations  in  Gaul  as  well  as  others  summoned  by  him 
to  rebuild  these  cities,  aided  by  his  soldiers. 

55.  Britain,  which  at  this  time  was  partially  conquered, 
received  strong  re-enforcements  of  builders  sent  to  establish 
more  extended  fortifications.  Under  command  of  Julius 
Cesar,  one  of  the  legions  pushed  forward  into  the  interior  of 
the  country,  and,  to  defend  jLhemselves,  formed  an  intrenched 
camp  with  walls,  inside  of  which,  as  elsewhere,  habitations, 
temples,  and  aqueducts  appeared.  And  from  it  arose  Ebo- 
racum  (York),  a  city  celebrated  in  the  history  of  Freema- 
sonry. 

50.  While  Julius  Cesar,  pursuing  his  conquests,  destroyed 
all  the  Celtic  monuments  and  Druidical  altars,  Pompey 
caused  the  building  in  Rome  of  numerous  temples  and  the 
famous  marble  amphitheater,  capable  of  holding  thirty  thou- 
sand persons ;  he  also  caused  the  completion  by  the  fraterni- 
ties of  builders  of  the  no  less  famous  highway  from  Italy 
across  the  Alps  into  Gaul.  When  Julius  Cesar  returned  to 
Rome  he  also  built  various  temples  to  Mars,  Apollo,  and 
Venus.  He  sent  all  the  colleges  actually  in  Italy  to  Carthage 
and  Corinth  to  raise  those  cities  from  their  ruins. 

45.  The  Roman  senate,  after  the  civil  war,  directed  the 
colleges  of  constmictors  to  build  various  monuments  in  honor 
of  Julius  Cesar  ;  among  others  four  temples,  to  Liberty,  Con- 
cord, Happiness,  and  Mercy. 

42.  The  Triumvirs  caused  a  temple  to  be  erected  to  Isis, 
and  another  to  Serapis. 

37.  The  Roman  legions,  stationed  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine  to  guard  the  Gallic  country  against  the  continual  ag- 
gressions of  the  Germans,  found  at  various  points  intrenched 
camps,  which  became  important  colonies.  Cologne  thus  be- 

*  Up  to  this  period  architecture  had  preserved  the  Etruscan  charac- 
ter, and  the  attempts  to  embellish  the  temples  and  other  edifices  con- 
Bisted  only  in  ornamenting  them  with  statues  and  other  objects  taken 
from  subjugated  countries,  especially  Greece ;  but  from  this  time  for- 
ward the  predilection  of  the  Romans  for  Grecian  architecture  became 
dominant,  and  the  Etruscan  was  abandoned. 


GENERAL   HISTORY  OF  FREEMASONRY.  17 

gan,  and  was  afterward  invested  vith  the  rights  ol  a  Roman 
city  under  Claudius. 

35.  The  Pantheon  was  finished  under  Marcus  Agrippa, 
who  also  construe  ted  magnificent  baths,  which  bore  his 
name.  The  great  Cisalpine  highway  was  continued  by  hia 
orders,  under  direction  of  the  corporations. 

32.  The  legions  established  in  Paris  erected,  alongside  of 
the  Gallic  altars,  temples  to  Isis  and  Mithra. 

30.  The  reign  of  Augustus  was  fertile  in  splendid  monu 
ments.  The  building  fraternities  were  greatly  augmented, 
and  a  certain  number  formed  special  colleges  devoted  to 
naval  and  hydraulic  architecture.  The  great  learning  of 
these  men  initiated  in  all  arts,  the  generous  principles  pro- 
fessed by  them,  their  mysterious  organization,  surrounded 
them  with  so  much  consideration  that  many  distinguished 
men  sought  to  participate  in  their  privileges.  The  most  im- 
portant monuments  erected  by  them  at  this  period  were,  at 
Rome,  the  temple  to  Jupiter,  the  theater  commenced  under 
the  consulate  of  Claudius  Marcellus,  the  mausoleum  bearing 
the  name  of  Augustus,  two  triumphal  arches  also  bearing  his 
name,  two  Egyptian  obelisks :  in  Roman  provinces  we  will 
only  mention  the  temple  of  Clitum  at  Foligni,  of  Jupiter  at 
Pozuoli,  the  triumphal  arch  at  Susa.  In  Gaul  a  large  num- 
ber of  less  pretentious  monuments  ornamented  the  cities  re- 
built or  founded  by  the  Romans.  A  part  of  the  high  roads, 
and  notably  that  of  Emporium  near  the  Pyrenees,  were  due 
to  the  orders  of  Augustus.  The  friends  of  this  emperor  ri- 
valed him  in  building  sumptuous  monuments;  Statilus 
Taurus  built  an  amphitheater;  Marcus  Phillipus  a  temple  to 
Hercules;  Munatius  Plancus  one  to  Saturn;  Lucius  Carnifu- 
cius  one  to  Diana;  Lucius  Cornelius  Balbus  finished  his  great 
theater  in  stone. 

In  the  first  year  of  the  Christian  era  Augustus  caused  the 
building  of  a  temple  in  honor  of  his  friends  Caius  and  Lucius, 
the  remains  of  which  are  known  as  the  square  house. 

5.  The  Jewish  architects  received  protection  at  Rome, 
where,  under  Julius  Cesar,  they  were  allowed  to  establish 
synagogues.  Admitted  to  the  colleges  of  builders,  they  im- 
parted to  them  a  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew  mysteries. 

10.  Vitruvius  Pollio,  the  celebrated  architect,  in  his  works 
on  the  subject,  mentions  the  brilliant  state  of  the  art  at 
Rome  during  this  period,  and  speaks  of  its  doctrines  as  vailed 
in  allegories  and  symbols. 

14.  The  palace  of  the  Cesars,  commenced  under  Tiberius, 
continued  under  Caligula  (37),  and  finished  under  Domitiau 
(81).  Tiberius  built  a  triumphal  arch  in  honor  of  his  brother 
Claudius  Drusus,  also  one  to  Augustus  and  another  to  Castor. 

'25.  The  bridge  of  Rimini  begun  by  Augustus  was  finished 
by  Tiberius,  who  also  built  temples  in  honor  of  Proserpine, 
Juuct,  and  the  goddess  of  Concord. 


18  GENERAL   HISTORY   UF   FREEMASONRY. 

41.  A  superb  aqueduct  erected  under  Claudius,  bears  his 
name. 

43.  Detachments  of  builders  from  the  fraternities  along 
the  Rhine  were  sent  by  the  Emperor  Claudius  to  Britain, 
where  the  legions  experienced  great  difficulty  in  maintaining 
themselves  against  the  incursions  of  the  Caledonians  ;  they 
constructed  a  number  of  fortresses  beyond  the  camps. 

50.  At  this  time  architecture  reached  its  culminating  point 
in  Rome ;  the  colleges,  discouraged  by  the  despotism  of  the 
erar.orors,  who  gradually  deprived  them  of  their  privileges, 
lost  their  cultivated  taste.  The  monuments  of  this  period 
were  far  from  attaining  the  elevated  character  which  placed 
them  among  the  most  sublime  creations  of  human  intelli- 
gence. The  same  decay  was  observed  in  the  Grecian  monu- 
ments, from  which  the  Romans  had  borrowed  their  finest 
models.  The  principal  cause  of  this  decay  was  the  fact  that 
the  most  skillful  and  highly  educated  architects  were  sent  by 
Julius  Cesar  or  Augustus  into  the  conquered  provinces  to 
build  imposing  monuments,  in  order  to  give  the  people  an 
elevated  idea  of  the  arts  and  sciences  possessed  by  the  con- 
querors ;  to  inspire  them,  in  shoi't,  wfth  admiration.  The 
colleges,  concentrating,  as  they  did,  among  their  members 
most  of  the  acquirements  of  that  time,  undoubtedly  added 
as  much  by  their  labors  to  the  glory  and  power  of  Rome  as 
was  contributed  by  force  of  arms.  Among  the  architects,  or 
magistri,  as  they  were  called,  of  this  period,  a  number  busied 
themselves  by  writing  for  the  information  of  their  distant 
brethren  works  on  the  theory  and  rules  of  their  art.  The 
most  celebrated  of  these  were  Vitruvius  Pollio,  Fulvitius, 
Varron,  Publius  and  Septimus.  The  works  of  the  first  only 
survive. 

54.  Various  temples,  baths,  and  acqueducts  constructed 
under  Nero,  who,  after  burning  the  city  of  Rome,  and  de- 
stroying many  fine  monuments,  built  his  celebrated  golden 
palace. 

70.  Flavins  Vespasian  constructed  the  Coliseum,  at  which 
12,000  Jewish  prisoners  worked.  It  held  110,000  persons, 
but  was  not  completed  till  the  reign  of  Titus  (80). 

98.  Under  Trajan  was  built  the  famous  circus  capable  of 
holding  260,000  persons. 

120.  Under  the  reign  of  Adrian  many  new  and  costly  tem- 
ples were  erected  at  Rome,  particularly  the  one  devoted  to 
the  service  of  Venus.  The  superb  column  in  honor  of  Ulpius 
Trajanus,  the  emperor,  was  constructed  by  the  most  distin- 
guished of  the  builders  by  order  of  Adrian.  He  also  con- 
structed the  mausoleum,  known  to  this  day  as  the  castle  of 
St.  Angelo.  The  celebrated  architect  Apollodorus,  to  whom 
was  due  the  honor  of  arranging  the  plans  of  that  buildinor 
was  banished  for  having  uttered  sv»me  t;u-ts  not  pleasing  tu 


TK1UMPHAL    AKCH    OF   TITUS,    AT   HOME. 


GENERAL  HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY.  21 

the  emperor.  Adrian,  with  great  industry  and  a  display  of 
unusual  ability  in  architectural  knowledge,  visited  the  vari- 
ous provinces  of  his  vast  empire.  In  Britain  he  ordered  the 
construction,  by  the  fraternities  of  builders,  many  of  which 
accompanied  him,  of  an  immense  wall,  which,  extending  from 
the  Tyne  to  the  Gulf  of  Solway,  thus  crossing  the  country 
from  east  to  west,  to  protect  the  military  colonies  from  the 
continual  invasion  of  the  Scots  and  other  clans.  Asia  is 
indebted  to  him  for  many  valuable  public  monuments ;  but 
it  was  Greece  that  was  particularly  favored  with  his  remark- 
able abilities  as  an  architect,  throughout  which  country  he 
ordered  the  erection  of  many  of  her  most  celebrated  temples, 
such  as  the  Pantheon  and  the  temples  to  Jupiter  Olympus 
with  its  122  columns. 

130.  After  the  fall  of  the  Roman  republic  all  the  corpora 
tions  founded  at  the  same  time  as  the  colleges  of  builders,  bj 
Numa  Pompilius,  lost  their  ancient  privileges.  The  colleges 
were  somewhat  restrained  by  Trajan  and  Adrian,  notwith- 
standing most  of  their  privileges  were  left  that  their  talents 
might  still  be  employed. 

140.  During  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Antonius,  temples 
were  erected  to  Mars,  besides  many  others  for  civic  purposes. 
Another  great  wall  was  built  in  Britain,  where  the  Roman 
legions  were  constantly  menaced  by  the  marauding  bands 
that  then  infested  the  country.  About  this  period  the  Ma- 
sonic fratei'nities,  the  remains  of  the  ancient  Roman  colleges 
of  builders,  who,  in  the  time  of  the  Christian  persecutions 
ordered  by  Nero,  Domitian,  and  Trajan,  sought  refuge  in 
those  provinces  the  most  distant  from  Rome,  and  which  were 
governed  by  men  more  humane  than  the  emperors,  that 
those  beautiful  masterpieces  of  architectural  grandeur  were 
erected. 

166.  The  greater  part  of  the  members  of  colleges  at  Rome 
embraced  Christianity.  The  Emperor  Marcus  Aurelius,  irri- 
tated at  the  progress  made  by  this  new  doctrine,  and  deter- 
mined to  destroy  it  by  force,  ordered  during  this  year  fresh 
persecutions  against  the  Christians,  in  consequence  of  which 
many  of  them  residing  in  Gaul  took  refuge  with  the  corpora- 
tions in  Britain,  where  greater  protection  was  afforded  them 
than  elsewhere.  The  Christian  Masons  at  Rome  sought  in 
the  catacombs  a  secret  asylum  from  the  edicts  fulminated 
against  them,  and  an  escape  from  the  tortures  to  which  they 
were  condemned.  In  these  dark  vaults  they  met  with  their 
co-religionists.  During  the  ten  years  of  persecution  under 
Marcus  Aurelius  they  transformed  the  catacombs  into 
churches,  ornamented  with  sarcophagi  and  encaustic  paint- 
ings ;  their  faith  inspired  these  Christian  artists  to  build 
thapels  and  altar*  on  the  tombs  of  the  martyrs. 

180-275   This  period  is  marked  in  the  history  of  arcl'itect  uiv 


£2  GENERAL   HISTORY   OF  FREEMASONRY. 

by  cne  of  the  most  sublime  conceptions  of  the  artistic  genius 
of  the  builders,  executed  under  the  reign  and  by  the  orders 
of  the  Emperor  Aurelian — the  two  temples  of  Helios  at  Pal- 
myra, which,  in  beauty  and  grandeur,  surpass  those  of  Heli- 
opolis.  The  larger  of  these  temples  had  464  columns,  many 
of  them  from  a  single  block  of  marble.  The  total  number 
of  columns  decorating  the  two  temples  and  the  galleries  be- 
longing to  them  was  1,450. 

287-290.  Carausius,  commander  of  the  Roman  fleot,  took 
possession  of  Britain,  and  declared  himself  emperor.  To  con- 
ciliate the  Masonic  fraternities,  then  wielding  an  immense  in- 
fluence in  the  country,  he  restored  their  ancient  privileges  ; 
since  which  time  they  have  been  called  privileged  or  Free- 
Masons,  to  distinguish  them  from  those  not  thus  entitled. 

293.  Albanus,  a  converted  pagan,  was,  by  order  of  Carau- 
sius, decapitated  on  account  of  his  faith.  In  this  manner  a 
grand  master  of  Freemasons  became  the  first  Christian  mar- 
tyr in  Britain. 

296.  The  city  of  York,  in  which  many  Lodges  of  Freema- 
sons were  established,  was  selected  as  the  residence  of  Con- 
stantius  Chlorus,  who  came  to  Britain,  after  the  death  of 
Carausius,  to  assume  the  control  of  the  government  of  the 
country. 

300.  At  this  time  there  were  in  Rome  more  than  500  tem- 
ples, 37  gates  and  triumphal  arches,  6  bridges,  17  amphi- 
theaters and  theaters,  14  aqueducts,  5  obelisks,  many  monu- 
mental columns,  mausoleums,  baths,  and  sepulchers,  all  of 
which  were  built  by  the  fraternities,  or  colleges  of  archi 
tects. 

303.  Under  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Diocletian  there 
were  erected,  in  many  of  the  Roman  provinces,  numerous 
aqueducts,  temples,  and  costly  baths,  by  the  fraternities  that 
remained  in  the  country.  This  emperor  was  particularly 
distinguished  for  his  atrocious  persecutions  of  the  Christians, 
many  of  whom  were  executed  with  cruelty  in  the  more  dis- 
tant provinces.  Notwithstanding  the  humanity  of  the  ruling 
governor  of  Britain,  the  Christians,  of  whom  a  great  number 
were  members  of  the  Masonic  fraternities,  f  -und  it  necessary 
to  seek  refuge  in  Scotland  and  many  of  the  adjacent  islands, 
where  they  were  permitted  to  enjoy  their  religion  and  study 
the  arts  of  architecture.  Many  of  these  ai'tisans  attached  to 
the  colleges  established  at  Rome  also  fled  to  the  East,  or 
buried  themselves  within  the  catacombs — their  usual  place 
of  refuge  in  times  of  religious  persecution — where  many  of 
them  perished. 

313.  End  of  the  persecutions  against  the  Christians  by 
edict  of  Constantine,  who  declared  Christianity  the  religion 
of  the  State. 

325.  T'uj  Church  of  the  Lateran  at  Rome  built  by  order 


GENERAL   HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY  23 

of  Constantino,  and  one  dedicated  to  St.  Paul,  in  the  form 
of  a  cross.  The  form  of  the  Greek  cross  used  by  the  Chris- 
tian architects  was  chosen  by  them,  not  because  it  was 
ordered  by  Constantine,  but  because  of  its  mysterious  rela- 
tion to  the  religion  of  all  nations,  and  as  a  part  of  their  sym- 
bolism and  the  secret  teachings  of  their  colleges.  It  formed 
the  ground-plan  of  the  temple  at  Jerusalem,  and  represented 
unity  and  trinity.  For  the  general  details  of  their  edifices, 
Solomon's  Temple  served  as  a  model,  being  recognized  as  a 
masterpiece  of  architecture,  and  the  first  temple  erected  and 
dedicated  to  one  God. 

360.  The  Emperor  Julian  built  a  magnificent  temple  and 
fast  baths  at  Paris,  where  the  remains  still  exist. 

600.  Foundation  of  Canterbury  Cathedral  and  that  at 
Uochester  (602). 

605.  Foundation  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  London. 

620.  The  corporations  are  exclusively  engaged  and  di- 
rected by  the  religious  orders.  An  abbot  or  other  ecclesi- 
astic generally  presided  in  the  lodges,  and  was  termed  ven- 
erable, or  worshipful  Master. 

925.  At  this  period  every  considerable  town  in  Britain  had 
its  lodge  of  Freemasons ;  but  their  relations  to  each  other 
were  not  intimate,  which  is  explained  by  the  wars  and  divi- 
sions of  five  centuries  and  seven  kingdoms.  During  the 
Danish  war,  when  the  monasteries  were  destroyed,  the  fra- 
ternity suffered  an  irreparable  loss  in  the  destruction  of  all 
their  documents.  Athelstane,  grandson  of  Alfred  the 
Great,  educated  by  the  priest-architects,  caused  his  son 
Edwin  to  be  instructed  in  the  art,  and  named  him  Grand 
Master.  He  convened  a  general  assembly  at  York,  to 
whom  he  submitted  a  constitution,  which  was  discussed 
and  accepted. 

960.  On  the  death  of  Athelstane  the  fraternity  were  again 
dispersed,  many  of  them  passing  over  to  Germany  and  re- 
maining there,  under  the  name  of  Rrothers  of  St.  John. 

1001.  In  the  early  years  of  this  period  the  world  was  in  a 
measure  paralyzed  by  the  idea  that  the  end  of  time  had  ar- 
rived ;  but  at  last,  getting  the  better  of  their  superstitions, 
especially  as  the  earth  continued  to  revolve  on  its  axis,  so- 
ciety awakened  from  its  lethargy,  and  from  that  time  (1003) 
our  modern  civilization  may  be  said  to  date. 

1250.  A  remarkable  period,  in  which  were  conceived  the 
plans  of  those  wonderful  sanctuaries  of  the  Almighty  which 
are  the  admiration  of  posterity  for  their  gigantic  dimensions 
and  the  harmony  of  their  proportions.  The  plans  of  the  cathe- 
drals of  Cologne,  Strasburg,  Paris,  Rlieims,  Rouen,  Beauvais, 
Amiens,  and  others  of  which  the  foundations  were  laid 
toward  the  close  of  the  Xllth  century,  but  which  were 
finally  executed  on  a  larger  scale  and  in  a  different  style 


24:  GENERAL    HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY. 

from  the  original  design.  The  striking  analogy  between 
these  monuments  and  those  which  followed,  up  to  the  XV th 
century,  is  explained  by  the  bond  of  fraternity  which  united 
the  Masons  of  all  countries  who  had  received  their  instruc- 
tions from  the  central  school  in  Lombardy,  continued  at 
Cologne  and  Strasburg,  and  further  by  the  obedience  of  the 
members  to  the  laws  which  governed  them  in  the  construc- 
tion of  all  religious  edifices,  from  which  they  were  only  al 
lowed  to  depart  in  the  details  of  ornamentation. 

1272.  The  construction  of  Westminster  Abbey  was  com- 
pleted this  year,  under  direction  of  the  grand  master  Giffard, 
Archbishop  of  York. 

1275.  A  Masonic  Congress  was  convoked  by  Erwin  de 
Steinbach  for  the  resumption  of  the  long-interrupted  labors 
of  the  Strasburg  cathedral  on  a  grander  scale  than  that  upon 
which  the  foundations  were  laid  in  1015,  and  a  part  of  the 
church  erected.  Architects  from  many  countries  arrived  in 
Strasburg,  formed,  as  in  England  and  according  to  ancient 
usage,  a  Grand  Lodge,  and  bound  themselves  to  observe  the 
laws  and  regulations  of  the  craft.  Near  the  cathedral  was  a 
wooden  building  (lodge),  where  the  meetings  were  held  and 
where  all  matters  in  relation  to  the  building  were  discussed. 
Erwin  de  Steinbach  was  elected  to  preside,  and  at  the  meet- 
ings held  a  sword  in  his  hand  and  was  seated  on  a  dais. 
Words  and  signs  were  invented,  partly  those  used  in  Eng- 
land. Apprentices,  Craftsmen,  and  Masters  were  received 
Avith  peculiar  symbolic  ceremonies,  beneath  which  were  con- 
cealed or  indicated  the  secrets  of  architecture. 

1310.  The  construction  of  the  magnificent  cathedral  of 
Cologne,  begun  in  1248,  gave  to  its  lodge  a  certain  superiority 
and  made  it  the  school  where  Masons  of  other  countries  came 
to  study  this  masterpiece.  The  German  Masons,  recognizing 
that  superiority,  gave  it  the  title  of  Grand  Lodge  (Haupt- 
hutte),  and  the  master  architect  was  regarded  as  the  master 
of  all  Masons  in  Germany. 

1312.  A  small  number  of  Templars,  escaped  from  the  per- 
secutions of  Philip,  king  of  France,  and  the  Pope,  Clement 
V".,  took  refuge  in  Scotland,  before  the  death  of  their  Grand 
Master,  Jacques  de  Molay  (1314),  and  found  an  asylum  in 
the  Masonic  lodges. 

1314.  The  Lodge  of  Kilwinning,  in  Scotland,  founded 
during  the  building  of  the  abbey  of  that  name  in  1150,  as- 
sumed the  rank  of  Grand  Royal  Lodge  of  Herodom,  under 
authority  of  Robert  Bruce,  who  also  founded  an  order  of  the 
same  name  for  the  Masons  who  had  fought  for  him. 

1350.  The  York  Constitutions  were  revised  during  the 

•A'    1-M  ward    III.     In   an   appendix   it   is   prescribed. 

aiuung  other   things,  that  in    future    at    the    makincr  of  4 


GENERAL   HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY.  25 

brother  the  Master  of  the  Lodge  shall  read  to  him  the  Con- 
stitution and  Ancient  Charges. 

1502.  A  Lodge  of  Masters  convened  June  24,  ander 
direction  of  Henry  VII.,  moved  in  procession  to  lay  the 
corner-stone  of  a  chapel  at  Westminster,  bearing  the  name 
of  Henry  VII. 

1535.  The  intelligence  spread  by  the  lodges  formed  out- 
side of  the  corporations  awakened  the  suspicions  and  hatred 
of  the  ultramontane  clergy,  who  accused  them  both  openly 
and  in  secret  of  aiding  the  reform  of  Luther,  who  was  said 
to  belong  to  them.  They  were  accused  by  the  priests  of 
seeking  to  introduce  schisms  into  the  Church  and  sedition 
among  the  people,  of  hatred  against  the  Supreme  Pontiff 
and  all  sovereigns,  and,  finally,  of  a  desire  to  reestablish  the 
Order  of  Templars,  and  to  avenge  the  death  of  their  Grand 
Master  on  the  descendants  of  the  kings,  who  were  the  cause 
of  it.  It  is  said  that  a  convention  of  these  associations  was 
held  at  Cologne  June  24  in  this  year,  at  which  Herman  V., 
Bishop  of  Cologne,  presided,  when  they  drew  up  a  docu- 
ment announcing  their  doctrines  and  the  aim  of  their  associ- 
ation, so  that  if  the  intolerance  of  their  fellow-citizens  should 
prevent  them  from  maintaining  their  organization  they  might 
propagate  their  doctrines  in  other  parts  of  the  globe.  That 
document  was  the  Charter  of  Cologne. 

1561.  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England,  being  suspicious  of 
the  Masons,  sent  a  detachment  of  armed  men  to  break  up  the 
annual  assembly  at  York.  The  officers  sent  for  this  purpose 
made  so  favorable  a  report  that  the  queen  revoked  her  order, 
and  ultimately  became  the  protectress  of  the  Fraternity. 

1607.  Freemasonry  flourished  in  England,  where,  under 
the  reign  of  James  I.,  who  declared  himself  their  protector, 
it  acquired  fame  and  importance,  and  many  gentlemen  and 
persons  of  mark  were  initiated.  The  high  consideration  ac- 
corded the  Craft  at  this  period  was  further  augmented  by 
the  election  of  the  celebrated  architect  Inigo  Jones  to 
the  dignity  of  Grand  Master,  who  infused  great  spirit  into 
the  lodges. 

1646.  The  Masonic  corporations  in  England,  in  whicli  for 
a  long  time  the  majoi'ity  had  been  composed  of  learned  men, 
artists,  men  eminent  for  knowledge  and  position,  who  were 
received  as  honorary  members,  and  termed  accepted  Masons, 
no  longer  busied  themselves  with  the  matei'ial  and  primary 
object  of  the  association.  It  was  at  this  time  that  the 
celebrated  antiquary  Elias  Ash  mole,  who  founded  the 
museum  at  Oxford,  having  been  initiated,  rectified  and  com- 
posed the  formula  for  the  society  of  Kose-Croix,  consisting 
of  ceremonies  based  on  historical  allusions,  and  the  com- 
munication of  signs  of  recognition  after  the  manner  of  the 


26  GENERAL   IflSTOltY   OF  FKEEMASONRY. 

Freemasons,  This  labor  inspired  him  with  the  iiifea  ol  com- 
posing new  rituals  for  the  Masons,  and  accordingly  he 
composed  and  substituted  for  the  rituals  in  use  a  new  mode 
of  initiation,  based,  in  part,  on  old  Anglo-Saxon  and  Syriac 
manuscripts,  partly  on  the  Egyptian,  mysteries,  and  on  what 
he  supposed  to  have  been  the  form  of  initiation  among  the 
Roman  architects.  These  rituals  were  adopted  by  the  Lon- 
don lodges,  and  soon  after  throughout  England. 

1650.  Freemasonry,  in  England,  took  a  political  bias; 
after  the  decapitation  of  Charles  I.  the  Masons  of  England, 
and  particularly  those  of  Scotland,  partisans  of  the  Stuarts, 
labored  in  secret  for  the  re-establishment  of  the  throne 
destroyed  by  Cromwell.  They  used  the  mystery  surround 
ing  their  assemblies  to  lay  their  plans  in  security.  Unable 
to  admit  all  Masons  to  their  projects,  they  composed  superior 
degrees  to  the  initiates,  in  which  they  alone  unfolded  their 
plans.  It  was  by  the  influence  of  these  men,  placed  in  high 
position,  that  Charles  II.,  initiated  during  his  exile,  was- 
raised  to  the  throne  in  1660,  and  it  was  by  this  monarch 
that  Masonry  was  termed  the  Royal  art,  because  it  had 
principally  contributed  to  his  restoration. 

1663.  General  assembly  at  York,  Charles  II.  presiding, 
who  confirmed  the  Grand  Mastership  of  Henry  Jermyn, 
Count  of  St.  Albans,  and  conferred  on  him  the  Order  of  the 
Bath.  The  assembly  passed  a  series  of  regulations,  all  in 
conformity  with  past  events,  and  maintained  the  high 
degrees.  The  preponderance  of  Accepted  Masons  became 
more  evident :  but  having  no  longer  to  struggle  against 

7  O  ~  ~~f  •— ' 

political  events,  the  superior  degrees  assumed  a  universal  and 
humanitarian  tendency.  Cultivation  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
and  sociability,  under  noble  and  elevated  forms,  became  the 
features  of  their  meetings. 

1666.  The  great  fire  in  London,  which  destroyed  forty 
thousand  houses  and  eighty-six  churches,  gave  a  new  impetus 
to  architecture.  The  local  craftsmen  being  unable  to  meet 
the  demand  for  labor,  others  were  called  in  from  all  countries. 
They  united  in  a  Lodge,  under  the  authority  of  Sir  Chris- 
topher Wren,  architect  of  St.  Paul's,  who  furnished  plans 
for  rebuilding  the  city. 

1685.  James  II.,  Grand  Master  of  the  Order  of  Herodom 
of  Kilwinuing,  founded  by  Robert  Bruce,  King  of  Scotland, 
in  1311,  in  favor  of  the  Freemasons  who  had  fought  under 
his  banners,  reestablished  the  Order  of  Knights  of  St.  An- 
drew, which  had  been  suspended,  and  the  possessions  of  which 
were  confiscated  during  the  Reformation.  It  was  the  inten- 
tion of  the  king  to  have  made  this  Order  a  sign  of  distinction 
and  reward  for  Masons  in  part  icular,  and  it  is  probable  that 
but  for  his  misfortunes  he  would  have  returned  their  prop 
perty. 


GENERAL   HISTORY   OF  FREEMASONRY.  27 

1 700.  The  Masonic  corporations,  except  in  England,  were 
dissolved,  and  even  in  that  country  they  were  no  longer  busy 
with  operative  Masonry. 

1703.  Notwithstanding  the  zeal  displayed  by  Grand  Mas- 
ter Wren,  the  number  of  Masons  was  continually  diminishing. 
The  annual  feasts  were  completely  neglected,  and  the  four 
lodges  remaining  in  London  deserted.  Differences  of  opinion 
among  the  Fraternity  respecting  the  propriety  of  extending 
its  privileges  to  others  than  those  educated  in  the  science  of 
architecture  prevented  the  increase  of  its  membership,  and 
little  progress  was  made  until  after  the  death  of  Grand 
Master  Wren  (1716). 

1717.  The  four  lodges  in  London  determined  to  elect  a  new 
Grand  Master,  and  form  a  Grand  Lodge.  They,  therefore, 
convened  a  general  assembly  of  the  Masons  in  London  and  its 
vicinity,  and  constituted  a  central  authority  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Grand  Lodge  of  England,"  recognizing  only  the 
three  symbolic  degrees.  George  Payne,  elected  Grand  Mas- 
ter, got  together  a  great  quantity  of  ancient  manuscripts, 
charts,  rituals,  and  documents  on  the  usages  of  the  Fra- 
ternity, which,  added  to  those  iu  possession  of  St.  Paul's 
Lodge,  were  to  form  a  code  of  laws  and  doctrines,  certain  of 
which  were  to  be  published. 

1720.  The  Grand  Lodge  having  constituted  several  subor- 
dinates, in  which  many  persons  of  distinction  were  initiated, 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  York  became  jealous  of  its  rival,  an u. 
proscribed  its  members.    About  this  time  the  institution  met 
with  a  severe  loss  in  the  destruction  of  important  manuscripts 
committed  to  the  flames  by  over-scrupulous  members  of  St. 
Paul's  Lodge,  who  were  alarmed  at  the  proposed  publicity 
about  to  be  given  them. 

1721.  Freemasonry  began  to  extend  to  the  continent.  One 
Lodge  was  founded  at  Dunkirk  and  another  at  Mons.     The 
Grand  Lodge  adopted  various   regulations  concerning  the 
government  of  the  lodges,  and  regularity  of  their  work.     The 
rights  of  the  Grand  Master  were  determined,  and  he  was  ac- 
corded the  right  of  naming  his  successor  in  case  of  his  dis- 
mission or  non-election.     George  Payne,  having  been  again 
elected,  gathered  such  documents  as  had  escaped  the  flames 
the   preceding  year,  and   from  them   drew  up   a  historical 
sketch  of  the  society,   which   he  submitted   to   the   Grand 
Lodge  with  certain  regulations.      This  was  referred  to  the 
committee,    who    further    referred    it    to    Bro.     Anderson, 
and     he,   after   revising   it,   was    authorized    to   publish   it 
(1722). 

17'21-l72c  Masonry  introduced  in  France,  and  several 
lodges  constituted. 

1729.  The  activity  of  the  English  lodges  and  their  attrac 
tivcness  stimulated  the  Masons  of  Ireland  to  greater  zeal 


28  GENERAL   HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY. 

and  they  established  a  central   authority  by  the   name  ol 
"  The  Grand  Lodge  of  Ireland." 

1732.  The  Grand  Lodge  at  York,  to  which  belonged  the 
Masons  calling  themselves  ancient,  and  whose  constitution 
was  more  in  accordance  with  the  old  corporations,  recog- 
nized the  necessity  of  conforming  to  the  new  order  of  things 
as  more  clearly  expressed  in  the  London  Constitution. 

1733.  The  first  Provincial  Grand  Lodge  in  America  was 
constituted  at  Boston. 

1735.  The  first  persecutions   against  Masons  in  modern 
times  commenced  by  the  States  General  of  Holland,  which 
interdicted  Masonic  assemblies. 

1736.  The  Scottish  Grand  Lodge  at  Edinburg,  in  view  of 
the  prosperous  state  of  the  English  lodges  growing  out  of 
their  constitution  °.nd    Grand  Mastership,  became  desirous 
of  introducing  the  same  system,  but  was  prevented  by  the 
hereditary   office  of  patron,   created   by   James  I.,  for   the 
Roslin   family  in   1430.      The  then    Grand   Master    Baron 
Sinclair,  of  Roslin,  consented  to  resign.      The   four  oldest 
lodges  in  Edinburg  called  a  general    assembly,   thirty-two 
lodges  being  represented,  and  the  Baron  having  resigned  his 
Grand  Mastership  and  all  the  privileges  attached  to  it,  a 
regular  Grand  Lodge  was  formed,  and  he  was  elected  its 
first  Grand  Master. 

17o8.  The  Pope,  Clement  XII.,  issued  a  bull  of  excommu- 
nication against  the  Freemasons,  which  was  followed  by  an 
edict  of  Charles  VI.,  forbidding  Masonic  meetings  in  the 
low  countries  of  Austria. 

August  15,  in  this  year,  Frederick  II.,  King  of  Prussia, 
was  initiated. 

1739.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  England  was  accused  of 
changing  the  ceremonies  and  ritual,  introducing  innovations, 
and  of  having  named  Provincial  Deputies  with  power  to 
establish  lodges  in  the  South  of  England,  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  York.  A  schism  was  the  result, 
and  a  new  Grand  Lodge  was  formed  with  the  designation 
of  "  Ancients."  The  Grand  Lodges  of  Ireland  and  Scot- 
land sympathized  with  the  ancients,  but  the  moderns  were 
decidedly  the  most  successful. 

In  the  same  year  Cardinal  Ferraro,  in  an  edict  intended  to 

Erevent  any  misunderstanding  of  the  Papal  bull  against  the 
'reeraasons,  explained  it  to  mean  that  "  no  one  should  dare 
to  unite,  assemble  with,  or  affiliate  in,  the  society,  nor  be 
present  at  its  meetings,  under  penalty  of  death  and  confisca- 
tion of  their  goods,  without  hope  of  remission  or  pardon  : 
that  all  proprietors  were  forbidden  to  allow  any  Masonic  as- 
sembly on  their  premises  under  penalty  of  having  their  houses 
demolished,,  being  fined  and  sent  to  the  galleys." 


GENERAL   HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONBY.  29 

1740.  At  this  time  there  were  more  than  two  hundred 
lodges  in  France,  of  which  twenty-two  were  in  Paris. 

1744.  The  Lodge  of  the  Three  Globes  at  Berlin,  founded 
by  Baron  Bielefeld  in  1740,  was  raised  to  the  dignity  "f  a 
Grand  Lodge  by  Frederick  the  Great^ldng  of  Prussia,  who 
was  elected  Grand  Master,  and  continued  in  office  till  1747. 

1751.  At  this  period  Freemasonry  had  found  its  way  into 
all  civilized  countries.  Its  humane  and  elevating  principles, 
its  dogma  of  liberty,  equality,  and  fraternity,  alarmed  the 
kings  and  clergy,  and  they  sought  to  arrest  its  progress. 
Edicts  were  fulminated  against  it  in  Russia  (1731),  its  meet- 
irgs  forbidden  in  Holland  (1735),  and  at  Paris  (1737, '38, 
'44,  '45),  its  members  arrested  and  persecuted  at  Rome  and 
Florence,  their  meetings  forbidden  in  Sweden,  at  Hamburg, 
and  Geneva  (1738) ;  the  Inquisition  cast  them  into  prison 
and  caused  the  executioner  to  burn  the  books  which  treated 
of  its  doctrines.  The  Inquisition  also  caused  knights  who 
had  been  present  at  Masonic  meetings  to  be  perpetually  ex- 
iled to  Malta  (1740).  In  Portugal,  unheard-of  cruelties 
were  practiced  against  them,  including  condemnation  to  the 
galleys,  at  Vienna  (1735) ;  even  the  Sultan  undertook  to  an- 
nihilate them  (1748).  As  a  worthy  climax  to  this  series  of 
persecutions,  Charles,  king  of  Naples,  forbid  the  practice  of 
Masonry  in  his  states ;  Ferdinand  VII.,  king  of  Spain,  forbid 
Masonic  assemblies  under  penalty  of  death  ;  and  Pope  Bene- 
dict XIV.  renewed  (1751)  the  bull  of  excommunication 
against  the  Freemasons,  issued  by  Clement  XII.  in  1738. 
But  all  this  violence  failed  to  check  the  progress  of  the  insti- 
tution, which  spread  over  the  face  of  the  globe  with  a  rapidity 
which  nothing  could  stop.  Notwithstanding  Benedict's  bull, 
Masonry  was  openly  practiced  at  Tuscany,  Naples,  and  sev- 
eral other  parts  of  the  Italian  peninsula.  Even  at  Rome 
there  were  lodges  which  hardly  took  the  trouble  to  conceal 
themselves. 

1754.  A  chapter  of  the  high  degrees  was  founded  at  Pans, 
by  the  Chevalier  de  Bonneville,  under  the  title  of  Clermont. 
In  it  was  revived  the  Templar  system,  invented  by  the  parti- 
sans of  the  Stuarts. 

1755.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  England  first  issued  individual 
diplomas. 

1756.  The  English  Grand  Lodge  of  France,  founded  in 
1736,  and  which  assumed  this  title  in  1743,  cast  oft*  its  alle- 
giance to  England  and  assumed  the  title  of  Grand  Lodge  of 
France.     The  disorders  which  had  arisen  under  the  Grand 
Mastership  of  Prince  de  Clermont  were  continued,  and  even 
augmented.     By  warrants  delivered  to  Masters  of  lodges,  as 
well  by  herself  as  by  the  Lodge  of  St.  Andrew  of  Scotland, 
at  Edinbnrg,  Musonic  authorities  of  all  kinds  were  multiplied 


3U  GENERAL   HISTORY   OF  FREEMASONRY. 

fin  France;  illegal  warrants  were  delivered  by  pretended 
'.Masters  of  lodges;  false  titles  were  fabricated;  antedated 
charters,  bearing  falsehood  on  their  faces,  weie  set  afloat 
without  any  notice  on  the  part  of  the  Grand  Lodge.  When 
she  declared  her  independence  she  also  announced  her  inten- 
tion of  adhering  to  the  Scottish  custom  of  giving  personal 
warrants  to  Masters  for  life,  thus  putting  the  climax  to  the 
existing  disorder.  The  result  was  that  these  Masters  gov- 
erned their  lodges  according  to  their  own  caprice,  giving 
warrants  to  other  Masters  at  Paris  and  in  the  provinces, 
who,  in  turn,  constituted  others;  other  bodies  rivaling  the 
Grand  Lodge  were  formed  as  Chapters,  Councils,  Colleges, 
and  Tribunals,  at  Paris  and  elsewhere,  and  they  likewise 
established  lodges  and  chapters.  So  much  confusion  resulted 
that  even  in  France  it  was  not  known  which  was  in  reality 
the  legitimate  body. 

1750.  Foundation  of  the  National  Grand  Lodge  of  Italy, 
dissolved  in  1790.  In  the  same  year  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
the  United  Provinces  (Holland)  was  formed. 

1762.  Baron  de  Hunde  introduced  in  Germany  the  rite  of 
Strict  Observance  (so-called  Templar  System),  which  he  had 
obtained  from  Paris. 

1763.  The  two  factions  into  which   the  Grand  Lodge  of 
France  had  been  divided   in   1761   reunited,  but  they  were 
unable  to  stay  the  tide  of  disorder  which  they  had  previously 
Bet  in  motion. 

1764.  A  person  by  the  name  of  Johnson,  a  secret  agent  of 
the  Jesuits,  professing  to  have  plenary  powers  from  the  au- 
thorities of  the  Kite  of  Strict  Observance,  established  chap- 
ters of  the  Templar  System  particularly  at  Jena,  where  he 
called  a  Ma:  onir  Congress  Dec.  25,  1763.     He  professed  to 
have  the  sole  power  of  creating  knights  by  virtue  of  patents 
from    unknown   authorities   residing  in   Scotland.     lie  con- 
voked a  second  congress  in   1 764,  to  which   the  Baron   de 
Flunde  was  invited,  and  who  at  first  believed  in   Johnson's 
authority  ;   he  sub-equently,  however,  exposed  him  as  an  im- 
postor, and,  at  a  congress  held  at  Altenberg,  in   1765,  the 
Baron  himself  was  elected  Grand  Master  of  Templars. 

•  765.  Foundation  of  the  RoyalYork  Grand  Lodge  at  Berlin 

1772.  Foundation  of  the  Grand  Orient  of  France. 

1783.  Foundation  of  the  Eclectic  Grand  Lodge  at  Frank 
tort,  which  promulgated  a  new  rite  made  up  from  the  va- 
jjety  then  existing,  and  hence  called  eclectic. 

1785.  Congress  of  Paris,  called  ostensibly  to  reduce  to 
.  fder  the  chaos  produced  by  the  numerous  systems  intro- 
duced into  Masonry.  Without  good  results. 

1789.  Edict  of  the  Emperor  Joseph  II.  suppressing  the 
lodges  throughout  his  dominions. 


GENERAL  HISTORY  OF  FREEMASONRY.  3l 

1800.  The  rites  and  systems  of  high  degrees  introduced 
in  the  course  of  the  last  century,  and  which  had  the  gre-i.test 
success  were :  1.  The  Scottish  Rite  in  Seven  JJegrees, 
brought  from  England  by  Doctor  Ramsay,  in  1736  ;  2.  The. 
Rite  of  Sicedenbftrg,  first  introduced  at  Avignon,  in  17>0; 
3.  The  System  of  Strict  Observance,  by  Baron  de  Huiide, 
1754;  4.  Schroder's  Rite  (rectified  Rose-Croix)  with  magic 
theosophy  and  alchemy,  Berlin,  1766.  Subsequently  modified 
and  adopted  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Hamburg  ;  5.  Clerks 
of  Strict  Observance,  in  the  interests  of  Catholicism,  1767  ; 
6.  Swedish  Templar  Rite,  by  Zinnendorf,  Berlin,  1767  ;  7. 
Illuminati  of  Bavaria,  a  political  society  under  Masonic 
forms,  1 776  ;  8.  The  Martin  System,  a  variant  of"  the  Scottish 
rite,  1767;  9.  The  Golden  Rose-Croix  System,  founded  in 
1616,  by  Valentine  Andrea,  a  profound  philosopher,  and 
revived  under  Masonic  forms  in  Germany,  1777 ;  10.  T/te 
Scottish  Rite  in  Nine  Degrees,  by  Fessler,  1V98.  All  these 
rites  or  systems,  as  well  as  those  growing  out  of  them,  have 
either  become  extinct  or  been  greatly  modified. 

1 804.  Foundation  of  a  Supreme  Council  in  France  by  the 
Count  de  Grasse  Tilly. 

1813.  Union  of  the  two  Grand  Lodges  in  England.     In 
the  act  of  union  it  is  expressly  stated  that  ancient   and  true 
Freemasonry  consists  of  but  three  degrees :  Apprentice,  Fel- 
low-Craft, and  Master. 

1814.  Edict  of  Pius  VII.  against  the  Freemasons,   pro- 
nouncing infamous  penalties,  even  to  death  and  the  confisca- 
tion of  the  property  of  its  members.     It  is  needless  to  add 
that  the  accusations  contained  in  this  document  against  the 
society  are  entirely  without  foundation. 

1822.  Ukase  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia  against  the  Free- 
masons. 

1824.  Edict  of  the  King  of  Portugal  against   Masonic 
assemblies. 

1825.  Imposing   solemnity   at   Boston   in    honor  of  Bro. 
Lafayette. 

1826.  The  Pope  renews  the  edict  of  Pius  VII.   against 
the  Freemasons. 

1828.  Edict  of  the  king  of  Spain  against  the  Masonic 
Fraternity. 

1832.  Foundation  of  the  Grand  Orient  of  Belgium  at 
Brussels. 

1836.  Contestations  and  discussions  arose  among  the 
German  Lodges,  especially  those  at  Berlin,  in  regard  to  the 
admission  of  Israelites.  Some  lodges  refused  to  initiate 
them,  and  others  to. admit  those  who  had  been  regularly  ini- 
tiated elsewhere.  Addresses  were  presented  by  Jewish 
orethren  showing  the  opposition  of  this  conduct  to  the  true 


52  GENEllAr,  HISTORY   OP  FREEMASONRY. 

principles  of  Masonry ;  but  without  result,  and  the  same  state 
of  affairs  continues  now. 

It  seems  strange  that  in  these  enlightened  days  u  preju- 
dice dating  from  the  middle  ages  should  still  sway  the  minds 
of  men,  and  stranger  still  that  the  Masonic  world  should  not 
raise  its  voice  against  it. 

1850.  At  this  period  we  find  Freemasonry  spread  over 
the  surfece  of  the  globe.  In  Europe  it  was  nearly  every- 
where flourishing,  protected,  and  respected.  England,  Ire- 
land, Scotland,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Holland,  Prussia,  Saxony, 
the  lesser  German  States,  France,  Switzerland,  and  a  portion 
of  Bavaria  had  about  3,000  lodges  governed  by  21  Grand 
Lodges.  On  the  other  hand,  it  was  prohibited  in  Russia, 
Austria,  and  their  dependencies ;  in  the  kingdoms  of  Naples 
and  Sardinia,  at  Rome,  in  Tuscany,  Spain,  and  Portugal. 

In  Africa  there  were  lodges  in  Algeria,  at  Alexandria, 
Cape  Town,  and  other  points.  In  North  America  it  was 
everywhere  known,  and  lodges  were  constantly  springing  up. 

In  South  America,  beginning  at  a  later  date,  it  was 
nevertheless  making  great  progress.  It  had  also  been 
established  in  Asia  and  the  Ocean  islands.  So  that  the 
number  of  lodges  on  the  globe  were  computed  at  5,000,  of 
which  3,000  were  in  Europe,  1,400  in  America,  and  600  in 
other  parts  of  the  world.  Thus,  in  the  course  of  a  century, 
Freemasonry  was  propagated  over  the  surface  of  the  globe, 
scattering  in  its  path  the  seed  of  civilization  and  progress, 
and  impressing  on  its  adepts  lessons  of  truth  which  have 
been  crystallized  into  deeds  in  their  intercourse  with  the 
world.  Little  wonder  that  the  partisans  of  an  old  and  effete 
order  of  things,  astonished  by  its  peaceful  transformations, 
should  oppose,  with  all  their  might,  the  establishment  and 
development  of  this  institution.  The  influence  of  Masonry 
on  social  progress  would  unquestionably  have  been  greater 
had  it  not,  in  the  last  century,  been  paralyzed  by  the  intro- 
duction of  numberless  incoherent  systems,  which,  essentially 
contrary  to  its  spirit,  destroyed  the  uniformity  and  equality 
on  which  it  rests.  These  systems  gave  to  Freemasonry  a 
different  direction  from  that  indicated  by  its  doctrines,  and 
thus  rendering  it  an  object  of  suspicion  to  governments, 
were,  in  part,  to  blame  for  the  persecutions  levelled  against 
it.  It  was  often  abused  and  assimilated  with  secret  politi- 
cal and  religious  societies  which  assumed  its  name  and 
covered  themselves  with  its  mantle  to  attain  an  end  they 
dared  not  avow,  such  as  the  Rosicrusians  and  Illuminati. 
But  when  the  society  shall  have  got  rid  of  the  heteroge- 
neous elements  which  introduced  disorder  and  hindered  its 
action  and  influence,  nothing  can  stop  the  beneficent  influ- 
ence it  will  exercise  on  society  in  general. 


GENERAL    HISTOKY   OF    FRKEMASONRY. 


33 


The  best  evidence  that  may  be  adduced  in  favor  of  thj 
beneficent  influence  of  the  institution,  is  seen  in  the  recent 
opposition  it  has  elicited  from  the  weak  and  narrow-minded 
individuals  who  make  no  pretensions  to  any  notion  beyond 
an  idea  single  to  a  selfish  and  proselyting  ambition.  Yet,  not 
withstanding  the  objections  thus  raised,  the  order  will  move 
on,  spread  and  flourish.  Here  we  propose  to  give,  in  a  suc- 
cinct form,  an  account  of  the  organization  of  Grand  and  Subor- 
dinate Masonic  bodies,  dates  of  introduction  into  the  several 
parts  of  the  world,  so  far  as  the  history  could  be  obtained  au- 
thentically, and  such  other  facts  relative  to  the  progress  of  Ma 
sonry  as  are  deemed  worthy  of  record  in  a  work  of  this  kind. 


AFRICA.  Freemasonry  was  in- 
troduced into  Africa  about  tho  year 
i73G,  and  is  now  well  known  in  the 
European  colonies  along  the  coast; 
the  charters  for  holding  lodges 
emanated  from  England,  France, 
and  the  Netherlands.  At  Monrovia, 
iii  the  negro  state  of  Liberia,  there 
are  lodges  of  colored  Masons,  not 
recognized  by  the  whites,  but  work- 
ing under  a  Grand  Lodge  of  their 
own. 

ALABAMA.  Freemasonry  was 
introduced  into  this  State  by  virtue 
of  charters  granted  from  the  Grand 
Lodges  of  South  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nes.-,ee,  dates  not  known. 

The  GRAND  LODGE  for  the  State 
was  organized  June  1-t,  1821. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTFR  was  organ- 
ized June  2,  1827. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  established  in 
June,  1827. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDEKY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  Nov.  29, 
I860. 

ARKANSAS.  The  GRAND  LODGE 
of  t'ais  State  was  organized  Feb.  22, 
1832,  the  centennial  anniversary  of 
Washington's  birthday. 

Tho  GRAND  CHAPTER  of  Royal 
Arch  Masons  was  organized  April 
28,  1851. 

Hugh  de  Payens  Commandery, 
Knights  Templar,  organized  Dec. 
20,  ]?j53. 

ASIA.  The  introduction  of  Ma- 
sonry had  its  origin  in  1728,  by 
warrant  from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
England.  The  first  Lodge  was 
established  at  Calcutta,  by  Sir  Geo. 


Pomfret.  In  Canton,  Hong  Kong, 
Shanghai,  and  other  cities  of  China, 
lodges  are  to  be  found,  working 
under  the  English  Constitution.  In 
Asia  Minor,  at  Smyrna,  two  lodges, 
one  working  in  the  English  and  the 
other  in  the  German  language.  In 
the  East  Indies  there  is  an  English 
Provincial  Grand  Lodge,  with  fifty 
subordinate  lodges.  Lodges  are 
established  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Scotland  in  Bengal,  Bombay,  and 
Arabia.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  the  Grand  Orient 
of  France,  have  subordinate  lodges 
in  Java,  Sumatra,  and  Pondiche'ry. 
There  is  scarcely  a  town  in  Hindos- 
tan  in  which  there  is  not  a  Lodge. 
In  the  East  Indies  two  Masonic 
periodicals  are  published  "The  In- 
dian Mason,"  at  Bombay,  and  "The 
Masonic  Record." 

AUSTRALIA.  Freemasonry  was 
introduced  on  the  islands  of  this  ex- 
tensive country  by  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  England  soon  after  its  discovery. 
There  are  lodges  now  established  in 
Nfw  South  Wales,  South  Australia, 
Victoria,  Van  Dieman's  Land,  New 
Zealand,  West  Australia,  Tasmania, 
the  Sandwich  Islands,  Tahati,  and 
other  parts  of  the  territory,  by  tho 
Grand  Lodges  of  England,  Scot 
land, Ireland, France,  and  California. 

AUSTRIA.  The  establishment  ot 
Freemasonry  in  Austria  was  accom- 
panied with  great  difficulty.  The 
first  Lodge  was  opened  in  Vienna 
in  1742,  under  a  warrant  from  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Germany  at  Berlin. 
But  this  body  was  compelled  tn 
cflase  its  meetings  through  tln>  IB 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    VKKE 


fluence  of  the  papal  church  authori- 
ties. In  1762  several  lodges  were 
established  in  Vienna  and  Prague, 
which,  notwithstanding  the  hostility 
of  the  church,  increased  so  exten- 
sively as  to  defy  its  power.  The 
lodges  then  existing  in  Bohemia, 
Hungary,  and  Transylvania,  de- 
clared their  independence  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  at  Berlin,  and  in  1784 
established  a  Grand  Lodge  of  Aus- 
tria, with  its  seat  at  Vienna. 

BAVARIA.  The  institution  of 
Freemasonry  was  introduced  into 
Bavaria  about  the  year  1746,  and 
flourished  with  moderate  success 
until  the  introduction  of  the  socie- 
ty of  the  Illuminati,  in  1776,  when 
Freemasonry  became  oppressed  be- 
cause of  the  attempt  of  the  origin- 
ator of  the  Illuminati  to  engraft 
his  system  upon  the  Masonic  rite. 
In  1784  the  lodges  voluntarily  sus- 
pended operations  until  1806,  when 
the  influence  of  the  institution  was 
again  felt  throughout  the  kingdom. 
The  Grand  Lodge  is  located  at 
Munich. 

BELGIUM.  In  1721  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England  constituted  the 
first  Masonic  Lodge  in  Belgium,  at 
Mons,  under  the  title  of  Perfect 
Union.  In  1785  there  were  sixteen 
lodges  established  throughout  the 
kingdom.  At  this  period  the  lodges 
were  composed  of  the  elite  of  the 
nation ;  but,  as  the  sentiments  of 
the  brotherhood  had  become  very 
liberal  and  patriotic,  in  May,  1786, 
the  Emperor  Joseph  II.  abolished 
all  the  lodges  in  Belgium  except 
three.  Most  of  them,  however, 
opntinued  their  meetings  in  secret. 
During  the  French  revolution  all 
the  lodges  were  interdicted,  and 
not  until  1798  did  they  resume 
operations,  but  with  limited  op- 
portunities. In  1814  these  lodges 
declared  themselves  independent  of 
the  Grand  Orient  of  France,  and  in 
1817  organized  a  Grand  Lodge  for 
Belgium  and  the  Netherlands.  After 
the  separation  of  Belgium  from  the 
Netherlands  in  1830,  the  latter  de- 
Bired  to  be  entirely  independent 
of  the  other,  which  was  mutually 
agreed  to.  In  1835  most  of  the 
lodges  placed  themselves  under  the 
protection  t_f  King  Leopold.  In 


1817  the  Supreme  Council  of  the 
Ancient  and  Accepted  Scottish  rite 
was  established  in  Brussels,  while 
the  Grand  Orient,  located  also  at 
Brussels,  has  exclusive  control  over 
the  symbolic  degrees.  The  two 
bodies  maintain  toward  each  other 
brotherly  intercourse,  so  that  the 
members  of  the  Grand  Orient  having 
the  high  degrees  are  considered,  on 
that  account,  members  of  the  Su- 
preme Council. 

BOHEMIA.  In  1749  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Scotland  instituted  a 
Lodge  in  Fragile,  Bohemia.  The 
order  was  highly  prosperous  until 
the  commencement  of  the  French 
revolution,  when  it  was  suppressed 
by  the  Austrian  government.  On 
the  restoration  of  peace  and  the 
rights  of  civil  law,  the  Order  has 
been  reestablished,  and  is  highly 
successful. 

BRAZIL.  The  introduction  of 
Freemasonry  into  Brazil  began  as 
early  as  1816;  but,  owing  to  the 
powerful  influence  of  the  church 
authorities,  the  Order  ceased  its 
work  until  1820,  when  several  lodges 
were  established  there.  In  1822  the 
Grand  Orient  was  founded. 

CALIFORNIA.  Freemasonry 
was  introduced  into  this  State  in 
1849  and  1850,  by  warrants  from 
the  Grand  Lodges  of  the  District 
of  Columbia,  Connecticut,  Missouri, 
and  New  Jersey.  A  convention  of 
delegates  from  all  the  lodges  in  tha 
State  was  held  in  the  city  of  Sacra- 
mento, April  17,  1850,  and  on  the 
19th  of  that  month  a  Grand  Lodge 
for  the  State  of  California  was  es- 
tablished in  ample  form.  Jonathan 
D.  Stevenson  was  elected  Grand 
Master. 

The  first  Royal  Arch  Chaptei 
was  convened  in  1850,  and  the 
GKAND  CHA.PTEE  of  the  State  was 
organized  May  6,  1854. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDEBT,  Knights 
Templar,  was  founded  August  10, 
1858. 

CANADA.  The  first  lodges  in 
Canada  worked  under  charters  from 
the  Grand  Lodges  of  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland.  The  first  Lodge 
in  Quebec  was  organized  by  author- 
itv  of  a  warrant  from  St.  John's 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMASONRY. 


35 


Graad  Lodge,  of  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. October  16,  1855,  a  con- 
vention assembled  in  the  city  of 
Hamilton;  forty-three  lodges  were 
represented,  when  the  subject  of 
an  independent  organization  was 
calmly  discussed,  and  resolutions 
adopted,  setting  forth  the  circum- 
stances and  necessities  of  a  distinct 
organization.  When  the  convention 
adopted  a  Constitution  and  elected 
Grand  officers,  William  Mercer 
Wilson  was  elected  and  installed 
Grand  Master.  The  newly-formed 
Grand  Lodge,  however,  did  not 
immediately  receive  the  recognition 
of  all  the  lodges  of  Canada,  and, 
beside,  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England 
showed  an  unwillingness  to  sur- 
render her  authority.  In  this  un- 
happy state  of  affairs,  several  bodies, 
claiming  partial  or  absolute  juris- 
diction, arose,  and  much  confusion 
prevailed  until  1858,  when  all  dis- 
sensions happily  expired,  and  the 
Order  in  Canada  became  harmo- 
niously united  under  one  head. 

The  GRAND  ROYAL  AKCH  CHAPTEE 
of  Upper  Canada  was  organized 
August  27,  1818. 

CHILI.  The  first  Masonic  Lodge 
in  Chili  was  constituted  about  1840, 
under  charter  from  the  Grand  Orient 
of  France.  But  little  is  known  of  it, 
as  it  was  closed  during  the  political 
struggle  of  the  republic  shortly  after 
it  opened.  A  second  commenced 
its  work  with  a  charter  from  the 
Grand  Orient  of  France  in  1851. 
A  third  began  with  a  dispensation 
from  the  Grand  Lodge  of  California, 
working  in  the  York  rite,  and  in 
the  English  language;  it  war,  kept 
at  work  one  year  and  then  closed. 
Four  other  lodges  were  subsequent- 
ly established  there — two  from  the 
Grand  Orient  of  France,  and  two 
from  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massa- 
chusetts. April  20,  1862,  repre- 
sentatives iroin  four  lodges  met  at 
Valparaiso,  in  convention,  and  or- 
ganized a  Grand  Lodge  for  the 
republic.  This  Grand  Lodge  has 
four  lodges  under  its  jurisdiction, 
and  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massachu- 
setts two,  to  one  of  which  is  attached 
a  Royal  Arch  Chapter.  There  is 
also  one  Lodge  acknowledging  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Grand  Orient 


of  France.  The  Supreme  Council 
of  the  33d  degree  of  the  Ancieni 
and  Accepted  Scottish  rite  for  the 
Southern  jurisdiction  of  the  United 
States,  whose  East  is  at  Charleston, 
has  instituted  bodies  of  that  rite  in 
several  parts  of  the  country. 

COLOMBIA,  NEW  GRANADA. 
Masonry  was  first  established  in  this 
republic  about  the  year  1820.  The 
Grand  Orient  was  founded  at  Car- 
thagenia,  June  19,  1833. 

COLORADO.  Masonry  was  in- 
troduced into  this  territory  in  1859. 
August  2,  1861,  a  convention  was 
held  in  Golden  City,  by  representa- 
tives from  the  three  lodges  then  at 
labor  in  the  territory,  and  organized 
a  Grand  Lodge.  J.  M.  Chivington 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  Master. 

COLUMBIA,  DISTRICT  OF.  Free- 
masonry was  introduced  into  the 
District  of  Columbia  by.  warrants 
from  the  Grand  Lodges  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia.  The  GRAND  LODGE 
was  established  by  a  convention  oi 
delegates  from  the  lodges  in  the 
district,  December  11,  1810.  Valen- 
tine  Reintzel  was  elected  first  Grand 
Master. 

The  Royal  Arch  Chapters  belong 
to  the  Grand  Chapter  of  Maryland. 

The  Commanderies  of  Knights 
Templar  were  organized  1825  and 
1862,  by  warrants  from  the  Grand 
Encampment  of  the  United  States. 

CONNECTICUT.  The  introduc- 
tion of  Freeemasonry  into  this  State 
occurred  November  12,  1750,  by 
authority  of  a  warrant  from  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Massachusetts. 
The  GRAND  LODGE  was  organized 
July  8,  1789,  by  a  convention  o' 
delegates  from  fifteen  lodges.  Pier 
pont  Edwards  was  elected  and  in- 
stalled Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  was  organ- 
ized  May  17,  1798;  Ephraim  Kirby 
was  elected  Grand  High-Priest. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  organized  1819. 

The  GKAND  COMMANDEBY,  Knights 
Templar,  organized  Sept  13,  1827. 

CUBA.  Freemasonry  was  intro- 
duced into  Santiago  de  Cuba,  in  1805. 
by  patent  from  Count  de  Graspe, 
Sov.  Grand  Inspector  General.  A 
Grand  Consistory  was  established 


3(5  • 


rtBNERAL    HISTORY    OF    FIJEEMASOXKY. 


in  180G  Since  that  period  Masonry 
has  had  but  a  i'eeblo  existence,  by 
reason  of  the  hostility  of  the  Spanish 
tuthorities  of  the  island.  The  Sym- 
bolic Grand  Lodge,  at  Santiago, 
under  the  title  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Colon,  was  organized  Dec.  5, 
1859,  by  the  delegates  from  the 
three  lodges  then  working  in  Cuba. 
Of  the  earlier  history  of  Freema- 
sonry on  this  island  but  little  is 
known.  The  Ancient  and  Accepted 
nte  is  the  acknowledged  system  of 
work  in  the  jurisdiction. 

DELAWARE.  The  precise  date 
of  the  introduction  of  Freemasonry 
into  this  State  is  not  generally 
known.  The  lodges,  prior  to  1806, 
were  held  under  warrants  from  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
SRAND  LODGE  for  the  State  was 
organized  June  6,  1806. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  of  Koyal 
Arch  Masons  was  established  Jan. 
19,  1818. 

DENMARK.  Freemasonry  was 
first  introduced  into  Denmark,  at 
Copenhagen,  in  1743,  by  authority 
of  a  warrant  from  the  Grand  Lodge 
at  Berlin.  In  1745  a  warrant  was 
obtained  from  Lord  Cranstouu, 
Grand  Master  of  England,  to  estab- 
lish a  Lodge.  In  1749  another 
warrant  was  obtained  from  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  England.  From 
this  time  lodges  multiplied  with 
great  rapidity.  In  1792,  the  Land- 
grave, Charles  of  Hesse,  assumed 
the  title  and  duties  of  Grand  Master 
of  all  the  lodges  in  the  kingdom, 
and  thus  Freemasonry  became  a 
recognized  institution  of  the  govern- 
ment. After  the  death  of  Charles 
the  Crown  Prince,  subsequently 
King  Christian  VIII. ,  assumed  the 
protectorship  of  the  Danish  lodges. 

DOMINICANA.  The  establish- 
ment of  Freemasonry  in  this  repub- 
lic was  during  the  year  1845.  The 
Grand  Orient  was  organized  at  the 
city  of  St.  Domingo,  December  11, 
1858. 

ECUADOR.  Of  the  introduction 
of  Freemasonry  into  this  republic 
little  is  known.  In  1857  the  Grand 
Orient  of  Peru  issued  charters  for 
a  symbolic  Lodge,  and  a  chapter  of 
the-  18fb  de  ~™en*  in  Guayaquil,  which 


prospered  for  about  two  years,  and 
until  the  political  agitations  of  th« 
country,  and  the  fierce  opposition 
of  the  priesthood,  compelled  the 
brethren  to  close  their  lodges  and 
return  their  charters  to  the  parent 
body.  There  are  at  the  present 
time  (1866)  no  Masonic  bodies  in 
the  republic.  The  Supreme  Coun- 
cil of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite 
of  the  Southern  jurisdiction  of  the 
United  States  has  issued  the  ne- 
cessary authority  for  establishing 
bodies  of  the  rite  in  this  republic. 

ENGLAND.  The  precise  time  of 
the  introduction  of  Freemasonry 
into  England,  or  Britain,  is  uncer- 
tain. There  is  intermingled  so  much 
of  fable  with  the  early  accounts  of 
the  settlement  of  that  island  that 
no  one  of  the  present  day  can  dis- 
tinguish between  the  romance  and 
the  truth.  All  history  sustains  the 
assumption  that  its  introduction 
began  during  the  early  part  of  the 
third  century,  and  was  conveyed 
there  by  the  numerous  bands  of 
traveling  artisans  who  perambulated 
every  section  of  the  country  where 
their  services  could  be  employed. 
The  first  organization  of  Masons  as 
a  distinctive  body  occurred  about 
A.  D.  300,  under  the  protection  of  the 
Emperor  Caraucius,  who  conferred 
many  privileges  on  the  Masons; 
granted  them  a  charter,  and  ap- 
pointed Albanus,  a  distinguished 
Koman  general,  their  Grand  Master. 
Under  the  auspices  of  Caraucius  he 
labored  earnestly  for  the  prosperity 
of  the  Craft;  convened  the  annual 
assemblies,  settled  the  fundamental 
constitutions;  revised  the  ritual  of 
the  Order,  and  procured  them  em- 
ployment and  increased  wages. 
Masonry  flourished  with  varied  suc- 
cess until  the  year  926,  when 
King  Athelstane  became  King  oi 
England.  This  king  loved  and 
encouraged  the  Masons,  and  made 
his  brother  Edwin  overseer  of  the 
Craft,  and  granted  them  a  ctoarter. 
"Accordingly,  Prince  Edwin  sum- 
moned all  the  Masons  in  the  realm 
to  meet  him  in  a  convention  at 
York,  who  came  and  composed  a 
General  Lodge,  of  which  he  was 
Grand  Master;  and  having  brought 
with  them  all  the  writings  and 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF   FKKKMASONKY. 


records  extant,  some  in  Greek,  some 
in  Latin,  some  in  French  and  other 
languages,  from  the  contents  thereof 
that  assembly  did  frame  the  consti- 
tution and  charges  of  an  English 
Lodge."  From  this  era  we  may 
date  the  reestablishment  of  Masonry 
in  England.  For  a  long  time  the 
Grand  Lodge  at  York  exercised 
Masonic  authority  over  all  England, 
and  until  1567,  when  the  Masons  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  island  as- 
sembled at  a  Grand  Convention,  and 
elected  Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  the 
distinguished  merchant,  as  Grand 
Master.  There  were  now  two  Grand 
Masters  in  England,  who  assumed 
Distinctive  titles;  the  Grand  Master 
of  the  North  (York)  being  called 
"Grand  Master  of  all  England," 
while  he  who  presided  in  the  South 
(London)  was  called  "Grand  Mas- 
ter of  England."  Notwithstanding 
this  new  appointment  of  a  Grand 
Master  in  the  South,  the  General 
Assembly  continued  to  meet  in  the 
city  of  York,  where  all  the  ancient 
and  valuable  Masonic  records  were 
kept;  and  to  this  assembly  appeals 
were  made  on  every  important  occa- 
sion. Masonry  flourished  and  was 
remarkably  prosperous  until  the 
early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
when,  in  consequence  of  the  civil 
war  that  agitated  the  country,  it 
became  neglected,  and  fell  into  de- 
cay, pa-ticularly  in  the  south  of 
England.  Sir  Christopher  Wren, 
the  Grand  Master  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Anne,  had  become  aged, 
infirm,  jvnd  inactive,  and  hence  the 
grand  assemblies  were  entirely  ne- 
glected. The  old  Lodge  of  St.  Paul, 
and  a  fe  v  others,  continued  to  meet 
regularly,  but  consisted  of  few  mem- 
bers. To  increase  their  members,  a 
proposition  was  made,  and  agreed 
to,  that  the  privileges  of  Masonry 
should  i  a  longer  lie  restricted  to  oper- 
ative Masons,  but  extend  to  men  of 
various  professions,  provided  they 
were  regitiarly  approved  and  initiated 
into  the  Order.  This  is  the  period 
when  the  institution  was  changed 
from  the  operative  to  the  speculative 
character.  In  consequence  of  this 
resolution  many  new  regulations 
were  established,  and  the  society 
once  more  rose  into  notice  and  es- 


teem. The  assembly  above  alluded 
to  did  not  fully  reestablish  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England,  but  advised  that 
the  holding  an  annual  feast  should 
be  revived,  and  that  the  Grand  Mas- 
ter, according  to  custom,  should  be 
chosen.  Accordingly,  in  the  third 
year  of  the  reign  of  George  I. ,  on 
St.  John  the  Baptist's  day,  1717, 
the  annual  assembly  and  feast  were 
held,  and  Mr.  Anthony  Sayer  was  re- 
gularly proposed  and  elected  Grand 
Master.  Out  of  respect  to  the  four 
old  lodges,  the  only  bodies  then 
existing  in  London,  the  privileges 
which  they  had  always  possessed 
under  the  old  organization  were 
reserved  to  them.  The  two  Grand 
bodies  of  York  and  London  kept  up 
a  friendly  intercourse,  and  mutual 
interchange  of  recognition,  until  the 
Grand  Master  of  the  latter  body,  in 
1734,  granted  two  warrants  of  con- 
stitution to  a  number  of  Masona 
who  had  seceded  from  the  former. 
This  unfriendly  act  was  at  once 
condemned  by  the  Grand  Lodge  at 
York,  and  produced  a  disruption  of 
the  harmony  that  had  long  subsisted 
between  them.  Three  years  later, 
in  1738,  some  disagreeable-  alterca- 
tions arose  in  the  Order.  A  number 
of  dissatisfied  brethren  separated 
themselves  from  the  regular  lodges, 
held  meetings  in  different  places, 
for  the  purpose  of  initiating  persons 
into  Masonry,  contrary  to  the  laws 
of  the  Grand  Lodge.  The  seceding 
brethren,  taking  advantage  of  the 
breach  between  the  Grand  Lodges 
of  London  and  York,  assumed, 
without  authority,  the  appellation 
of  "Ancient  Masons."  These  irre- 
gular proceedings  they  pretended  to 
justify  under  the  feigned  sanction 
of  the  Ancient  York  Constitutions. 
They  announced  that  the  old  land- 
marks were  alone  preserved  by 
them;  that  the  regular  lodges  had 
adopted  new  plans,  sanctioned  in- 
novations, and  were  not  to  be 
considered  as  working  under  the 
old  system;  they  were,  therefore, 
branded  with  the  title  of  "Modern 
Masons. "  They  established  a  new 
Grand  Lodge  in  1739,  in  the  city  oi 
London,  under  the  name  of  tut-. 
' '  Grand  Lodge  of  Aneieut  York 
Masons,"  and,  persevering  in  tu« 


38 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF   FREEMASONRY. 


measures  adopted,  formed  commit- 
tees, held  communications,  and 
appointed  annual  feasts.  Under 
the  fals«  appellation  of  the  York 
banner,  they  gained  the  recognition 
of  the  Masons  of  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land, who,  believing  the  representa- 
tions made  to  them,  heartily  joined 
iu  condemning  the  measures  of  the 
regular  lodges  in  London,  as  tend- 
ing, in  their  opinion,  to  introduce 
novelties  into  the  society,  and  to 
subvert  the  original  plan  of  Ma- 
sonry. The  two  Grand  Lodges 
continued  to  exist,  in  opposition  to 
each  other,  to  the  great  scandal  of 
the  Fraternity,  until  the  year  1813, 
when,  by  the  united  efforts  of  the 
Duke  of  Sussex,  who  was  Grand 
Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  termed 
Moderns,  and  the  Duke  of  Kent, 
who  was  Grand  Master  of  the  Grand 
Lodge .  known  as  the  Ancients,  the 
two  bodies  were  happily  united  with 
great  solemnity,  under  the  style  and 
title  of  "  The  United  Grand  Lodge 
of  Ancient  Freemasons  of  England. " 
In  no  part  of  the  world  is  Freema- 
sonry more  prosperous  or  respected 
than  in  England. 

FLORIDA.  The  earliest  record 
of  the  existence  of  Freemasonry  in 
Florida,  that  we  can  trace,  is  that  a 
Lodge  of  Ancient  York  Masons  was 
organized  in  the  city  of  St.  Augus- 
tine, under  a  warrant  granted  by  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  the  State  of  Georgia, 
about  the  year  1806,  to  St.  Fernando 
Lodge.  But  no  certain  information 
can  be  obtained  on  the  subject  from 
the  records  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Georgia,  as  a  part  of  the  archives  of 
that  Grand  Lodge,  from  1805  to 
1817,  were  destroyed  by  the  great 
fire  which  occurred  in  the  city  of 
Savannah,  about  the  year  1818.  This 
Lodge  worked,  and  made  Masons, 
until  the  year  1811,  when  it  was 
suppressed  by  a  mandate  ot  the 
Spanish  government.  Notwithstand- 
ing this  pointed  opposition  to  Ma- 
sonry, a  few  faithful  spirits  cherished 
in  their  hearts  a  love  for  the  insti- 
tution, and,  in  the  year  1820,  ob- 
tained from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
South  Carolina  a  warrant  for  a 
Lodge  to  work  in  the  city  of  St. 
Augustine,  under  the  style  of  "  Flo- 
ridan  Virtues  Lodge,  No.  28."  But 


such  was  the  still  prevailing  hostility 
of  the  Spanish  authorities,  and  from 
other  causes,  its  existence  was  not 
long  preserved.  The  next  Lodge, 
of  which  we  have  any  knowledge, 
was  a  Mark  Master's  Lodge,  called 
"Union  Mark  Lodge,"  established 
in  St.  Augustine,  in  1822,  under  a 
warrant  from  the  Hon.  DeWitt 
Clinton,  General  Grand  High-Priest 
of  the  General  Grand  Chapter  of 
the  United  States.  This  Masonic 
body  worked  for  a  short  time  only, 
owing,  perhaps,  to  the  fact  that 
there  was  no  symbolic  Lodge  in 
_  existence  in  that  city,  to  furnish  it 
with  material  for  work ;  and  to  the 
further  fact  that  Masonry,  at  that 
time,  had  not  recovered  from  th 
effects  of  the  church  prejudices  and 
influences.  In  1824  another  appli- 
cation was  made  to  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  South  Carolina, by  the  constitu- 
tional number  of  Master  Masons, 
for  a  warrant  to  establish  a  Lodge 
entitled  "Esperanza  Lodge,"  at 
St.  Augustine.  This  Lodge,  which 
worked  in  the  Spanish  language, 
became  estinct  after  one  year,  by 
the  removal  of  the  greater  portion 
of  its  members  to  Havana.  Its 
warrant  was  surrendered  to  the 
Grand  Lodge,  whence  it  was  re- 
ceived. From  this  time  there  was 
no  organized  Masonry  in  East  Flo- 
rida, until  the  establishment  of  a 
Lodge  in  the  city  of  Tallahassee,  by 
a  warrant  from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Alabama,  under  the  title  of  Jackson 
Lodge,  about  the  year  1826.  The 
second  Lodge  was  organized  in  the 
town  of  Quincy,  by  waiTaut  from 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Tennessee,  un- 
der the  title  of  Washington  Lodge, 
and  the  third  from  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Georgia,  under  the  title  of  Har- 
mony Lodge,  in  the  town  of  Mariana. 
On  the  5th  of  July,  1830,  delegates 
from  the  three  lodges  in  Florida  as- 
sembled in  the  city  of  Tallahassee, 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a 
Grand  Lodge  for  the  Territory  of 
Florida.  After  regularly  organizing 
the  convention,  the  necessary  reso- 
lutions were  adopted,  and  July  6  the 
Grand  Lodge  was  legally  organized, 
the  Grand  Officers  elected  and  duly 
installed.  Brother  John  P.  Duva), 
the  oldest  Past  Master  present,  was 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF   FREEMASONRY. 


elected  tho  first  Grand  Master 
Since  this  period  Masonry  has 
flourished  in  Florida  with  remark 
able  vigor  and  permanency. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  of  Roya 
Arch  Maso">;  was  organized  Jan.  llj 
1847.  This  Grand  Chapter  has 
ever  been  an  independent  body — 
not  acknowledging  the  authority  o: 
the  General  Grand  Chapter  of  the 
United  States. 

The  GBAND  COUNCIL  of  Roya' 
and  Select  Masters  was  organized 
in  January,  1852. 

FRANCE.     The    first    Lodge 
founded  in  France  was  at  Dunkirk, 
October   13,   1721,  and  was   called 
"Friendship  and  Fraternity;"  and 
%bout  the    same  time    another  al 
Mous,  called  "Perfect  Union."     In 
1726  Lord  Derwentwater  established 
the  first  Lodge  at  Paris;  it  had  about 
five  hundred  members,  and  met  at 
a  restaurant  kept  by  one  Hurre ;  two 
others  were  founded  in  1729,  and 
a  fourth  in  1732,  in  which  the  Duke 
of  Aumont  was  initiated,  and  which, 
on  that  account,  took  his  name.    In 
1735  Lord  Derweutwater  received  a 
patent  from  England,  constituting 
him  Provincial  Grand  Master,  which 
powers  he  subsequently  transferred 
to  his  friend  Lord  Hamouester.    In 
173C  the  four  lodges  in  Paris  founded 
a   Provincial  Grand   Lodge,  under 
the  authority  of  England,  and  placed 
Lord  Hamouester  at  th-s  head.     In 
1738  he  was  succeeded  by  the  Duke 
D' An  tin,    who    presided    until    his 
death,  in  1743,  when  the  Count  de 
Clermont    was    elected,    at    which 
period  the  body  assumed  the  title  of 
'English  Grand  Lodge  of  France." 
At  this  time  an  effort  was  made  to 
suppress  the  Fraternity,  and  Louis 
XV.  issued  an  edict  forbidding  the 
nobility  to  take  part  in  the  society, 
and    threatened   with    the    Bastile 
any  who  should  have  the  temerity 
to   accept   the   Granl    Mastership. 
Notwithstanding  the  inconvenience 
attending  a  residence  in  the  State 
Prison,  und   the  continued  activity 
of  the  police,  the  Craft  held  its  own, 
and  even  increased  in  numbers.  The 
Grand  Lodge  now  cast  off  its  alle- 
giance to  the  English  Grand  Lodge, 
and  became   the  Grand   Lodge  of 
France,    preserving,    however,    the 


usage  which  prevailed  in  the  parent 
body  of  giving  warrants  to  Masters 
for  life,  who  considered  the  lodges 
established    by   them   as    personal 
property.     They  even  sold  warrants 
to  other  Masters  in  Paris  and  the 
provinces,  and  these,  in  turn,  con- 
stituted other  bodies,  which  s.et  up 
a  rivalry  against  the  Grand  Lodge, 
and  produced  the  utmost  degree  ol 
confusion,  which   was    more    con- 
founded by  the  Chevalier  Ramsay, 
whose  system  is  credited  as  the  base 
of  all  the  rites  which  have  since  been 
peddled   around   the   world.      The 
Grand   Lodge   fell  into   a  state  ot 
anarchy  on  account  of  the  inatten- 
tion of  the  Grand  M.ist-er,  who,  to 
rid  himself  of  the  direction  of  affairs 
appointed  proxies:  the  first  was  a 
banker  named  Baure,  who  did  no 
better  than  his  master,  and  he  was 
removed  to  give  place  to  Lacorne, 
a   dancing    master,   who   took   the 
degrees  of  Perfection  to  fit  himself 
for  his  new  dignity.     The  members 
of  the  Grand  Lodge,  however,  re- 
fused to  associate  with  him,  and  he 
was    removed,  and    succeeded    by 
Chaillon  de  Joiuville,  whereupon  a 
sell  ism  arose,  and  the  two  parties 
made   war  upon    each   other   with 
reat  bitterness.    Each  party  grant- 
ed warrants,  and  a  faction  under  the 
leadership  of  Lacome  did  likewise; 
tavern-keepers    bought    the     right 
to  hold  lodges;  rituals  and  consti- 
tutions  were    made    merchandise, 
md  anarchy  reigned  supreme.     In 
1777  the  two  parties  in  the  Grand 
Lodge  united,  but  Lacorue  and  his 
adherents   kept   aloof,  .and   caused 
much   trouble,   even   going    so  far 
as  to  descend  to  acts  of  violence,  in 
consequence  of  which  the  govern- 
ment closed  all  the  lodges.     Secret 
meetings  were,  however,  held,  and 
charters  granted  till  1771,  when  the 
Jount  de  Clermont  died   and    the 
Duke  de  Chartres  succeeded  to  the 
Grand   Mastership.      The   edict   ol 
revocation  was  withdrawn,  and  aU 
.he    charters    granted   during    the 
iuspeusion  were  canceled.    In  1772 
lie  Grand  Lodge  changed  its  title  to 
hat  of  Grand  Orient;  and  March  5, 
inder  the  gavel  of  the  Duke  de  Lux- 
embourg,   substitute  of  the  Grand    . 
Master,  adopted  "The  Statutes  "I 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMASONRY. 


the  Royal  Order  of  Freemasonry  in 
France,"  in  which  the  life  Master- 
ships were  abolished,  and  the  annual 
election  substituted.  Some  dissatis- 
fied Masons  continued  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  France,  and  the  quarrel 
went  on  as  before,  until  both  parties 
were  silenced  by  the  terrible  events 
of  the  Revolution.  In  1799  Brother 
Montaleau  being  Grand  Master,  a 
concordat  was  signed,  and  the  va- 
rious factions  were  united  under  the 
direction  of  the  Grand  Orient.  In 
1802,  however,  new  troubles  arose 
with  the  Philosophical  or  Scottish 
rite,  which  refused  obedience  to  the 
Grand  Orient,  and  claimed  the  right 
to  govern  and  direct  the  high  de- 
grees. Many  Masons  of  distinction, 
among  others  the  famous  Stephen 
Morin,  took  part  in  this  movement, 
and  in  1803  the  banner  of  the  oppo- 
sition was  fully  displayed,  and  the 
body  took  the  name  of  "Scottish 
General  Grand  Lodge  of  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  rite; "  but  in  1804  they 
united  with  the  Grand  Orient.  There 
was,  however,  still  in  existence, 
another  body  founded  in  1802  by 
the  Count  de  Grasse-Tilly,  with  the 
title  "Sovereign  Grand  Inspectors 
General  of  the  33d  and  last  degree 
of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  Scot- 
tish rite,"  claiming  to  have  derived 
authority  from  the  Supreme  Council 
at  Charleston.  In  1805  the  previous 
concordat  was  broken,  and  thus 
there  were  again  three  governing 
bodies  in  France.  In  the  same  year 
Joseph  Bonaparte  was  named  Grand 
Master,  Cambaceres  accepted  the 
position  of  first  assistant,  and  many 
persons  of  distinction  were  thereby 
attracted  to  the  Fraternity.  In 
1814,  owing  to  political  events,  the 
Grand  Orient  found  it  difficult  to 
maintain  its  organization,  and  the 
bodies  of  the  Scottish  rite  ceased 
their  meetings  altogether.  Advan- 
tage was  taken  of  this  state  of  affairs 
by  the  Grand  Orient  to  assume 
jurisdiction  over  all  degrees  and 
rites.  In  1815,  April  9,  a  new 
claimant  of  Masonic  authority  ap- 
peared in  the  Rite  of  Misraim,  in- 
vented and  propagated  by  four 
brothers,  Bedarride  by  name.  This 
rite  applied  to  the  Grand  Orient  for 
•recognition,  but  in  1817  was  refused, 


and  finally  became  so  disorderly 
that  the  police  interfered  and  closed 
its  halls  and  operations.  At  a  later 
period  (1838),  the  Rite  of  Memphis 
made  its  appearance  and  pursued 
its  labors  with  varying  fortunes — 
none  of  them  very  brilliant — until, 
on  the  application  of  the  Grand 
Hierophant  Marcorius  de  Negre,  it 
was  finally  absorbed  by  the  Grand 
Orient  (1862),  and  its  vast  system 
of  ninety-six  degrees  cut  down  to 
thirty-three,  the  dimensions  of  the 
Scottish  rite.  In  1852  Prince  Lucien 
Murat  was  chosen  Grand  Master, 
who  proved  inefficient,  and  conferred 
no  honor  on  the  Craft.  At  the 
meeting  of  1861  violent  disputes 
arose,  the  majority  of  the  represent* 
atives  being  anxious  to  get  rid  01 
Murat  and  elect  Prince  Napoleon  iu 
his  stead,  and  the  adherents  of 
Murat,  as  well  as  himself,  being 
equally  anxious  to  retain  the  power 
they  had  exercised  for  years  to  the 
evident  detriment  of  the  society. 
The  clamors  reached  such  a  bight 
that  the  civil  authorities  interfered 
and  closed  the  session  before  an 
election  was  held.  The  Prince  then 
appointed  a  committee  of  five  to 
supervise  the  affairs  of  Masonry 
until  the  following  October,  when 
the  Grand  Orient  v/as  again  to  be 
called  together  for  the  purpose  of 
electing  a  Grand  Master.  The  Craft 
at  large,  however,  refused  to  ac- 
knowledge their  authority,  and  ad- 
hered to  the  council  of  the  Grand 
Master,  who  were,  in  fact,  the  legal 
successors  of  the  defunct  func- 
tionary, and  thus,  for  a  time,  the 
Fraternity  had  two  heads.  January 
11,  1862,  Napoleon  put  an  end  to 
this  disgraceful  state  of  affairs,  and 
by  "the  grace  of  God  and  the 
national  will"  appointed  Marshal 
Magnan  Grand  Master  for  three 
years.  At  the  time  of  his  nomination 
the  Marshal  was  not  a  Mason ;  but  he 
received  the  whole  thirty-three  de- 
grees the  following  day,  by  commu- 
nication, in  the  presence  of  five 
Masons,  led  by  Rexes.  The  whole 
proceeding  was  entirely  illegal ; 
but  there  was  no  help  for  it,  and 
the  Marshal  was  subsequently  in- 
stalled, and  signalized  his  entrance 
into  official  station  by  decapitating 


GENERAL    HISTORY   OF   FREEMASOXRY. 


Rexes  and  removing  those  who,  with 
him,  had  for  years  mismanaged  the 
affairs  of  the  Grand  Orient.  He 
found  the  Fratemity  overwhelmed 
with  debt,  and  its  affairs  generally 
in  a  state  of  disgraceful  confusion. 
By  the  adoption  of  vigorous  meas- 
ures he  reduced  this  chaos  to  order, 
and,  at  the  end  of  his  first  term,  had 
succeeded  in  paying  off  the  floating 
debt  amounting  to  about  $40,000. 
In  1861  he  announced  that  the 
Emperor,  at  his  request,  had  with- 
drawn his  appointment,  whereupon 
the  Grand  Orient,  with  unanimity 
and  good  taste,  elected  him  for  a 
new  term  of  three  years;  an  honor 
of  which  he  evidently  felt  proud, 
as  he  signed  his  edicts  thereafter 
"Elected"  Grand  Master,  etc.  May 
29,  1865,  he  died  in  office,  in  the 
74th  year  of  his  age,  honored  and 
regretted  by  the  Fraternity  he  had 
well  and  faithfully  served.  At  the 
succeeding  meeting  of  the  Grand 
Orient  General  Mellinet,  the  present 
Grand  Master,  was  elected.  He  has 
appointed  on  his  staff  some  of  the 
best  known  and  respected  citizens 
of  Paris;  and  we  hazard  nothing  in 
saying  that  Masonry  in  France  is  at 
present  in  a  better  condition,  and 
its  affairs  in  better  hands,  than  at 
any  time  since  its  introduction  into 
the  Empire.  •  At  the  annual  commu- 
nication for  18G5  a  new  constitution  i 
was  adopted,  which  is  apparently  ! 
modeled  upon  that  of  New  York,  | 
and  which  is  decidedly  better  than 
any  of  its  predecessors.  It  recog-  j 
nizcs  the  sovereignty  of  the  lay 
members,  and  the  great  principle  | 
of  Grand  Lodge  jurisdiction,  for  j 
which  we  have  always  contended,  [ 
and  which  is  the  subject  of  dif- 1 
fei  ence  between  the  Grand  Lodges  i 
of  America  and  that  of  Hamburg. 
The  subject  of  Masonic  reform,  by 
•triking  out  the  high  degrees,  is  at 
present  obtaining  great  considera- 
tion in  France  and  throughout 
Europe,  and  it  is  a  noteworthy  I 
fact  that  at  the  adoption  of  the  | 
new  constitution  a  proposition  to 
ignore  them  entirely  only  failed  by 
three  votes.  It  is  claimed  in  France 
that  the  continuous  difficulties 
which  have  imp  jded"  the  progress 
nf  the  Craft,  and  brought  so  much 


disgrace  upon  it,  are  due  to  the 
pitiful  intrigues  growing  out  of  the 
many  systems  of  superior  degrees 
which  have  from  time  to  time  been 
invented  and  propagated  there,  and 
those  who  are  well  informed  enter- 
tain no  doubt  of  the  near  approach 
of  the  day  when  Masonrj'  in  France 
will  return  to  its  primitive  organi- 
zation, and  practice  only  the  sym- 
bolic degrees.  It  is  also  a  subject 
of  remark  that  the  lodges  in  France 
are  gradually  falling  into  the  hands 
of  the  middle  and  working  classes, 
and  that  its  social  status  is  likely 
to  be  thereby  endangered — a  fear  in 
which  we,  on  this  side  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, are  not  likely  to  participate ;  on 
the  contrary  we  see  in  it  the  indi- 
cation of  a  healthy  growth  and  a 
true  progress  toward  the  great  end 
of  the  association — the  brotherhood 
of  man. 

GEORGIA.  The  earliest  his- 
torical record  of  Freemasonry  in 
Georgia  may  be  found  in  Preston's 
Illustrations,  during  the  Grand  Mas- 
tership of  the  Earl  of  Strathmore, 
in  1733,  and  is  in  the  following  lan- 
guage: "The  history  of  the  society 
at  this  period  atFords  few  remark- 
able instances  of  record.  Some  con- 
siderable donations  were  collected, 
and  distributed  among  distressed 
Masons,  to  encourage  the  settlement 
of  a  new  colony,  which  had  been  just 
established  at  Georgia,  America." 
The  next  allusion  we  find  by  the 
same  author  in  1735,  who  says:  "He 
(Lord  Weymouth  being  then  Grand 
Master)  also  issued  warrants  to  open 
a  new  Lodge  at  Lisbon,  and  another 
at  Savannah,  in  Georgia."  Thomas 
Smith  Webb,  in  his  Freemiisoii's 
Monitor,  edition  of  1805,  says:  "The 
Grand  Lodge  of  Georgia  is  hokleu 
by  virtue,  and  in  pursuance  of  the 
right  of  succession,  legally  derived 
from  the  Most  Noble  and  Most 
Worshipful  Thomas  Thyue,  Lord 
Viscount  Weymouth,  Grand  Master 
of  England,  A.  D.  1730,*  by  his  war- 
rant, directed  to  the  Right  Worship- 
ful Roger  Lacey;  and  by  the  renewal 
of  the  said  power  by  Sholto  Charles 

*This  is  evidently  an  error,  because 
Lord  Weymouth  was  Grand  Muster  in 
1735,  and  was  (ucceeded  by  the  Earl  o< 
London  iu  1736. 


GENFRA.L    HISTORY    OF    FKEEMA8ONBT. 


Dcniglas,  Lord  Aberdour,  Grand 
Master  of  Scotland,  lor  the  years 
1755  and  1756;  and  the  Grand  Mas- 
ter of  England  for  the  years  1757 
and  1758 ;  as  will  appear  in  his 
warrant  directed  to  the  Right  \Yor- 
shipful  Grey  Elliot.  Dec.  16,  A.  D. 
1786,  a  convention  of  the  several 
lodges  holden  in  the  State  assembled 
at  Savannah,  when  the  permanent 
appointments,  which  had  been  there- 
tofore made  by  the  Grand  Master 
of  England,  were  solemnly  relin- 
quished, by  the  Right  Worshipful 
Sam'l  Elbert,  Grand  Master,  and  the 
other  officers  of  the  Grand  Lodge; 
and  certain  regulations  adopted  by 
which  the  Grand  Officers  are  now 
elected  annually  by  the  Grand 
Lodge."  At  this  convention,  1787, 
William  Stephens  was  elected  Grand 
Master.  This  Grand  Lodge  so  con- 
stituted was  afterward  incorporated 
by  the  legislature  of  Georgia.  The 
warrant  of  Solomon's  Lodge,  as 
originally  issued,  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  therefore  its  precise  date  and 
authority  cannot,  at  this  time,  be 
definitely  settled. 

GERMANY.  The  earliest  history 
of  Freemasonry  in  Germany  is  sup- 
posed to  be  closely  interwoven 
with  the  history  of  the  building 
associations  of  the  Middle  Ages: 
"as  we  may  easily  recognize  a 
strong  similarity  in  the  usages,  cus- 
toms and  peculiar  terms  of  the 
Fraternity  of  Freemasons  of  the 
present  day,  and  the  '  titem-Metzen ' 
(stone-cutters)  of  Germany.  1.  The 
classification  of  their  members  into 
Masters,  Fellow-Crafts,  and  Appren- 
tices; 2.  The  government  of  the 
society  by  a  certain  number  of  offi- 
cers; 3.  The  exclusion  of  the  unin- 
itiated from  their  meetings;  4.  The 
peculiar  qualifications  for  member- 
ship; 5.  The  equality  of  all  the 
members  of  the  Craft;  6.  Their 
mutual  obligations  to  relieve  suffer- 
ing; 7.  Their  peculiar  laws,  juris- 
diction and  general  regulations ; 
8.  The  ceremonies  of  initiation;  9. 
The  manner  of  opening  and  closing 
their  assemblies;  10.  The  privileges 
of  a  Mason's  son;  11.  The  examina- 
tion of  foreign  brethren,  etc.  Taking 
all  these  circumstances  into  consid- 
eration, and  combining  with  them 


the   results    of    historical    invest! 
gation,  it  must  be  conceded  thai 
the  modern   society  is   the  direct 
descendant  and    successor,  in    an 
unbroken    line,    of    the    operative 
Fraternity  of  Masons  of  the  nz  ddle 
ages.  "*  In  1733,  Preston  says,  eleven 
German  Masons  applied  for  author- 
ity to  open  a  Lodge  at  Hamburg, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England,  for  which  pur- 
pose the  Grand  Master,  Lord  Strath- 
more,    granted    a  dispensation    to 
establish  a  permanent  Lodge,  con- 
cerning which    but    little    is   now 
known.    December  6,  1737,  a  Lodge 
was    established   in   Hamburg,    by 
authority  of  the  Grand   Lodge  of 
England,  which,  in  1741,  assumed 
the   title  of    "Absalom."     August 
11,    1738,    a    deputation    of     this 
Lodge  was  convened  at  Brunswick 
for   the   purpose   of   initiating  the 
Crown  Prince,  afterward  Frederick 
II.      By  this  valuable  accession  of 
nobility  Masonry  was  greatly  bene- 
fited  throughout  Germany.      Soon 
after  his  initiation,  he  organized  a 
Lodge  in  the  castle  of  Rheinsberg, 
and,  in  1740,    when   Frederick  as- 
|  cended    the   throne,  he   conducted 
the  work  of  a  Lodge  established  at 
the  castle  in  Charlottenburg.      In 
1738-39  several  Lodges  were  estab- 
lished in  Dresden,  and  in  1741  the 
Lodge  "Minerva  of  the  Three  Palm 
Trees"  was  organized  at   Leipsic. 
In   1742   the  Lodge  of  Unity  was 
established    at    Frankfort -on -the 
Main.     In  1741  a  Provincial  Grand 
Lodge   for   Hamburg   and    Lower 
Saxony  was  established.     The  sec- 
ond Lodge  in  Hamburg  was  founded 
in    1743,   under   the   name  of   St. 
George.      In  1744  a  Lodge  under 
the  title  "Frederick"  was  founded 
at  Hanover,  which  did   not,  how- 
ever, enter    into    active  operation 
until  1746.  This  Lodge  is  still  in  ex- 
istence. The  war  of  1750  compelled 
most  of  the  Lodges  to  close  their 
work  until  1758.     About  the  year 
1757  the  first  Lodge  of  the  system  of 
Strict  Observance  was  established 
in   Naumburg,   under   the  title  of 
tho  "Lodge  of  the  Three  Banners. " 
This  system,  which  claimed  to  be 
the    true    and    legitimate    sucees- 

*  Finder*  History  of  Freeiaasoury. 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMASONRY. 


43 


gor  of  t)  e  Order  of  the  Knights 
Templar,  had  for  a  short  time  an 
unprecedented  popularity.  In  1755 
a  warrant,  with  ample  powers  to 
establish  a  Provincial  Lodge  in 
Hamburg,  was  received  from  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  England.  In  1766 
another  Provincial  Grand  Lodge 
was  established  at  Frankfort-oii- 
the-Maiu,  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
England.  In  1776  the  society 
of  Illuminati,  a  secret  political 
organization,  was  introduced  and 
spread  throughout  the  country,  to 
the  injury  of  Freemasonry.  About 
the  year  1780  the  Swedish  rite  was 
introduced  and  practiced  by  several 
lodges  in  Germany.  In  1789  an 
important  event  took  place  for  the 
better  and  more  peaceful  condition 
of  the  Order.  Many  of  the  lodges, 
being  dissatisfied  with  the  immense 
number  of  rites  and  high  degrees 
engrafted  upon  the  plain  and  un- 
presuming  system  of  Freemasonry, 
resolved  to  modify  the  diiferent 
elements  then  in  use,  and  as  near 
as  pi  ssible  to  return  to  the  original 
or  primative  condition.  For  this 
purpose  a  convention  of  the  lodges 
of  Germany  was  held  in  Frankfort, 
in  1783,  at  which  convention  a  union 
was  formed  under  the  title  of  the 
"Eclectic  Union,"  which  had  for 
its  material  or  chief  points:  1.  The 
three  Masonic  degrees  alone  are 
acknowledged  by  all  the  united 
lodges ;  2.  Each  Lodge  is  left  free  to 
introduce  as  many  of  the  higher 
degrees  as  it  may  deem  proper,  but 
they  must  not  be  compulsory  upon 
the  whole  association;  3.  None  of 
the  associated  lodges  are  dependent 
on  the  other;  they  are  all  equal; 
4.  The  Provincial  Lodges  of  Wetz- 
lar  and  Fraukfort-on-the-Main  form 
a  General  Directory.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  independent  action 
of  the  Provincial  Grand  Lodge  at 
Frankfort  in  severing  its  connection 
with  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England, 
plans  were  immediately  adopted  to 
renew  and  perpetuate  the  English 
authority  upon  the  soil  of  Germany. 
In  1 789  a  new  warrant  with  powers 
for  the  establishment  of  a  Provincial 
Grand  Lodge,  giving  full  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  whole  of  the  Upper 
and  Lowe*  Rhine,  and  the  circle 
wf  Franconia,  was  granted  by  the 


Gvand  Lodge  of  England.  During 
the  wars  in  which  the  elder  Napoleon 
was  the  master  spirit  Masonry  oc- 
cupied a  quiet  and  unobtrusive 
position  throughout  the  country. 
Our  limited  space  will  not  permit 
us  to  follow  the  various  incidents  of 
the  Fraternity.  We  must,  there- 
fore, refer  the  Masonic  student  in 
his  researches  to  the  more  elaborate 
works  upon  the  subject  of  Masonic 
history,  and  which  have  been  pre- 
pared with  great  care  by  many  of 
the  most  competent  writers  of  the 
present  age.  Freemasonry  is  in 
high  repute  in  Germany,  embracing 
within  her  ample  folds  the  iiiie,  of 
the  country. 

HOLLAND.  In  1731,  by  virtue 
of  a  special  deputation  from  Lord 
Lovel,  Grand  Master  of  England,  an 
emergent  Lodge  was  held  at  the 
Hague,  the  Earl  of  Chesterfield 
presiding,  for  the  initiation  of  the 
Duke  of  Tuscany,  afterward  Em- 
peror of  Germany.  After  the  cere- 
mony the  Lodge  was  closed.  The 
first  regular  and  permanent  Lodge 
established  in  Holland  was  at  the 
same  place  in  1734.  From  this 
Lodge  several  lodges  were  formed. 
In  1756  a  convention  of  all  the  lodges 
then  working  in  the  country  assem- 
bled and  organized  a  Grand  Lodge. 
When  Holland  was  united  to  the 
French  Empire,  the  Grand  Orient 
of  France  sought  to  extend  the 
sphere  of  her  jurisdiction,  by  ig- 
noring the  existence  of  the  lodges 
in  Holland,  and  founded  two  lodges 
of  her  own  creating  in  Amsterdam. 
This  controversy  was  of  short  dura- 
tion, and  the  Grand  Orient  aban- 
doned the  effort.  In  1863  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Holland  numbered  upward 
of  one  hundred  lodges  upon  its  rolls. 

ILLINOIS.  The  reliable  history 
of  Freemasonry,  and  of  its  early  in- 
troduction into  Illinois,  is  yet  to  be 
written,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  sub- 
ject is  of  sufficient  interest  to  the 
cause  to  induce  some  enlightened 
brother,  and  well  versed  in  the 
knowledge  thereto,  to  favor  the  Fra- 
ternity with  a  truthful  account  of 
Masonry  in  this  once  far  western 
territory.  In  1805,  six  years  before 
the  organization  of  the  territorial 
goveinmeut,  a  Lodge  was  organized 


GENERAL    HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY. 


at  Kaskaskia,  the  oldest  settlement 
west  of  the  Alleghaiiies.  Other 
lodges  followed,  and  in  those  early 
days,  the  Lc-ige-room  was  the  resort 
of  men  anxious  to  profit  by  the 
mystic  teachings,  and  enjoy  the 
secret  communion  of  the  inner 
chamber  of  Masonry.  A  Grand 
Lodge,  in  due  time,  was  formed, 
which  flourished  for  a  time,  but 
succumbed  before  the  anti-Masonic 
tempest  of  1827.  From  that  time 
forward,  until  18-40,  gloom  and  ob- 
scurity rest  upon  Masonic  records 
in  Illinois.  Time,  patience,  and 
perseverance,  will  exhume  them. 
January  20,  1840,  a  convention  of 
Masons,  composed  of  delegates  from 
several  of  the  subordinate  lodges 
in  the  State,  was  held  in  the  town 
of  Jackson,  when  a  resolution  was 
unanimously  adopted  declaring  it 
axpedient  to  establish  a  Grand 
Lodge.  The  convention  adjourned 
to,  and  did  meet  again,  April  6  of  the 
same  year.  The  object  of  the  meet- 
ing having  been  fully  considered, 
it  was  unanimously  "Resolved,  That 
the  several  subordinate  lodges  of 
Ancient  Freemasonry  in  the  State  of 
Illinois  here  assembled,  represented 
by  delegates  properly  authorized, 
consider  it  as  a  matter  of  right,  and 
as  conducive  to  the  general  benefit 
of  Masonry,  that  a  Grand  Lodge  be 
established  in  the  State  of  Illinois, 
and  that  they  now  proceed  to  estab- 
lish, organize,  and  to  locate  the 
same  accordingly,  to  be  known  and 
designated  by  the  name  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Illinois. "  Abraham  Jonas 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  was  organ- 
ized April  9,  1850.  Wm.  B.  Warren 
was  elected  first  Grand  High-Priest. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  in 
1853.  Jas.  H.  Hibbard  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDERY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  Oct.  27, 
1857.  Jas.  V.  Z.  Blaney  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Commander. 

INDIANA.  The  GRAND  LODGE 
of  this  State  was  organized  at  Gary- 
don,  in  December,  1817.  The  first 
meeting  of  the  Grand  Lodge  for  the 
election  of  officers,  and  the  trans- 
action of  business,  was  held  Jan. 


12,  1818.  Alexander  Buckner  was 
elected  the  first  Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  ROYAL  ARCH  CHAPTER 
was  organized  in  November,  1846. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  in 
1853. 

The  GRAND  COMMANEERT,  Knight* 
Templar,  was  established  May  6, 
1854. 

IOWA.  The  introduction  of  Free- 
masonry into  this  Territory,  as  it 
was  then  called,  began  by  authority 
of  letters  of  dispensation  from  the 
Grand  and  Deputy  Grand  Masters 
of  Missouri — the  first  dated  Nov 
20,  1840,  for  a  Lodge  at  Desmoines; 
the  second  dated  Feb.  4,  1841,  for 
a  Lodge  at  Bloomingtou;  the  third 
dated  Oct.  10,  1842,  for  a  Lodge  at 
Dubuque.  Jan.  2,  1844,  delegates 
from  the  three  lodges  met  in  con- 
vention at  Iowa  City,  when  the 
necessary  resolutions  were  adopted, 
and  on  the  3d  of  the  same  month 
the  Grand  Lodge  for  the  Territory 
was  proclaimed.  Oliver  Cock  was 
elected  the  First  Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  ROYAL  ARCH  CHAPTER 
was  organized  June  8,  1854. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal 
and  Select  Masters  was  organized 
in  1857. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDERY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  June  6, 
1864. 

IRELAND.  Of  the  early  history 
of  Masonry  in  Ireland  so  little  is 
known  that  it  would  be  folly  to 
attempt,  in  this  late  day,  to  discover 
the  footprints  of  its  existence  upon 
that  ancient  soil.  Bro.  Michael 
Furnell,  than  whom  no  living  Ma- 
sonic writer  is  better  acquainted 
with  the  history  of  Masonry  in  Ire- 
laud,  says:  "I  furnish  a  brief 
abstract  of  the  historic  constitiition 
of  the  Masonic  Order  in  Ireland; 
and  though  possessing  irrefutable 
records  and  data,  showing  the  ex- 
istence of  several  self-designated 
'Grand  Lodges'  in  past  centuries, 
and  though  the  Lodge  No.  1,  on  the 
present  Itgiliniate  registry,  claims  an 
uninterrupted  descent  from  an  inde- 
pendent lodge,  which  existed  from 
time  immemorial,  and  retains  many 
quaint  old  documents  in  her  aiv 
chives,  and  is  by  many  style'l,  '  The 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMASONRY. 


First  Lodge  ( f  Ireland,'  yet  I  leave 
the  task  of  research  into  the  hazy 
mist  of  the  past  ages,  to  some  more 
erudite  antiquary,  taking  for  granted 
that  those  gone-by  powers  were  but 
by  assumption  or  prescription.  The 
constitution  of  the  present  Metro- 
politan Grand  Lodge  dates  from  the 
year  1729,  when  the  entire  Frater- 
nity united  in  electing  the  Eight 
Hon.  Lord  Kingston,  Grand  Master 
of  Ireland. "  Since  that  time  many 
gentlemen  of  noble  birth  have  occu- 
pied the  chair,  and  directed  the 
affairs  of  Masonry  with  substantial 
effect.  The  Ancient  York  rite  is 
tenaciously  adhered  to  by  this  Grand 
Lodge.  In  1809,  a  charter  for  the 
establishment  of  a  Supreme  Council 
of  the  33d  degree,  Ancient  and  Ac- 
cepted rite,  was  granted  by  the  Su- 
preme Council,  at  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  and  creating  his  Grace,  the 
Duke  of  Leiuster,  Grand  Command- 
er, ad  vitam.  In  1820  a  Council  of 
the  Rite  of  Misraim  was  instituted, 
with  the  Duke  of  Leinster  as  the 
Supreme  head.  This  organization 
had  a  very  brief  existence  in  this 
country.  The  present  Grand  Master 
(.1866)  of  the  Grand  Lodge  is  the 
Duke  of  Leinster,  who  has  held  the 
office  since  1813.  Within  the  body 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  is  a  Grand 
Conclave  of  Knights  Templar,  a 
Supreme  Grand  Council  of  rites, 
and  a  Grand  Royal  Arch  Chapter. 

ITALY.  Freemasonry  was  first 
established  in  this  country,  at  Flor- 
ence, in  1733,  by  Lord  Charles 
Sackville,  but  by  what  authority 
is  at  present  unknown.  At  first 
the  Fraternity  was  known  under 
the  name  of  the  "Company  of 
the  Trowel,"  and,  afterward,  by  the 
appellation  of  "  Franchi  Muratori." 
In  1735  the  Grand  Duke  Francis 
was  initiated.  This  circumstance 
gave  a  fresh  and  wholesome  impetus 
to  the  Order;  lodges  were  imme- 
diately established  in  Milan,  Verona, 
Padua,  Vicenza,  Venice,  and  Naples. 
The  Fraternity  was  not  long  per- 
mitted to  enjoy  entire  freedom  for 
the  exercise  of  their  privileges.  In 
1738  Pope  Clement  XII.  issued  his 
famous  bull  against  the  Fraternity, 
which,  notwithstanding  the  in- 
fluence and  power  of  the  Duke 


compelled  the  brethren,  very  gene- 
rally, to  close  their  lodges.  For 
many  years  only  those  members  who 
had  the  courage  availed  themselves 
of  their  right  to  meet,  and  in  the 
most  secret  manner.  Persecutions 
of  the  most  inhuman  character  were 
exercised  against  the  members  of 
the  Order  by  the  inquisition  until 
1776,  when,  through  the  influence 
of  Queen  Caroline,  daughter  of 
Francis  L,  the  persecutions  ceased, 
and  all  the  prisoners  in  charge  of 
the  inquisition  were  released.  In 
1805  a  Supreint)  Council  of  the 
Ancient  and  Accepted  rite  was 
established  in  Milan  by  letters 
patent  from  Count  de  Grasse-Tilly 
Prince  Eugene,  viceroy  of  Italy 
accepted  the  office  of  Sovereigi 
Grand  Commander  and  Grand  Mas 
ter  of  the  Grand  Orient  of  Italy. 
When  Italy  was  under  French  rule, 
then  did  Masonry  begin  to  rise  and 
thrive.  Murat,  King  of  Naples, 
assisted  in  the  establishment  of  a 
Grand  Lodge,  which  was  opened 
with  marked  splendor  and  ceremony 
June  24,  1809.  With  the  fall  of 
Napoleon  the  persecutions  against 
the  Fraternity  were  renewed,  both 
by  civil  and  ecclesiastical  authori- 
ties. At  this  period  the  secret 
society  known  as  the  CARBONARI 
(Colliers)  arose.  This  was  purely 
a  political  organization,  which  had 
for  its  purpose  the  consolidation  of 
Italy  under  one  scepter,  and  free  it 
from  foreign  rule — in  the  language 
of  the  colliers  themselves:  "Clear 
the  forest  of  wolves."  From  1814 
to  1860  Freemasonry  was  almost 
extinguished  in  Italy.  The  society 
of  the  Carbonari  absorbed  every 
thought  and  consideration  in  the 
hope  that  they  might  free  the  coun- 
try from  the  despotic  tyranny  of 
the  Bourbons.  In  1861  Freemasonry 
began  again  to  rekindle  the  fires 
upon  her  altars.  In  Palermo  a  Grand 
Orient  was  founded  by  Garibaldi, 
which  adopted  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  Scottish  rite.  A  Supreme 
Council  of  the  same  rite  has  also 
been  formed  in  Naples.  Within  a 
few  years  past  Masonry  in  Italy  has 
undergone  so  many  changes  that  it 
seems  impossible  to  keep  pace  with 
its  vast  and  extensive  improvements. 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF   FKEEMASONBY. 


KANSAS.  The  introduction  of 
Freemasonry  into  this  territory  be- 
gan in  1854,  by  authority  from  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Missouri.  Nov.  14, 
1855,  delegates  from  two  lodges  met 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a 
Grand  Lodge.  This  convention, 
not  having  the  legal  number  of 
lodges  repiesented,  adjourned  until 
the  27th  of  the  next  month ; 
again  only  two  lodges  appeared  by 
delegates,  when  they  adopted  re- 
solutions, formed  a  Constitution, 
proclaimed  a  Grand  Lodge,  estab- 
lished and  elected  Grand  Officers. 
These  proceedings  having  been  pro- 
nounced illegal,  another  convention 
was  convened  March  17,  1856,  when 
delegates  from  all  the  chartered 
lodges  were  present,  and  ratified  or 
reeuacted  the  previous  proceedings, 
and  then  opened  a  Grand  Lodge  for 
the  territory  in  ample  form.  Bro. 
R.  R.  Rees  was  elected  the  first 
Grand  Master. 

KENTUCKY.  The  first  regular 
lodges  in  Kentucky  derived  their 
authority  from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Virginia..  In  the  year  1800  there 
were  under  that  authority  five  regu- 
lar lodges.  But,  from  their  remote 
situation  from  their  parent  Grand 
Lodge,  they  were  induced  to  proceed 
to  the  establishment  of  a  Grand 
Lodge  for  the  State  of  Kentucky; 
and,  in  pursuance  of  an  invitation 
from  Lexington  Lodge,  No.  25,  a 
convention  of  delegates  from  all  the 
regular  lodges  then  existing  in  the 
State  was  held  at  the  Masonic  Hall, 
in  the  town  of  Lexington,  Sept.  8, 
1800,  when  it  was  resolved  that 
it  was  expedient  and  proper  to 
establish  a  Grand  Lodge  in  the 
State  of  Kentucky,  and  an  address, 
setting  forth  the  motives  which 
impelled  the  brethren  to  sever 
their  immediate  connection  from 
the  parent  Grand  Lodge  of  Virginia, 
was  ordered  to  be  prepared.  The 
address  was  prepared,  approved, 
and  forwarded  to  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Virginia;  to  which  that  body 
returned  a  fraternal  and  approving 
reply.  The  convention  met  again 
Oct.  1C,  1800,  in  the  same  place,  and 
proceeded  regularly  to  establish  a 
Grand  Lodge  for  the  State  of  Ken- 
tucky. The  delegates  then  severally 


surrendered  to  the  Grand  Lodge 
their  respective  charters,  and  re- 
ceived new  ones  in  lieu  thereof, 
under  the  Grand  Lodge  there  estab- 
lished for  the  State.  Win.  jlurray 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  .Master. 

The  GRAND  ROYAL  ARCH  CHAPTER 
was  organized  Dec.  4,  1817,  at  the 
city  of  Frankfort.  James  Moore 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  High- 
Priest. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  Dec. 
10,  1827.  Robert  Johnson  was 
elected  the  first  Grand  President. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDERY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  established  Oct.  5, 
1827.  Henry  "VVingate  was  elected 
Grand  Commander. 

LOUISIANA.  Freemasonry  was 
first  planted  upon  the  soil  of  Loui- 
siana by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  South 
Carolina  in  1793;  the  second  Lodge 
obtained  a  charter  from  the  Grand 
Lodge  at  Marseilles,  France,  in 
1794.  In  1800  and  1806  two  char- 
ters were  obtained  from  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Pennsylvania,  and  one 
other  composed  of  brethren  from 
St.  Domingo.  April  18,  1812,  a 
general  Masonic 'convention,  com- 
posed of  delegates  from  the  five 
lodges,  was  called.  The  convention 
adjourned  until  June  6,  when  a 
constitution  was  adopted,  and,  July 
11  following,  the  Grand  Lodge  was 
regularly  established. 

A  GRAND  CHAPTER  was  organized 
March  5,  1813.* 

The  GRAND  ROYAL  ARCH  CHAPTER, 
acknowledging  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  General  Grand  Chapter  of  the 
United  States,  was  organized  about 
the  year  1828. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  established  Feb. 
16,  1856. 

The  Grand Commandery,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  February  1, 
1864. 

*  This  Grand  Chapter  was  organized  by 
the  "Royal  Lodges,"  Concordia  and  Per- 
severance, and  euch  officers  and  members 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  State  as  were 
Royal  Arch  Masons.  These  lodges  were 
originally  established  in  the  Island  of  St. 
Domingo,  under  charters  from  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Pennsylvania,  with  powers  to 
confer  all  the  degrees  from  Entered  Ap- 
prentice to  Royal  Arch  inclusive. 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF   FREEMASONKY. 


MAINE.  Until  the  year  1820 
Maine  composed  a  part  of  the  civil 
and  Masonic1  jurisdiction  of  Massa- 
chusetts. In  that  year  the  several 
lodges,  contemplating  a  political 
separation  of  that  territory  from  the 
commonwealth  of  Massachusetts, 
having  assembled,  by  their  dele- 
gates, at  Portland,  Oct.  14,  1819,  a 
respectful  memorial  was  drawn  up, 
and  subscribed  by  all  the  delegates, 
addressed  to  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Massachusetts,  praying  their  con- 
Bent  to  the  organization  of  an 
independent  Grand  Lodge  in  the 
State  of  Maine.  This  request  being 
promptly  and  generously  granted 
by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massachu- 
setts, the  several  lodges  in  Maine 
were  summoned  to  meet  at  Mason's 
Hall,  in  Portland,  June  1,  1820, 
when  a  Grand  Lodge  for  the  State 
of  Maine  was  duly  and  regularly 
organized.  The  Hon.  William  King, 
Governor  of  the  State,  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  ROYAL,  ARCH  CHAPTER 
of  the  State  was  organized  in  1821. 
Robert  P.  Dunlap  was  the  first 
Grand  High-Priest. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  May 
3,  1855.  Itobert  P.  Duulap  was  the 
first  Grand  President. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDERY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  May  5, 
1852.  Charles  B.  Smith  was  the  first 
Grand  Commander. 

MARYLAND.  Until  the  year 
1783  the  lodges  in  this  State  derived 
their  warrants  from  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Pennsylvania,  except  one 
at  Annapolis,  which  obtained  a  char- 
ter from  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  1750.  *  On  the  17th  June, 
1783,  the  first  convention  was  held 
at  Talbot  Court  House  by  delegates 
from  the  five  lodges  then  working 
in  the  State,  to  take  into  considera- 
tion the  propriety  of  establishing  an 
independent  Masonic  jurisdiction, 
when  a  Master  Mason's  Lodge  was 

*  August  12,  1750,  a  charter  was  granted 
by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massachusetts  to 
a  number  of  brethren  who  had  petitioned 
to  form  a  Lod,'e  in  Annapolis,  Maryland. 
— History  of  Gi  and  Lodge  of  Massachusetts. 
This  Lodge  is  not  mentioned  in  the  list 
of  Lodges  convened  to  establish  the 
Grand  Lodge. 


opened  in  the  usual  form,  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  was  adopted 
unanimously :  Res<>lved,  That  the 
several  lodges  on  the  eastern  shore 
of  Maryland,  consider  it  as  a  matter 
of  right,  and  that  they  ought  to 
form  a  Grand  Lodge,  independent 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  at  Philadel- 
phia." At  a  subsequent  meeting 
of  the  convention,  held  at  the  same 
place,  on  the  31st  of  July,  Grand 
officers  were  chosen,  of  which  John 
Coats  was  elected  Grand  Master 
and  Charles  Gardiner  was  appointed 
Grand  Secretary. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER,  which  had, 
until  recently,  within  its  jurisdic- 
tion the  Chapters  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  was  organized  in  1812. 

MASSACHUSETTS.  The  intro- 
duction of  Freemasonry  into  this 
country,  through  warranted  lodges, 
established  upon  the  basis  of  legal 
Masonic  authority,  dates  from  July 
30,  1733.  Upon  the  application  ol 
several  brethren,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  residing  in  the  town  of 
Boston,  Province  of  Massachusetts, 
for  authority  to  establish  a  Provin- 
cial Grand  Lodge,  a  warrant  was 
granted  by  the  Eight  Worshipful 
Lord  Viscoiint  Montacute,  Grand 
Master  of  Masons  of  England,  dated 
April  30,  1733,  appointing  Right 
Worshipful  Henry  Price,  Provincial 
Grand  Master  of  New  England,  and 
dominions  and  territories  thereunto 
belonging,  with  free  power  and 
authority  to  nominate  and  appoint 
his  Deputy  Grand  Master  and  Grand 
Wardens.  On  the  receipt  of  this 
commission,  the  brethren  assem- 
bled July  30,  1733,  at  the  "Bunch 
of  Grapes"  tavern,  State  Street, 
Boston,  when  the  charter  of  Con- 
stitution was  read,  and  the  Right 
Worshipful  Grand  Master  duly  in- 
vested and  congratulated;  a  Grand 
Lodge,  under  the  title  of  "  St.  John's 
Grand  Lodge,"  was  formed,  and 
the  Grand  Officers  chosen  and  in- 
stalled in  due  and  ancient  form. 
A  petition  was  then  presented  by 
several  brethren,  residing  in  Bos- 
ton, praying  to  be  constituted  into 
a  regular  Lodge;  and  it  was  voted 
that  the  same  be  granted.  This 
Lodge  was  styled  "  The  First  Lodge 
in  Boston,"  or  ''St.  John's  Lodge.' 


GENERAL    HISTORY     OF    FREEMASONRY. 


Thus  was  Masonry  established  in 
North  America.     In  the  year  1751 
a    number  of    brethren   who    had 
traveled,   and  many  of  whom  had 
been  initiated  into  the  mysteries  of 
the  Craft  in  ancient  lodges  abroad,  be- 
came emulous  to  cultivate  the  royal 
art  in  the  western  world.     For  this 
laudable  purpose  they  petitioned  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Scotland  for  a  char 
tor  to  establish  a  Lodge.   The  prayer 
of   the  petitioners  being  granted, 
thev  received  a  dispensation,  datec 
Nov.  30,  1752,  from  Sholto  Charles 
Douglas,  Lord  Aberdour.then  Crane 
Master,  constituting  them  a  regular 
Lodge,  under  the  titte  of  ' '  St.  An- 
drew's Lodge,  No.  82,"  to  be  holden 
at  Boston,  in  the  province  of  Massa- 
chusetts  Bay.     The  ejstablishmenl 
of  this  Lodge  was  discouraged  auc 
opposed  by  St.  John's  Grand  Lodge, 
who  imagined  their  jurisdiction  in- 
fringed by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Scot- 
land.   They,  therefore,  refused  any 
communications  or  visits  from  such 
members  of  St.  Andrew's  Lodge  as 
had  not  formerly  sat  in  their  lodges, 
and  this  difficulty  did  not  entirely 
subside  for  several  years.  The  pros- 
perous state  of  St.  Andrew's  Lodge 
soon  led  to  great  exertions  for  the 
establishment  of  an  ancient  Grand 
Lodge  in  the  Province;  and  this  was 
effected  by  the  assistance  of  three 
traveling  lodges,  which  were  holden 
in  the  British  army,  then  stationed 
at  Boston,  under  the  title  of  ;'The 
Massachusetts  Grand  Lodge. "  Dec. 
27,  1769.   On  this  festival,  which  was 
celebrated  in  due  form,  a  commis- 
sion from  the  Eight  Honorable  and 
Most    Worshipful   George,  Earl   of 
Dalhousie,  Grand  Master  of  Masons 
hi  Scotland,  bearing  date  May  30, 
1769,  appointing  Joseph  Warren  to 
be  Grand  Master  of  Masons  in  Bos- 
ton, New  England,  and  within  one 
hundred   miles   of    the   same,   was 
read;  whereupon  the  brethren  pro- 
ceeded, according  to  ancient  usage, 
to    instill    the    Eight    Worshipful 
Grand   Master  Warren,  who  at'ter- 
ward   appointed  and  invested  the 
other  Grand  Officers.    Nov.  13,  1758, 
&  deputation   was  granted   to  the 
Eight  Worshipful    Edward    Hunt- 
ingford,   to  hold  a  Lodge   in   his 
Migesty'a  28th  regiment,  stationed 


at  Louisburg.    Of  the  further  his- 
tory of  this  deputation,  or  whether 
a  Lodge  under  its   authority  was 
ever  organized,  we  have  110  auther.- 
tic  record.    In  1773,  a  commission 
was     received    from    the    Earl    of 
Dumfries,  Grand  Master  of  Masons 
in  Scotland,  dated   March  3,  1772, 
appointing  Joseph  Warren   Grand 
Master    of    Masons   for    the   Con- 
tinent    of     America.       April    19, 
1775,    hostilities    commenced    be- 
tween Great  Britain   and  America. 
Boston  became  a  garrison,  and  was 
abandoned  by  many  of  its  inhabit- 
ants; and  the  regular  meetings  of  the 
two  Grand  Lodges  were  suspended. 
June  17,  by  the  contest  of  this  event- 
ful day  on  the  hights  of  Charles- 
town,  Masonry  sustained   a  heavy 
loss  in  the  death  of  Grand  Master 
General  Warren,  who  was  slain  con- 
tending for    the    liberties    of   liis 
country.    October  6, 1779,  a  petition 
of  a  number  of  brethren,  officers  in 
the  American   arm}7,    praying   that 
this  (Massachusetts)  Grand  Lodge 
would  grant  them  a  charter  to  hold 
a  traveling  Lodge,  was   read,  and 
Gen.  John  Patterson,  Col.  Benjamin 
Tupper,  and  Major  William  Hull, 
being    nominated    as    Master   and 
Wardens,  voted  that  a  dispensation 
be  granted  them,  under  the  title  of 
"Washington    Lodge,"    to     make 
Masons,    pass    Fellow-Crafts,    and 
raise  Masters,  in  any  of  the  United 
States   where   there    is    no   Grand 
Lodge;   but  in  auj  State  where  a 
Grand  Master  presides  they  must 
apply  for  his    sanction.     The   St. 
John's   Grand  Lodge  resumed  its 
meetings  after  Boston  was  evacuated 
by  the  British  army,  and  continued 
to  move  in  harmony,  granting  char- 
ters for  the  establishment  of  new 
lodges,  in  various  places.     Dec.  5, 
1791,  a  committee   of  the   Massa- 
chusetts Grand  Lodge  was  appoint- 
ed to  confer  with  the  officers  of  St. 
John's  Grand  Lodge  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  a  complete  Masonic  union 
throughout  this  commonwealth,  and 
to  report  at  the  next  quarterly  com- 
munication.    March    5,    1792,    the 
committee  brought  in  their  report, 
md  presented  a  copy  of  the  consti- 
.ution  and  by-laws,  and  articles  oi 
association,  as    agreed    to    by  St 


GENERAL   HISTORY    OF   FREEMASONRY. 


John's  Grand  Lodge,  which  were 
read,  and  receiving  the  deliberate  at- 
tention of  the  grand  body,  they  were 
unanimously  approved.  June  9, 
following,  the  two  Grand  Lodges 
met,  agreeably  to  previous  arrange- 
ments, unanimously  elected  Most 
Worshipful  John  Cutler  Grand  Mus- 
ter of  Ihe  United  Grand  Lodge,  and, 
thereupon,  passed  the  following 
resolution :  '•'•Resolved,  That  this 
Grand  Lodge  shall  forever  hereafter 
be  known  by  the  name  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  the  Most  Ancient  and 
Honorable  Society  of  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  for  the  Common- 
wealth of  Massachusetts."  Thus 
were  the  prejudices  and  contentious 
so  long  indulged  in  most  happily 
removed,  and  peace  and  harmony 
restored  to  the  Order,  not  only  in 
Massachusetts,  but,  as  far  as  the 
original  bodies  had  planted  subor- 
dinates, in  the  surrounding  country. 

MEXICO.  Freemasonry  has  ex- 
isted for  many  years  in  the  republic 
of  Mexico,  but  in  a  very  secluded 
character.  In  1826  a  Grand  Lodge, 
with  a  few  subordinates,  existed  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  but,  through  the 
powerful  influence  of  the  church,  the 
Order  is  not  permitted  to  nourish. 

MICHIGAN.  Of  the  early  intro- 
duction of  Freemasonry  into  this 
(then)  territory,  we  are  unable  to 
furnish  any  satisfactory  data,  not- 
withstanding diligent  efforts  have 
been  made  to  obtain  historical  in- 
formation. The  Grand  Lodge  was 
organized  at  Detroit,  June  24,  1826; 
was  incorporated  by  the  legislative 
council  of  the  territory,  in  1827,' 
and,  by  a  formal  resolution,  adopted 
in  1829,  suspended  Masonic  labor. 
A  general  meeting  of  the  Masons  of 
the  State  was  called  for  inquiry  in 
1740;  in  1841  the  former  Grand 
Officers  granted  dispensations  for 
several  lodges,  and  in  June  of  the 
same  year,  at  the  constitutional 
period,  the  Grand  Lodge  assembled 
and  was  organized  by  a  constitu- 
tional number  of  lodges.  General 
Lewis  Cass  was  the  first  Grand  Mas- 
ter under  the  original  organization. 

The  GRAND  ROYAL  ABCH  CHAPTER 
was  organized  in  1848. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  1858. 


The  GBAND  COMMANDERY,K  nights 
Templar,  was  organized  Jan.  15, 
1857. 

MINNESOTA.  Freemasonry  was 
introduced  into  this  territory  by 
dispensation  from  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Ohio,  dated  August  4,  1*<49,  to 
twelve  Master  Masons,  to  establish  a 
Lodge,  under  the  title  of  "St.  Paul's 
Lodge,"  at  St.  Paul.  Oct.  12.  1850, 
a  dispensation  to  open  a  Lodge  with 
the  name  of  "St.  John's  Lodge,"  at 
Stillwater,  was  granted  by  the  Grand 
Master  of  Wisconsin.  During  the 
year  1852  a  dispensation  was  granted 
by  the  Grand  Master  of  Illinois,  to 
open  a  Lodge  under  the  title  of 
"Cataract  Lodge,"  at  St.  Anthony. 
Feb.  23,  1853,  delegates  from  the 
three  lodges  in  the  territory  met  in 
convention  at  St.  Paul  and  organ- 
ized a  Grand  Lodge.  A.  E.  Ames 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  was  organ- 
ized Dec.  17,  1859.  A.  T.  C.  Pierson 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  High- 
Priest. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDERY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  in  1866. 

MISSISSIPPI.  The  Grand  Lodge 
of  Kentucky  granted  the  first  char- 
ter for  a  subordinate  Lodge  in  this 
Stiite,  in  1817;  afterward  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Tennessee  granted  two 
charters  for  lodges.  July  27,  1818, 
authorized  delegates  from  the  three 
lodges  then  working  in  the  State, 
convened  in  the  city  of  Natchez, 
and,  being  organized,  resolved  that 
it  was  expedient,  and  highly  neces- 
sary, to  form  and  organize  a  Grand 
Lodge  for  the  State  of  Mississippi. 
August  25,  following,  the  conven- 
tion met  again  and  adopted  a 
constitution  for  the  government  of 
the  Grand  Lodge,  when  the  lodges 
surrendered  their  charters  obtained 
from  Kentucky  and  Temiesseee,  and 
received  others  from  the  new  Grand 
Lodge.  Henry  Tooley  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  was  organ- 
ized at  Vicksburg,  May  !<*,  1846. 
Benjamin  S.  Tappen  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  High-Priest. 

THE  GKAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  Jan. 
19,  1856.  Benjamin  Springer  waa 
elected  the  first  M.P.  Grand  Master. 


50 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMASONRY. 


The  GtAND  COSTMA>TDEBY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  Jan.  22, 
1857.  William  H.  Stevens  was 
fleeted  the  first  Grand  Com- 
mander. 

MISSOURI.  The  first  Lodge 
established  in  the  territory  of  Up- 
per Louisiana,  as  this  State  was 
originally  called,  was  by  authority 
of  a  warrant  from  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Pennsylvania,  in  1807,  in  the 
town  of  St.  Genevieve.  This  Lodge 
flourished  until  1816,  when,  owing 
to  the  unsettled  condition  of  the 
country,  it  ceased  to  work.  In  1809 
a  constitutional  number  of  brethren 
obtained  another  charter  from  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsylvania  to 
open  a  Lodge  in  the  town  of  St. 
Louis.  Of  the  history  of  this  Lodge 
nothing  definite  is  known.  A  char- 
ter bearing  date  October  8,  1816, 
was  granted  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Tennessee,  to  open  a  Lodge  in  the 
town  of  St.  Louis,  by  the  name  of 
Missouri  Lodge.  October  6,  1819, 
charters  were  granted  to  open  lodges 
in  the  towns  of  Herculaneum  and 
St.  Charles.  In  1820  a  dispensation 
from  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Indiana 
was  granted  to  form  a  Lodge  in  the 
town  of  Jackson.  Feb.  22,  1821, 
a  convention  of  delegates  from  the 
several  lodges  assembled  in  the 
town  of  St.  Louis  for  the  purpose 
of  consulting  upon  the  propriety  of 
establishing  a  Grand  Lodge  for  the 
State.  The  convention  appointed  a 
committee  to  draft  a  constitution, 
and  adjourned  to  meet  at  the  same 
place  April  23,  following.  Pursuant 
to  notice  of  adjournment  the  con- 
vention met,  organized  a  Grand 
Lodge  for  the  State,  adopted  the 
Constitution  presented  by  the  com- 
mittee, and  elected  Grand  Officers. 
Thomas  F.  Riddick  was  elected  the 
first  Grand  Master. 

The  GBAND  CHAPTEK  was  organ- 
ized May  18,  1846. 

The  GRAND  COMMAXDERY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  May  22, 
1860.  George  W.  Belt  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Commander. 

MONTANA.  A  Grand  Lodge  for 
this  territory  was  organized  at  Vir- 
ginia City  Jan.  24,  1866.  John  J. 
Hull  was  elected  the  first  Grand 
Master. 


NEBRASKA.  The  first  Lodge 
established  in  this  territory  was  by 
charter  from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Illinois  to  Nebraska  Lodge,  Oct.  3, 
1855,  at  Uellevue;  the  second  by 
charter  from  the  Grand  Lodge  ol 
Missouri  to  Giddings'  Lodge,  May 
26,  1857,  at  Nebraska  City:  the  third 
by  charter  from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Iowa  to  Capital  Lodge,  June  3,  1857, 
at  Omaha  City.  Sept  13,  1857,  a 
convention  of  authorized  delegates 
from  the  above  Lodges  met  in 
Omaha,  and  established  a  Grand 
Lodge  for  the  territory  of  Nebraska. 
R.  C.  Jordan  was  chosen  the  first 
Grand  Master. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  The  ear- 
liest record  of  the  introduction  of 
Masonry  into  this  State  will  be 
found  upon  the  books  of  St.  John's 
Grand  Lodge,  Boston,  and  in  these 
words,  to  wit:  "A  petition  from  the 
brethren  residing  in  Portsmouth,  in 
New  Hampshire,  for  the  erection  of 
a  Lodge  there  (June  24,  1734,)  was 
granted,  denominated  'The  Holy 
Lodge  of  St.  John's;'  which  was 
the  beginning  of  Masonry  in  New 
Hampshire."  A  charter  was  granted 
to.  a  number  of  brethren  in  Ports- 
mouth by  the  Massachusetts  Grand 
Lodge,  under  the  name  of  "St. 
Patrick's  Lodge,"  bearing  date  Bos- 
ton, March  17,  1780.  This  Lodge 
continued  its  meetings  until  the 
latter  end  of  1790,  when  they  ceased 
working.  This  Lodge  had  nevel 
acknowledged  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  the  Massachusetts  Grand 
Lodge,  by  the  charter  of  St.  Pat- 
rick's Lodge,  claimed  jurisdiction 
no  longer  than  till  a  Grand  Lodge 
should  be  formed  in  New  Hamp- 
shire ;  therefore,  St.  Patrick's  Lodgo 
was  not,  at  the  time  of  its  disso- 
lution, under  the  jurisdiction  of 
any  Grand  Lodge.  A  charter  was 
granted  to  several  brethren  at  Cor- 
nish by  the  Massachusetts  Grand 
Lodge,  dated  Nov.  8,  1781.  This 
Lodge  met  a  few  times  at  Cornish, 
but  when  that  town  was  claimed  by 
New  Hampshire  the  Lodge  removed 
to  Windsor,  Vermont,  and  took  the 
name  of  Vermont  Lodge  No.  1.  A 
petition  from  several  brethren,  to 
erect  a  Lodge  at  Keene,  was  read 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    I'JfEEMASuNRY. 


51 


in  the  Massachusetts  Grand  Lodge, 
March  5, 1784,  and  a  charter  granted 
under  tb.e  designation  of  the  llising 
Hun  Lodge.  This  Lodge  returned 
its  charter  to  the  Massachusetts 
Grand  Lodge  at  the  formation  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. Two  other  lodges — Faithful 
and  Dartmouth — were  chartered  by 
the  Massachusetts  Grand  Lodge, 
and  were  surrendered  to  the 
parent  body  after  the  formation  of 
the  New  Hampshire  Gmud  Lodge. 
July  8,  1789,  deputies  from  the 
several  lodges  in  the  State  assem- 
bled in  convention,  at  Dartmouth, 
and,  after  due  deliberation,  adopted 
the  folio  wing:  "Resolved,  That  there 
be  a  Grand  Lodge  established  in 
the  State  of  New  Hamp>  lire,  upon 
principles  consistent  wit  .,  and  sub- 
ordinate to,  the  General  Regulations 
and  Ancient  Constitutions  of  Free- 
masonry. "  The  Grand  Lodge,  being 
thus  organized,  proceeded  to  the 
election  of  Grand  Officers,  when  the 
Hon.  John  Sullivan,  President  of 
the  State,  was  elected  Grand  Master. 

The  GKAND  CHAPTER  was  organ- 
ized in  1819.  John  Han-is  was 
elected  the  first  Grand  High-Priest. 

The  Orders  of  Knighthood  were 
introduced  into  this  State  in  1824. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDEBY  was  or- 
ganized Aug.  '22, 1860.  Daniel  Balch 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  Com- 
mander. 

NEW  JERSEY.  Of  the  exact 
date  of  the  first  existence  of  Masonry 
in  this  State  we  are  compelled,  as 
in  several  other  cases,  to  say  that 
the  truth  of  history  must  for  a  little 
longer  remain  in  the  hidden  and 
undeveloped  record  of  the  past. 
But  that  it  had  a  name  and  an  ex- 
istence within  the  borders  of  the 
then  colony  of  New  Jersey  none 
who  are  acquainted  with  the  early 
history  of  Freemasonry  in  this 
country  can  doubt.  The  earliest 
historical  record  of  the  founding 
of  the  Order  in  America  is  to  be 
found  in  Preston's  Illustrations, 
under  date  1729,  the  Duke  of  Nor- 
folk being  Grand  Master,  and  in 
these  words:  "Established  by  de- 
putatiou  a  Provincial  Grand  Lodge 
at  New  Jersey,  in  America."  The 
warrant  named  "  Eight  Worshipful 


Brot  aer  Daniel  Ooxe  of  New  Jersey, 
residing,  and  about  to  reside,  in  the 
said  Provinces  of  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  and  Peusilvania,  Provincial 
Grand  Master,  with  free  power  to 
appoint  his  Deputy  Grand  Master 
and  Grand  Wardens  for  the  space  of 
two  years,"  etc.  This  deputation 
bears  date  London,  Juno  5,  1730: 
a  certified  copy  of  which  is  in  pos- 
session of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  New 
Jersey.  That  Bro.  Coxe  exercised 
any  of  the  powers  delegated  to  him 
we  are  not  informed,  nor  has  any 
evidence  of  action  on  his  part  been 
discovered.  The  first  authentic 
information  that  we  have  is  that 
a  convention  of  tlie  Masons  in  the 
State  was  held  at  the  city  of  New 
Brunswick,  Dec.  18,  1786,  when  a 
Grand  Lodge  was  regularly  consti- 
tuted, and  the  Hon.  David  Brearley, 
Chief  Justice  of  the  State,  was 
elected  the  first  Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  ROYAL  ARCH  CHAPTER 
was  organized  at  Burlington,  Dec. 
30,  1856.  Wm.  H.  Doggett  was 
elected  the  first  Grand  High-Priest. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  lioyal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  Nov. 
26,  1860. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDER Y,Kuight9 
Templar,  was  organized  Feb.  14, 
1860.  Theophilus  Fiske  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Commander. 

NEW  YORK.  The  first  recorded 
knowledge  we  have  of  the  establish- 
ment of,  or  the  attempt  to  establish, 
Freemasonry  in  the  colonies  of 
North  America  is  the  deputation 
granted  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
England,  in  1730,  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
Grand  Master,  to  Samuel  Coxe,  for 
the  Provinces  of  New  Jersey,  New 
York,  and  Pennsylvania.  But  the 
fact  that  Brother  Coxe  used  hi  3 
authority  or  performed  any  Masonic 
act  remains  hidden  beneath  tho 
unexcavated  arches  of  our  imperfect 
history.  But  the  faithful  and  dili- 
gent craftsmen  are  at  work,  and  we 
are  confident  that  some  valuable 
memento  of  the  past  will  yet  be  the 
reward  of  their  labors.  The  first 
charter  for  the  organization  of  a 
Provincial  Grand  Lodge  in  New 
York  was  granted  by  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England  in  1737,  during 
the  Grand  Mastership  of  the  EarJ 


GENERAL   HISTORY    OF    FKEEMASONBY". 


of  Darnley,  to  Bichard  RiggS  as 
Provincial  Grand  Master.  The  pre- 
cise date  of  this  charter  and  the 
records  of  the  Grand  Lodge  were, 
probably,  destroyed  during  the  war 
\f  the  Revolution.  Neither  is  it 
known  that  this  Provincial  Grand 
Lodge  established  any  subordinates. 
In  1747,  under  the  Grand  Master- 
ship of  Lord  Byron,  provincial 
patents  were  issued  for  New  YorK. 
During  this  period,  and  up  to  1751, 
Francis  Goalet  exercised  the  prero- 
gatives of  Provincial  Grand  Master. 
For  the  space  of  two  years  we  have 
no  knowledge  of  who  exercised  the 
duties  of  Grand  Master.  June  9, 
1753,  a  commission  was  granted  by 
Lord  Carysfort,  Grand  Master  of 
England,  empowering  George  Har- 
rison to  superintend  the  affairs  of 
the  Craft  as  Provincial  Grand 
Master  in  the  Province  of  New 
York.  He  was  regularly  installed 
in  due  and  ancient  form  Dec.  27, 
1753.  Masonry  flourished  under  his 
auspices,  and  several  lodges  were 
established  in  the  Province.  Sir 
John  Johnson  was  appointed  Pro- 
vincial Grand  Master  in  1760  by 
Lord  Aberdour,  Grand  Master  of 
England,  which  office  he  held  until 
the  commencement  of  the  war  of 
the  Revolution,  when  he  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  British,  and  it 
is  but  fair  to  presume  €hat  he 
suspended  the  meetings  of  the 
Grand  Lodge,  took  possession  of 
the  records,  etc.,  and  that  they  were 
finally  destroyed  during  the  war; 
ua  most  of  the  lodges  suspended 
business  during  the  war,  and  the 
work  of  the  Craft  was  transferred 
to  the  army  or  traveling  lodges. 
Sept.  5,  1781,  a  warrant  was  granted 
by  the  "Ancient  Grand  Lodge  of 
England,"  the  Duke  of  Athol,  Grand 
Master,  to  open  a  Provincial  Grand 
Lodge  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
appointing  Rev.  William  \V alter 
Provincial  Grand  Master.  The  first 
meeting  of  this  Grand  Lodge  was 
held  Dec.  5,  1782,  at  which  nine 
lodges,  then  in  the  city,  and  six 
mil.  "<iry  lodges,  connected  with  the 
British  army,  were  present.  At  the 
close  of  the  war,  and  the  evacuation 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  by  the 
British  army,  the  military  lodges. 


and  many  of  the  Grand  Ofheers,  If  ft 
the  country.  Sept.  19,  1783,  a 
meeting  of  the  Provincial  Grand 
Lodge  was  held,  when  Bro.  Walter 
resigned  and  William  Cock  was 
unanimously  elected  Grand  Master. 
At  the  meeting  of  Feb.  4,  1784,  Bro. 
Cock  resigned,  and  the  Hon.  Robert 
R.  Livingston  was  elected  Grand 
Master.  The  precise  date  when  the 
Grand  Lodge  changed  its  form  from 
Provincial  to  an  Independent  is  not 
positively  known.  But  it  is  gene- 
rally conceded  that  when  the  arti- 
cles of  peace  were  ratified  by  the 
two  countries,  the  Provincial  title 
ceased,  as  a  natural  and  legal  result 
The  history  of  Masonry  in  New 
York  has  been  an  eventful  one. 
Yet,  notwithstanding  these  alter- 
nating experiences  of  tranquil  calms 
and  raging  tempests,  the  Order  of 
Freemasonry  in  New  York  is,  to-day, 
immutable  in  its  principles,  nn- 
shattered  by  past  convulsions,  unin- 
jured by  insidious  decay,  unawed  by 
threatened  tumult  or  turbulent  dis- 
sension, as  securely  poised  upon  a 
stable  base  as  the  everlasting  hills. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  was  organ- 
ized Mar.  14,  1798.  DeWitt  Clinton 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  High- 
Priest. 

The  GRAND  COTTNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  1807. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDER Y.  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  June  18, 
1314.  DeWitt  Clinton  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Commander. 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  Of  the 
existence,  or  supposed  existence, 
of  Freemasonry  in  this  State  the 
earliest  record  is  to  be  found  among 
the  transactions  of  St.  John's  Grand 
Lodge,  at  Boston,  October  2,  17G7, 
to  wit:  "A  dispensation  was  made 
out  for  the  Right  Worshipful  Thos. 
Cooper,  Master  of  Pitt  County 
Lodge,  in  North  Carolina,  consti- 
tuting him  Deputy  Grand  Master 
of  that  Province.  And  he  was  com- 
missioned with  power  to  congregate 
all  the  brethren  there  residing,  or 
who  should  afterward  reside  in  said 
Province,  into  one  or  more  lodges 
as  he  should  think  fit.  and  in  siich 
place  or  places  within  the  same  as 
should  most  redound  to  the  benefit 
«f  Masonry."  As  the  early  history 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMASONRY. 


55 


of  Freemasonry  in  every  section  of 
this  country  is  of  great  importance, 
and  that  110  statement,  however 
small  it  may  appear,  should  be  un- 
noticed, we  copy  the  following,  in 
the  hope  of  eliciting  further  and 
more  reliable  facts:  "  In  a  MS.  letter 
of  Robert  Williams,  Grand  Secretary 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  North  Caro- 
lina, dated  Jan.  9,  1808.  and  directed 
to  the  Grand  Secretary  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Kentucky,  Bro.  Williams 
says:  'The  Grand  Lodge  of  North 
Carolina  was  constituted  by  charter, 
issued  from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Scotland,  in  the  year  1761,  signed 
by  Henry  Somerset,  Duke  of  Beau- 
fort, as  Grand  Master;  and  attested 
by  George  John  Spencer,  as  Grand 
Secretary.  They  were  among  the 
officers  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Scot- 
land, although  Beaufort  was  an 
English  Duke,  and  Lord  Spencer 
an  English  Earl.'  As  the  famous 
altercations  between  the  two  Grand 
Lodges  of  North  Carolina  and  Ken- 
tucky, in  relation  to  the  jurisdiction 
over  the  territory  of  Tennessee,  in 
1807,  etc.,  was  finally  settled,  chiefly 
by  reference  to  the  statements  made 
by  Bro.  Williams,  in  relation  to  the 
ubove-uained  charter,  it  is  a  curious 
fact,  that  the  persons  above-named 
were  not  officers  <f  the  Grand  Lodi/e 


by  the    British   army,  dnnng    the 
Revolution;  and,  for  several  years, 
the  meetings  of  tho  grand  body  were 
suspended,  and  all  knowledge  of  its 
early  records  were  lost.    We  cannot 
even    say  whether   thi?   Provincial 
warrant  was  issued  directly  by  the 
Grand  Lodge   of  Scotland,  as   we 
cannot  find  the  fact  stated  in  the 
history  of  that  grand  body;  but  we 
think  it  not  at  all  difficult  to  recon- 
cile this  seeming  defect.     We  know 
that,  in  1756,  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Scotland  granted  a  Provincial  com- 
mission to  Col.  John  Young,  who 
had  long  acted  as  Deputy  Grand 
Master  over  all  the  Lodges  in  Amer- 
ica and  the  West  Indies.      But,  as 
before    stated,     that    warrant    was 
destroyed,  and  for  about  ten  years 
no  effective  attempt  was  made  to 
reorganize.     'In  1787,  the  memJjers 
of    ike    Craft    assembled    at    Hills- 
borough,  and   compiled   a  code  of 
laws  for    the    government    of    the 
Grand  Lodge,  and  again  commenced 
Masonic     labors.'      From    this    it 
would  seem  that  they  did  not  think 
themselves    incapacitated   to   reor- 
ganize,   or  resuscitate,   the    Grand 
Lodge,  or,  which  is  most  likely,  to 
form  a  new  Crand  Lodge,  because 
the  original  document  of  authority 
had     been    destroyed  "*      Samuel 


of  .^f<.it'iin'l.  but  that  the  Duke  of:  Johnson,  Governor  of  the  State, 
Beaufort,  from  17(i7  to  1771,  was  was  elected  the  first  Grand  Master. 
Grand  Master  of  England! 


It  is 

admirable  to  see  what  a  small 
amount  of  Masonic  history  satis- 
tied  our  fathers  fifty  years  ago.  If 
Beaufort  signed  the  charter,  he 
must  have  done  so  as  Grand  Master 
ui'  England.  We  hope  this  piece 
of  history  will  yet  be  cleared  up."* 
Here  is  another  specimen  of  how 
Masonic  history  may  be  manufac- 
tured, when  it  is  necessary  to  say 
something,  but  in  the  absence  of 
re-liable  documentary  evidence:  "We 
know  that  a  Provincial  Grand  Lodge 
was  established  ir_  North  Carolina, 
in  1771,  under  the  minority  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Scotland,  which 
convened  alternately  in  Edenton 
and  Newbem.  The  archives  were 
deposited  at  Edentou,  which,  as 
we  are  informed,  were  destroyed 


By  the  transactions  of  the  Gene- 
ral Grand  Chapter  (meeting  of  1847) 
we  learn  that  a  Grand  Chapter 
existed  in  North  Carolina,  as  a  con- 
stituent of  that  grand  body,  in 
1822,  but  that  it  had  ceased  its 
labors.  The  Grand  Chapter  was 
reorganized  June  28,  1847,  under 
the  General  Grand  Chapter  of  the 
United  States.  In  1857  it  withdrew 
and  became  an  independent  Grand 
Chapter. 

The  GEAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal 
and  Select  Masters  was  organized 
June  6,  1860. 

OHIO.  For  the  introduction  oi 
Freemasonry  into  Ohio  we  can  give 
no  better  or  more  reliable  history 
than  that  found  in  the  Introduction 
to  the  republished  transactions  of 
the  Grand  Lodge.  "At  the  con- 


*'•  History   of  Masonry  in  Kentucky,"        *"  History  of  Freemasonry,"  by  J.  W.  8 
i>v  R.  Vwrt  Morris,  pp    10,  11.  ititcteU.  p.  67*  T»i.  i. 


56 


GENERAL    HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY. 


vention  which  organized  the  Grand 
Lodge  delegates  from  six  chartered 
lodges  (the  delegate  from  one  Lodge 
was  not  admitted — the  reason  is  not 
stated)  appeared  as  representatives. 
The  lodp.s  were:  Union,  No.  1; 
Cincinnati,  No.  13;  Scioto,  No.  2; 
Erie,  No.  47,  and  Amity,  No.  105. 
Union  Lodge,  No.  1,  at  Marietta, 
derived  its  charter  from  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Massachusetts.*  The 
strong  presumption  is  that  this 
Lodge  is  the  legitimate  successor 
of  the  old  and  honored  American 
Union  Lodge  organized  Feb.  13, 
1776,  at  Koxbury,  Massachusetts. 
As  many  of  its  members,  after  the 
dispersion  of  the  army,  settled  at 
Marietta,  Cincinnati  Lodge  No.  13, 
at  Cincinnati,  received  its  warrant 
originally  from  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  New  Jersey,  Sept.  8,  1791,  under 
the  title  of  Nova  Cesarea  Lodge 
No.  10.  Some  time  between  June  24 
and  Dec.  10,  1805,  the  members 
returned  their  original  charter  and 
took  one  from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Kentucky,  assuming  the  title  of 
Cincinnati  Lodge  No.  13.  Scioto 
Lodge  No.  2,  at  Chillicothe,  was 
organized  in  1805,  by  charter  from 
the  Grand  i<odge  of  Massachusetts. 
Erie  Lodge  No.  47,  at  Warren,  was 
organized  March  16,  1804,  by  dis- 
pensation from  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Connecticut.  Amity  Lodge  No. 
105,  at  Zanesville,  received  its 
charter  from  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Pennsylvania,  about  the  year  1804. 
Jan.  8,  1808,  a  "con vention  of  dele- 
gates from  all  the  lodges  in  the 
State  met  at  Chillicothe  to  con- 
sider the  propriety  of  establishing  a 
Grand  Lodge  for  the  State.  The 
convention,  in  its  deliberations,  ad- 
:ourned  from  day  to  day,  and,  on 
the  7th,  the  following  resolution 
was  unanimously  agreed  to:  "  He- 
solved,  That  t  Grand  Lodge  be 
formed,  to  be  known  and  styled  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Ohio,  whose  powers 

*As  the  charter,  with  a  portion,  if  not 
all,  of  the  records  of  the  Lodge  were 
burned,  with  the  buikUug  iu  which  it  was 
held,  a  few  years  afterward,  very  little  is 
knowrir  of  its  history  or  origin,  save  that 
it  emanated  from  the  Grand  Lod^e  of 
Massachusetts.  It  was  brought  by  the  first 
tottlers,  and  seemed  to  be  iu  charge,  prin- 
cipally, of  meu  bvl'iu^uix  to  tu«  Ajuertaaa 

IfUHT. 


shall  be  to  grant  charters  and  dis- 
pensations, on  proper  application, 
to  all  such  as  shall  apply  and  shall 
be  deemed  worthy — and  shall  have 
jurisdiction  over  the  same — and 
shall  in  all  respects  be  clothed  with 
full  powers,  as  a  Grand  Lodge, 
according  to  ancient  and  due  form, 
and  agreeably  to  the  rules  and  land- 
marks of  Masonry. ''  General  Rufus 
Putnam,  a  hero  and  veteran  of  the 
Revolutionary  war,  was  elected  the 
first  Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  was  organ- 
ized October,  1816.  Samuel  Hoyt 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  High- 
Priest. 

The  GBAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  in 
1829. 

The  GBAND  COMMANDEBY,  Knights 
Templar,  organized  Oct.  24,  1843. 
Michael  Z.  Kreider  was  elected  the 
first  Grand  Commander. 

OREGON.  Freemasonry  was  in- 
troduced into  this  territory  in  1849 
or  1850.  by  warrants  from  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  California.  Aug.  16,  1851, 
a  convention  was  held  at  Oregon 
City  to  take  into  consideration  the 
subject  of  forming  a  Grand  Lodge. 
Three  lodges  were  represented,  viz: 
Multuomah,  No.  84;  Willamette,  No. 
11;  and  LaFayette,  No.  15.  The 
Grand  Lodge  was  organized,  a  con- 
stitution adopted,  and  the  officers 
elected.  Berryman  Jennings  waa 
elected  the  first  Grand  Maste*. 

PENNSYLVANIA.  The  first 
Lodge  of  which  we  have  any  au- 
thentic historical  record  was  estab- 
lished in  Philadelphia,  in  1734. 
The  deputation  granted  to  Daniel 
Coxe  as  Provincial  Grand  Master 
for  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and 
Pennsylvania,  in  1730,  naturally 
leads  us  to  the  belief,  and  particu- 
larly when  our  impression  is  sus- 
tained with  notices  iu  the  public 
newspapers  of  the  day,  that  lodges 
existed  in  Philadelphia  anterior  to 
1734.  Notwithstanding  the  doubts 
and  discrepancies  existing  in  regard 
to  the  early  development  of  the 
mystic  Order  in  Pennsylvania,  we 
must  content  ourselves  with  the 
evidences  of  history  as  presented 
to  us  until  the  m  sts  that  now  sur- 
round the  temple  shall  be  dispelled 


GEFERAJ,    ITISTORT    OF    FKEEMASONRY. 


57 


by  the  discovery  of  the  truth.  The 
history  of  St.  John's  Grand  Lodge, 
at  Boston,  furnished  the  following 
extract:  "A  petition  being  pre- 
sented from  Benjamin  Franklin  and 
several  brethren  residing  in  Phila- 
delphia, June  24,  1734,  for  a  consti- 
tution t  for  holding  a  Lodge  there, 
the  R.  W.  Grand  Master  (Henry 
Price),  having  this  year  received 
orders  from  the  Grand  Lodge  in 
England  to  establish  Masonry  in  all 
North  America,  was  pleased  to  grant 
the  prayer  of  the  petitioners,  and 
to  <send  them  a  deputation,  appoint- 
ing the  E.  \V.  Benjamin  Franklin 
thei?  first  Master;  which  was  the 
beginning  of  Masonry  in  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania."  July  10,  1749, 
Franklin  received  a  similar  ap- 
pointment from  Thomas  Oxnard, 
Provincial  Grand  Master  of  New 
England,  and  the  successor  of  Henry 
Price.  In  March,  1750,  Wm.  Allen 
presented  a  communication  from 
the  Grand  Lodge  ot  England  as  Pro- 
vincial Grand  Master  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Franklin  afterward  received 
a  commission  from  England  as  Pro- 
vincial Grand  Master.  "In  1758, 
Lodge  No.  2  was  constituted,  by 
virtue  of  a  warrant  from  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Ancient  York  Masons  of 
England,  the  Earl  of  Blessiugton, 
Grand  Master,  and  Laurence  Der- 
mott,  Grand  Secretary."*  From  the 
same  source  as  the  extract  just 
quoted,  we  are  informed  "that  a 
warrant  for  a  Provincial  Grand 
Lodge  in  Pennsylvania  was  issued 
by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England, 
in  June  IT 64,  directed  to  William 
Ball,  as  Grand  Master.  From  this 
period  little  is  known  of  Masonry 
in  Pennsylvania.  The  original  ar- 
chives of  the  Provincial  Grand 
Lodges  (for  it  seems  there  was  more 
than  one)  were  destroyed  during 
the  Revolution,  and  while  Phila- 
delphia was  in  the  hands  of  the 
British.  In  1779,  the  Masons  of  that 
jurisdiction,  feeling  the  evils  result- 
ing from  the  want  of  an  organized 
body,  requested  William  Ball  to 
convene  the  Masons  of  the  State 
with  a  view  of  reorganization.  In 
compliance  with  their  request  he 

*  History  of  Masonry  in  Pennsylvania, 
presented  to  the  Grand  Lodge  iu  1826. 


summoned  the  brethren  to  assem 
ble  in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  20,  when 
Grand  Officers  were  elected — Bro. 
Ball  being  chosen  Giand  Master. 
Sept.  13,  1786,  thirteen  lodges,  by 
their  Masters  and  Wardens,  met 
in  Philadelphia,  and  unanimously 
"Resolved,  That  it  would  be  im- 
proper that  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Pennsylvania  should  remain  any 
longer  under  the  authority  of  any 
foreign  Grand  Lodge?"  whereupon, 
the  Grand  Lodge  closed  sine  die. 
On  the  day  following,  the  delegates 
of  the  thirteen  lodges  assembled 
in  convention,  and  organized  the 
present  Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  elected  Grand  Officers. 
From  the  reorganization  of  this 
Grand  Lodge,  down  to  the  present 
day,  the  history  of  Masonry  in  that 
jurisdiction  has  been  one  uninter- 
rupted course  of  prosperity  and 
general  harmony. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  was  organ- 
ized Nov.  23,  1795.  Until  about 
1820  this  Grand  Chapter  was  in  its 
government  under  the  Grand  Lodge, 
its  Grand  Master  being  ex  officio 
the  Grand  High-Priest  of  the  Grand 
Chapter.  It  has  since  been  a  Grand 
Chapter  with  its  own  elective  Grand 
Officers.  It  is  sovereign  and  inde- 
pendent, and  has  never  acknowledg- 
ed the  supremacy  of  the  General 
Grand  Chapter  of  the  United  States. 
Previous  to  the  formation  of  this 
Grand  Chapter,  a  Master's  wan-ant 
was  sufficient  authority  for  congre- 
gating a  Chapter,  and  conferring 
any  degree  of  Masonry  the  brethren 
had  knowledge  of. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  Oct. 
16,  1847.  Previous  to  the  formation 
of  this  Grand  Council,  it  was  cus- 
tomary  for  the  Chapters  to  confer 
the  degrees  on  those  who  desired 
them  as  honorary  degrees. 

Masonic  Knighthood  was  intro- 
duced into  Pennsylvania  in  1793.* 
Prior  to  1797  four  Encampments 
were  instituted  in  this  State,  viz  : 
two  in  Philadelphia,  one  in  Harris- 
burg,  and  one  in  Carlisle.  These 
bodies  were  under  the  authority  ol 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsylvania 

*"  History  of  the  Knights  Templar  ol 
Penn.,"  bv  Alfred  Creigli,  Phila..  18G7. 


58 


GENKKAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMA8ONKI . 


tratil  the  12th  of  May,  1797,  when  a 
Grand  Encampment  was  organized 
at  a  convention  of  delegatco  from 
the  several  Encampments.  From 
this  period  Templarism  has  existed 
us  an  independent  organization. 

PERU.  As  long  as  the  Spaniards 
held  an  exclusive  and  undisputed 
possession  of  the  country  (153G- 
1782),  and  the  Inquisition  lent  its 
aid  to  a  fanatical  priesthood,  it 
cannot  be  a  matter  of  surprise  that 
Masonry  was  unknown  in  Peru. 
The  introduction  of  the  Royal  Art, 
or  even  the  fact  of  being  a  Mason. 
would  have  been  a  sufficient  cause 
for  the  banishment,  if  not  the  death, 
of  the  offender.  During  the  French 
invasion  of  Spain  (1807-13),  and  the 
presence  there  of  the  English,  many 
lodges  were  instituted  in  that  coun- 
try, and,  among  the  troops  sent 
from  Europe  to  quell  the  war  of 
Independence  in  Peru,  there  were 
many  brethren ;  these,  however, 
being  subjects  of  Spain,  admitted 
none  of  the  patriots  as  members, 
and  it  was  not  until  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  in  1821,  when  free 
intercourse  was  established  between 
Peru  and  foreign  nations,  that  Free- 
masonry was  introduced  among  the 
natives.  In  1825,  after  Peru  had 
achieved  her  complete  independ- 
ence, lodges  were  established  in 
Lima  and  other  parts,  by  authority 
of  letters  patent  from  the  Grand 
Orient  of  Colombia.  From  this 
Grand  Orient  all  the  other  Masonic 
bodies  in  Peru  afterward  derived 
their  existence.  The  bodies  worked 
in  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  Scot- 
tish rite.  Nov.  2,  1830,  a  Supreme 
Council  of  this  rite  for  the  Eepublic 
of  Peru  was  established.  June  23, 
1831,  the  Masters  and  Wardens  of 
the  symbolic  lodges,  as  well  as  repre- 
sentatives from  the  councils,  chap- 
ters, etc.,  assembled  at  the  capital 
and  installed  themselves  into  an 
Independent  Grand  Lodge  under 
the  title  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Peru, 
which  was  in  the  same  year  changed 
to  Grand  Orient.  The  political  agi- 
tations, which  soon  after  disturbed 
the  peace  of  the  country,  caused  the 
lodges  to  be  closed,  and  an  attempt 
wa.s  made  to  drive  Masonry  fruin 
Ihu  country.  In  1815.  after  a  recesf 


of  some  twelve  years,  a  number  o 
brethren  assembled  and  reopened 
several  of  the  lodges  and  chapters. 
Jan.  30,  1849,  the  Supreme  Council 
was  reopened,  and  lodges  under  its 
authority  set  to  work.  July  13, 
1852,  the  Grand  Orient  of  Peru  was 
reopened  and  reconstituted  under 
the  title  of  National  Grand  Orient 
of  Peru.  In  1852  the  Supreme 
Royal  Arch  Chapter  of  Scotland 
granted  a  charter  to  hold  a  Holy 
Royal  Arch  Chapter  at  Callao.  This 
was  the  first  Masonic  body  of  the 
"Ancient  York  rite,"  opened  in 
the  Republic.  This  chapter  was  not 
recognized  by  any  of  the  governing 
bodies.  In  May,  1857,  an  extensiva 
schism  broke  out  among  the  Frater- 
nity, and  many  lodges  and  chapters 
were  instituted  by  the  disaffected 
party.  None  of  the  grand  bodies 
throughout  the  world  acknowledged 
the  schismatics.  At  the  present 
time  (1866")  there  are  no  illegal 
bodies  in  Peru,  except  one  at  Callao 
— which  is  only  a  remnant  of  the 
former  schisms.  There  are  many 
lodges  and  chapters  in  Lima  and 
Callao,  in  a  healthy  and  prosperous 
condition.  Beside  the  lodges  and 
chapters  under  the  Supreme  Coun- 
cil, working  in  the  Scottish  rite  in 
Lima  and  Callao,  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Ireland  has  two  lodges,  to  one  of 
which  a  Chapter  of  Royal  Arch  is 
attached,  under  its  jurisdiction,  all 
in  Lima.  The  Grand  Lodge  of 
Scotland  has,  besides  the  Royal 
Arch  Chapter,  a  Lodge  of  symbolic 
Masonry  in  Callao.  The  Grand 
Lodge  of  Massachusetts  has  a  Lodge 
established  in  Aiica.  All  these 
bodies,  combined,  form  the  Grand 
Orient  of  Peru,  which  admits  iuto 
its  bosom  all  recognized  rites,  con- 
sistent  with  the  general  principles 
of  Freemasonry. 

POLAND.  Freemasonry  began 
in  Poland  in  1736,  but  was  almost 
immediately  suppressed  through  the 
influence  of  the  church.  In  1712—19 
many  new  lodges  were  established, 
and  in  17(i(i  the  institution  rose  to  a 
high  position.  In  1780  the  Lodge 
of  the  Good  Shepherd  was  estab- 
lished by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
England.  In  1784  thirteen  lodges, 
then  in  the  country,  met  at  Warsaw 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMASONRY. 


59 


and  organized  a  Grand  Lodge.  In 
1807  the  Grand  Orient  of  France 
founded  several  lodges  in  the  king- 
dom. In  1822  a  decree  of  the  Em- 
peror Alexander  prohibited  all  secrel 
societies;  the  brethren  of  Poland, 
though  deeply  grieved,  yet  submis- 
sively closed  their  lodges,  which, 
since  then,  have  remained  closed. 

PORTUGAL.  The  introduction 
of  Freemasonry  into  this  kingdom 
began  at'  Lisbon,  in  1735,  by  the 
*  Grand  Lodge  of  England,  but  its 
usefulness  was  of  short  duration. 
The  inquisition,  that  great  extin- 
guisher of  liberty  and  enlighten- 
ment, had  control  of  this  country. 
Notwithstanding  this  powerful  op- 
position the  Order  succeeded  in 
spreading  its  cheerful  influences, 
and  in  1805  a  Grand  Lodge  was 
organized.  In  1807,  during  the 
invasion  of  Portugal  by  the  French 
troops,  Masonry  was  protected,  and 
until  1810,  when  a  fresh  persecution 
of  the  Order  began,  which  lasted 
until  about  1837,  since  which  time 
the  Order  has  been  permitted  to 
enjoy  some  success.  There  exists 
in  Lisbon  a  Grand  Lodge  of  Portu- 
gal and  a  Provincial  Grand  Lodge 
of  Ireland,  which  are  recognized  by 
foreign  Grand  Lodges. 

PRUSSIA.  Freemasonry  was  in- 
troduced into  Prussia  by  Frederick 
II.,  surnained  the  Great.  Having 
been  secretly  initiated,  while  crown- 
prince,  at  Brunswick,  he  soon  after 
organized  a  Lodge  in  the  castle  of 
Rheinsberg;  and  when,  in  1740,  he 
ascended  the  throne  he  himself 
wielded  the  gavel,  and  conducted 
the  first  work  with  his  own  hand  at 
the  castle  in  Charlottenburg,  June 
20.  The  distinctive  title  of  this 
Lodge  was  "The  First  Lodge,"  or 
"  The  Lodge  of  the  King,  our  Grand 
Master."  In  the  same  year,  Sept. 
13,  at  his  instigation,  a  new  Lodge 
was  established  in  Berlin,  which  was 
called  "The  Three  Globes."  This 
Lodge  was  principally  composed  of 
the  members  of  "The  First  Lodge," 
which  had  but  a  brief  existence. 
In  1744  "the  Lodge  of  the  Three 
Globes  "  assumed  the  title  of  Royal 
Grand  Mother  Lodge  of  the  Three 
Globes,  and  constituted  subordi- 
nate lodges  at  Meiuiugen,  Frank- 


fort, Breslau,  Halle,  etc.  The  king 
assumed  the  office  of  Grand  Master, 
and  continued  to  bear  the  title, 
although  during  the  seven  years 
war,  and  the  cares  that  government 
entailed  on  him,  he  was  prevented 
from  attending  to  his  Masonic 
duties.  In  1747,  he  appointed  the 
Duke  of  Holstein-Beck  as  Vice- 
Grand  Master,  when  the  statutes 
were  revised,  and  Masonry,  which 
had  somewhat  declined,  again  re- 
vived. Soon  afterward  a  new  Lodge, 
"  ia  Peiite  Concorde,"  was  estab- 
lished at  Berlin,  and,  in  1760,  a 
third,  "The  Three  Doves;"  the 
latter  being  founded  by  Tilley  de 
Lerney  and  a  number  of  French 
prisoners  of  war.  Dissensions  soon 
broke  out  between  these  lodges; 
and  then  began  in  Berlin  and 
throughout  Germany  that  lamenta- 
ble period  of  Masonry,  when  the 
introduction  of  the  French  degrees, 
and  the  admixture  of  various  sys- 
tems &nd  new  rites,  caused  such 
confusion  among  the  Fraternity  that 
the  original  tendency  of  the  institu- 
tion was  almost  extinguished.  (To 
follow  the  history  of  Masonry  in 
Prussia  through  this  period,  with  its 
thousand  changes,  systems,  schisms, 
etc.,  in  an  intelligible  manner, 
would  require  too  long  an  article. ) 
In  1765  Zinnendorf  became  Grand 
Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the 
Three  Globes,  but  ihe  following  year 
abandoned  it,  and  in  1770  instituted 
at  Berlin  a  new  Grand  Lodge>  called 
the  Grand  National  Lodge  of  Ger- 
many, for  which  he  obtained  royal 
sanction,  and  also  a  constitution 
from  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England. 
In  1772  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the 
Three  Globes  assumed  the  title  of 
the  "National  Grand  Mother  Lodge 
for  the  Prussian  States."  In  the 
meantime,  the  Lodge  of  the  Three 
Doves,  which  had  been  founded  at 
Berlin  in  1760,  and  subsequently 
added  to  its  original  title  that  of 
"Friendship,"  separated  from  its 
Mother  Lodge  (the  Three  Globes) 
in  1765,  and  assumed  the  title  of 
"Royal  York  of  Friendship."  In 
1798,  a  royal  edict  was  issued,  which, 
while  strictly  prohibiting  all  secret 
societies,  especially  excepted  the 
three  existing  Grand  Lodges  witb 
their  subordinates. 


GFNERAL    HISTORY    OP   FREEMASONRY. 


RHODE  ISLAND.  December 
27,  1749,  the  petition  of  several 
brethren  residing  in  Newport  was 
presented  to  St.  John's  Grand  Lodge 
at  Boston,  of  which  Thomas  Oxnard 
was  Grand  Master,  praying  for  the 
incorporation  of  a  regular  Lodge 
there,  which,  on  being  read,  it  was 
voted  that  a  charter  be  granted 
them.  This  was  the  beginning  of 
Masonry  in  Rhode  Island.  The 
second  Lodge  was  established  at 
Providence  Jan.  18,  1757,  under 
the  title  of  St.  John's  Lodge,  by 
authority  of  the  same  Grand  Lodge, 
Jeremy  Gridley  being  Grand  Master, 
in  compliance  with  the  petition 
of  several  brethren  residing  there. 
Nov.  3,  1790,  a  report  from  a  joint 
committee  of  the  two  lodges  in 
Rhode  Island,  proposing  a  plan  for 
the  formation  of  a  Grand  Lodge  of 
Rhode  Island,  was  adopted.  The 
constitution  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
was  adopted  April  6,  1751.  Christo- 
pher Champlin  was  elected  the  first 
Grand  Master.  The  first  charter 
granted  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Rhode  Island  was  in  1799,  to  certain 
brethren  in  Warren,  under  the  name 
of  Washington  Lodge  No.  3.  Not- 
withstanding the  irregularity  of  the 
formation  of  the  Grand  Lodge  by 
only  two  subordinates,  Freemasonry 
has  always  occupied  a  respectable 
position  in  Rhode  Island,  and  her 
membership  has  been  composed  of 
its  best  and  most  honored  citizens. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTEK  was  organ- 
ized March,  1798.  Seth  Wheatou 
was  the  first  Grand  High-Priest. 

The  GKAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal 
and  Select  Masters  was  organized 
Oct.  30,  1860. 

The  GRAND  COMMANDZEY,  Knights 
Templar,  belonging,  jointly,  to  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Rhode  Island,  was 
formed  in  1805.  Thomas  Smith 
Webb,  of  R.  I.,  was  the  first  Grand 
Commander. 

RUSSIA.  In  1731  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England  granted  a  warrant 
for  a  Lodge  at  St.  Petersburg,  and 
named  Captain  John  Phillips  as  Pro- 
vincial Grand  Master.  For  many 
years  Freemasonry  flourished,  and 
gained  strength.  In  1771  the  Order 
was  patronized  by  the  nobility.  The 
Emperor  Peter  III.  conducts1,  the 


affairs  of  a  Lodge,  and  was  regarded 
as  an  expert  workman.  In  1783  the 
lodges  throughout  the  empire  or- 
ganized a  National  Grand  Lodge. 
The  society  rose  to  a  fullness  of 
splendor,  unequaled  in  any  part 
of  the  world.  But  this  state  of 
prosperity  was  not  permitted  to 
continue.  Politics  and  religious 
opinions  were  permitted  to  enter 
the  lodge-room;  extravagance  and 
speculation  became  uumanagable 
among  the  brotherhood;  the  church, 
with  powerful  influence,  and  some 
other  causes,  compelled  the  Craft  to 
close  their  lodges,  yet  the  meetings 
were  occasionally  held,  but  very 
secluded,  until  1808-14,  when  the 
Order  again  flourished  with  renewed 
vigor,  and  until  1822,  when,  sud- 
denly and  most  unexpectedly,  the 
Emperor  Alexander  issued  a  decree 
that  all  the  Masonic  lodges  through- 
out the  empire  should  be  closed, 
and  no  others  permitted  to  •  be 
founded.  The  then  condition  of 
Poland  was  alleged  as  a  reason  for 
this.  The  brethren,  with  saddened 
hearts,  calmly  obeyed  the  command 
of  their  monarch.  A  few  years  after 
the  Fraternity  ventured  again  upon 
their  field  of  philanthropy;  gradu- 
ally reopened  their  lodges,  and  re- 
sumed their  labors,  and  continue  to 
assemble  as  Freemasons  even  to  the 
present  day. 

SAXONY.  The  first  Lodge  was 
established  at  Dresden,  Saxony,  in 
1738.  In  1741  another  was  formed 
at  Leipsic,  and  a  third  in  1742  at 
Altenburg.  In  1805  a  convention 
of  the  lodges  in  Saxony  assembled 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a 
Grand  Lodge;  although  the  rules 
for  its  organization  were  arranged, 
yet  it  was  not  perfected,  until  1811. 
The  seat  of  the  Grand  Lodge  is  at 
Dresden.  The  system  of  Ancient 
Craft  Masonry  and  Schroder's  rite 
are  the  work  of  the  lodges  in  this 
country. 

SCOTLAND.  The  early  history 
of  Freemasonry  in  this  country, 
like  that  of  England  and  Germany, 
is  surrounded  with  the  misty  haze 
of  legendary  lore.  The  first  reliable 
information  we  have  touching  the 
Fraternity  dates  back  to  the  early 
part  of  the  fifteenth  century.  They, 


GENERAL    BISTORT   OF   FREEMASONRY. 


61 


at  that  period,  acknowledged  their 
kiug  and  sovereign  as  their  Grand 
Master;  to  his  authority  they  sub- 
mitted all  disputes  that  happened 
among  the  brethren.  When  not  a 
Mason  himself,  he  appointed  one 
of  the  brethren  to  preside  as  his 
deputy  at  their  meetings,  and  to 
regulate  all  matters  concerning  the 
Craft.  In  1430  King  James  I.  was 
acknowledged  as  the  Royal  Grand 
Master,  who  regulated  the  affairs 
of  the  Fraternity.  In  1441  William 
St  Glair,  Earl  of  Orkney  and  Baron 
of  Roslin,  obtained  a  grant  of  the 
office  of  Grand  Master  from  Kiug 
James  II.  By  another  grant  this 
office  was  made  hereditary  to  the 
said  William  St.  Clair.  and  his  heirs 
and  successors  in  the  barony  of 
Roslin ;  in  which  noble  family  it  has 
continued  without  interruption  till 
of  late  years.  The  Masons  held 
their  grand  courts,  or,  in  Masonic 
language,  their  Grand  Lodge  assem- 
bled at  Kilwinning,  in  the  western 
country,  where  it  is  claimed  that 
the  Masons  of  Scotland  first  held 
regular  and  permanent  lodges.  It 
is  asserted,  with  great  firmness  and 
plausibility,  that  in  this  place  the 
royal  art  first  made  its  appearance. 
The  office  of  Patron  being  hereditary 
in  the  family  of  Sinclair  of  Roslin, 
he  being  advanced  in  years,  and 
having  no  children,  was  anxious 
that  the  office  of  Grand  Master 
should  not  become  vacant  at  his 
death;  therefore  he  assembled  the 
lodges  in  and  about  Edinburg,  Oct. 
15,  1736,  and  represented  to  them 
how  beneficial  it  would  be  to  the 
cause  of  Masonry  in  general,  to  have 
a  Grand  Master  of  their  own  elect- 
ing, and  intimated  his  intention  of 
iv.signing  his  office,  and  setting  the 
noxt  St.  Andrew's  day,  Nov.  30,  as 
tlit  time  for  holding  such  election. 
On  that  day  thirty-three  lodges  met, 
and,  having  received  the  resignation 
of  St.  Clair,  they  proceed  to  the 
election,  and  unanimously  elected 
William  Sinclair,  of  Itoslin,  Grand 
Master,  and  this  was  also  the  found- 
ing of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Scotland. 
The  Lodge  afr  Kilwinning,  (more 
generally  known  as  the  "Mother 
Lodge  of  Kilwinning,")  long  after 
'.be  institution  of  the  Grand  Lodge, 


continued  to  act  independently,  and 
to  grant  charters  to  other  lodges  as 
formerly.  This  gave  rise  to  dis- 
putes, which  it  was  desirable  for  the 
credit  of  the  Fraternity  to  avoid; 
and  at  length,  in  1807,  Mother  Kil- 
wiuning  Lodge  agreed  to  surrender 
her  authority  and  acknowledge  the 
Grand  Lodge,  thereby  renouncing 
all  right  to  grant  charters  in  future. 
Kilwinuing  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  roll  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
under  the  denomination  of  "Mother 
Kilwinniug, "  and  its  Master,  for  the 
time  being,  declared  the  Provincial 
Grand  Master  over  the  Ayrshire 
district,  and  this  put  an  end  to  all 
disputes  about  Masonic  precedency. 
From  this  time  Freemasonry  has 
prospered  and  increased  throughout 
the  country. 

Besides  the  Grand  Lodge  there 
are:  1.  Supreme  Grand  Royal  Arch 
Chapter  for  Scotland;  2.  The  Royal 
Order  of  Scotland,  Herodom  of 
Kilwinuing,  supposed  to  have  been 
established  by  King  Robert  Bruce, 
in  1314;  3.  The  General  Chapter  oi 
the  Religious  and  Military  Order  of 
Knights  Templar,  with  various  Pri- 
ories ;  4.  The  Supreme  Grand  Coun- 
cil of  Scotland  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  Scottish  rite. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.  There  is 
no  evidence,  by  record  or  tradition, 
of  the  existence  of  a  Masonic  Lodge 
in  the  Province  of  South  Caroliua 
anterior  to  the  year  1736.  Oct.  28, 
of  that  year,  the  first  Lodge  of 
Masons  in  South  Carolina  was 
opened  in  the  city  of  Charleston, 
then  known  as  "Charles-Town.''* 
In  this  year  John  Haininertou  was 
appointed  Provincial  Grand  Master 
for  the  Colony,  which  office  he 
resigned  the  following  year,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  James  Graeme. 
The  early  history  of  the  Order  in 

*  This  is  the  first  Lodge  that  was  evei 
established  in  the  jurisdiction.  It  received 
its  warrant  from  Lord  Weymouth,  the 
Grand  Master  of  the  Grand  Ludye  <>1 
England,  with  the  title  of  Solomon's  Lodfie 
No.  45;  afterward  it  became  No.  1.  From 
its  organization,  in  1736,  it  continued  un- 
interruptedly to  work  until  1811,  when  it 
suspended  labor.  In  1817  it  was  revived, 
but  again  became  dormant  in  1838.  It 
was  finally  revived,  by  a  new  warrant, 
granted  June  25,  1841.  It  is  now  in  activ* 
uccessful  operatiou. 


GENERAL    HISTORY    OF    FREEMASOXRY. 


South  Oaioliua  is  shrouded  in  some 
donbt,  particularly  in  consequence 
of  the  apathy  of  the  brotherhood, 
and  partly  by  reason  of  a  large  fire 
which  occurred  in  Charleston  in 
1 738.  The  period  of  inaction  which 
marked  the  Order  for  several  years 
previous  to  1754  was,  in  that  year, 
lirought  to  a  happy  conclusion,  and 
*ras  followed  by  an  important  reac- 
tion. In  1754,  the  Marquis  of  Car- 
narvqu  granted  a  deputation  "to 
Peter  Leigh,  Chief  Justice  of  South 
Obrdlina,  for  Carolina. '  Mr.  Leigh 
proved  an  efficient  officer.  He,  im- 
mediately after  his  arrival,  appoint- 
ed a  Deputy  Grand  Master  and 
Grand  Wardens,  and  reorganized  the 
Provincial  Grand  Lodge.  Masonry, 
for  a  time,  nourished  with  renewed 
rigor.  The  Hon.  Peter  Leigh  died 
Aug.  21,  1759.  In  1761  Benjamin 
Smith  was  appointed  Prov.  Grand 
Master,  who  resigned  the  office  in 
1767.  In  1769  the  Duke  of  Beaufort, 
Grand  Master  of  England,  appointed 
the  Hon.  Egerton  Leigh  Provincial 
Grand  Master,  which  office  he  held 
until  he  left  the  country,  in  1774. 
In  1777  the  Grand  Lodge  elected 
the  Hon.  Barnard  Elliott  "Grand 
Master  of  Masons  in  this  State." 
This,  Dr.Mackey  strongly  urges,  was 
"the  true  date  of  the  organization 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  South  Caro- 
lina." In  1787  the  Grand  Lodge 
became  an  independent  body,  and 
called  itself  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons  of  South 
Carolina.  In  the  same  year  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Ancient  York 
Masons  was  organized.  In  1808 
the  two  Grand  Lodges  united  and 
formed  the  Grand  Lodge  of  South 
Carolina.  In  1809  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Ancient  York  Masons  was  re- 
vived. In  1817  the  final  union  took 
place  between  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  South  Carolina  and  the  revived 
Grand  Lodge  of  Ancient  York 
Masons,  which  forms  the  present 
Grand  Lodge  of  South  Carolina. 

The  GKAND  ROYAL  AKCH  CHAPTER 
was  organized  May  '29,  1812.  Win. 
Young  was  elected  the  first  Grand 
High-Priest. 

The  degrees  of  Royal  and  Select 
Masters  were  first  introduced  into 
South  Carolina  iu  the  year  1783, 


and  conferred  in  the  Lodgt-  ot 
Perfection,  at  Charleston,  under 
the  authority  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite.  After  a  time  the 
Supreme  Council  relinquished  its 
authority  over  the  councils  estab- 
lished in  the  State,  andr  in  1860,  a 
Grand  Council  of  Royal  and  Select 
Masters  was  established.  Albert  G. 
Mackey  was  elected  the  first  Most 
Puissant  Grand  Master. 

The  order  of  Knights  Templar 
was  introduced  into  South  Carolina 
about  1780-1803.  The  exact  date 
is  involved  in  obscurity  and  doubt. 
There  is  but  one  Commandery 
(South  Carolina  Commandery  No.  1) 
in  the  State. 

SPAIN.  In  1727  the  first  Lodge  in 
Spain  was  established  at  Gibraltar, 
by  warrant  from  the  Earl  of  Inchi- 
quiti,  Grand  Master  of  England;  the 
second  at  Madrid  in  1728,  and  a 
third  in  1731),  at  Andalusia.  In  ]  74C 
Philip  V.  issued  an  edict  againsi 
the  Order,  and  several  members  ol 
the  Fraternity  were  arrested  and 
condemned  to  the  galleys.  Free- 
masonry was  much  oppressed  in 
Spain  until  the  year  1807,  when 
Joseph  Bonaparte  ascended  the 
throne;  the  Fraternity  increased 
rapidly,  and,  in  1809,  a  National 
Grand  Lodge  was  founded  at 
Madrid,  which  held  its  meetings  in 
the  same  building  in  which  the 
inquisition  had  a  short  time  before 
held  its  convocations.  In  1811,  the 
king,  in  his  capacity  of  Grand  Com- 
mander, founded  a  Grand  Chapter 
of  the  higher  degrees.  The  Frater- 
nity flourished  till  the  return  of 
Ferdinand  VII.,  who  reestablished 
the  inquisition,  and  in  1811  the 
meetings  of  the  Order  were  pro- 
hibited, and  many  of  the  Masons 
persecuted  in  the  most  inhuman 
manner.  Between  1845  and  1852 
the  lodges  increased  notwithstand- 
ing the  opposition.  A  Grand  Orient 
had  been  organized  under  the 
title  of  "Gran  Oriente  Hesperico," 
which  acknowledges  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  rite,  and  also  recog- 
nizes the  lodges  founded  by  the 
Grand  Lodge.  The  members  ol 
the  Order  are  obliged  to  use  ficti- 
tious names  to  escape  the  perse- 
cutions of  tin'  civil  authorities  N0 


GENF.SAL   HISTORY    OF   FEEEMASON14> 


Lodgo  is  permitted  to  possess  any 
written  documents,  and  every  six 
U)  jnths  a  new  pass- word  is  selected, 
and  communicated  by  the  Grand 
Orient;  brethren  who  are  strangers 
are  only  admitted  if  personally 
known  to  the  W.  M. 

SWEDEN.  Freemasonry  was  in- 
troduced into  this  country  in  1735. 
oy  charter  from  the  Grand  Orient 
of  France,  granted  to  the  Governor, 
Count  Sparre.  But  little  is  known 
of  this  Lodge,  as  its  operations 
wese  closed  in  1738  by  royal  de- 
cree, forbidding  Masons  to  meet  on 
pain  of  death.  This  prohibition 
was  rescinded  in  1740,  when  the 
Order  spread  and  nourished.  It 
soon  enjoyed  a  position  that  the 
brethren  did  not  hesitate  to  publicly 
acknowledge  their  association  with 
the  institution.  In  1762  King 
Adolphus  Frederick  declared  him- 
self the  protector  of  the  Swedish 
lodges,  and  desired  to  participate  in 
the  labors  and  expenses  of  the 
Fraternity.  In  1765  Lord  Blaney, 
Grand  Master  of  England,  granted 
a  deputation  to  Brother  Charles 
Fullman,  secretary  to  the  English 
embassy  at  Stockholm,  to  establish 
a  Provincial  Grand  Lodge  for  Swe- 
den. In  1799  a  union  of  the  Grand 
Lodges  of  Sweden  and  England 
was  effected,  which  was  the  cause 
of  great  rejoicing  among  the  Fra- 
ternity. In  1809  Charles  XIII. 
ascended  the  throne  of  Sweden, 
\vho,  May  27,  1811,  founded  an 
order  of  knighthood  under  the 
title  of  "Charles  the  Thirteenth," 
for  the  purpose,  as  is  stated  in  the 
manifesto  establishing  the  Order, 
to  do  honor  to  those  virtues  which 
are  not  prescribed  by  law,  and  which 
are  seldom  offered  to  the  notice  of 
the  public.  The  statutes  exacted 
that  this  Order,  the  distinctive 
badges  of  which  were  to  be  worn 
openly,  shov.ld  only  be  communi- 
cated to  Freemasons;  it,  therefore, 
formed  the  highest  degree  of  Swe- 
dish Freemasonry.  The  reigning 
king  was  always  to  be  Grand  Master 
of  the  Order,  and  beside  the  princes 
of  the  royal  house,  the  Order  could 
only  consist  of  twenty-seven  secular 
and  three  ecclesiastical  members. 
XIII.  remained  an  active 


and  zealous  member  of  the  Ordei 
during  his  life  time.  Freemasonry 
is  still  protected  by  the  crown,  and 
is,  therefore,  one  of  the  most  respect- 
able institutions  in  the  country. 

SWITZERLAND.  The  intro- 
duction of  the  Order  into  Switzer- 
land began  in  1737,  by  warrant  from 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  England,  to 
Sir  George  Hamilton,  as  Provincial 
Grand  Master,  by  authority  of  which 
he  established  a  Provincial, Grand 
Lodge  at  Geneva.  In  1739  the 
Duke  of  Montacute,  Grand  Master 
of  England,  granted  a  wan-ant  to  a 
number  of  English  nobleman  to 
establish  a  Lodge  at  Lausanne. 
Masonry  flourished  for  a  short  time, 
when  it  was  prohibited  by  the  civil 
authorities  of  Benie.  The  lodges 
remained  closed  for  nearly  twenty 
years,  when  the  old  Lodge  at 
Lausanne  was  revived,  and  nour- 
ished for  a  short  period.  But  soon 
the  old  prohibition  was  again  issued 
against  the  Order.  Internal  dissen- 
sions also  entered  the  bodies,  which, 
for  a  time^  threatened  its  total  de- 
struction. Four  distinct  organiza- 
tions, in  spirited  opposition  to  each 
other,  existed  at  the  same  time  iu 
the  republic.  During  the  stormy 
political  events  between  1793  and 
1803  the  lodges  remained  closed. 
When  Neueuburg  and  Geneva  were 
ceded  to  France,  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Geneva  censed  to  exist,  and  all 
the  lodges  placed  themselves  under 
the  Grand  Orient  of  France,  which 
immediately  founded  new  lodges  in 
various  parts  of  the  country.  Peace, 
with  its  harmonious  influences,  was 
restored,  and  Masonry  immediately 
revived.  In  1822  a  treaty  of  union 
was  agreed  upon  between  the  Grand 
Orient  and  the  English  Provincial 
Grand  Lodge,  which  assumed  the 
name  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Switzerland.  In  1814,  through  the 
efforts  of  the  powerful  and  in- 
fluential Masons  of  Switzerland, 
delegates  from  all  the  lodges  met 
at  Zurich,  when  the  treaty  of 
union  was  ratified  for  the  newly- 
founded  Grand  Lodge  under  the 
name  of  "Alpina."  Switzerland 
displays  in  the  present  day  great 
Masonic  activity,  and  the  Fralernitj 
therein  is  much  esteemed. 


OEXEIIAL    FTP'rOT^Y    OF    T'REEMASO'NTJY. 


TENNESSEE.  Previous  to  Dec. 
27,  1813,  the  lodges  in  the  State  of 
Tennessee  were  held  under  charters 
from  the  Grand  Lodge  of  North 
Carolina,  except  one  which  was 
iield  under  the  authority  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Kentucky.  Pur- 
suant to  m  tice,  a  convention  of 
delegates  from  the  several  lodges 
in  the  State  assembled  at  Knoxville 
in  December,  1811,  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  a  Grand  Lodge, 
when  the  following  resolutions  were 
adopted:  "•Resolved,  That,  in  the 
opinion  of  this  convention,  the 
number  of  lodges  of  Ancient  York 
Masons  in  this  State,  as  well  as  the 
state  of  society,  require  the  forma- 
tion of  a  Grand  Lodge  within  the 
same,  for  the  better  regulation  and 
extension  of  the  Craft.  Resolved, 
That  a  committee  be  appointed  for 
the  purpose  of  drawing  up  an 
address  to  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
North  Carolina,  soliciting  their  as- 
sent to  the  establishment  of  a  Grand 
Lodge  in  the  State  of  Tennessee." 
Other  resolutions  were  adopted,  of 
similar  effect  to  the  foregoing,  and 
the  convention  adjourned  to  meet 
Dec.  27, 1813,  when  the  Grand  Lodge 
was  organized,  the  officers  elected 
ajid  installed.  Thomas  Clairborne 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  Master. 

TEXAS.  The  introduction  of 
Masonry  into  Texas  began  by  dis- 
pensation from  John  H.  Holland, 
Grand  Master  of  Louisiana,  under 
the  name  of  Holland  Lodge,  Dec.  17, 
1835,  at  Brazoria.  Soon  after  hostili- 
ties broke  out  between  Mexico  and 
Texas,  when  the  Lodge  was  obliged 
to  close  its  operations.  Brazoria  was 
abandoned;  Gen.Urrea,  commander 
of  the  Mexican  forces,  entered  the 
city  and  took  possession  of  the 
books,  jewels,  and  everything  be- 
longing to  the  Lodge.  „  Meanwhile 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Louisiana  had  ; 
issued  a  charter  for  Holland  Lodge 
No.  3G,  and  the  Lodge  was  reopened 
in  Oct.,  1837,  at  the  city  of  Houston. 
Soon  after  two  other  lodges,  with 
charters  from  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Louisiana,  were  established  in  I 
Texas — Milam,  at  Nacogdoches, 
and  McFarlane,  at  San  Augustine. 
Delegates  from  these,  and  from 
Holland  Lodge,  met  in  convention 
at  Houston,  in  the  winter  of  1837-8, 


and  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  repub- 
lic was  formed.  By  advice  and 
direction  of  this  body,  the  three 
subordinate  lodges  transferred  theii 
allegiance  from  Louisiana  to  theii 
own  Grand  Lodge,  surrendered 
their  charters  to  Louisiana,  and 
received  others  from  Texas.  Anson 
Jones  was  elected  the  first  Grand 
Master.  Such  is  the  brief  sketch 
of  the  first  establishment  of  Free- 
masonry in  Texas.  It  was  founded, 
like  our  political  institutions,  amid 
the  stern  concomitants  of  adversity 
and  war;  but  its  foundations  were 
laid  broad  and  deep,  and  upon 
them  has  been  raised  a  superstruc- 
ture of  strength  and  beauty,  sym- 
metrical in  its  proportions  and  vast 
in  its  dimensions,  and  which  will 
continue  as  a  beacon  to  guide  and 
cheer  worthy  Masons  on  their  jour- 
ney of  life. 

TRINIDAD,  W.  I.  Henry  Price, 
Provincial  Grand  Master  of  New 
England,  in  1733,  on  his  return  to 
England  in  1738,  went  by  way  of 
Antigua,  where,  finding  a  number  of 
Masons  from  Boston,  he  formed  them 
into  a  Lodge,  gave  them  a  aharter 
and  initiated  the  governor  and 
several  gentlemen  of  high  distinc- 
tion. In  1798  a  charter  was  received 
from  the  Grand  Lodge  of  France, 
for  the  Lodge  United  Brothers, 
which,  in  1799,  had  its  warrant 
renewed  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Pennsylvania.  This  Lodge  remain- 
ed under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsylvania  until 
1814,  when,  in  consequence  of  the 
war  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  communications 
being  interrupted,  the  brethren 
petitioned  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Scotland  to  take  them  under  their 
protection,  which  request  was  com- 
plied with.  This  Lodge  is  still  in 
existence,  with  the  No.  251  on  the 
registry  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Scotland.  A  Chapter  of  Royal  Arch 
Masons  has  also  been  established 
there.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  England 
has  several  lodges  at  work  there. 
In  1814  a  charier  was  granted 
by  the  Royal  Grand  Conclave  of 
Scotland  to  the  "  Trinidad  Grand 
Assembly  of  Knights  Templar, 
No.  29."  Masonry  is  now  in  a 
flourishing  condition  here. 


GKXKT2AL    HISTOKT    OF    KBEEMASON±«Y. 


65 


TURKEY.  Freemasonry  was  in- 
troduced into  the  Ottoman  Empire 
about  1830;  but  it  soon  ceased  to 
exist.  More  recently  several  lodges 
have  been  established  at  Constan- 
tinople, Smyrna,  and  Aleppo,  and 
particularly  among  the  English  set- 
tlements. The  lodges  are  pros- 
perous, and  an  English  Provincial 
Grand  Lodge  for  Turkey  has  been 
established  recently,  with  Sir  Henry 
Bulwer  as  Grand  Master. 

URUGUAY.  The  first  Lodge 
was  established  in  this  republic  in 
the  year  1827,  by  the  Grand  Orient 
of  France,  under  the  name  of.  "  The 
Children  of  the  New  World. "  This 
Lodge  is  still  in  existence,  having, 
however,  changed  its  name  to  that 
of  "The  Friends  of  the  Country." 
There  are  several  Spanish  lodges 
in  the  republic,  governed  by  the 
Supreme  Council  and  the  Grand 
Orient  of  Uruguay,  which  were 
established  in  the  year  1855.  The 
lodges  under  this  authority,  and  the 
solitary  one  which  retains  its  alle- 
giance to  the  Grand  Orient  of 
France,  are  working  together  in  the 
utmost  harmony.  Notwithstanding 
the  opposition  of  the  priesthood 
here,  Masonry  is  fully  carrying  out 
its  great  mission  of  love. 

VERMONT.  Of  the  first  intro- 
duction of  Freemasonry  into  this 
State  we  have,  at  present,  no  im- 
mediate knowledge,  unless  the  first 
Lodge  is  that  mentioned  in  the  fol- 
lowing statement:  "A  petition  from 
several  brethren,  dated  at  Cornish, 
(then  claimed  by  Vermont,  but  now 
in  New  Hampshire,)  was  read  in  the 
Massachusetts  Grand  Lodge,  Nov.  8, 
1781,  praying  for  the  establishment 
of  a  Lodge  in  that  place;  where- 
upon, voted  that  a  charter  be  issued 
accordingly.  This  Lodge  met  a  few 
times  at  Cornish,  but  when  that  town 
was  claimed  by  New  Hampshire 
the  Lodge  removed  to  Windsor,  Vt., 
on  the  opposite  side  of  Connecticut 
river,  and  took  the  name  of  'Ver- 
mont Lodge,  No.  1.'"  Jan.  17, 1785, 
the  Massachusetts  Grand  Lodge 
granted  a  charter  to  a  proper  num- 
ber of  Master  Masons,  residing  at 
Manchester,  Vermont,  to  establish 
a  Lodge  at  that  place.  The  Grand 
odge  was  organized  Oct.  19,  1794. 

6 


The  GKAND  CHAPTEB  was  organ- 
ized Dec.  20,  1804.  Jonathan  Wells 
was  elected  the  first  Grand  High- 
Priest.  Reorganized  July  18,  1849. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  1854. 
Nathan  B.  Haswell  was  elected  the 
first  Grand  Master. 

The  GKAND  COMMANDERY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  1825 — was 
dormant  for  several  years — reorgan- 
ized Jan.  14,  1852. 

VIRGINIA.  Writers  on  the  early 
history    of    Freemasonry    in    the 
United  States,  particxilarly  of  the 
time  when  they  were  colonies  of  the 
British  government,  are  often  em- 
barrassed in  their  researches,  and 
are  unable  to  furnish  the  "tangible 
proof"  of  the  first  introduction  of 
the  Order  into   certain  well-estab- 
lished localities  among  the   early 
settlements  of  this  country.     The 
historian  is  often  sorely  perplexed 
from   the  fact    that  the  materials 
within    his    reach    are    in    many 
instances   only   speculations,   pre- 
sumptions, or  the — too  frequently 
questionable — statements  of    "the 
oldest  inhabitant. "    The  difficulty, 
therefore,  of  preparing  a  continuous 
history  of  Freemasonry  in  America 
lies  mainly  in  the  presumptive  char- 
acter of  much  of  the  evidence  that 
makes  up  its  record.     That  there  is 
some  cause  for  this  lack  of  reliable 
evidence  is  beyond  dispute.     The 
many  difficulties  that  surrounded 
the  habitations   of   the   first  emi- 
grants; the  wild  and  unsettled  con- 
dition of  the  country ;  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  when  the  merciless  foe 
burned  and  destroyed    every  kind 
of  property  within  his  reach;   the 
frequent  ecclesiastical  and  political 
persecutions  which  have  from  time 
to  time  been  brought  against  the 
Order,  and  the  slight  interest  taken 
by  our  predecessors  in  the  preserva- 
tion   of    Masonic    records — these, 
with   other   causes,    will,   in   some 
measure,  account  for  the  scarcity  of 
reliable  Masonic  data,  at  the  present 
time.   We  are  led  to  these  reflections 
after  examining  the  scanty  materials 
which  we  find  for  the  subject  undei 
discussion  as  well  as  of  that  already 
disposed  of.     For  the  matter  of  this 
sketch   I   am    indebted  to  a    verj 


GKNERAL    IIISTC  .Ri    OF   FE3RMASOKBT 


ab!e  and  interesting  address  on  the 
"History  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Virginia,  by  E.  W.  JOHN  Dove, 
M.  D."  Bro.  Dove  has  been  an 
active  member  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Virginia  for  fifty,  and  its  Grand 
Secretary  for  more  than  thirty, years. 
He  says:  "The  first  Lodge  of  An- 
cient York  Masons  was  chartered 
Dec.  22,  1733,  in  the  village  of 
Norfolk,  by  the  title  of  Eo/al 
Exchange  Lodge,  No.  172.  The 
second  Lodge  was  chartered  by  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Scotland  for  Port 
Royal,  by  the  name  of  Kilwinning 
Cross,  in  1755.  The  third  was 
chartered  by  the  same  Grand  Lodge 
for  Petersburg,  by  the  name  of 
Blandford  Lodge  No.  83,  in  1767. 
The  fourth  was  chartered  by  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Massachusetts 
for  Fredericksburg,  July  21,  1758, 
having  some  years  before  obtain- 
ed a  dispensation.  The  fifth  was 
chartered  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
England  for  Hampton,  Nov.  6,  1773, 
by  the  name  of  St  Tamany;  and, 
on  the  same  day,  by  the  same  grand 
body,  the  sixth  Lodge  was  chartered 
for  Williamsburg,  by  the  name 
of  Williamsburg.  The  seventh 
was  chartered  by  the  same  for 
Gloucester,  Nov.  6,  1773,  by  the 
name  of  Botetourt.  The  eighth  was 
chartered  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Scotland  for  Cabin  Point,  April  5, 
1775,  by  the  name  of  Cabin  Point 
Eoyal  Arch.  Beside  these  are  found 
on  the  registry  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Scotland  that  St.  John's  Lodge 
No.  Ill  was  constituted  at  Norfolk 
in  1741;  also  there  was  a  Lodge  at 
Falmouth,  and  one  chartered  for 
Yorktown,  Aug.  1,  1755,  by  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  England.  That 
there  were  others  in  the  State  (mili- 
tary lodges  no  doubt)  is  proven  by 
a  letter  written  in  1843,  by  K.  W. 
John  Barney,  the  Grand  Lecturer 
of  Ohio,  in  which  he  says :  '  Capt. 
Hngh  Maloy,  aged  ninety-three,  is 
now  living  in  or  near  Bethel,  Clei- 
mont  Co.,  who  was  initiated  in  1782, 
in  Gen.  Washington's  Marquee; 
Gen.  Washington  presided  in  per- 
son, and  performed  the  initiatory 
ceremonies. '  "  At  a  convention  of 
delegates  from  Norfolk,  Kilwinuing 
Port  ltov.il  Cross,  Blandford,  Vril- 


liamsburg,  ai^d  Cabin  Point  BoyiJ 
Arch  lodges,  met  at  Williamsburg, 
Va.,  May  6,  1777,  for  the  purpose 
of  choosing  ;.,  Grand  Master  for  the 
State  of  Virginia.  The  convention 
decided,  by  unanimous  vote,  that  a 
Grand  Master  ought  to  be  chosen 
to  preside  over  the  Craft  in  Virginia, 
and  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
present,  to  the  Fraternity  at  large, 
the  reasons  for  this  step.  May  13, 
following,  the  convention  received 
the  committee's  report,  which  pre- 
sented four  reasons  for  the  course 
contemplated,  viz :  1.  That  the 
lodges  in  Virginia  were  working 
under  jive  distinct  and  separate  au- 
thorities, viz:  the  Grand  Masters  of 
England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  America,  the  last  at 
second  hand;  consequently,  they 
could  not  assemble  in  annual  com- 
munication to  manifest  the  distin- 
guishing characteristics  of  Masonry, 
or  settle  whatever  differences  might 
arise  among  the  respective  lodges 
for  want  of  a  common  tribunal. 
2.  No  precedent  could  be  found  by 
the  committee  where  Masonry  had 
ever  derived  any  benefit  from  the 
foreign  appointment  of  a  Grand 
Master  in  this  country,  those  officers 
being  but  little  known  and  slightly 
regarded.  3.  There  was  no  tribunal 
for  the  correction  of  abuses,  and  no 
settled  authority  for  the  establish- 
ment of  new  lodges.  4.  The  Grand 
Lodges  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  having  established  their 
own  right  of  election  upon  the 
inherent  privilege  of  Masons,  dis- 
tinct from  all  foreign  power  what- 
ever, the  committee  conceive  that 
the  Masons  of  Virginia  have  the 
same  rights  and  privileges  which 
Masons  in  other  lauds,  hi  all  times, 
heretofore  had  confessedly  enjoyed. 
After  the  discussion  of  this  able 
paper,  the  convention  then  ad- 
journed to  meet  at  Williamsburg, 
June  23,  ensuing.  Upon  that  day, 
the  delegates  of  five  lodges  assem- 
bled, agreeably  to  adjournment,  and 
declared  themselves  unanimously 
of  opinion  that  a  Grand  Master  of 
Virginia  is  essential  to  the  prosperity 
and  dignity  of  Masonry  in  general; 
but.  the-re  not  being  a  majority  of 
the  Virginia  lodges  represented 


GENERAL   HISTORY   OF   FBEEMASONRF. 


they  declined  proceeding  at  that 
time  to  an  election.  The  conven- 
tion recommended,  however,  that 
each  lodge  petition  its  own  Grand 
Master  (in  England,  Scotland,  etc. , 
as  the  case  might  be,)  to  appoint 
some  one  worthy  Mason,  resident 
in  .this  State,  as  Grand  Master 
thereof,  with  power  to  resign  such 
authority  to  a  convention  of  all 
the  lodges  when  they  should  meet 
and  elect  a  Grand  Master.  And  for 
this  purpose  the  convention  re- 
commended that  GENERAL  GEORGE 
WASHINGTON,  commander-in-chief  of 
the  revolutionary  army,  should  be 
the  individual  to  whom  the  charter 
of  appointment  should  be  made, 
but  he  declined.  The  convention  re- 
assembled, Oct.  13, 1778,  four  lodges 
being  represented,  and  adopted  a 
resolution,  unanimously,  that  there 
was  a  sufficient  number  of  lodges 
present  to  proceed  to  business. 
Decided  that  the  power  and  au- 
thority of  Cornelius  Harnet,  as 
Deputy  Grand  Master  of  America, 
had  ceased  to  exist.  John  Blair, 
of  Williamsburg,  was  then  unani- 
mously elected  Grand  Master.  He 
M'as  installed  Oct.  30,  ensuing,  and 
thus  the  long-desired  object  of  an 
Independent  Grand  Lodge  was 
accomplished. 

Royal  Arch  Masonry  was  intro- 
duced into  Virginia  under  the 
auspices  of  Joseph  Myers,  one  of 
the  Inspectors  General  of  the  An- 
cient and  Accepted  rite,  of  the 
southern  jurisdiction,  at  Charleston, 
S.  C.  The  SUPREME  GRAND  ROYAL, 
ARCH  CHAPTER  was  organized  at 
Norfolk,  May  1,  1808.  This  grand 
body  is  not  in  affiliation  with  the 
General  Grand  Chapter  of  the 
United  States. 

The  GRAND  ENCAMPMENT  was  or- 
ganized about  1823;  was  represented 
in  the  Grand  Encampment  of  the 
United  States  in  1826;  soon  became 
dormant.  Organized  new  Grand 
Encampment  in  1845,  without  ap- 
proval of  the  Grand  Encampment 
of  the  United  States.  In  1851 
united  again  with  the  Grand  En- 
campment of  the  United  States; 
seceded  again  in  1861 ;  renewed  her 
allegiance  to  the  Grand  Encamp- 
ment of  tLe  United  States  in  1866. 


WASHINGTON,  TERBITOBT  oy. 
A  convention  of  delegates  fiom 
Olympia  Lodge  No.  5;  Steilacoom 
Lodge  No.  8 ;  Grand  Mound  Lodge 
No.  21,  and  Washington  Lodge  No. 
22,  all  having  received  charters  from 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Oregon,  met  in 
Olympia,  territory  of  Washington, 
Dec.  6,  1858,  for  the  purpose  of 
considering  the  propriety  of  estab 
lishing  a  Grand  Lodge  for  said  ter- 
ritory. The  convention  appointed 
the  usual  officers,  and  committees, 
and  on  the  7th  regularly  organized 
a  Grand  Lodge,  adopted  a  consti- 
tution, elected  and  installed  Grand 
Officers.  T.  F.  McElroy  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Master. 

WEST  VIRGINIA.  A  conven- 
tion of  delegates  from  nine  lodges 
of  West  Virginia  met  at  Fairmount, 
on  Wednesday,  April  12, 1865,  when, 
after  the  transaction  of  other  busi- 
ness, the  convention  elected  Grand 
Officers.  W.  J.  Bates  was  elected 
Grand  Master,  and  T.  H.  Logan 
Grand  Secretary.  The  couventioii 
adjourned  to  meet  again  May  10, 
of  the  same  year,  when  the  Grand 
Officers  were  installed  in  ample 
form,  and  the  Grand  Lodge  of  West 
Virginia  regularly  established.. 

WISCONSIN.  The  introduction 
of  Freemasonry  into  this  territory 
began  in  January,  1843,  by  dispen- 
sations granted  to  Mineral  Point 
Lodge,  at  Mineral  Point;  Melody 
Lodge,  at  Platteville,  and  Mil- 
waukee Lodge,  at  Milwaukee,  by 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Missouri.  A 
convention  of  the  delegates  from 
the  lodges  just  named  assembled  at 
the  city  of  Madison,  on  Monday, 
Dec.  18,  1843,  when  the  convention 
adopted  the  resolution  that  it  waa 
expedient  to  form  a  Grand  Lodge 
in  the  territory  of  Wisconsin.  A 
constitution  was  adopted,  officers 
elected  and  installed.  Rev.  B.  T. 
Kavanaugh  was  elected  the  first 
Grand  Master. 

The  GRAND  CHAPTER  of  Royal 
Arch  Masons  was  founded  Feb.  13, 
1850.  DwightF.  Lawton  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  High-Priest. 

The  GRAND  COUNCIL  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  was  organized  in 
1857.  James  Collins  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Master. 


68 


GENERAL    HISTORY   OF   FREEMASONRY. 


The  GRAND  COMMANDEBY,  Knights 
Templar,  was  organized  Oct.  20, 
1859.  Henry  L.  Palmer,  was  elected 
the  first  Grand  Commander. 

GENERAL  GRAND  CHAPTER 

or  THE  UNITED  STATES.  Until  the 
year  1797  no  Grand  Chapter  of 
Royal  Arch  Masons  was  organized 
in  America.  Previous  to  that  period, 
a  competent  number  of  companions 
of  that  degree,  possessed  of  suffi- 
cient ability,  under  the  sanction  of 
a  Master's  warrant,  exercised  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  Royal  Arch 
Chapters,  wherever  they  thought  it 
expedient  or  proper.  This  unre- 
strained mode  of  proceeding  was 
subject  to  many  inconveniences  and 
of  great  injury  to  the  society.  Fully 
sensible  of  the  many  irregularities 
to  which  the  Order  was^  exposed, 
and  wjth  the  view  of  preventing 
these  difficulties  in  the  future,  in 
the  year  1797,  a  convention  of 
representatives  from  the  several 
chapters  in  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania met  at  Philadelphia,  and 
organized  a  Grand  Chapter  for  the 
State.  This  was  the  first  Grand 
Chapter  in  the  United  States.  Ac- 
tuated by  similar  motives,  Oct.  24, 
1797,  a  convention  of  delegates  from 
several  chapters  in  the  northern 
States,  met  at  Boston  to  deliberate 
upon  the  propriety  of  forming  a 
Grand  Chapter  of  Royal  Arch 
Masons  for  the  States  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut,  Vermont,  and  New 
York.  The  convention  having  taken 
the  subject  into  consideration  came 
to  a  determination  to  forward  to 
each  of  the  chapters  within  the 
States  before  mentioned  an  address, 
expressive  of  their  opinions.  This 
address  was  issued,  and  the  con- 
vention adjourned  to  meet  again  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  January  24,  1798. 
Agreeably  to  the  recommendation 
of  the  convention  of  October,  and, 
as  requested  by  the  circular,  issued 
by  that  body,  delegates  assembled 
at  the  city  of  Boston,  Jan.  24,.  1798, 
from  the  following  chapters,  viz: 
St.  Andrew's  Chapter,  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts, instituted  1769;  King 
Cyrus  Chapter,  Newburyport.Mass., 
instituted  1790;  Providence  Chap- 
ter Providence,  R.  L,  instituted 


1793 ;  Solomon  Chapter,  Derby, 
Conn.,  instituted  1794;  Franklin 
Chapter,  Norwich,  Conn. ,  instituted 
1796;  Franklin  Chapter,  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  instituted  1796 ;  Hudson 
Chapter,  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  instituted 
1796 ;  Temple  Chapter,  Albany, 
N.  Y. ;  Horeb  Chapter,  Whitestown, 
N.  Y.  The  convention,  after  due 
deliberation,  adopted  the  following 
resolution:  ''Resolved,  That  the 
delegates  who  compose  this  con- 
vention, being  invested  with  ample 
powers,  will  establish  a  Grand 
Royal  Arch  Chapter,  for  the  Statea 
of  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Ver- 
mont, and  New  York,  to  be  deno- 
minated the  Grand  Royal  Arch 
Chapter  of  the  northern  States  of 
America."  A  constitution  was  then 
adopted  for  the  government  of  Royal 
Arch  Masonry.  In  1806  the  title  of 
the  body  was  changed  to  "The 
General  Grand  Chapter  of  Royal 
Arch  Masons  for  the  United  States." 
From  this  period  this  grand  body 
has  prospered,  and  its  influence 
spread  throughout  the  whole  coun- 
try. Nearly  every  Grand  Chapter 
in  the  United  States  acknowledges 
its  jurisdiction  and  authority. 

GRAND    ENCAMPMENT    OF 

THE  UNITED  STATES.  The  conven- 
tion for  organizing  the  Grand  En- 
campment of  the  United  States  was 
held  June  20-1,  1816,  in  the  city 
ot  New  York,  consisting  of  delegates 
from  the  following  Encampments, 
viz :  Boston,  at  Boston,  Mass. ;  St. 
John's  at  Providence,  R.  I. ;  Tem- 
ple, at  Albany,  X.  Y. ;  Montgomery, 
at  Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  St.  Paul's,  at 
Newburyport,  Mass. ;  Newport,  R. 
I.,  and  Darius  Council,  at  Portland, 
Maine — when  a  constitution  was 
adopted  and  officers  chosen.  The 
Hon.DeWitt  Clinton,  then  Governor 
of  New  York,  was  elected  the  first 
Grand  Master. 

Of  the  early  or  first  introduction 
of  the  Masonic  Knighthood  into  this 
country  but  little  of  its  true  history 
is  known.  That  it  existed  previous 
to  1790  in  Pennsylvania  is  fully 
authenticated.  Tradition  affirms 
that  the  orders  were  conferred  in 
some  of  the  army  lodges  of  the 
revolutionary  war. 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  FREEMASONRY. 


A. 

AARON.  The  brother  of  Moses,  who  accompanied  and 
assisted  him  in  the  great  work  of  emancipating  the  Jews 
from  Egyptian  bondage.  He  was  the  first  High-Priest  of 
the  Hebrew  Church,  and  the  dignity  of  the  priesthood  was 
made  hereditary  in  his  family.  He  died  on  Mount  Hor,  at 
the  age  of  123,  and  was  buried  so  privately  that  his  sepul- 
cher  still  continues  to  be  unknown.  His  son  Eleazar  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  office  of  High-Priest. 

ABACISCUS.  In  ancient  architecture,  the  checkered  or 
square  divisions  of  the  Mosaic  pavement.  The  material  of 
which  the  ground-floor  of  King  Solomon's  Temple  was  sup- 
posed to  have  been  made. 

ABACUS.  1.  An  instrument  to  facilitate  computations  in 
arithmetic;  2.  In  architecture,  a  table  consti- 
tuting the  upper  or  crowning  member  of  a 
column  and  its  capital;  3.  A  game  among 
the  Romans;  so  called  from  its  being  played 
on  a  board,  somewhat  in  the  manner  of 
chess;  4.  A  tray  or  flat  board,  perforated 
with  holes  for  carrying  cups,  glasses,  etc.; 
5.  In  the  Templar  system  of  Masonic  Knight- 
hood it  is  the  name  of  the  Grand  Master's 
staff  of  office. 

"In  his  hand  he  bore  that  singular  Abacus." — IVANHOE. 

The  upper  part  of  the  staff  is  gilt,  usually  of 
metal,  with  a  Templar's  cross,  enameled  red, 
and  edged  with  gold,  within  a  circle;  upon 
the  center  of  the  cross  a  black  shield,  bear- 
ing a  silver  square.  On  the  circle  is  the 
motto  of  the  Order — "  IN  HOC  SIGNO  VIXCES."  Among  the  early 
Templars  this  staff  bore  a  mystic  and  significant  symbolism, 
and  ^ns  held  in  high  veneration  by  the  members  of  tlut  Order 


70 


ABB. 


ABBREVIATIONS,  MASONIC.  The  form  to  which  a  word, 
title,  or  phrase  is  reduced  by  contraction  and  omission.  The 
Mas.  )ns  of  Europe  are  much  more  addicted  to  the  tise  of 
this  method  of  contracting  Masonic  writing  than  American 
Masons.  The  abbreviations  among  our  foreign  brethren  are 
usually  distinguished  by  the  use  of  three  periods,  placed  in 
the  form  of  a  triangle — thus.',  or  thusv — as  the  writer  may 
prefer.  This  peculiar  form  of  contraction  was  first  intro- 
duced by  the  Grand  Orient  of  France,  in  1774.  The  follow- 
ing list  embraces  all  the  abbreviations  commonly  made  use 
of  by  the  Fraternity  at  the  present  day.  When  an  abbre- 
viation stands  for  a  foreign  word  or  phrase,  of  which  the 
English  explanation  is  a  translation,  such  word  or  phrase  is 
given  in  italics: 


A.  C  M.,  or  A.  Y.  M.  Ancient  Craft 
01  Ancient  York  Masonry. 

A.  •  and  A.  • .  S.  • .  R.  • .  Ancient  and 
Accepted  Scottish  rite. 

A  D.  (Anno  Domini. )  Year  of  our 
L.ord.  The  date  used  in  common 
with  all  Masonic  dates. 

A  i)EP.  (Anno  Deposittonis. )  Year 
of  the  Deposit.  The  date  used 
in  Cryptic  Masonry. 

A.  G.  M.  Acting  Grand  Master. 

A.  H.  (Anno  Hebraico.)  Hebrew 
year.  The  date  used  in  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  rite.  The  Hebrew 
year  begins  in  September,  which 
is  the  first  of  Tisri.  To  find  this 
date  add  3760  to  the  present  year 
-thus  3760  +  1866=5626.  After 
September  15  add  one  year  more.  * 

A.  INV.  (Anno  Inventionis. )  Year  of 
the  Discovery.  Used  by  Roy.il 
Arch  Masons.  To  find  this  date 
add  530  to  the  present  year — thus 
530  +  1866=2396. 

A.  L.  (  Anno  Lucis. )  Year  of  Light, 
or  year  of  the  Creation.  The  com- 
mon or  ordinary  date  of  Masonry, 
and,  like  the  vulgar  era,  may  bte 
used  in  all  Masonic  documents. 
It  is  particularly  appropriate  to 
Ancient  Craft  Masonry.  To  find 
this  date  add  4000  to  the  present 
year— thus,  4000  +  1866=5866. 

*Tlie  Jewish  people  usually  employ  id 
the  era  of  the  Seleucid;e  until  the  niter-nth 
iciitury,  when  a  new  mode  of  computing 
v  as  adopted  by  them.  They  date  from  the 
creation,  which  they  consider  to  have  been 
8760  yearn  and  three  months  be/ore  the 
poinmeiiceiuent  of  the  vulgar  era. 


A.  •.  L.  •.  G.  •.  D.  -.  G.  •.  A.  •.  D.  •.  L'U.  •. 

f  Fr.  A  la  Oloire  du  Grand  Archi- 
tede  de  I'  Univers. )  To  the  Glory 
of  the  Grand  Architect  of  the  Uni- 
verse, Usually  found  on  French 
Masonic  documents. 

A.  L'OK.  •.  fFr.  A  I 'Orient.)  At  the 
East;  the  location  of  the  Lodge. 

A.  M.  (Anno  Mundi.)  Year  of  the 
World.  Used  with  the  preceding 
(A.  H.)  in  documents  of  the  An- 
cient and  Accepted  rite. 

A.  O.  (Anno  Ordinis.)  Year  of  the 
Order.  The  date  used  in  the  Or- 
ders of  Masonic  Knighthood.  To 
find  this  date  subtract  1118  from 
the  present  year — thus  1118— 
1866=748. 

A.  -.  U.  •-  T.  •.  O.  -.  S.  •.  A.  -.  G.  •.  (Ad uni- 
versiterrarum  orbis  summi  Architeo- 
ti  Gloriam. )     To  the  Glory  of  the 
Grand  Architect  of  the  Universe. 
The  caption  for  documents  of  the 
Ancient  and  Accepted  rite. 

B.  L.  R,  T.  Brotherly  Love,  Relief, 
and  Truth. 

B.  • .  B.  • .  Burning  Bush.    Used  on 
documents  of   the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite. 

BR.  or  BRO.  Brother.  (Ger.  Bruder 
or  Briider.)  (Fr.  Frtre.) 

C.  • .  C.  • .  Celestial  Canopy.  Used  on 
documents   of    the  Ancient  ana 
Accepted  rite. 

C.  F.  C.  Committee  on  Foreign  Cor- 
respondence. 

C.  G.  Captain  General;  Captain  of 
the  Guard. 


ABB. 


71 


C.  H.  Captain  of  the  Host. 
COMP.  Companion. 

D.  A.  F.  Due  and  Ancient  Form. 
D.  D.  G.  M.  District  Deputy  Grand 

Master. 

DEG.  Degree,  or  Degrees. 

D.  •-  G.  •.  B.  •.  A.  •.  W.  •.  (Ger.  Der 
Grosse  Baumeister  aller  Welten. ) 
To  the  Glory  of  the  Grand  Archi- 
tect of  the  Universe. 

D.  G.  H.  P.  Deputy  Grand  High- 
Priest. 

D.  G.  M.  Deputy  Grand  Master. 

D.  • .  M.  • .  J.  • .  (Deus  Meumque  Jus. ) 
God  and  my  right.    The  motto  of 
the  33d  degree,  Ancient  and  Ac- 
cepted rite. 

E.  East,  the  place  or  emblem  of 
light. 

E.A.orE.A.P.  Entered  Apprentice. 

F.  • .  or  FF.  • .  (Fr.  Frere  ou  Freres. ) 
Brother  or  Brethren. 

F.  A.  M.  or  F.  and  A.  M.  Free  and 

Accepted  Masons. 
P.  C.  Fellow-Craft. 
F.  H.  C.  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity. 

F.  •.  U.  •.  A.  •.  M.  •.    (Ger.  Freie  und 
Angenommene  Maurer.)  Free  and 
Accepted  Mason. 

G.  Grand  ;  Guard  ;   Guardian;  Ge- 
ometry; Generalissimo. 

G.  A.  Grand  Architect;  Grand  Al- 
moner. 

G.  C.  Grand  Chaplain;  Grand  Chap- 
ter; Grand  Council;  Grand  Con- 
ductor; Grand  Conclave. 

G.  COM.  Grand  Commander;  Grand 
Commandery. 

G.  C.  G.  Grand  Captain  General; 
Grand  Captain  of  the  Guard. 

G.  C.  H.  Grand  Captain  of  the  Host ; 
Grand  Chapter  of  Harodim. 

Q.  E.  Grand  East;  Grand  Encamp- 
ment. 

G.  G.  Grand  Geometrician;  Grand 
Generalissimo;  Grand  Guardian. 

G.  G.  C.  General  Grand  Chapter. 

G.  H.  P.  Grand  High-Priest. 

G.  J.  W.  Grand  Junior  Warden. 

G.  K.  Grand  King. 


G.  K.  S.  Grand  Keeper  of  the  Seals. 
G.  L. ;  GG.  LL.   (Fr.  Grande  Logej 

Grandes  Loges. )  (Ger.  Gross-Loge; 

G  ross-Logen.}       Grand      Lodge; 

Grand  Lodges. 
G.  •.  M.  •.  (.Fr.  Grand  Mattre.)  Grand 

Master;  Grand  Marshal. 

G.  M.  V.  Grand  Master  of  the  Vails. 

G.  O.  Grand  Orient;  Grand  Orator; 
Grand  Organist. 

G.  P.  Grand  Prelate;  Grand  Pur- 
suivant; Grand  Patron. 

G.  P.  K.  T.  Grand  Priory  of  the 
Knights  of  the  Temple.  The  Su- 
preme body  in  Scotland. 

G.  P.  S.  Grand  Principal  Sojourner. 

G.  R.  Grand  Kecorder;  Grand  Re- 
gistrar. 

G.  R.  A.  C.  Grand  Eoyal  Arch  Cap- 
tain. 

G.  S.  Grand  Secretary ;  Grand 
Scribe-,  Grand  Sentinel;  Grand 
Steward.  (Fr.  Grand  Secretaire.) 

G.  S.  W.  Grand  Senior  Warden. 

G.  STD.  B.  Grand  Standard-Bearer. 

G.  SWD.  B.  Grand  Sword-Bearer. 

G.  T.  Grand  Treasurer ;  Grand  Tiler. 

G.  W.  Grand  Warder. 

H.  •.  J.  •.    (Ger.    HeUige   Johannes.) 

Saints  John. 

H.  K.  T.  Hiram,  King  of  Tyre. 
H.  P.  High-Priest. 
H.R.A.C.  Holy  Royal  Arch  Chapter. 
H-R-M.  Heredom,  rite  of. 

INS.  • .  GEN.  • .  Inspector  General. 
One  who  has  received  the  33d 
degree. 

I.  N.  R.  I.  (lesus  Nazarenus  Rex 
ludceorum.)  Jesus  of  Nazareth, 
King  of  the  Jews.  Motto  of  the 
Order  of  the  Knights  of  Malta, 

I.  S.  Inside  Sentinel.  An  officer  in 
English  Lodges. 

I.  T.  N.  0.  T.  G.  A.  O.  T.  U.  In  the 
name  of  the  Grand  Architect  ol 
the  Universe.  Initials  usually 
found  on  Masonic  documents  in 
the  English  language. 

J.  D.  Junior  Deacon. 

J.  G.  D.  Junior  Grand  Deacon. 

J-  G.  W.  Junior  Grand  Waruen. 


ABB. 


J.  .  V.-.  S.-.  P.-.  L.-.  N.-.  M.-.  Q.- 
N.  •.  S.  •.  C.  .  (Fr.  Je  vous  salw 
par  les  noms  Ma$onniques  que  noui 
seid  ionnoissons. )  I  salute  you  bj 
t.he  Masonic  names,  which  we 
onlj  know. 

f.  W    Junior  Warden. 

K.  C  S.  Knight  of  the  Order  o 
Charles  XIII.  of  Sweden. 

K.  K-D-H.  Knight  Kadosch. 

KT.  or  KNTT.  Knight. 

K.  E.  P.  Knight  of  the  Eagle  and 
Pelican. 

K.  M.  Knight  of  Malta. 

K.  R.  C.  Knight  of  the  Bed  Cross 
Knight  of  the  Rose-Croix. 

K.  T.  or  KNT.  T.  Knight  Templar. 

It.CZi;  LL.,[Ep.  Lodge;  Lodges. 

u.  E.  T.  (Lux  e  Tenebris. )  Light  out 
of  Darkness. 

LT.  G.  C.  Lieutenant  Grand  Com- 
mander. 

M.  •.  (Fr.  Maitre.)  (Ger.  Meister.) 
(Sp.  Maestro.}  Master;  Marshal; 
Mark. 

M.  C.  Master  of  Ceremonies;  Mark 

of  the  Craft 
M.E.G.H.P.  Most  Excellent  Grand 

High-Priest. 

M.  E.  M.  Most  Excellent  Master. 

M.  •.  K.  •.  G.  •.  (Ger.  Maurer  Kunst 
Oesette.)  Fellow-Craft. 

M.  •.  L.  •.  (Ger.  Maurer  Lehrlinrj. ) 
Entered  Apprentice. 

M.  M.  Master  Mason ;  Mark  Master ; 
(Mois  Ma$onnique.)  Masonic 
Month.  The  French  Masons  be- 
gin the  year  with  March.  (Ger. 
Meisler  Maurer.)  (Sp.  Maestro 
Mason. ) 

M.  W. ;  M.  W.  G.  M.  Most  Worship- 
ful :  Most  Worshipful  Grand 
Master. 

N.  E  C.  North  East  Corner. 

No.  •.  P.  •.  V.  •.  D.  •.  M.  •.  (Fr.  Now- 
bliez  pas  vos  decorations  Maqon- 
nlques. )  This  abbreviation  is  used 
an  ong  French  Masons,  and  when 
placed  in  the  left  hand  corner  of 
the  notice  for  a  meeting  of  a 
Lodge  means:  "Do  not  forget 
your  Masonic  regalia. " 


O.-.  A.-.  C.-.  (Ordo  ab  Chao  ) 
Order  out  of  chaos.  A  motto  ol 
the  33d  degree. 

0.  C.  S.  Oriental  Chair  of  Solomon. 

0.  G.  Outside  Guardian. 

Or.-.  (Orient.)  The  East.  The 
station  of  the  Master;  Orator. 

P.  C.  W.  Principal  Conductor  of  th« 
Works. 

P.  G.  M.  Past  Grand  Master;  Pro 
vincial  Grand  Master. 

P.  J.  Prince  of  Jerusalem ;  Provost 
and  Judge. 

P.  •.  M.  •.  (Fr.  Mallre,  Pass*?,  ou  Ex 
Venerable.}  (Ger.  Altmeister  or 
Passirmeister.}  Past  Master;  Per- 
fect Master. 

R.  A.  Royal  Arch:    Royal  Art. 

R.  A.  C,    Royal  Arch  Captain,  or 

Chapter. 
R.  »|«,  or  R.  C.  Rose  Cross. 

R-s-y  C-s.  Rosy  Cross.     The  Royal 

order  of  Scotland. 
R.  •.  E.  •.  A.  •.  et  A.  • .   ( Rite Ecossais 

Ancien  et  Accept^.)    Ancient  and 

Accepted  Scottish  rite. 

R.  E.  G.  C.  Right  Eminent  Grand 
Commander. 

R.  L.,  or  R.  a  (Respectable  Lodge. ) 
Worshipful  Lodge. 

R.  O.  S.  Royal  Order  of  Scotland. 

R.  W.  Right  Worshipful. 

R.  W.  M.  Right  Worshipful  Master. 
The  title  of  a  Provincial  Grand 
Master  in  England,  and  of  the 
Master  of  a  Lodge  in  Scotland. 

Sec.  Secretary. 

S.-.C.-.S.-.  G.-.I.-.G.-.  Supreme 
Council  Sovereign  Grand  Inspec- 
tors General. 

S.  G.  D.  Senior  Grand  Deacon. 

S.  G.  W.  Senior  Grand  Warder 

S.  • .  G.  • .  I.  • .  G.  • .  Sovereign  Grand 
Inspector  General.  A  member  01 
the  33d  degree. 

S.  M.  Secret  Master;  Select  Master: 
Secret  Monitor;  Sovereign  Master. 
Speculative  Masonry. 

S.-.  P.-.  R.-.  S.-.  Sublime  Prince 

of  the  Royal  Secret. 
SS.  John.   Saints  John. 


ABD— ABE. 


B.  S.   (Sanctum  Sanctorum.)     Holy 

of  Holies. 
SSS.   (Fr.  Troifi  fois  FaluU)   Thrice 

Greeting,    or    thrice    Welcome; 

salutation.   Often  found  in  French 

Masonic  documents. 
•Surv.  • .  ler.  (Fr.  Premier  Surveillant. ) 

Senior  Warden. 
Surv.-.  2e.  (Fr.  Second  SurveUlanL) 

Junior  Warden. 
S.  W.  Senior  Warden. 

T.-.  C.-.  ouV.-.F.-.  (Fr.  Tres  cher 
ou  Venerable  Frtre.)  Dearest  or 
Venerable  Brother. 

T.  G.  A.  O.  T.  U.  The  Grand  Archi- 
tect of  the  Universe. 

Treas.  Treasurer. 

T.  • .  S.  • .  (.Ti-es  Sage.)  Wisest.  The 
presiding  officer  in  the  French 
rite. 

V.-.  (Vtnfrdble.)  Worshipful.  The 
title  of  the  Master  in  France. 

V. •.  L. •.  (Fr.  VraiQ  Lumiere.)  True 
Light. 


W.  •.  M.  •.  (Ger.   Wurdigcr  Meisier.) 
Worshipful  Master. 

].    This  symbol  is  often  substi- 
tuted for  the  word  Lodge. 

This  symbol  represents  the 
plural — Lodges. 

A.  The  delta  is  the  emblem  of  the 
Chapter. 

t  Passion  Cross.  The  prefix  to 
the  signature  of  a  Knight 
Templar. 

!j  Templar's  Cross,   used    before 
"      the  signature  of  an  officer  o£ 
a  State  Grand  Cominandery. 

i  Patriarchal   Cross,    used   before 
•    the  signature  of  an  officer  of 

the    Grand    Encampment    of 

the  United  States. 

Cross  oi  Salem,  used  before  the 
signature  of  the  Grand  Mastei 
of  Knights  Templar. 

When  these  crosses  are  used  oa  docu- 
ments relating  to  Templar  Masonry,  the) 
should  be  made  in  red  ink. 


Besides  the  generally  current  abbreviations  given  above, 
other  short  methods  of  statement  are  frequently  employed 
in  particular  cases.  The  meaning  of  unexplained  contrac- 
tions will  be  sufficiently  obvious  from  the  connection  in 
which  they  may  stand. 

ABDITOEUM.  In  Archaeology,  a  secret  place,  where 
important  documents  may  be  concealed  and  preserved. 
The  two  columns  at  the  entrance  of  Solomon's  Temple  were 
supposed  to  be  used  for  this  purpose. 

ABELITES.  So  called  from  Abel,  the  son  of  Adam. 
1.  It  was  the  appellation  of  a  sect  in  Northern  Africa,  which 
professed  a  certain  form  of  gnosticism.  2.  This  was  the 
name  also  of  a  secret,  or  quasi  Masonic  Society,  which  sprang 
up  jiu  Germany  about  the  year  1746.  A  pamphlet  called 
"The  Abelite,"  setting  forth  the  character  and  purposes  oi 
the  Order,  was  published  at  Leipzig,  in  the  same  year.  From 
this  it  appears  that  it  was  founded  on  the  highest  principles 
of  Christianity,  morality,  and  philanthropy.  It  had  secret 
fiigns,  ceremonies,  pass-words,  and  symbols,  and  was,  for  a 
short  time,  remarkably  popular;  but  it  never  extended  beyond 
the  country  in  which  it  originated.  The  motto  of  the  Order 
was  "  Sincerity,  Friendship,  and  Hope." 


74  ABI— ACA. 

ABTB-  The  name  given  to  green  ears  of  corn  by  the  Jews, 
and  was  adopted  as  the  name  of  the  first  month  of  their 
ecclesiastical  year — our  March — because,  at  that  time,  corn 
was  in  the  ear.  This  month  was  afterward  called  Nisan. 

ABIF.  A  Hebrew  word,  signifying  "his  father."  It  is 
often  used  in  the  Scriptures  as  a  title  of  honor.  It  was 
given  to  Hiram,  the  Tyrian  builder,  probably  on  account  of 
his  distinguished  skill. 

ABLUTION.  Washing,  or,  literally,  a  washing  off,  i.  e., 
making  one  clean  from  all  pollution.  In  the  ancient  myste- 
ries it  constituted  a  part  of  the  preparation  for  initiation, 
and  was  a  symbolical  representation  of  moral  purification. 
The  ceremony  is  known  in  some  of  the  degrees  of  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  rite. 

ABSENCE.  The  signification  usually  applied  to  this  term 
is  that  of  being  absent  by  permission,  for  a  specified  time, 
during  the  regular  meetings  of  the  Lodge,  and  in  such  a 
manner  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  harmony  or  working  of 
the  body.  Long  or  continued  absence  from  the  Lodge 
meetings  is  contrary  to  the  duties  inculcated  by  the  ancient 
charges  of  the  Order,  which  prescribe,  as  a  rule,  "that  no 
Master  or  Fellow  could  be  absent  from  the  Lodge,  especially 
when  warned  to  appear  at  it,  without  incurring  a  severe 
censure,  until,  it  appeared  to  the  Master  and  Wardens  that 
pure  necessity  hindered  him." 

ACADEMIE  DES  ILLUMINES  D'AVIGNON.  Academy 
of  the  llluminati  of  Avignon.  This  society,  was  established 
at  Avignon,  in  1785.  It  admitted  both  sexes  to  membership, 
and  the  teachings  of  its  ritual  were  a  mixture  of  the  Hermetic 
Philosophy  and  Swedenborgian  ideas. 

ACADEMIE  DES  SUBLIMES  MAITRES  DE  L'AN- 
NEAU  LUMINEUX.  Academy  of  the  Sublime  Masters  of  the 
Luminous  Ring.  This  is  the  name  of  a  high  degree  intro- 
duced into  the  Lodge  of  Douay,  France,  in  1815,  by  the 
Scotch  Baron  Grant,  of  Blairfindy,  who  was  a  member  of 
Contract  Social  Lodge,  and  Chief  of  the  Scottish  Philoso- 
phical rite.  He  formed  the  eighth  and  highest  degree  known 
in  the  Lodge  of  Douay  into  three  Orders.  In  one  of  the 
first  Orders  of  this  Academy,  they  employed  themselves  in 
a  study  of  the  true  history  of  Freemasonry,  but  in  the  third 
they  explained  the  various  sciences,  and  applied  themselves 
to  the  acquirement  of  the  highest  wisdom. 

ACADEMIE  DES  VEAIS  MACONS.  Academy  of  True 
Mavons.  This  was  a  French  Chapter  of  the  high  degrees, 


ACA— AGO.  75 

with  Alchemistical  tendencies,  which,  in  1778,  was  founded 
at  Montpellier,  by  Boileau,  the  distinguished  pupil  of  Per- 
netti.  This  rite  had  six  degrees  beyond  the  symbolic 
degrees  of  Ancient  Craft  Masonry,  which  were  essential  for 
admission,  but  not  practiced.  In  it  the  Hermetic  Science 
was  taught.  The  degrees  were:  1.  The  True  Mason;  2.  The 
True  Mason  in  the  Right  Way;  3.  The  Knight  of  the  Golden 
Key;  4.  The  Knight  of  the  Rainbow;.  5.  The  Knight  of  the 
Argonauts;  6.  The  Knight  of  the  Golden  Fleece. 

ACADEMY  OF  ANTIQUITY,  OR  OF  THE  MYSTEBIES.  An 
Alchemistical  Brotherhood,  with  a  Masonic  form,  founded  at 
Rome,  by  Thoux  de  Salverte,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
at  Warsaw,  Poland,  in  1763. 

ACADEMY  OF  SAGES.  A  society  for  the  interpretation 
and  propagation  of  the  high  degrees,  introduced  into  France 
in  1776,  by  the  Scotch  Mother-Lodge  of  the  Philosophical  rite. 

ACANTHUS.  An  herbaceous  plant — vulgar  name,  bears- 
breech — bearing  large  whitish  flowers,  and  pinnatifid  leaves. 
A  species  of  it  is  found  in  the  East,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
the  beautiful  classic  plant  of  antiquity,  to  which  Masonio 
tradition  attributes  the  model  of  the 
Grecian  architect  who  invented  and 
formed  the  leaves  of  the  Corinthian 
Capital;  and  the  idea  of  so  applying  it 
was  derived  from  the  following  inci- 
dent: "It  happened  that  a  basket, 
covered  with  a  tile,  was  left  upon  the 
crown  of  the  root  of  an  Acanthus 
plant,  which  when  it  began  to  grow, 
finding  itself  unable  to  arrange  its  leaves  in  the  usual  man- 
ner, turned  them  up  around  the  sides  of  the  basket,  until, 
encountering  the  under  side  of  the  tile,  they  gradually  curved 
back  in  the  form  of  a  volute." 

ACCHO,  OR  ACRE.  An  ancient  city,  situate  on  the  coast  of 
the  Mediterranean  sea,  thirty  miles  south  of  Tvre.  During 
the  Crusades  this  place  was  usually  known  to  Europeans  by 
the  name  of  Aeon;  afterward,  from  the  occupation  of  the 
Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  as  St  Jean  d'Acre,  or 
simply  Acre.  It  was  the  last  fortified  place  in  the  Holy 
Land  wrested  from  the  Christians  by  the  Turks. 

ACCLAMATION.  An  exclamation  of  admiration,  approval, 
welcome,  or  reverence  among  Masons.  In  French  Lodges 
the  expression  is  "viuat."  In  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite  it 
is  "J3ou,sa,"  or  "Hothea,"  and  in  English  Lodges  "So  mote  it  be." 


76  ACC— ADO. 

ACCOLADE.  An  interesting  ceremony  formerly  used  in 
conferring  the  h  jnors  of  knight- 
hood, by  the  King,  the  Grand 
Master,  or  other  authorized  per- 
son laying  his  arms  about  the 
neck  of  the  young  knight,  and 
embracing  him.  This  familiar 
expression  of  regard  was  the 
practice  before  the  introduction 
of  the  more  stately  act  of  touch- 
ing, or  gently  striking,  with  the 
sword,  the  neck  or  shoulder  of 
the  kneeling  knight.  The  present 
ceremony  of  conferring  the  hon- 
ors of  Masonic  knighthood,  is 
evidently  derived  from  it.  The  custom  is  of  great  antiquity, 
and  is  regarded  by  some  writers  as  the  blow  which  the 
Roman  slave  received  on  manumission. 

ACELDAMA.  Field  of  Blond.  A  small  piece  of  land,  lying 
on  the  south  side  of  Jerusalem,  called  also  Potter's  Field, 
which  was  used  as  a  cemetery  for  strangers.  In  the  time  of 
the  crusades  it  was  appropriated  as  a  burial-place  for  pil- 
grims, and  since,  it  has  been  used  for  the  same  purpose  by 
the  Armenians.  It  is  referred  to  instructively  in  the  les- 
sons of  the  Templars'  degree. 

ACHISHAR.  An  officer  having  charge  of  the  household 
of  Solomon.  Allusion  is  made  to  him  in  the  degree  of  Select 
Master. 

ADEPT,  from  the  Latin  Adeptus.  A  name  given  to  mem- 
bers of  the  Order  of  the  Uluniinati.  The  Rosicrucians  also 
employed  the  titles  of  Adeptus  Adoptatus,  Adeptus  Coronatus, 
and  Adeptus  Exemptus.  The  title  of  Prince  Adept  is  given 
to  the  chief  of  the  Consistory  of  the  28th  degree. 

ADHUC  STAT.  Tt  stands  yet.  A  Latin  motto  which  is 
often  found  on  Masonic  medallions. 

ADONIS,  THE  MYSTERIES  OF.  Adonis  is  supposed  by  some 
to  be  identified  with  Osiris,  the  grand  figure  in  the  Egyptian 
mysteries;  and  the  mystical  rites,  celebrated  by  his  priests, 
and  performed  at  initiations,  are  thought  to  be  the  same  as, 
or  a  reproduction  of,  the  mysteries  of  Isis.  There  are,  indeed, 
some  points  of  resemblance;  but  there  are  also  radical  differ- 
ences. They  were  both  slain,  but  Osiris  met  his  death  by 
the  deliberate  machinations  of  Typhon,  or  Evil,  while  Adonis 
was  killed  by  a  wild  boar.  The  meaning  of  the  myth  cA 


ADO.  77 

Osiris  is  plain  enough.     The  struggle  between  Osiris  and 
Typhon  was  the  eternal  struggle  between  Truth  and  Error, 
the  destruction  of   Osiris  by  Typhon  represents  the  tem- 
porary triumph  of  Evil  over  the  Good,  and  his  return  to  life 
and  the  downfall  of  Typhon  show  forth  the  final  triumph 
of  virtue  over  vice,  of  life  over  death.     The  myth  of  Adonis 
is  not  so  comprehensive,  and  all  parts  of  the  legend  are  not 
so  readily  interpreted.     The  mysteries  of  Adonis  were  cele- 
brated throughout  all  the  countries  of  Syria,  and  formed  a 
part  of  the  ceremonies  of  the  Tyrian  architects,  by  whom 
they  were  introduced  into  Judea.    Duncan,  in  his  "  Religions 
of  Profane  Antiquity,"  says:  "The  objects   reprssented  in 
these  mysteries  were  the  grief  of  Venus  and  the  death  and 
resurrection  of  Adonis.     An  entire  week  was  consumed  in 
these  ceremonies;  all  the  houses  were  covered  with  black 
drapery;  funeral  processions  traversed  the  streets,  while  the 
devotees  scourged  themselves,  uttering  frantic  cries.     The 
orgies  were  then  commenced,  in  which  the  mystery  of  the 
death  of  Adonis  was  depicted.     During  the  next  twenty- 
four  hours,  all  the  people  fasted,  at  the  expiration  of  which 
time  the  priests  announced  the  resurrection   of  the   god. 
Joy  now  prevailed,  and  music  and  dancing  concluded  the 
festivals."     Some  writers  regard  the  story  of  Adonis  as  an 
astronomical  allegory,  representing  the  seasons  of  the  year, 
and  the  transition  through  which  the  earth  passes,  in  conse- 
quence of  these  changes.     But  the  rites  had,  undoubtedly,  a 
deeper  meaning,  and  related  to  the  supreme  ideas  of  religion. 
The    early   Christian  writers   evidently  regarded   them  as 
having  relation  to  the  great  Christian  mystery.     Fermicius, 
who  lived  in  the  fourth  century,  says:  "On  a  certain  night 
an  image  is  placed  upon  a  bed,  and  is  mourned  over  by  many 
with  sorrowful  cries.     Then,  when  wearied  by  this  simulated 
grief,  light  is  brought  in,  and  the  mouths  of  those  who  were 
weeping  are  anointed  by  a  priest,  who  breathes  forth  in  a 
low  murmur:  'Trust  ye,  disciples!  for  the  god  having  been 
saved,  out  of  his  sufferings,  salvation  shall  be  ours.' " 

ADOPTIVE  MASONRY.  A  name  given  to  certain  degrees 
resembling  Masonry,  and  Masonic  in  spirit,  which  have,  at 
times,  been  invented  for  ladies  who  have  claims  upon  the 
Order  of  Freemasonry,  through  relatives  who  are  members  of 
it.  Adoptive  Masonry  first  made  its  appearance  in  France, 
in  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century,  and  there  is  still  a  legaJ 
and  regular  branch  of  the  institution  in  that  country.  The 
French  rite  has  four  degrees:  1.  Apprentice;  2.  Companion; 
3.  Mistress;  4.  Perfect  Mistress.  The  officers  of  a  Lodge  of 
Adoption  are  a  Grand  Master  and  a  Grand  Mistress;  an 
7 


IS  ADO. 

Orator;  an  Inspector,  and  Inspectress;  a  Depositor  and 
Depositrex;  a  Conductor  and  Conductress.  They  wear  blue 
collars,  with  a  gold  trowel  pendant  therefrom,  white  aprons, 
and  gloves.  The  members  also  wear  the  jewel  of  the  Order, 
which  is  a  golden  ladder  with  five  rounds,  on  the  left  breast. 
Many  of  the  most  distinguished  ladies  of  Europe  have  been, 
and  are  now,  members  of  this  Order.  Among  them  were 
the  Duchess  of  Bourbon,  the  Empress  Josephine,  Lady 
Montague,  Duchess  Elizabeth  Chesterfield,  and  the  Empress 
Eugenie.  The  Adoptive  Lodges  were  at  first  rapidly  diffused 
throughout  all  the  countries  of  Europe  except  the  British 
empire.  But  the  American  Adoptive  rite  is  better  adapted 
to  the  United  States,  and  has  excited  considerable  interest, 
and  found  many  powerful  advocates  in  this  country.  It  con- 
sists of  five  degrees,  as  fol- 
lows: 1.  Jephthah's  daughter, 
or  the  Daughter's  degree, 
illustrating  respect  to  the 
binding  force  of  a  vow;  2. 
Buth,  or  the  Widow's  de- 
gree, illustrating  devotion  to 
religious  principles;  3.  Esther, 
or  the  Wife's  degree,  illus- 
trating fidelity  to  kindred  and 
friends  ;  4.  Martha,  or  the 
Sister's  degree,  illustrating 
undeviating  faith  in  the  hour 
of  trial;  5.  Electa,  or  the 
Benevolent  degree,  illustrat-  8EAL  OF  THE  OBDE  !AS™  STAB- 

ing  charity  and  courage,  with  patience  and  submission  under 
wrongs.  All  the  degrees  together  are  called  the  "  Rite 
of  the  Eastern  Star,"  and  are  very  beautiful  and  impres- 
sive. Ladies  who  have  received  these  degrees  have  a 
ready  and  efficient  means  of  commanding  the  services  of 
Freemasons  whenever  and  wherever  they  may  need  them. 
The  moral  teachings  of  the  Eastern  Star  degrees  are  excellent, 
and  cannot  fail  to  make  a  good  impression.  Notwithstand- 
ing there  is  among  some  Masons  a  strong  feeling  against  any 
form  of  Adoptive  Masonry,  it  cannot  be  questioned  that  the 
spirit  of  the  age  demands  something  of  the  kind.  Masons 
cannot  find  a  surer  safeguard  and  protection  for  their  wives, 
sisters,  arid  daughters,  than  is  furnished  by  the  American 
Adoptive  rite  or  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star.  To  the  objec- 
tion that  the  degrees  are  not  Masonic,  it  may  be  replied 
that  they  are  as  much  so  as  any  degree  outside  of  the  Sym- 
bolical Lodge.  All  degrees  above  the  first  three  are  Masonic, 
only  by  adoption. 


ADO— AGA.  79 

ADORATION.  Worship,  the  expression  of  that  supreme 
reverence  which  a  man  should  feel  toward  his  Creator. 
Although  in  different  parts  of  the  world  the  attitudes  oi 
worship  differ,  in  some  respects,  yet  there  is  a  strong  resem- 
blance between  them.  One  may  bow  his  head,  another  may 
kneel,  and  others  may  bend  the  body  toward  the  earth,  or 
throw  themselves  prostrate  thereon,  with  the  face  downward, 
the  act  is  still  the  same,  a  symbol  most  expressive  of  de- 
pendence, and  reverence,  and  filial  obedience. 

AFFILIATED.  A  word  that  designates  a  Mason  as  a 
member  of  some  Lodge.  A  Mason  who  does  not  belong  to 
any  Lodge  is  styled  "  Non- Affiliated." 

AFFILIATION.  Initiation  indicates  the  first  reception  of 
a  person  into  a  Masonic  Lodge ;  affiliation  denotes  the  recep- 
tion of  one  already  a  Mason  into  some  other  Lodge  than  the 
one  in  which  he  received  the  Light. 

AFRICAN  MASTER  BUILDERS.  A  secret  society  with 
a  Masonic  form  which  came  into  being  about  the  year  1756, 
and  ceased  to  exist  in  1786.  It  professed  to  be  devoted  to 
the  discovery  of  truth,  and  the  cultivation  of  virtue,  and  was 
a  very  worthy  and  respectable  order.  They  set  forth  that: 
"  When  the  architects  were  by  wars  reduced  to  a  very  small 
number,  they  determined  to  travel  together  into  Europe, 
and  there  to  form,  together,  new  establishments.  Many  oi 
them  came  to  England  with  Prince  Edward,  son  of  Henry 
III.,  and  were  shortly  afterwards  called  into  Scotland  by 
Lord  Stewart.  Their  installation  in  this  kingdom  falls  about 
the  Masonic  year  2307."  They  received  the  protection  of  the 
King  of  Sweden  in  1125,  of  the  King  of  England  in  1190,  and 
of  Alexander  III.,  of  Scotland,  in  1284.  There  were  five 
initiations  into  their  Apprentice's  degree:  1.  The  Appren- 
tice to  the  Egyptian  Secret,  Menes  Musae;  2.  The  Initiation 
into  the  Egyptian  Secret;  3.  The  Cosmopolite;  4.  The 
Christian  Philosopher;  5.  The  Lover  of  Truth.  The  higher 
degrees  followed  these,  of  which  there  were  three.  They 
had  Chapters,  whose  officers  were  chosen  for  life. 

AGAPE.  Love-feast.  A  banquet  of  charity,  among  the 
early  Christians.  St.  Chrysostom  thus  describes  its  origin 
and  purpose:  "At  first  Christians  had  all  things  in  common; 
but  when  that  equality  of  possession  ceased,  as  it  did  even 
in  the  Apostle's  time,  the  Agape,  or  love-feast,  was  instituted 
instead  of  it.  Upon  certain  days,  after  the  religious  services 
were  closed,  they  met  at  a  common  feast,  the  rich  bringing 
provisions,  and  the  poor,  who  had  nothing,  being  invited. 
These  meetings  were  held  in  secret."  The  Agape  cannot  b.it 


80  AGA— ALC. 

call  to  mind  the  Table-lodges  of  Freemasonry,  and,  in  truth, 
these  owe  their  origin  to  the  love-feasts  of  the  primitive 
Christians.  A  distinguished  German  scholar,  A.  Kestner, 
professor  of  Theology  at  Jena,  published  a  work  in  1819, 
entitled,  "The  Agape,  or  the  Secret  World-Society — Welt- 
bund,  of  the  primitive  Christians" — i.e.,  a  society  apart  from 
their  spiritual  organization — "founded  by  Clemens,  at  Rome, 
in  the  reign  of  Domitian,  having  a  hierarchical  constitution, 
and  a  ground  system  of  Masonic  symbolism,  and  mysteries." 
In  this  work  he  establishes  the  fact  of  a  direct  connection 
between  the  Agape  and  the  Tablo-loge  of  Freemasons. 

AGATHOPADES,  THE  ORDEB  OF.  This  Order  was  founded 
in  Brussels  about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and 
aimed  to  avoid,  equally,  the  fanaticism  of  both  the  Catholic 
and  Protestant  churches.  Many  persons,  distinguished  by 
rank  and  talent,  became  members.  Among  them,  it  is 
claimed,  were  the  Prince  of  Epinoi,  the  Duke  of  Bournon- 
ville,  Marshal  Moritz,  of  Saxony;  P.  P.  Rubens  and  Voltaire. 
The  old  Brotherhood  became  extinct  in  1837,  at  the  death 
of  the  Advocate,  Pins,  who,  a  few  months  before  that  event, 
initiated  his  friend  Schayes,  through  whom  the  Order  of  the 
New-Agathopades  was  constituted  Sept.  29,  A.  D.  1846. 
The  Chief  of  the  Society  bears  the  peculiar  name  of  "  Hog," 
and  all  the  members  are  called  by  the  name  of  some  wild 
beast.  The  motto  of  the  Order  is  "  Amis  camme  cochons," 
and  the  Pentastigma  f  .  '.  .  \  is  the  holy  sign. 

AGENDA.  A  Latin  participle,  signifying  "things  to  be 
done."  In  Masonry  it  means  small  books  in  which  certain 
virtues  or  precepts  are  written,  and  which  it  is  the  duty  of 
all  Masons  to  inculcate  and  practice. 

AGNUS  DEI.  Lamb  of  God.  The  name  of  an  amulet,  and 
also  of  the  seal  of  the  old  Order  of  Knights  Templar,  and  the 
jewel  of  the  Generalissimo. 

ALCHEMY.  The  art  of  changing  base  metals  into  gold. 
Among  the  things  that  men  the  most  earnestly  desire  are 
the  means  of  physical  comfort  or  luxury — that  is  to  say 
wealth,  and  freedom  from  disease,  and  long  life.  The  hope 
of  discovering  among  the  secrets  of  Nature  the  art  of  making 
gold,  and  that  magic  liquor,  which  would  secure  perpetual 
youth,  called  the  Elixir  of  Life,  gave  birth  to  the  science  of 
Alchemy.  A  class  of  Hermetic  philosophers  arose  who 
prosecuted  their  researches  with  ardor  and  seriousness;  for 
it  is  not  necessary  to  assume  that  the  Alchemists  were 
imposters.  They  were  enthusiasts,  and  taught  their  doc- 
trines through  mystical  images  and  symbols.  To  transmute 


ALC— ALM.  81 

metals  they  thought  it  necessary  to  find  a  substance  which, 
containing  the  original  principle  of  all  matter,  should  pos- 
sess the  power  of  dissolving  all  its  elements.  This  general 
solvent,  or  menstruum  universal^,  which,  at  the  same  time, 
was  to  possess  the  power  of  removing  all  the  seeds  of  disease 
out  of  the  human  system,  and  renewing  life,  was  called  the 
"  Philosopher's  Stone  " — Lapis  Philosophorum — and  its  pos- 
sessors were  styled  Adepts.  The  more  obscure  the  ideas 
the  Alchemists  themselves  had  of  the  appearances  resulting 
from  their  experiments  the  more  they  endeavored  to  express 
themselves  in  symbolical  language,  which  they  afterward 
employed  to  conceal  their  secrets  from  the  uninitiated.  The 
science  of  Alchemy  is  as  old  as  the  history  of  philosophy 
itself.  The  Egyptian  Hermes,  the  son  of  Anubis,  who  was 
ranked  among  the  heroes,  has  been  claimed  as  its  author, 
and  many  books  on  the  subject  of  magic  are  to  be  attributed 
to  him,  though  not  on  sufficient  grounds.  The  name,  how- 
ever, is  Arabian,  and  it  is  well  known  that  the  Arabs  pro- 
secuted the  science  with  ardor,  and  to  their  labors  many 
valuable  discoveries  in  chemistry  are  to  be  attributed. 
Paracelsus,  Roger  Bacon,  Basilius,  Valentinus,  and  many 
other  distinguished  men  were  believers  in  the  art.  And 
even  to  this  day  science  cannot  positively  decide  that  the 
Philosopher's  Stone  is  not  within  the  circle  of  possibilities. 
Alchemy  has  been  more  or  less  connected  with  Freemasonry 
since  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  chiefly  through  the 
Rosicrucians.  One  of  the  most  interesting  degrees  in  Free- 
masonry— "  Adepts,  or  Knights  of  the  Eagle  and  the  Sun  " — 
is  founded  on  this  Hermetic  Philosophy,  and  cannot  be 
understood  without  a  study  of  the  mystic  science  of  the 
Alchemists. 

ALCORAN.  The  sacred  book  of  the  Mahommedans,  or 
rather  a  sacred  book;  for  they  recognize  the  old  Hebrew 
Scriptures  as  of  greater  authority.  The  Alcoran  contains 
the  revelations  made  to  Mahommed,  his  doctrines  and  pre- 
cepts. In  a  Masonic  Lodge  of  Mahommedans  it  should  lay 
on  the  altar  as  the  Bible  does-  in  a  Lodge  of  Christians. 

ALLAH.  The  Arabic  name  of  Grod.  The  Alcoran  de- 
scribes his  character  and  attributes  thus:  "He  alone  is 
self-existent ;  has  no  rival ;  is  from  everlasting  to  ever- 
lasting; fills  the  universe  with  his  presence;  is  the  center  in 
which  all  things  unite,  as  well  the  visible  as  the  invisible;  is 
infinite;  Almighty,  all-wise,  all-merciful,  tender-hearted,  and 
his  decrees  are  unchangeable." 

AT  MOND-TKEE.  The  tree  of  which  Aaron's  rod,  that 
budded,  was  a  branch.  Its  flowers  were  pure  white. 


82  ALM— AMU. 

ALMONER.  A  name  formerly  applied  to  an  official  in  re- 
ligious and  monastic  orders,  whose  business  was  to  distribute 
alms.  It  is  also  the  title  of  an  officer  in  the  Templar  System. 

ALOADIN.  Prince  of  the  Assassins,  or  Arsacides,  com- 
monly called  the  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain.  He  was  Sheik 
of  a  Syrian  tribe,  professing  the  Mahornrnedan  religion,  but 
blindly  devoted  to  the  will  of  their  chief.  Many  fabulous 
stories  are  related  of  him,  from  whose  followers  the  word 
assassin  is  derived.  [See  art.  ASSASSIN.] 

ALPHABET  OF  ANGELS.  The  Jewish  mystics  affirmed 
that  the  patriarchs  had  a  knowledge  of  such  an  alphabet, 
communicated  to  them  by  the  angels  themselves.  Several 
degrees  in  the  Scottish  rite  allude  to  this  alphabet. 

AMALTHEA.  The  name  of  the  horn  of  the  Cretan  goat. 
It  is  the  mythological  horn  of  plenty — "  Cornu  Copia" — 
which  signifies  an  abundance  of  things  necessary  to  life. 
It  is  the  jewel  of  the  stewards  of  a  Lodge  of  Master  Masons. 

AMAZONS,  ORDER  or.  A  system  of  Androgyne  Masonry, 
which  for  a  time  excited  some  interest  in  South  America 
during  the  last  century. 

AMBURVALIA.  Religious  festivals  among  the  Romans. 
They  had  an  agricultural  reference.  The  rites  were  cele- 
brated in  the  latter  part  of  May,  and  consisted  of  processions 
through  the  fields,  and  solemn  invocations  of  the  goddess 
Ceres,  that  she  would  bless  the  labors  of  the  husbandmen, 
and  grant  them  an  abundant  harvest. 

AMENTHES,  OR  AMENTI.  In  the  Egypthian  Mythology, 
the  place  of  departed  spirits,  corresponding  to  the  Hades  oi 
the  Greeks.  It  was  also  the  place  of  judgment  where  Osiris 
presided,  and  announced  the  decisions  of  eternal  justice. 

AMERICAN  MYSTERIES.  There  unquestionably  existed 
among  the  more  enlightened  of  the  Aborigines  of  the 
Western  Continent  fraternities  which  were  bound  together 
by  mystic  ties  and  formed  a  kind  of  rude  Freemasonry.  • 
The  Peruvian  and  Mexican  mysteries  resembled  very  strongly 
the  rites  of  the  ancient  nations  of  Northern  Europe. 

AMULET.  A  piece  of  stone  or  metal,  or  other  substance, 
marked  with  certain  figures,  which  people  wear  about  their 
persons  as  a  protection  against  danger,  etc.  The  name,  as 
well  as  the  thing,  comes  from  the  East.  It  is  from  the 
Arabic,  hamail,  a  locket — anything  hung  around  the  neck. 
A.mong  the  Turks  and  other  nations  every  person  thinks  an 


AND.  83 

A-mulet  necessary  to  safety.  Amulets  were  in  voguo  among 
tue  Greeks,  the  Egyptians,  and  Eomans.  They  were  intro- 
duced into  Christendom  by  the  Basilideans.  The  Amulets 
of  this  sect  were  stones  with  the  mystic  word  Abraxas 
engraved  upon  them.  They  were  highly  valued  by  the  Jews; 
and  in  past  times  Christians  have  worn  them,  having  the 
mark  of  a  fish  or  a  symbol  of  the  Savior.  In  many  qiiasi 
Masonic  societies  they  have  been  largely  used,  and  are  not 
wholly  unknown  in  Masonry  itself — e.  g.,  the  Tyriau  Signet, 
H.  T.  W.  S.  S.  T.  K.  S. 

ANDERSON,  JAMES,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Edinburg,  Scot- 
land, August  5,  1662.  The  time  of  his  death  is  uncertain; 
but,  from  the  most  reliable  sources  at  our  command,  it  is 
believed  that  he  died  in  1738.  He  was  a  man  of  a  high 
order  of  literary  talent.  His  first  work  was  an  "  Essay 
showing  that  the  Crown  of  Scotland  is  Imperial  and  Inde- 
pendent," for  which  the  Parliament  of  Scotland  gave  him  a 
vote  of  thanks.  At  what  time,  or  in  what  Lodge,  Bro.  An- 
derson became  a  Mason  is  not  known.  At  the  meeting  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  at  London,  September  29,  1721,  he  was 
ordered  to  arrange  and  more  fully  digest  the  old  Gothic 
Constitutions  into  a  new  and  better  method  than  had  before 
existed.  This  duty  he  performed  most  satisfactorily  to  the 
Grand  Lodge  and  the  Fraternity,  and  the  work  was  issued 
in  1723,  under  the  title,  "  The  Constitutions  of  the  Free- 
masons; containing  the  History,  Charges,  Regulations,  etc 
of  that  most  Ancient  and  Right  Worshipful  Fraternity.  Foi 
the  use  of  the  Lodges."  In  1738,  a  second  edition,  enlarged 
and  corrected,  was  published  under  his  supervision.  These 
are  regarded  as  the  basis  of  Masonic  Constitutions  for  the 
government  of  the  Fraternity  to  the  present  time.  He  was,  for 
many  years,  Grand  Chaplain  of  the  Grand  Lodge.  His  most 
elaborate  work  was  a  folio  volume  entitled,  "  Royal  Genealo- 
gies; or,  the  Genealogical  Tables  of  Emperors,  Kings,  and 
Princes,  from  Adam  to  these  times.  London,  1732." 

ANDREW,  DAY  OF  ST.  November  30  is  sacred  to  this 
Saint,  and  on  this  day  the  Scottish  Lodges,  and  many  others, 
hold  their  festivals  and  elect  their  officers.  The  Grand 
Lodge  of  Scotland  was  organized  Nov.  30,  1736. 

ANDREW  DEGREE,  OR  ANDREW'S  MASONRY.  Degrees  ol 
Scottish  Masonry,  introduced  into  France  and  Germany  by 
the  followers  of  the  Pretender,  in  1736.  "  The  Apprentice 
of  St.  Andrew,"  and  "  the  Companions  of  St.  Andrew,"  form 
the  4th  degree  of  the  Swedish  system;  "  Master  of  Si 
Andrew "  is  the  5th  degree  of  the  same.  "  The  Favorit 


84  AND— API. 

Brothers  of  St.  Andrew,"  and  also  "  The  Knights  of  the 
Purple  Band/  make  the  9th  degree  of  Swedish  Masonry. 

ANDREW,  ST.  Brother  of  St.  Peter,  one  of  the  Twelve 
Apostles.  The  Russians  hold  him  in  the  highest  reverence, 
as  also  do  the  people  of  Scotland,  and  the  Freemasons  of  that 
country  honor  him  as  one  of  their  patrons.  Tradition  says 
that  he  was  crucified  on  a  cross,  shaped  thus  X.  In  both 
countries  there  is  an  order  of  knighthood  named  in  his 
honor. 

ANDROGYNAL  MASONRY.   [See  ADOPTIVE  MASONRY.] 

ANOINTING  was  a  custom  extensively  practiced  among 
the  Hebrews  and  other  oriental  nations,  and  its  omission  was 
significant  of  mourning.  They  anointed  the  hair,  head,  and 
beard,  and  sometimes  the  feet.  It  was  a  customary  mark  of 
respect  to  guests.  Kings  and  High-Priests  were  anointed  at 
their  inauguration.  This  ceremony  indicated  their  being  set 
apart  and  consecrated  to  the  service  of  God.  The  custom 
of  anointing  with  oil  or  perfume  was  common  among  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  and  is  practiced  in  the  higher  myste- 
ries of  the  Masonic  institution  with  sublime  effect. 

ANTIQUITY  OF  FREEMASONRY.  Notwithstanding 
much  that  is  claimed  as  true  in  Masonic  history,  by  enthu- 
siastic brothers,  must  fall  before  the  stern  tests  of  sound 
philosophical  criticism,  yet  the  high  antiquity  of  the  institu- 
tion is  incontestably  established.  A  part  of  the  ritual  of 
Freemasonry  originated  in  Egypt,  and  was  engrafted  on  the 
system  of  the  Sidonian  builders.  This  society  also  adopted 
a  portion  of  the  rituals  of  Eleusis  and  Adonis,  and  through 
this  Order  Freemasonry  was  introduced  into  Judea,  and  con- 
structed Solomon's  Temple.  We  fail  to  find  a  vestige  of 
Masonry  among  the  Jews  previous  to  this  period.  In  the 
time  of  Numa  Pompilius,  King  of  Rome,  a  branch  of  the 
Order  of  Hiram  appeared  in  Italy,  and  formed  the  Collegia 
Fabrorum  and  Artificum.  This  society  of  builders  continued 
in  uninterrupted  succession  till  the  downfall  of  the  Roman 
empire,  when  its  members  spread  over  all  Europe,  a  portion  of 
whom  settled  in  Britain.  Here  the  society  had  a  plain  and 
tangible  history  till  1717,  when  the  Brotherhood  laid  aside  its 
operative  character,  and  it  became  entirely  speculative. 

APIS.  A  bull  to  which  divine  honors  were  paid  in  Egypt. 
It  was  necessary  that  he  should  be  black,  with  a  triangle  of 
white  on  his  forehead,  a  white  spot  in  the  shape  of  a  crescent 
on  his  side,  and  sort  of  knot,  like  a  beetle,  u  inter  his  tongue. 
When  one  was  found,  he  was  fed  four  moutuis  in  a  building 


BROS.  WASHINGTON    AND    LAFAYETTE. 


MASONIC   AJfKON   PRESENTED   TO   GEN.  WASHINGTON 
BY   MADAME   LABI'S  ETTE. 


APR.  87 

facing  the  East.  At  the  new  moon  ho  was  led  to  a  splendid 
ship,  with  great  solemnity,  and  conveyed  to  Heliopolis, 
where  he  was  fed  forty  days  more  by  priests  and  women. 
After  this  no  one  was  permitted  to  approach  him.  From 
Heliopolis  he  was  taken  to  Memphis,  where  he  had  a  temple, 
two  chapels  to  dwell  in,  and  a  lai'ge  court  for  exercise.  He 
had  the  gift  of  prophecy.  The  omen  was  good  or  bad  as  he 
went  into  one  chapel  or  the  other.  Notwithstanding  all  this 
reverence,  he  was  not  suffered  to  live  beyond  25  years.  His 
death  caused  universal  mourning.  He  was  an  important 
symbol  in  the  mysteries  of  Isis. 

APRON.  The  pure  white  lambskin  apron  is  to  the  opera- 
tive Mason  an  ancient  and  spotless  emblem.  The  investiture 
of  this  symbol  of  the  purity  of  the  order,  being  the  first  gift 
bestowed  upon  the  candidate,  is  made  in  behalf  of  the  whole 
Fraternity,  while  the  recipient,  in  return,  is  required  to  keep 
himself  pure  in  all  his  actions,  so  that  he  may  prove  to  the 
world  that  it  is  "  more  honorable  than  the  star  or  garter," 
or  any  other  order  that  can  be  conferred  upon  him.  It  is 
worn  by  operative  Masons  to  protect  their  garments  from 
injury,  spot,  or  stain.  The  investiture  of  the  candidate  with 
the  apron,  among  the  primitive  Masons,  formed  an  essential 
part  of  the  ceremony  of  initiation,  and  was  attended  with 
rites  equally  significant  and  impressive. '  This  badge  received 


a  characteinstic  distinction  from  its  peculiar  color  and 
matei'ial.  With  the  Essenian  Masons,  it  was  accomplished 
by  a  process  bearing  a  similar  tendency,  and  accompanied 
by  illustrations  not  less  imposing  and  satisfactory  to  the 
neophyte.  He  was  clothed  in  a  long  white  robe,  which 
reached  to  the  ground,  bordered  with  a  fringe  of  blue 
ribbon,  to  incite  personal  holiness,  and  fastened  tightly 
round  the  waist  with  a  girdle,  to  separate  the  upper  from 
the  lower  parts  of  the  body.  With  feet  bare  and  head 


88 


ARC. 


uncovered,  the  candidate  was  considered  the  personification 
of  modesty  and  humility,  walking  in  the  fear  of  God.  The 
Masonic  Apron  is  a  pure  white  lambskin,  15  inches  wide  and 
13  inches  deep,  with  a  flap  of  triangular  shape  about  5  inches 
deep  at  the  point,  square  at  the  bottom.  For  the  symbolic 
degrees  the  trimmings  are  blue,  and  in  the  Royal  Arch 
degree  the  trimmings  are  scarlet,  or  blue  and  scarlet. 

ARCADE  DE  LA  PELLETERIE.  A  nickname  of  the 
so-called  Orient  of  Clermont,  or  old  Grand  Lodge  of  France, 
before  its  union  with  the  Grand  Orient,  1799. 

ARCH.  Part  of  a  circle.  In  architecture  a  construction 
supported  by  its  curve.  The  Arch  is  a  prominent  idea  in 
the  .ritual  of  Royal  Arch  Masonry. 


in   the   degree   of  the 


HER 


MRS 


ARCH  OF  ENOCH  explained 
Knights  of  the  Ninth  Arch,  the 
ritual  of  which  says :  "  Enoch  was 
the  seventh  in  descent  from 
Adam,  and  lived  in  the  fear  and 
love  of  his  Maker.  Being  inspired 
by  the  Most  High,  and  in  com-  Si 
memoration  of  a  wonderful  vision, 
this  holy  man  builto  a  nine-fold  |j 
temple  under  ground,  and  dedi- 
cated the  same  to  God.  He  was 
assisted  in  the  construction  of 
this  subterranean  temple  by  Ja- 
red,  his  father,  and  Methuselah, 
his  son,  without  being  acquainted  with  his  motives.  This 
happened  in  that  part  of  the  country  which  was  afterward 
called  Canaan,  or  the  Holy  Land."  The  engraving  here 
used  is  copied  from  an  old  Masonic  publication,  and  appears 
to  allude  to  this  event. 

ARCH  OF  STEEL.  In  the  Templar  system,  and  also  the 
French,  the  Arch  of  Steel  is  formed  during  certain  ceremo- 
nies, by  the  members,  arranged  in  two  ranks,  with  their 
swords  raised  and  crossed. 

ARCHEOLOGY.  From  the  Greek  words  Arche,  the 
beginning,  and  Logos,  word,  i.  e.,  a  discourse  concerning  the 
primitive  times;  in  other  words,  the  science  of  antiquities. 
This  science  is  peculiarly  interesting  to  Freemasons,  inas- 
much as  through  the  investigations  of  Archaeologists  the 
antiquity  of  Masonry  is  vindicated. 


AEG. 


89 


ARCHIMAGUS.  In  other  words,  Chief  of  the  Sages,  and 
High-Priest  of  the  Chaldean  Mysteries.  In  the  ceremony  of 
initiation  he  represented  Ormuzd,  the  god  of  beauty,  light, 
and  truth,  and  the  rite  was  intended  to  illustrate  the  strug- 
gles of  that  god  with  Ahrirnan,  the  god  of  darkness  and 
evil,  and  his  final  victory  over  him. 

ARCHITECTURE.  The  art  of  construction  or  building, 
according  to  certain  proportions  and  rules,  determined  and 
regulated  by  nature,  science,  and  taste.  It  is  divided  into 


THE    FIVE   ORDERS   OF   ARCH1TECTUBE. 


three  distinct  branches — civil,  military,  and  naval.  The  art 
of  building  had  its  origin  in  the  desire  implanted  in  man  to 
procure  protection  from  the  outward  elements  and  the  vicis- 
situdes of  the  changing  seasons.  There  is  something  divine 
in  man,  which  prompts  him  to  look  beyond  the  mere  supply 
of  his  necessities,  and  to  aim  continually  at  higher  objects. 
He,  therefore  soon  expected  from  his  habitation  and  hip 


90  ARE— ARK. 

temples  more  than  mere  utility.  He  aimed  at  elegance,  and 
architecture  became  by  degrees  a  fine  art,  differing  essential- 
ly, however,  from  the  other  tine  arts  in  these  respects:  I. 
That  it  is  based  on  utility;  2.  that  it  elevates  mathematical 
laws  to  rules  of  beauty,  correct  proportion,  and  perfect  sym- 
metry. It  is  difficult,  perhaps  now  impossible,  to  fix  the 
exact  period  of  the  invention  of  architecture,  as  everv  art  is 
perfected  by  degrees,  and  is  the  result  of  the  labors  of  many. 
In  the  early  ages  of  the  human  race,  the  habitation  must 
have  been  rude  and  imperfect;  yet  each  nation,  at  every 
age,  possessed  its  peculiar  style  of  architecture,  and  marked 
its  character  by  its  symbolic  monuments.  Among  such 
monuments  we  should  place,  as  the  chief,  the  Temple  of  Sol- 
omon, from  which  the  true  knowledge  of  architecture  became 
diffused  throughout  the  world.  Thus  through  ages  has  the 
institution  been  transmitted;  and  though  deprived  of  its 
operative  character,  it  is  none  the  less  efficient  in  its  symbol- 
ism and  importance.  The  working-tools  of  an  operative 
Mason  have,  therefore,  become  our  symbols.  There  are  five 
orders  of  architecture,  viz:  The  Doric,  the  Tuscan,  the 
Ionic,  the  Corinthian,  and  the  Composite. 

AREOPAGUS.  The  hill  of  Mars,  the  seat  of  the  supreme 
tribunal  of  Athens,  which  was  also  called  Areopagus.  This 
famous  court  had  sovereign  jurisdiction  over  all  the  affairs 
of  Grecian  society,  and  from  its  decrees  there  was  no 
appeal.  In  Freemasonry,  the  name  in  France  and  Belgium 
is  applied  to  a  council  or  assembly  of  the  30th  degree  of  the 
Scotch  rite. 

ARGENT.  French  for  silver.  An  heraldic  term  used  in 
describing  coats  of  arms,  thus:  The  arms  of  the  Company 
of  Freemasons  in  the  reign  of  King  Henry  IV.  "Azure, 
on  a  chevron,  between  three  castles,  Argent." 

ARGONAUTS,  ORDER  OF.  An  Androgyne  Masonic  Society 
founded  in  Germany,  in  1775,  by  some  members  of  the  Strict 
Observance.  Its  chief  officer  was  called  Grand  Admiral,  the 
place  of  meeting  was  called  a  ship,  and  till  the  appointments 
were  named  from  various  parts  of  a  vessel.  The  motto  of  the 
Order  was:  "  Es  lebe  die  Freude,"  they  live  to  promote  happi- 
ness. The  seal  was  a  silver  anchor  inlaid  with  green. 

ARK  OF  THE  COVENANT.  The  sacred  chest,  or  coffer, 
which  Moses  constructed  by  command  of  God,  wherein  were 
deposited  the  two  tables  of  stone  on  which  were  graven  the 
Ten  Commandments,  Aaron's  rod,  and  a  pot  of  manna. 
The  ark  was  a  symbol  of  the  Divine  presence,  and  a  protec- 


AEK  91 

tion  to  the  people,  so  long  as  they  adhered  to  the  articles  of 
the  covenant,  -  which  the  ark  contained.  It  was  made  of 
shittiin-wood,  covered  with  plates  of  gold;  nearly  four  feet 
in  length,  and  two  feet  three  inches  in  width  and  height.  On 
the  top  of  it,  all  round,  ran  a  kind  of  gold  crown.  It  had 
four  rings  of  gold,  two  on  each  side,  through  which  staves 
were  put,  whereby  it  was  carried.  These  also  were  overlaid 
with  the  finest  gold,  and  were  not  to  be  removed  from  the 
rings.  The  lid  of  the  ark,  glistening  with  gold,  was  called 


the  Mercy-seat;  and  upon  its  opposite  ends  were  two  golden 
cherubim,  fronting  each  other,  with  their  wings  so  extend- 
ed as  to  cover  the  Mercy-seat.  It  was  borne  from  place 
to  place  during  the  journeys  of  the  Israelites,  with  great 
solemnity,  and  deposited  in  the  most  sacred  places  in  the 
tabernacle.  It  was  finally  placed  by  Solomon  in  the  Holy  of 
Holies,  and  was  supposed  to  have  been  lost  at  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  temple  by  the  Chaldeans.  The  idea  of  the  con- 
cealment of  an  ark  and  its  accompanying  treasures  always 
prevailed  in  the  Jewish  sect.  The  use  of  this  sacred  symbol, 
and  the  important  moral  lessons  its  discovery  inculcates,  are 
exceedingly  interesting  to  Royal  Arch  Masons. 

ARK  AND  DOVE.  An  American  degree,  sometimes  given 
as  a  preparation  for  the  Royal  Arch.  The  appellation 
Noachite,  by  which  it  is  sometimes  designated,  is  improperly 
applied.  The  term  Noachite  belongs  to  the  21st  degree  of 
the  old  English  system,  and  the  35th  of  the  rite  of  Misraim. 
Dr.  Oliver  conjectures  that  it  was  derived  from  a  more 
ancient  degree  called  the  "Ark  Mariner,"  and  was  of  an 
honorary  character 


92 


ARM. 


AEK  MARINER,  ROYAL.  This  is  a  speculative  degree 
given  in  a  Royal  Arch  Chapter.  It  is  founded  on  the  Mosaic 
account  of  the  deluge,  which  is  explained  through  questions 
and  answers.  This  degree,  however,  is  considered  modern, 
and  to  have  first  appeared  toward  the  end  of  the  last  century. 

ARMS  OF  FREEMASONRY.  The  armorial  bearings  oi 
the  order  have  undergone  some  changes  in  the  lapse  of  ages, 
varying  more  or  less  from  the  original,  in  consonance  with 
the  country  or  the  times.  They 
are  described  in  several  works 
on  heraldry  as  follows:  "  The 
Company  of  Masons,  being  oth- 
erwise termed  Freemasons  of 
ancient  standing,  and  good 
reckoning,  by  means  of  affable 
and  kind  meetings,  at  divers 
times  did  frequent  this  mutual 
assembly  in  the  time  of  King 
Henry  IV.,  viz:  the  12th  of 
his  reign.  Their  arms,  azure 
on  a  chevron,  between  three  castles,  argent,  a  pair  of  com- 
passes somewhat  extended  of  the  first,  were  granted  by  Wil- 
liam Hawkslow,  Clarencieux  King  of  Arms." — GUILLAM. 
The  Arms  of  the  Operative  or  Stone  Masons.  Azure  on  a 
chevron  between  three  castles  argent,  a  pair  of  compasses 
somewhat  extended  of  the  first.  Crest,  an  arm  extended, 


ASA— AST.  93 

grasping  a  trowel,  proper.  Supporters,  two  beavers,  proper. 
— DERMOTT.  The  arms  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England,  and 
used  by  several  of  the  Grand  Lodges  of  this  country,  are 
similar  to  those  adopted  by  Eoyal  Arch  Masons,  which  are 
described  as  follows:  Party  per  cross  vert,  voided  or;  in  the 
first  quarter  azure,  a  lion  rampant  or,  for  the  tribe  of  Judah , 
in  the  second  or,  an  ox  passant  sable,  f or  Ephraim ;  in  the 
third  or,  a  man  erect  proper,  for  Reuben;  in  the  fourth 
azure,  a  spread  eagle  or.  for  Dan.  Crest,  an  ark  of  the  cov- 
enant; supporters,  two  cherubim,  all  proper:  motto,  Holiness 
to  the  Lord.  The  banners  which  adorn  the  Royal  Arch  Chap- 
ters of  England,  representing  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  are 
as  follows:  Scarlet,  a  lion  couchaut,  for  Judah;  blue,  an  asa 
crouching  beneath  its  burden,  for  Issachar;  purple,  a  ship, 
for  Zebulon;  yellow,  a  sword,  for  Simeon;  white,  a  troop  of 
horsemen,  for  Gad;  green,  an  ox,  for  Ephraim;  flesh-color, 
a  vine,  by  the  side  of  a  wall,  for  Manasseh;  green,  a  wolf,  for 
Benjamin;  purple,  a  cup,  for  Asher;  blue,  a  hind,  for  Naph- 
tali;  green,  an  eagle,  for  Dan. 

ASAROTA.  A  kind  of  pavement  in  variegated  colors,  used 
by  the  ancients  for  floors  of  temples. 

ASIATIC  SYSTEM,  OB  BROTHERS  OF  ASIA.  A  Masonic  sect 
with  somewhat  mystical  theories,  which  arose  in  Germany 
about  the  year  1780.  It  explained  somewhat  fancifully  the 
symbols,  rites,  and  words  of  Freemasonry.  There  were 
several  degrees,  all  more  or  less  tinctured  with  the  specula- 
tions of  the  Rosicrucians  and  hermetic  Masonry. 

ASPIRANT.  A  seeker  of  Masonic  light,  who  has  applied 
for  admission  to  the  mysteries  of  the  Order,  and,  having  been 
accepted,  is  preparing  himself  for  the  induction. 

ASS.  An  emblem  of  stupidity  and  ignorance.  In  the 
Egyptian  system  it  represented  the  uninitiated,  ignorant, 
and  profane. 

ASSASSINS.  A  secret  order  of  Ishmaelites,  professing  the 
Mahommedan  religion,  and  yet  at  heart  repudiating  all 
religions.  They  had  a  remarkable  organization,  were  noted 
for  their  daring  bravery,  but  were  still  nothing  more  nor 
less  than  a  band  of  plunderers  and  cut-throats. 

ASTROLOGY  bears  the  same  relation  to  astronomy  as 
alchemy  does  to  chemistry.  It  is  the  art  of  reading  the 
future  and  discovering  the  destinies  of  mortals  by  the  stars. 
Many  learned  men  have  been  believers  in  thr  art,  as  Tycho 
de  Brahe  and  Kepler.  It  held  a  high  place  in  the  hermetio 
system  of  Masonry. 


94:  ATE— BAH. 

ATELIER.  French  for  workshop.  In  symbolic  Masonry 
it  is  the  name  of  the  Lodge,  and  also  in  many  of  the  higher 
degrees,  especially  in  France  and  Germany.  In  the  French 
and  Scotch  rites  it  denotes  council,  tribunal,  consistory, 
college,  court,  and  areopagus. 

ATHERSADA.  A  Persian  word  meaning  the  strong  hand. 
This  name  in  the  Septuagint  is  given  to  the  Persian  gover- 
nors of  Jerusalem  who  accompanied  Zerubbabel  and  Nehe- 
miah.  (See  Esdr.  ii.  63;  Neh.  vii.  65-70.)  In  the  Order  of 
Heredom  of  Kilwinning,  it  was  the  appellation  of  the  chief 
of  the  Order;  and  in  French  Masonry  it  is  the  official  name 
of  the  head  of  a  Chapter. 

ATHOL  MASONS.  The  seceders  from  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  England,  in  1739,  having  assumed  the  title  of  "  Ancient 
Masons,"  and  organized  a  Grand  Lodge,  elected  the  Duke 
of  Athol,  then  Grand  Master  of  Scotland,  Grand  Master  of 
the  new  Grand  body.  Hence  they  were  called  Athol  Masons. 

AZURE.  Sky-blue.  The  appropriate  color  of  the  sym- 
bolic Lodge.  A  favorite  color  in  heraldry;  employed  in 
blazonry. 

B. 

BAAL.  A  Hebrew  or  Canaanitish  name  signifying  lord. 
The  Phoenicians  or  Sidonians  who  went  into  Judea  to  build 
Solomon's  Temple  carried  with  them  the  mysteries  of  Baal 
represented  by  the  sun,  and  many  of  the  decorations  of  the 
temple  referred  to  his  system  of  worship.  The  sun  was  a 
significant  symbol  of  the  Tyrian  architects,  and  also  of  the 
Druids,  as  it  is  now  of  the  Masonic  Brotherhood. 

BACHELOR.  A  low  rank  of  knighthood,  yet  the  most 
ancient.  It  does  not  often  appear  now  except  in  heraldic 
description  in  connection  with  knightly  or  social  rank.  It 
was  originally  accounted  the  first  of  military  dignities,  and 
the  foundation  of  all  honors.  The  word  was  added  to  the 
dignity  of  knighthood  by  King  Henry  III.  of  England, 
because  the  title  died  with  the  person  to  whom  it  was  given, 
and  did  not  descend  to  his  posterity.  It  is  now  conferred 
indiscriminately  on  persons  in  civil  or  military  stations,  and 
may  be  granted  even  to  a  child  as  soon  as  he  is  baptized. 

BAHRDT'S  RITE.  A  system  of  Freemasonry  consisting 
of  six  degrees,  introduced  into  some  of  the  Lodges  of  Ger- 
many by  Carl  Friedrich  Bahrdt,  a  learned  divine,  and  author 
of  a  large  number  of  works  on  theology,  ethics,  philology, 
etc.  His  system  found  for  a  time  many  adherents,  but  is 
not  now  practiced. 


BAL— BAN. 


95 


BALDACHIN.  The  canopy  which  is  placed  over  the 
oriental  chair  in  the  Master's 
Lodge,  and  also  denotes  the  cov- 
ering of  the  Lodge  itself,  which 
is  a  symbol  of  the  star-decked 
heavens,  and  a  sign  of  the  uni- 
versality of  Freemasonry.  In 
Pritchard's  catechism  we  meet 
with  the  following:  "What  has 
the  Lodge  for  a  covering  ?  "  An- 
swer :  "The  vaulted  skies  of 
various  colors,  or  the  clouds." 
It  is  remarked  by  Klause  that 
the  "  sense  of  this  beautiful  sys- 
tem of  symbols  is  not  well  un- 
derstood. Some  think  that  the 
primitive  Lodge  was  not  cov- 
ered above,  and  that  the  skies 
were  literally  its  covering;  hence 

the  ceiling  of  a  Lodge-room  is  generally  made  to  represent 
the  celestial  planisphere."  The  Baldachin,  in  this  sense,  is 
also  a  symbol  of  the  extent  of  Freemasonry;  for  as  the  skies, 
with  their  troops  of  stars,  spread  over  all  regions  of  the  earth, 
so  Freemasonry  holds  in  its  embrace  all  the  world,  and 
reaches  through  all  time. 

BALUSTER.  A  small  column  or  pilaster.  In  the  higher 
degrees  of  the  French  system,  proclamations  and  decrees 
are  thus  named. 

BALUSTRADE.  A  row  of  balusters.  Although  archse- 
ological  researches  have  failed  hitherto  to  discover  this 
architectural  invention  among  the  ruins  of  ancient  buildings, 
"yet  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  that  an  arrangement  of  such 
obvious  utility  should  be  wholly  unknown  to  the  architects 
of  antiquity. 

BAND.  A  ribbon  worn  around  the  neck  of  the  officers  of 
Grand  Lodges,  and  also  of  individual  Lodges,  to  which  are 
attached  the  official  jewels.  The  color  of  the  band  differs  in 
different  Lodges,  but  blue  is  predominant. 

BANNER-BEARER.  In  the  high  degrees  of  the  French 
and  English  systems,  a  Lodge-officer  whose  duty  is  well 
enough  described  by  the  word  itself. 

BANNERET.  1.  A  small  banner;  2.  a  justice  of  the  peace; 
3.  in  the  Knight-Templar  system  an  officer  who,  together 
with  the  Marshal,  led  all  warlike  enterprises;  4.  in  France 


96  BAN— BAT. 

and  England  the  word   formerly  designated   an   order    of 
knighthood  of  great  dignity.     The  title  is  now  extinct. 

BANQUET.  The  custom  of  banqueting  after  Lodge  meet- 
ings is  now  very  generally  abolished  in  American  Lodges, 
except  upon  installation  nights,  or,  on  the  festivals  of  the 
Sts.  John,  on  the  24th  June  and  the  27th  of  December,  when 
social  gatherings  of  the  brethren  take  place  similar  to  the 
carnival  meetings  of  other  bodies.  The  brethren  are  en- 
joined not  to  convert  the  hours  of  recreation  and  refreshment 
into  that  of  abuse  or  intemperance. 

BAPHOMET.  Among  the  charges  preferred  against  the 
Order  of  the  Knights  of  the  Temple  was  that  of  worshiping 
an  idol  or  image  called  Baphomet.  The  word  is  probably  a 
corruption  of  Mahomet,  and  the  image  itself,  with  its  mysti- 
cal embellishments,  was  without  doubt  a  cabalistic  talisman, 
which  the  Templars  had  brought  from  the  East,  and  which 
had  some  connection  with  the  hermetic  philosophy  of  the 
Arabians.  That  it  was  an  object  of  worship  among  the 
members  of  that  Order  there  is  not  a  shadow  of  proof. 

BAREFEET.  Putting  off  the  shoes  has  a  threefold  signifi- 
cation in  Scripture.  First,  it  was  usual  to  put  them  off  in 
token  of  mourning  and  grief,  as  David  is  said  to  have  gone 
from  Jerusalem  barefoot,  when  he  fled  from  Absalom. 
Secondly,  it  signified  the  yielding  of  one's  right  to  another, 
and  is  so  prescribed  in  Deuteronomy,  and  matured  by  Boaz; 
the  third,  was  a  token  of  respect  and  reverence,  as  appears 
by  the  command  of  God  to  Moses,  and  the  reason  assigned 
for  it  was  that  the  ground  whereon  he  stood  was  holy,  01 
sanctified  by  God's  immediate  presence.  See  DISCALCEATION. 

BASILICA.  By  this  name  market-houses  and  halls  oi 
justice,  erected  after  the  fashion  of  religious  edifices  and- 
Christian  churches,  were  called  in  the  middle  ages.  These 
buildings  were  of  an  oblong  rectangular  form,  with  a  narrow 
side  suitable  for  a  semicircular  niche.  Anderson,  in  his 
Book  of  Constitutions,  remarks  that  "  Our  modern  temple 
las  arisen  from  the  Basilica,  having  the  same  interior  arch." 

BATON.  A  staff  or  truncheon,  about  two  feet  long,  gen- 
erally ornamented  or  gilt  at  each  end,  and  the  middle  envel- 
oped in  a  scroll;  it  is  usually  carried  in  the  right  hand,  and 
is  the  distinguishing  mark  or  emblem  of  authority  of  Mar- 
shals in  Masonic  and  other  processions.  The  badge  of  a 
Marshal  in  a  subordinate  Lodge  is  two  cross  batons,  and 
that  of  the  Marshal  in  the  Grand  Lodge  two  cross  batons 
encircled  in  a  wreath. 


BEA— BRA. 


97 


BEAUSEANT.  The  name  given  to  the  banner  which  the 
ancient  Knights  Templar  carried  before  them  to  battle.  It 
was  divided  across  the  center — the  upper  half  being  black, 
and  the  lower  half  white,  intended  to  signify  that  they  were 
fair  and  favorable  to  the  friends  of  Christ,  but  black  and 
terrible  to  his  enemies.  The  idea  is  quite  an  oriental  one, 
white  and  black  being  always 
used  among  the  Arabs  meta- 
phorically, in  the  sense  above 
indicated.  Their  customary  sal- 
utation is,  "May  your  day  be 
white!" — i.  e.,  May  you  be  happy! 
Beauseant  was  not  merely  the 
name  of  the  banner,  but  it  was 
also  the  battle-cry  and  the  most 
sacred  oath  of  the  emplars,  in 
allusion  to  the  seal,  whereon  two 
brethren  were  represented  as 
riding  on  one  horse,  which  was 
considered  by  the  order  as  a 
"  fair  seat" — bien  scant — that  is,  as  a  seal  of  true  fraternal 
alliance.  The  seal  of  this  Order  was  always  accompanied 
with  the  word  Beauseant — both  standing  in  close  relationship. 
It  would  seem  natural,  therefore,  to  refer  the  word  to  this 
token  of  brotherly  love,  where  two  Templars  were  represented 
as  united  in  close  friendship,  and  seated  on  one  horse.  This 
device,  then,  "the  fair  seat"  "beau  scant"  served  as  a  symbol 
of  intimate  union,  the  word  was  adopted  as  their  battle-cry 
and  the  name  of  their  banner,  and  finally  it  formed  an 
appropriate  formula  of  oath,  signifying  "By  the  fraternal  bond 
of  the  Temple  Order — Beauseant." 

BELLS  were  the  most  notable  ornaments  on  the  robe  of 
the  chief  pontiff  of  the  Hebrews.  "  And  it  shall  be  unto 
Aaron  to  minister,  and  his  sound  shall  be  heard  when  he 
goeth  in  into  the  Holy  Place  before  the  Lord,  and  when  he 
cometh  out,  that  he  die  not." 

BORDER.  The  ornaments  of  a  Lodge  are  said  to  be  the 
Mosaic  pavement,  the  indented  tessel,  and  blazing  star-  The 
indented  tessel  represents  the  beautiful  border  that  embel- 
lished the  outer  edges  of  the  Mosaic  pavement^  This  border 
consisted  of  small  stones  of  various  colors,  artistically 
arranged,  so  as  to  produce  the  most  pleasing  effect. 

BRAHMINS.  The  members  of  the  priestly  caste  in  Hin- 
dostan  are  thus  named.  They  are  a  well  educated  class,  for 
the  most  part,  and  many  among  them  are  distinguished  foT 


98 


BRA — BRE. 


learning.  In  this  respect  they  are  superior  to  many  of  the 
missionaries  who  have  been  sent  there  to  convert  them. 
They  were  early  celebrated  for  their  attainments  in  philoso- 
phy and  science,  and  their  ideas  have  entered  largely  into 
the  various  philosophical  systems  of  the  West. 

BRASSART.  A  piece  of  armor  worn  by  the  Knights 
Templar,  to  protect  the  upper  part  of  the  arm,  from  the 
elbow  to  the  shoulder. 

BREASTPLATE.  A  splendid  piece  of  ornamental  em- 
broidered cloth,  of  the  same  material  of  which  the  ephod  was 
made,  ten  inches  square,  and  worn  by  the  Jewish  High- 


Priest  on  his  breast,  when  dressed  in  full  sacerdotal  vest- 
ments. The  front  was  set  with  twelve  precious  stones,  in 
golden  sockets,  arranged  in  four  rows,  three  in  each  row,  on 


BRI— BRO.  99 

each  of  which  was  engraved  the  name  of  one  of  the  twelve 
tribes  of  Israel.  On  the  first  row  a  sardius,  red,  for  Judah; 
a  topaz,  pale  green,  for  Issachar;  an  emerald,  green,  for  Zeb- 
ulon;  on  the  second  row  a  carbuncle,  deep  red,  for  Reuben; 
a  sapphire,  deep  blue,  for  Simeon ;  a  jasper,  green,  clouded 
with  white,  for  Gad;  on  the  third  row,  a  ligure,  dull  red,  for 
Ephraim;  an  agate,  gray,  spotted  with  different  colors,  for 
Manasseh;  an  amethyst,  purple,  for  Benjamin;  on  the  fourth 
row  a  chrysolite,  pale  green,  for  Dan;  an  onyx,  bluish  white, 
for  Asher;  a  beryl,  bluish  green,  for  Naphtali.  The  breast- 
plate was  double,  or  composed  of  two  pieces,  forming  a  kind 
of  purse  or  bag,  in  which,  according  to  the  learned  rabbins, 
the  Urirn  and  Thummim  (Light  and  Truth),  were  inclosed. 
It  was  fastened  at  the  four  corners,  those  at  the  top  to  each 
shoulder,  and  a  golden  ring  at  the  end  of  a  wreathed  chain; 
those  below,  to  the  girdle  of  the  ephod,  by  four  blue  ribbons, 
two  at  each  corner.  This  ornament  was  never  to  be  severed 
from  the  priestly  garments;  and  it  was  called  the  "Memo- 
rial," being  designed  to  remind  the  priest  how  dear  those 
tribes  should  be  to  him  whose  names  he  bore  upon  his 
heart.  It  was  also  named  "  the  Breastplate  of  Judgment, 
because  it  was  believed  that  by  it  was  discovered  the  judg- 
ment and  the  will  of  God,  or  because  the  high-priest  who 
wore  it  was  revered  as  the  fountain  of  justice,  and  put  it  on 
when  he  exercised  his  judicial  capacity  in  matters  of  great 
importance,  which  concerned  the  whole  nation. 

BRIDGE.  In  the  higher  degrees  of  Freemasonry  the 
Bridge  has  a  Masonic  u.->e,  and  is  an  important  symbol. 

BROTHERLY  KISS.  At  the  close  of  their  meetings  the 
first  Christians  were  accustomed  to  kiss  each  other;  this  took 
place  also  at  the  holy  evening  banquet — agape — of  the  com- 
munity of  brothers  and  sisters.  To  this  practice  the  Apostles 
Paul  and  Peter  refer  in  their  epistles:  "Greet  each  other 
with  the  holy  kiss" — "philsmate  agio,"  Rom.  xvi.,  16,  1  Pet. 
v.,  14.  This  holy  kiss,  as  a  sign  or  token  of  brotherly  love, 
is  found  likewise  as  a  venerable  custom  in  many  Lodges, 
particularly  in  Europe,  where  the  Master  greets  with  a  kiss 
each  newly-initiated  member. 

BROTHERS  OF  THE  BRIDGE.  A  charitable  and  reli- 
gious Brotherhood,  which  arose  in  the  south  of  France  in  the 
mediaeval  age,  the  members  of  which  devoted  themselves  to 
the  work  of  building  bridges,  roads,  hospitals,  the  maintain- 
ing ferries,  and  otherwise  providing  for  the  comfort  and 
protection  of  travelers  and  pilgrims.  Two  bridges,  in  par- 
ticular, are  mentioned  as  having  been  constructed  by  tkem; 


100  BUR— BYL. 

that  of  " Bon-Pas,"  three  miles  from  Avignon,  and  the  bridge 
over  the  Rhone,  "Pont-St. -Esprit,"  in  the  department  ol 
Gard,  which  was  commenced  Aug.  21,  1265.  Pope  Clement 
III.  granted  them  peculiar  favoi's  in  consideration  of  their 
works  of  mercy  and  humanity.  The  peculiar  token  or  jewel 
of  the  Order  was  a  pick-axe  worn  upon  the  breast.  RAMSAY, 
in  a  discourse  published  in  Paris,  1741,  affirms  that  this 
Order  united  or  established  relations  with  the  Knights  of  St. 
John  of  Jerusalem,  and  afterward  with  the  Roman  builders, 
and  thus  establishes  a  direct  connection  between  them  and 
Freemasonry.  Many  of  the  high  degrees  of  the  French 
system  have  borrowed  some  of  their  decorations  from  the 
Order  of  the  Brothers  of  the  Bridge. 

BURIAL.  The  right  to  be  conducted  to  the  last  resting- 
place  on  earth,  by  his  brethren,  and  to  be  committed  to  the 
grave  with  the  ceremonies  of  the  society,  belong  alone  to 
Master  Masons.  Among  the  old  regulations  is  the  following: 
"  No  Mason  can  be  interred  with  the  formalities  of  the 
Order,  unless  it  be  at  his  own  special  request,  communicated 
to  the  Master  of  the  Lodge  of  which  he  died  a  member — 
foreigners  and  sojourners  excepted;  nor  unless  he  has  been 
advanced  to  the  third  degree  of  Masonry,  from  which  there 
can  be  no  exception." 

BURNING-  BUSH.  In  the  ceremonies  of  the  Royal  Arch 
degree,  the  Burning  Bush  is  represented.  It  was  on  Mount 
Horeb  that  the  angel  of  the 
Lord  appeared  to  Moses  in 
a  burning  bush,  not  one 
leaf  of  which  was  consumed. 
Here  it  was  that  the  un- 
utterable name,  which  was 
never  known  or  heard  of 
before  GOD  told  it  to  Moses, 
was  revealed.  Supreme 
Councils  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  Rite,  date  their 
documents  "near  the  B.  B." 
or  "  Burning  Bush" — this 
being  the  great  source  of  true  Masonic  light,  and  the  place 
whence  all  Masonic  instruction  must  emanate. 

BY-LAWS.  The  power  of  framing  its  own  by-laws  is  inher- 
ent in  every  Subordinate  Lodge,  provided  they  are  made  in 
accordance  with  the  ancient  statutes  and  regulations  of  the 
Grand  Lodge.  As  the  validity  of  by-laws  rests  ou  the  author- 
ity of  the  Grand  Lodge,  it  is  required  that  they  should  first 
he  submitted  for  approval. 


CAA— CAB.  101 

C. 

CAABA.  The  name  of  a  talismanic  and  sacred  stone,  which 
has  been  an  object  of  reverence  among  the  Arabians  from 
time  immemorial.  Previous  to  the  time  of  Mohammed  it  was 
the  recipient  of  divine  honors  ;  but  after  the  remarkable 
conversion  of  those  idolaters  to  theism,  by  the  labors  of  the 
Prophet,  he  consecrated  it  as  a  symbol  of  the  Eternal  Mys- 
teries, and  an  emblem  of  the  perpetual  duration  of  the  truth 
that  "  G-od  is  one  and  his  name  one."  Many  fabulous  stories 
are  told  of  the  building  in  which  it  is  enclosed;  but  although 
all  relating  to  its  origin  are  too  absurd  for  belief,  yet  it  is 
certain  that  it  is  a  temple  of  very  great  antiquity.  The  Caaba 
is  not  an  object  of  worship  among  the  Mohammedans;  for 
they  are  more  strict  and  earnest  in  opposition  to  idolatry 
than  ever  were  the  ancient  Hebrews.  It  is  simply  the  type 
of  invisible  verities  and  virtues  which  should  be  objects  of 
the  profoundest  reverence.  The  pilgrims  who  visit  Mecca 
march  around  the  mystic  stone  in  procession,  and  salute  it 
with  kisses,  and  believe  that  its  very  touch  imparts  a  divine 
influence — efficacious — at  the  same  time  curing  the  diseases 
of  the  body  and  working  a  moral  purification  of  the  heart. 

CABAL.  From  the  French  Cabale.  It  means,  primarily,  a 
society  of  men  who  profess  to  have  a  knowledge  of  secret 
things.  Politically,  it  signifies  a  clique  of  unprincipled  poli 
ticians;  and,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  was  applied  to  the 
ministers  of  that  monarch,  Clifford,  Ashley,  Buckingham,  Ar- 
Ungton,  and  Lauderdale,  because  their  initials  form  the  word. 

CABIKI.  Gods,  or  deified  heroes,  held  in  great  esteem  by 
the  Phrygians.  The  secret  ceremonies  performed  in  their 
sacred  grottoes  were  called  the  mysteries  of  the  Cabiri. 
Herodotus  and  Strabo  both  speak  of  these  rites;  and  it  is 
probable  that  most  of  the  mysteries  of  antiquity  were  only 
variations  of  the  Phrygian,  which  were  celebrated  in  the 
obscurity  of  night,  and  with  the  most  profound  secrecy. 
These  rites  were  spread  through  all  the  cities  of  Syria,  and  it 
has  been  said  that  Hiram,  King  of  Tyre,  was  a  High-Priest 
of  these  mysteries,  and  through  him  the  leading  feature  of 
the  Cabirian  initiation  was  incorporated  into  Masonry,  and 
perpetuated  in  the  legend  of  the  third  degree.  Many  con- 
jecture that  the  Order  of  the  Essen,  or  the  Essones,  grew  out 
of  the  Cabirian  rites. 

CABUL.  A  country  in  Galilee  ceded  to  Hiram,  King  ol 
Tyre,  by  Solomon,  as  a  reward  for  his  assistance  in  building 
the  temple.    The  history  of  this  event  is  given  in  the  degree 
of  Intimate  Secretary  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite- 
9 


1C2  CAL—  CAN. 

CALENDAR.  An  almanac  —  a  method  of  marking  exactly 

blie  division  of  the  years,  starting  from  some  great  epoch. 

Thus  Christian  nations  reckon  their  time  from  the  birth  of 

Christ,  while  those  of  the  Mohammedan  faith  reckon  theirs 

from  the  hegira,  or,  the  flight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca. 

The  Masonic  era  commences  with  the  creation  of  the  woiid 

(Anno  Mundi),  or,      asonically  expressed,  Anno  Lucis,  year 

of  light,  or  year  of  the  Lodge.     Between  the  creation  of  the 

world  and  the  advent  of  Christ  4000  years  intervene;  thus 

A.  D.  1866  added  to  4000  gives  the  Masonic  year,  5866.     The 

Bite  of  Misraim  adopts  the  chronology  of  Archbishop  Usher, 

which  adds  4  years   to  the  common  era,  and   makes  5870 

the  Masonic  year.     The   Scotch  rite  employs  the   Jewish 

chronology;  thus  the  Hebrew  year  5826  is  the  A.  L.  of  Scotch 

Masonry.      This   rite   also   adopts   the   Hebrew  manner  of 

dividing  the  year  into  months,  and  closes  the  year  Sept.  17, 

and  begins  the  new  on  the  17th  (Tisri,  1st).     The  York  rite 

commences  the  year  with  Jan.  1;  the  French  with  March  1. 

The  Royal  Arch  degrees  begin  their  computation  with  the 

year  in  which  Zerubbabel  began  to  build  the  second  temple, 

which  was  530  years  before  Christ.    So  that  530  +  1866=2396, 

the  Masonic  year  of  the  Royal  Arch.     The  Royal  and  Select 

Master's  degree  reckons  time  from  the  year  in  which  Solo- 

mon's Temple  was  completed,  viz:  1000  years  before  Christ. 

Thus,  1000  +  1866=2866,  the  year  of  the  Royal  and  Select 

Master.      The   Knights   Templar   compute   time   from   the 

founding  of  the  Order,  A.  D.  1118;  so  that  A.  r».  1866—1118-= 

748  the  year  of  the  Order  of  the  Temple.     Others  (Strict 

Observance)  commence   their  reckoning  from  the  destruc- 

tion of  the  Templars,  in  1314;  therefore,  A.  D.  1866  —  1314=: 

552.     The  following  will  place  these  Masonic  years  directly 

before  the  eye:  A.  D.  1866=A.  L.  5866,  the  common  Masonic 

year;  A.  D.  1866=  A.  L.  5870  of  the  Rite  of  Misraim;  A.  D.  1866= 

A.  M.  5826  of  the  Scottish  rite;  A.  D.  1866=  A.  i.  2396  of  the 

*loyal  Arch;  A.  D.  1866=  A.  D.  2866  of  the  Royal  and  Select 

Master;  A.  D.  1866=  A.  o.  748  of  the  Templars;  A.  D.  1866= 

«..  o.  552  of  the  Strict  Observance. 


CALLED,  OK  CALLING  OFF.  This  term  can  have  but 
application,  and  denotes  the  ceremony  which  summons  tho 
Craft  from  labor  to  refreshment.  To  "call  off'"  for  any 
»»ther  purpose  is  neither  legal  nor  Masonic. 

CALLED,  OR  CALLING  ON.  When  the  brothers  are  sum- 
moned to  their  labors,  after  the  hours  of  refreshment,  the 
summons  is  designated  by  the  term  "  calling  on." 

CANCELLARIUS.  An  office  in  Templar  Masonry  of  the 
nuddie  ages.  Each  Province  and  Prefect  had  its  Chancel- 


CAN -CAP. 


103 


CANDLESTICK,  ABK  AND   FURNITURE. 


lor;  he  conducted  the  correspondence;  was  also  properly  the 
custodian  of  the  mysteries,  and  had  to  instruct  the  newly- 
initiated  knights  in  regard  tc  their  duties. 

CANDLESTICK,  GOLDEN.  The  candelabrum  which  Moses 
was  commanded  to  make  for  the  tabernacle,  after  the  model 
shown  him  on  the  Mount.  The  material  of  which  it  was 
made  was  fine  gold,  o»f  which  an  entire  talent — (about 
$2,000) — was  expended  on  the  candelabrum  and  its  appen- 
dages. The  mode  in  which  the  metal  was  to  be  worked  is 

described   by  a  term =_=___ 

which  appears  to  mean 
wrought  with  the  ham- 
mer, as  opposed  to  cast 
by  fusion.  It  consisted 
of  a  base;  of  a  shaft 
rising  out  of  it;  of  six 
arms,  which  came  out 
by  threes  from  two 
opposite  sides  of  the 
shaft;  of  seven  lamps 
which  were  supported 
on  the  summits  of  the 
central  shaft  and  the  six  arms.  The  arms  were  adorned 
with  three  kinds  of  carved  ornaments,  called  cups,  globes 
and  blossoms.  Its  lamps  were  supplied  with  pure  olive 
oil,  lighted  every  evening,  and  extinguished  every  morning. 
It  was  placed  in  the  Holy  Place,  on  the  south  side  (i.  e.,  to 
the  left  of  a  person  entering  the  tabernacle),  opposite  the 
table  of  shew-bread.  In  the  first  temple  there  were  ten 
candelabra  of  pure  gold,  five  on  the  north  and  five  on  the 
south  side,  within  the  Holy  Place.  These  were  carried  away 
to  Babylon.  In  the  second  temple  there  was  but  one, 
resembling  that  of  the  tabernacle.  This  was  carried,  with 
other  spoils,  to  Rome,  on  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem;  it 
was  lodged  in  Vespasian's  temple  to  Peace,  and  copied  on  the 
triumphal  arch  of  Titus.  The  seven-branched  candlestick 
is  an  indispensable  emblem  in  the  Royal  Arch  degree,  also 
in  several  of  the  degrees  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite. 

CAPITULAR  DEGREES.  The  appellation,  in  France,  of 
certain  degrees  of  the  Scotch  rite,  from  the  4th  to  the  18th, 
inclusive,  and  which  the  French  rite  has  contracted  to  four. 
These  degrees  are  divided  into  four  series,  viz:  First  series, 
4th  degree  (Scotch  rite),  Secret  Master;  5th,  Perfect  Master; 
6th,  Intimate  Secretary ;  7th,  Provost  and  Judge ;  8th, 
Intendant  of  the  Building.  Second  series,  9th  degree 
(Scotch  rite),  Master  Elect  of  Nine;  191h,  Grand  Elect  ol 


104  CAP— CAR. 

Fifteen;  llth,  Sublime  Knight  Elect.  Third  series,  12th 
degree  (Scotch  rite),  Grand  Master  Architect;  13th,  Knight 
of  the  Royal  Circle  ;  14th,  Scotch  Elect.  Fourth  series, 
15th  degree  (Scotch  rite),  Knight  of  the  East;  16th,  Prince 
of  Jerusalem;  17th,  Knights  of  the  East  and  West;  18th, 
Knight  of  the  Rose  Cross. 

CAPTAIN-GENERAL.  In  a  Commandery  of  Knights 
Templar  the  third  officer,  and  who,  in  the  absence  of  the 
Commander  and  Generalissimo,  presides  over  the  same.  By 
virtue  of  his  office,  he  is  one  of  the  representatives  of  his 
Commandery  in  the  Grand  Commandery.  His  station  is  on 
the  left  of  the  Commander;  his  jewel,  a  level  surmounted  by 
a  cock,  emblematic  of  courage;  his  duties  are  to  see  that 
everything  is  properly  prepared  for  the  conclave,  and  to 
communicate  all  orders  from  the  Council. 

CAPTAIN  OF  THE  HOST.  The  fourth  officer  in  a 
Chapter  of  Royal  Arch  Masons;  his  station  is  at  the  right, 
in  front  of  the  Council;  his  duty  corresponds  with  that  of  a 
Marshal,  having  charge  of  the  Chapter  when  in  procession; 
to  receive  orders  from  the  Council,  and  see  that  they  are 
properly  executed.  The  preservation  of  the  essential  traits 
of  the  ancient  customs,  usages,  and  landmarks  of  Royal 
Arch  Masonry  is  entrusted  to  his  charge. 

CARAUCIUS.  A  Roman  Emperor  who  patronized  the 
Masons  of  Great  Britain,  A.  r>.  300.  A  Roman  knight, 
named  Albanus,  being  much  interested  in  the  prosperity  of 
the  Craft,  influenced  the  Emperor  to  confer  on  the  Brother- 
hood peculiar  privileges.  He  granted  the  Masons  a  charter, 
and  Albanus  became  their  Grand  Master,  during  whose 
administration  many  of  their  fundamental  constitutions 
were  settled,  and  the  ritual  revised. 

CANEPHOROS.  The  bearer  of  the  round  flat 
basket,  containing  the  sacred  cake,  chaplet, 
frankincense,  and  the  implements  of  sacrifice, 
usually  a  young  Athenian  maiden,  who  walked 
in  the  processions  of  the  Dionysia,  Panathenea, 
and  the  other  public  festivals,  in  which  all  mar- 
riageable women  offered  small  baskets  to  their 
favorite  deities.  The  attitude  in  which  they 
appear  in  works  of  art  was  a  favorite  one  with 
the  ancient  artists  and  familiarly  described  by 
classic  authors ;  the  figure  elevates  both  arms  to 
support  the  basket  carried  on  the  head. 

CARBONARI,  OB  COLLIERS.  A  political  society,  with  a 
Masonic  form,  which,  for  a  long  time,  exercised  a  powerful 


CAB— GEN.  105 

influence  in  Italy.  The  date  of  its  origin  is  unknown.  14 
was  inspired  with  the  noblest  ideas  of  liberty  and  religious 
freedom,  and  labored  for  the  regeneration  of  Italy,  the 
emancipation  of  the  conscience,  and  the  purification  of 
religion.  Botta,  in  his  "  Historic,  d' Italia,"  says  that  during 
the  reign  of  Murat  most  of  the  republicans  joined  the  Order, 
and  in  one  month  the  society  was  increased  by  the  addition 
of  over  six  hundred  thousand  members.  The  essence  of  tho 
oath  of  administration  was,  "  Hatred  to  all  tyrants."  There 
were  four  degrees.  The  place  of  meeting  was  called  baracc, 
i.  e.,  hut  or  lodge,  the  exterior  parts  were  called  the  icood; 
the  interior  was  called  the  vendita  or  colliery.  The  con- 
federation of  all  the  lodges  was  called  the  Republic.  The 
religious  character  is  revealed  in  the  following  statute: 
'  Every  Carbonaro  has  the  natural  and  inalienable  right  to 
worship  the  Almighty  according  to  his  own  sense  of  duty 
and  the  dictates  of  his  own  conscience.  The  grand  idea  of 
the  society  has  at  last  triumphed;  it  has  united  the  Italian 
States,  and  given  them  free  institutions.  No  society  has 
ever  existed  which  succeeded  so  well  in  working  out  its  ideal. 

CARPET  A  Kind  oi  map,  on  which  are  pictured  the  em- 
Dlems  illustrative  of  the  several  degrees  of  Freemasonry, 
and  by  reference  to  which  the  neophytes  are  instructed. 
They  were  formerly  traced  upon  the  floor,  hence  the  term 
carpel 

CASTELLAN.  In  Germany,  a  steward  or  superintendent 
of  Masonic  buildings.  He  has  charge  of  the  furniture  of  the 
Lodge,  and  also  has  the  direction  of  the  "  Agape,  or  Table- 
lodge." 

CENTAINE,  ORDRE  DE  LA.  The  Order  of  the  Century.  An 
Androgyne  system  of  Masonry,  which  came  into  notice,  at 
Bordeaux,  A.  D.  1735. 

CENTER  OF  UNITY.  The  central  force  or  authority 
which  keeps  a  society  or  order  of  men  together.  In  most 
organizations,  the  center  of  unity  is  a  visible  material 
power.  In  the  Papal  Church,  it  is  the  hierarchy  of  Rome. 
But  the  Masonic  center  of  unity  is  not  material  nor  visible. 
It  is  an  internal  principle  or  sentiment,  which  dwells  in  all 
its  parts,  and  binds  them  all  altogether  in  one  harmonious 
whole.  By  virtue  of  the  omnipotence  of  this  principle  the 
Masonic  Order  has  resisted  all  attacks  from  without,  and  all 
treachery  within,  and  is  more  powerful  than  ever  before. 

CENTER.  OPENING  ON.  The  explanation  usually  given  ol 
this  phrase  is  not  satisfactory.  It  is  too  far  fetched  ami 


106  CEP— CHA. 

fanciful.  A  better  exposition  may  be  found  by  a  reference  to 
kindred  societies,  and  especially  ancient  orders  that  are  now 
represented  either  wholly  or  in  part  by  Freemasonry.  Let  it 
be  observed  that  a  Lodge  of  Entered  Apprentices  or  of  Fellow 
Crafts  is  never  said  to  be  "opened  on  the  center,"  but  only 
a  Master  Mason's  Lodge.  The  reason  for  this  is  obvious. 
The  Apprentice  Lodge  is  the  exterior  circle ;  the  Fellow-Craft, 
fche  inner  circle;  the  Master  Mason's  Lodge,  the  center. 
While  in  the  first  two  the  truth  is  but  partially  revealed, 
and  is  seen  through  a  shadowy  vail,  in  the  third  circle — the 
Master  Mason's  Lodge — the  great  center  of  Masonic  Light — 
it  shines  with  cloudless  luster.  "  Opening  on  the  center" 
simply  means  opening  in  the  interior  or  central  circle  of 
Freemasonry.  The  intelligent  Mason  is  referred  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  Order  of  Essenes,  of  the  Pythagcveans, 
and  the  "Apostolical  Constitutions,"  and  "Arcana  Disci- 
plina,"of  the  primitive  church. 

CEPHAS.  A  Grseeo-Syriac  word,  meaning  stone ;  the  same 
as  petros.  In  the  Masonic  degree  of  Iloyal  Master  it  is  used 
in  connection  with  the  cubical  stone. 

CERCLE,  SOCIAL.  Social  Circle.  An  order  which  sprang 
up  at  Paris,  in  1790,  and  endeavored,  though  happily  with- 
out effect,  to  tempt  the  Masonic  Brotherhood  to  play  an 
important  part  in  the  French  Revolution.  The  society  pub- 
lished a  journal,  called  "  The  Mouth  of  Iron"  the  object  of 
which  was,  as  it  claimed,  "  to  establish  a  universal  con- 
federation of  the  friends  of  truth." 

CHAMBER  OF  REFLECTION.  A  room  used  in  the  Tem- 
plar system;  also  in  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite,  where, 
before  initiation,  the  candidate .  is  left,  surrounded  with 
gloomy  and  somber  emblems,  to  reflect  on  the  solemn 
responsibilities  he  is  about  to  assume. 

CHANCELLOR.  The  name  of  an  officer  in  a  Council  of 
Knights  of  the  Red  Crosfi. 

CHAOS,  OR  CAHOS.  The  1st  and  2d  names  of  the  49th  and 
60th  degrees  of  the  Rite  of  Misraim. 

CHAPTER,  GENERAL  GRAND.  This  supreme  body  is  com- 
posed of  the  principal  officers  of  the  State  Grand  Chapters  and 
the  past  officers  of  the  General  Grand  Chapter.  The  General 
Grand  Chapter  of  the  United  States  was  organized  in  1798. 

CHAPTER,  GRAND.  An  organization  consisting  of  the 
officers  of  the  subordinate  chapters  under  its  jurisdiction 
and  the  past  officers  of  the  Grand  Chapter. 


CHA.  107 

CHARLES  XHL,  OBDEB  OF.  An  Order  of  Knighthood, 
instituted  by  Charles  the  Thirteenth,  King  of  Sweden,  May 
27,  1811,  as  an  encouragement  and  reward  for  social  and 
benevolent  efforts  to  the  advantage  of  the  people,  and  par- 
ticularly to  those  who  may  need  assistance. 
The  order  is  conferred  only  on  the  members 
of  the  Masonic  Fraternity  who  have  attained 
to  a  high  rank  in  the  institution  in  Sweden. 
In  the  original  statutes  instituting  the  order, 
the  King  said:  "To  give  to  this  society  (the 
Masonic)  an  evidence  of  our  gracious  senti- 
ments toward  it,  we  will  and  ordain  that  its 
first  dignitaries,  to  the  number  which  we  may 
determine,  shall  in  future  be  decorated  with 
the  most  intimate  proof  of  our  confidence, 
and  which  shall  be  for  them  a  distinctive 
mark  of  the  highest  dignity."  The  King  of 
Sweden  is  the  perpetual  Grand  Master,  and 
the  number  of  knights  is  limited  to  27. 
Knights  can  be  installed  only  on  Jan.  28.  Carlisle,  in  his 
"Account  of  the  Orders  of  Knighthood,"  says:  "The  King, 
who  is  always  Master  of  the  Order,  is  bound  to  wear  it,  as 
well  as  the  heir  apparent  and  the  Princes  of  the  House  oi 
Sweden,  appointed  to  that  dignity  by  the  King.  It  is  also 
conferred  upon  thirty  native  Swedes,  being  36  years  of  age, 
appointed  by  the  King,  of  whom  three  are  of  the  Ecclesias- 
tical Order."  The  badge  is  a  cross  of  four  points,  of  ruby 
red,  with  a  golden  border,  surmounted  by  the  regal  crown. 
In  the  center  of  the  obverse,  on  a  white  ground,  are  the 
initials  of  the  royal  founder,  viz:  the  number  XLTL,  between 
two  C's,  intertwined  with  each  other;  on  the  reverse,  in  a 
triangle,  the  letter  B.  It  is.  worn  pendant  to  a  red  watered 
ribbon. 

CHARTER.  In  Freemasonry,  a  document  issued  by  a 
Grand  Lodge,  or  Chapter,  or  other  grand  body,  to  a  certain 
number  of  members,  empowering  them  to  organize  a  Lodge 
or  Chapter,  etc.,  and  confer  degrees.  A  Lodge  can  never 
be  opened  for  labor  unless  the  Charter  is  present;  and  it  ia 
the  right  of  every  visiting  brother  to  see  it  before  he  €ntera 
the  Lodge. 

CHASIDEES,  CHASIDIM.  A  class  or  order  of  men  men- 
tioned in  the  1st  Book  of  Maccabees,  chap,  vii.,  13.  The 
Septuagint  designates  it  by  the  Greek  name  Assidai.  The 
word  means  skilled  in  all  wisdom,  human  or  divine.  This 
association  was  composed  of  the  great  and  learned  men  of 
Israel,  who  were  eminent  for  their  charitable  and  peaceful 


108  CHL 

dispositions ;  and  their  superior  knowledge  of  the  law; 
especially  were  they  distinguished  by  their  ardent  zeal  for 
the  purity  and  preservation  of  the  temple.  Dr.  Oliver  sees 
in  this  Order  a  kind  of  Masonic  society,  and  Scaliger  thinks 
the  Chasidim  were  the  predecessors  of  the  Essenes. 

CHIEF  OF  THE  TABERNACLE.  The  23d  degree  of 
the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  This  is  the  first  of  a  series 
of  three  degrees  giving  a  full  description  of  the  setting  up 
of  the  Tabernacle  in  the  wilderness,  its  form,  materials, 
furniture,  etc.,  the  sacerdotal  and  sacrifical  ceremonies  per- 
formed by  the  Priests  in  their  worship  of  the  Deity,  as 
described  in  the  instructions  delivered  to  Moses  in  Exodus 
xxix  and  XL.  The  ceremonies  of  this  degree  commemorate 
the  institution  of  the  order  of  the  High-Priesthood  in  Aaron 
and  his  sons  Eleazar  and  Ithamar.  Assemblies  in  this 
degree  are  styled  Courts.  The  hangings  are  white,  sup- 
ported by  red  and  black  columns,  by  twos,  placed  at  intervals. 
The  court  represents  an  encampment  of  the  twelve  tribes, 
in  the  desert,  near  Sinai.  The  standards  of  the  tribes,  made 
after  the  accompanying  model,  are  planted  round  the  room 
near  the  walls,  in  the  following  order:  In  the  east,  that  of 
Judah;  the  color  of  the  standard  being  crimson,  in  stripes 
or  waves;  and  the  device  a  lion,  couchant,  between  a  crown 
and  scepter.  Next  to  Judah,  on  the  side  toward 
the  north,  that  of  Issachar ;  color,  greenish 
yellow  ;  device,  an  ass,  couchant,  beneath  its 
burden.  Next  to  Judah,  on  the  side  toward  the 
south,  that  of  Zebulon ;  color,  light  green ; 
device  a  ship.  Next  toward  the  south,  that  of 
Simeon;  color,  yellow;  device,  a  naked  sword. 
In  the  south,  that  of  Reuben;  color,  a  brilliant 
crimson;  device,  a  man.  Next  to  Reuben,  on 
the  side  toward  the  west,  that  of  Gad;  color, 
bluish-green;  device,  a  field  covered  with  stars. 
Next  toward  the  west,  that  of  Manasseh;  color, 
variegated,  like  agate;  device,  a  vine  running 
over  a  wall.  In  the  west,,  that  of  Ephraim ;  color,  variegated, 
like  opal;  device  a  bull.  Next  toward  the  north  that  oi 
Benjamin;  color  violet;  device  a  wolf.  Next  toward  the 
north,  that  of  Asher;  color,  blue;  device,  a  tree  in  full  leaf. 
In  the  north,  that  of  Dan;  color,  that  of  the  gold-stone; 
device,  an  eagle,  holding  a  serpent  in  his  benk.  Next  to 
Dan,  toward  the  east,  that  of  Naphtali;  color,  bluish-green; 
device,  a  female  deer  running  at  speed.  In  the  center  of 
the  Court  is  a  representation,  reduced  in  size,  of  the  Taber- 
nacle of  Moses,  described  in  Exodus,  chapters  xxvi  and 
xxxvi.  The  furniture  of  the  Court  consists  of  an  altar  of 


CHI.  109 

sacrifice;  a  laver,  or  large  basin  of  bronze,  filled  with  water; 
the  table  of  shew-bread;  the  seven-branched  candlestick;  an 
altar  of  incense,  and  the  ark  of  the  covenant.  On  the  altar 
of  incense  are  the  roll  of  the  Book  of  the  Law  and  a 
poniard ;  and  on  the  Book  of  the  Law,  the  square  and 
compasses.  The  presiding  officer  sits  in  the  east,  represents 
Aaron,  and  is  styled  Most  Excellent  High  Priest.  The 
Wardens  sit  in  the  west,  and  represent  his  two  sons,  Eleazar 
and  Ithamar,  and  are  styled  Excellent  Priests.  The  Orator, 
Secretary  and  Treasurer  sit  on  the  east  of  the  tabernacle, 
the  Master  of  Ceremonies  on  the  west  of  it,  the  Captain  of 
Guards  on  the  south  of  it,  and  the  Sentinel  on  the  north. 
The  other  officers  and  members  sit  on  the  north,  south  and 
west  of  it.  All  except  the  three  first  officers  are  styled 
Worthy  Levites.  Aaron  is  dressed  in  full  priestly  robes. 
The  Wardens  wear  the  same  dress,  except  the  breastplate 
and  the  miter,  instead  of  which  they  wear  plain  turbans  of 
white  linen.  The  High-Priest  and  Wardens  do  not  wear 
aprons.  The  other  officers  and  members  wear  white  aprons 
lined  with  scarlet,  and  bordered  with  red,  blue  and  purple 
ribbons.  In  the  middle  is  painted  or  embroidered  the 
golden  candelabrum  with  seven  lights.  They  also  wear  a 
red  leather  belt,  fringed  along  the  lower  edge  with  gold; 
from  which  hangs  a  small  silver  censer,  or  ornamented  cup, 
with  a  long  handle,  the  end  whereof,  on  which  the  cup  sits, 
is  shaped  like  an  open  hand.  This  is  also  the  form  of  the 
jewel  of  the  degree.  For  receptions  an  extra  apartment  is 
required,  with  an  altar,  a  feeble  light,  and  other  appropriate 
emblems. 

.  CHIVALKY.  This  word  indicates  an  institution  which 
arose  in  Europe  very  soon  after  Christianity  had  destroyed 
the  old  religions  and  brought  most  of  the  nations  under  its 
benignant  influence,  and  seems  to  owe  its  existence  to  several 
elements.  Its  military  and  outward  form  was  derived  from 
the  Equestrian  Order  of  ancient  Rome.  Its  system  of  sym- 
bols, and  ceremonies,  and  fraternal  bonds  was  contributed 
by  the  Masonic  Order,  and  the  spirit  of  reverence  for  woman, 
which  it  cultivated  so  earnestly,  and  illustrated  with  so 
many  brilliant  examples,  was  derived  from  the  Teutonic 
and  Scandinavian  nations.  In  all  countries  of  the  world, 
except  the  north  of  Europe,  woman  had  ever  been  regarded 
as  a  slave.  But  Tacitus  informs  us  that  the  Teutons  and 
Northmen  held  that  there  was  something  divine  in  the  female 
sex,  and  therefore  regarded  woman  with  a  luve  which  ap- 
proached to  reverence.  In  the  worship  which  thev  paid  to 
the  goddess  Frigga,  they  expressed  their  devotion  to  the  sex. 
Frigga  was  the  type  of  woman  deified  and  enthroned  in  tha 


j  10  CHR— CLP: 

hearts  of  men.  Thus  the  Romans  and  Scandinavians,  ami 
Masons,  contributed  equal  parts  in  the  creation  of  this  insti- 
tution. The  Rite  of  Induction  was  in  the  Masonic  form ;  and 
the  Order  was  divided  into  three  circles,  corresponding  to  the 
three  degrees  of  ancient  Masonry.  These  three  circles  or 
degrees  were  those  of  Page,  Squire,  and  Knight.  The  cere- 
mony of  reception  took  place  in  a  room  called  a  chapter,  and 
strongly  resembled  the  Masonic  rites.  The  Knight,  at  the 
time  of  his  full  investiture,  bound  himself,  by  a  solemn  oath, 
to  protect  tne  weak,  defend  the  right,  love  God,  and  reverence 
and  shield  from  harm  the  female  sex.  The  influence  of  the 
institution  on  the  manners  of  society  was  very  salutary.  It 
disenthralled  woman;  invested  her  with  the  charms  of  ro- 
mance, and  threw  around  her  a  drapery  of  poetic  beauty.  It 
elevated  love  from  the  character  of  an  instinct  to  that  of  a 
sublime  sentiment.  It  created  the  troubadours,  and  called 
into  being,  in  European  society,  music  and  poetry,  the  most 
powerful  agencies  of  human  civilization.  [See  KNIGHTHOOD.] 

CHRONOLOGY.  From  Chronos,  time,  and  Logos,  a  word 
or  discourse,  i.  e.,  the  science  of  time,  or  rather  the  science 
of  computing  time  and  arranging  dates.  The  chronology  of 
Christians  dates  from  the  nativity  of  Christ — Anno  Christi. 
The  Romans  began  their  computation,  Anno  Urbis,  from  the 
building  of  the  city.  Masons  date  their  documents,  Anno 
Mundi,  year  of  the  world,  or  Anno  Lucis,  year  of  light.  [See 
CALENDAR.] 

CLAY  GROUND.  A  piece  of  land  remarkable  for  the 
character  of  its  clay;  situated  between  Succoth  and  Zere- 
datha,  about  35  miles  from  Jerusalem.  The  pillars  and 
sacred  vessels  of  the  Temple  were  cast  there  by  Hiram  Abiff. 

CLEFTS  IN  THE  ROCKS.  The  country  around  Jerusa- 
lem is  mountainous  and  broken,  and  abounds  in  caves  and 
clefts,  which  afford  convenient  hiding-places  for  robbers  and 
assassins; 

CLERIC!  ORDINIS  TEMPLARIORUM.  A  name  adopted 
by  the  Strict  Observance  system  after  the  close  of  the  seven 
years'  war.  The  author  of  this  arrangement  was  a  person 
by  the  name  of  Stark.  For  a  time  this  new  system  oi 
Temple-Masonry  flourished  and  drew  to  itself  considerable 
attention,  but,  at  length,  it  fell  into  disfavor  and  passed  into 
obscurity. 

CLERMONT,  CHAPTER  OF.  Under  this  name  the  Chevalier 
de  Bonne ville  founded,  in  1754,  at  Paris,  a  chapter  of  the 
high  dogiees. 


COG— CON.  Ill 

COCK.  This  fowl  was  considered  by  the  ancients  as  the 
companion  of  Mars.  He  is  a  symbol  of  courage  and  vigilance. 
His  image  is  the  jewel  of  the  Captain  General  of  a  Com- 
mandery  of  Knights  Templar. 

COLLEGES,  IRISH;  OK  IRISH  CHAPTERS.  These  Chapters 
were  established  at  Paris  about  the  year  1730,  and  soon 
spread  over  the  whole  of  France.  Their  object  was  to 
propagate  a  form  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite;  but 
they  were  soon  superseded  by  the  Scottish  Chapters. 

COLLOCATIO.  Anciently,  a  ceremony  at  the  funerals  of 
Greeks  and  Romans,  who  were  accustomed  to  place  the 
corpse,  laid  on  a  bier,  near  the  threshold  of  the  house,  that 
all  might  see  whether  he  had  met  his  death  by  violence  or  not. 

COMMANDER.  In  councils  or  assemblies  of  the  high 
degrees,  this  is  the  common  name  of  the  Chief  of  the  Order. 
The  presiding  officer  of  a  Commandery  of  Knights  Teuiplar 
is  called  Eminent  Commander.  His  official  jewel  is  a  passion 
cross  suiTounded  by  a  halo  of  rays. 

COMMANDERY.  An  assembly  of  Knights  Templar.  It 
must  consist  of  at  least  nine  members,  authorized  by  a 
dispensation  or  charter  from  some  competent  power  to 
conle^  the  degrees  of  knighthood.  The  officers  are  a  Com- 
mander, Generalissimo,  Captain  General,  Prelate,  Senior 
Warden,  Junior  Warden,  Treasurer,  Recorder,  Standard- 
Bearer,  Sword-Bearer,  Warder,  three  Guards,  and  a  Sentinel. 

COMMANDERY,  GRAND.  A  body  of  Knights  Templar, 
formed  by  three  or  more  subordinate  Commanderies  in  a 
state  or  province,  and  which  exercises  jurisdiction  over  all 
the  Councils  of  the  Red  Cross,  and  the  Commanderies  of 
Knights  Templar  and  Knights  of  Malta. 

CONCLAVE.  A  secret  assembly.  The  college  of  cardinals 
is  thus  called  when  assembled,  especially  for  the  election 
of  a  Pope.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  Commandery  of 
Knights  Templar,  when  in  session. 

CONCORD,  ORDER  OF.  Several  societies  have  borne  this 
uame,  but  the  first  one  that  could  lay  any  claim  to  a  Masonic 
character  was  the  "  Order  of  Concord,"  or  of  "United  Hosts." 
This  was  a  fraternity  founded  on  Masonic  principles,  in  16(J6, 
by  the  Prince  of  Nassau.  Prince  Swartzburg-Rudolstadt 
founded  another  of  the  same  name,  which  admitted  ladiea 
to  membership,  in  1718,  and  in  1759  another  arose  in 
Hamburg,  where  it  still  flourishes. 


112 


CON. 


CONFERENCE.  In  Europe,  particularly  on  the  continent, 
intelligent  Masons  are  in  the  habit  of  meeting  occasionally 
for  the  purpose  of  consulting  together  in  regard  to  the 
interests  of  Freemasonry.  These  assemblies  they  call  Con- 
ferences. In  the  last  century  the  most  important  ones  were 
those  of  Copenhagen,  Hamburg,  and  Mattisholm. 

CONGRESS,  MASONIC.  A  modern  name  for  assemblies  like 
those  described  in  the  preceding  article. 


Congress  of  Washington,  convoked 
in  the  year  1822,  at  the  call  of  seve- 
ral Grand  Lodges,  for  the  purpose 
of  recommending  the  establishment 
of  a  General  Grand  Lodge  of  the 
United  States.  The  effort  was  an 
unsuccessful  one. 

Congress  of  Baltimore,  convoked 
in  the  year  1843,  with  the  object  of 
establishing  a  uniform  system  of 
work.  Perhaps  there  was  not,  in 
any  of  the  preceding  Congresses,  a 
greater  instance  of  failure  than  in 
this,  since  not  a  year  elapsed  before 
the  most  prominent  members  of  the 
Congress  disagreed  as  to  the  nature 
and  extent  of  the  reforms  which 
were  instituted;  and  the  Baltimore 
system  of  work  has  already  become 
a  myth. 

Second  Congress  of  Baltimore,  con- 
voked in  the  year  1847,  the  object 
being  again  to  attempt  the  establish- 
ment of  a  General  Grand  Lodge. 
This  Congress  w§nt  so  far  as  to 
adopt  a  "Supreme  Grand  Lodge 
Constitution,"  but  its  action  was  not 
supported  by  a  sufficient  number  of 
Grand  Lodges  to  cany  it  into  effect. 

Congress  of  Lexington,  convoked 
in  1853,  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  for  the 
purpose  of  again  making  the  attempt 
to  form  a  General  Grand  Lodge.  A 
plan  of  constitution  was  proposed, 


but  a  sufficient  number  of  Grand 
Lodges  did  not  accede  to  the  propo- 
sition to  give  it  efficacy. 

Third  Congress  of  Paris,  convoked 
by  order  of  Prince  Murat,  in  1855, 
for  the  purpose  of  effecting  various 
reforms  in  the  Masonic  system. 
At  this  Congress,  ten  propositions, 
some  of  them  highly  important, 
were  introduced,  and  their  adoption 
recommended  to  the  Grand  Lodges 
of  the  world.  The  meeting  has  been 
too  recently  held  to  permit  us  to 
form  any  opinion  as  to  what  will  be 
its  final  results. 

North  American  Masonic  Congress, 
convened  in  the  city  of  Chicago, 
Sept.  13,  1859,  at  the  call  of  a  large 
number  of  prominent  members  of 
the  Fraternity,  for  the  purpose  of 
organizing  a  General  Grand  Lodge 
of  the  United  States.  The  Conven- 
tion held  two  sessions,  adopted 
articles  of  confederation,  which  pro- 
posed that  the  Congress  should  meet 
triennially;  take  cognizance  of  all 
cases  of  difference  which  may  have 
arisen  between  two  or  more  Lodges ; 
consult  and  advise  on  qiiestions  of 
Masonic  law  and  jurisprudence, 
without  power  of  enforcement  of  its 
decrees.  No  subsequent  session  was 
held;  the  project,  therefore,  failed 
of  establishing  any  definite  results. 


CONSECRATION,  ELEMENTS  OF.  Corn,  wine,  and  oil  are  the 
materials  used  by  Masons  for  consecrating  purposes.  Corn 
is  the  symbol  of  nourishment;  wine  is  the  symbol  of  refresh- 
ment, and  oil  is  the  symbol  of  joy.  They  are  also  emblem- 
atic of  peace,  health,  and  plenty. 

CONSECRATION  is  the  act  of  solemnly  dedicating  a 
person  or  thing  to  the  service  of  God.  It  was  one  of  the 
most  widely-spread  religious  ceremonies  of  the  ancient  world. 
The  ceremonies  of  consecratinga  Lodge-room  are  imposing 


CON. 


US 


and  necessary,  and  should  be  performed  before  the  purposes 
of  Freemasonry  can  be  consistently  exercised. 

CONSERVATOR,  GRAND.  The  name  of  an  officer  of  the 
Grand  Orient  of  France.  He  was  a  counselor  of  the  Grand 
Master,  and  in  some  cases  could  restrain  his  action.  This 
appellation  was  also  given  to  a  triumvirate  of  three  Grand 
Conservators  of  the  Grand  Orient,  in  1814,  when  Joseph 
Napoleon,  then  Grand  Master,  and  his  adjunct,  Prince  Caro- 
baceres,  were  called  away  by  public  duties. 

CONSISTORY.  The  name  given  to  an  assembly  or  organ 
ization  of   Masons  in  the  higher  degrees,  especially  of   the 
Ancient  and  Accepted  rite,  and  the  Rite  of  Misraim. 

CONSOLIDATION  LODGES.  About  the  middle  of  the 
past  century  a  large  number  of  Scottish  Lodges,  with 
alchemistical  tendencies,  were  constituted  under  this  name. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  of  our  Masonic  degrees  was 
derived  from  them. 

CONTRACT,  SOCIAL,  i.  e.,  SOCIAL  CONTRACT.  A  Lodge,  01 
rather  a  union  of  lodges,  for  purposes  of  instruction,  founded 
in  Paris  about  the  year  1776.  It  made  a  new  arrangement 
of  the  degrees. 

CONVENTION.  A  Masonic  convocation,  now  called  a 
Congress,  was  formerly  designated  by  this  name.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  principal  Conventions,  mentioned  in  chrono- 
logical order: 

continuation  of  the  labors  on  the 
cathedral  of  Strasburg,  and  it  was 


Convention  at  York.  In  the  year 
926,  Prince  Edwin,  a  brother  of 
King  Athelstane,  of  England,  con- 
voked a  Masonic  Convention  at  the 
city  of  York,  which,  under  the  name 
of  a  General  Assembly,  established 
the  celebrated  Gothic  constitutions, 
which  are  the  oldest  Masonic  docu- 
ment extant.  These  constitutions 
have  always  been  recognized  as 
containing  the  fundamental  law  of 
Masonry.  Although  transcripts  of 
these  constitutions  are  known  to 
have  been  taken  in  the  reign  of 
Richard  II.,  the  document  was  for 
a  long  time  lost  sight  of  until  a  copy 
of  it  was  discovered  in  the  year 
1838,  in  the  British  Museum,  and 
published  by  Mr.  J.  0.  Hailiwell. 

First  Convention  of  Strasburg,  con- 
voked at  Strasburg,  in  1275,  by 
Edwin  Von  Steiubach,  master  of 


the    work. 


The    object 

10 


was    the 


attended  by  a  large  concourse  of 
Masons  from  Germany,  England, 
and  Italy.  It  was  at  this  Conven- 
tion that  the  German  builders  and 
architects,  in  imitation  of  their 
English  brethren,  assumed  the  name 
of  Freemasons,  and  took  the  obliga- 
tions of  fidelity  and  obedience  to 
the  ancient  laws  and  regulations  of 
the  Order. 

First  Convention  of  Eatisbon,  con- 
voked in  1459,  by  Jost  Dotzmger, 
the  master  of  the  works  of  the  Stras- 
burg cathedral.  It  established  some 
new  laws  for  the  government  of  the 
Fraternity  in  Germany. 

Second  Convention  of  Ratisbon,  con- 
voked in  1464,  by  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Strasburg,  to  define  the  relative 
rights  of,  and  to  settle  existing  diffi- 
culties between,  the  Grand  Lodges 


CON. 


of  Strasburg,  Cologne,  Vicuna,  and 
Berne. 

Convention  of  Spire,  convoked  in 
1469,  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Stras- 
burg, for  the  consideration  of  the 
condition  of  the  Craft,  and  of  the 
edifices  in  course  of  erection  by 
them. 

Convention  of  Cologne,  convoked 
in  1535,  by  Hermann,  Bishop  of 
Cologne.  It  was  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant conventions  ever  held,  and 
was  attended  by  delegates  from  nine- 
teen Grand  Lodges;  it  was  engaged 
in  the  refutation  of  slanders  at  this 
time  circulated  against  the  Frater- 
nity. The  result  of  its  deliberations 
was  the  celebrated  document  known 
as  the  "Charter  of  Cologne." 

Convention  of  Basle,  convoked  by 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Strasburg,  in 
1563,  principally  for  the  purpose  of 
settling  certain  difficulties  which 
had  arisen  respecting  the  rights  of 
the  twenty  Lodges  which  were  its 
subordinates.  Some  new  regulations 
were  adopted  at  this  Convention. 

Second  Convention  of  Strasburg, 
convoked  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Strasburg,  in  1564.  It  appears  to 
have  been  only  a  continuation  of 
the  preceding  one  at  Basle,  and  the 
same  matters  became  the  subjects 
of  its  consideration. 

Convention  of  London,  convoked 
by  the  four  Lodges  of  London,  at 
the  Apple-tree  tavern,  in  February, 
1717.  Its  history  is  familiar  to  all 
American  and  English  Masons.  Its 
results  were  the  formation  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  England,  and  the 
organization  of  the  institution  upon 
that  system,  which  has  since  been 
pursued  in  England  and  in  this 
country. 

ChutMitioH  of  Dublin,  convoked  by 
the  Lodges  of  Dublin,  in  1730,  for 
the  purpose  of  forming  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Ireland. 

Convention  of  Blinburgh,  convoked 
in  1736,  by  the  four  Lodges  of  Edin- 
burgh, for  the  purpose  of  receiving 
from  Sinclair,  of  Roslin,  his  abdica- 
tion of  the  hereditary  Grand  Mas- 
tership of  Scotland,  and  for  the 
election  of  a  Grand  Master.  The 
result  of  tliis  Convection  wan  the  j 


establishment  of  tb«  Grand  Lodge 
of  Scotland. 

Convention  of  the  Hague,  convoked 
by  the  Royal  Union  Lodge,  in  1756 
and  the  result  was  the  establishment 
of  the  National  Grand  Lodge  of  the 
United  Provinces. 

First  Convention  of  Jena,  convoked 
in  1763,  by  the  Lodge  of  Strict  Ob- 
servance, under  the  presidency  of 
Johnson,  a  Masonic  charlatan,  but 
whose  real  name  was  Becker.  In 
this  Convention  the  doctrine  was 
first  announced  that  the  Freemasons 
were  the  successors  of  the  Knights 
Templar,  a  dogma  peculiarly  char- 
acteristic of  the  rite  of  Strict  Ob- 
servance. 

Second  Convention  of  Jena,  con- 
voked in  the  following  year,  1764, 
by  Johnson,  with  the  desire  of 
authoritatively  establishing  his  doc- 
trine of  the  connection  between 
Templarism  and  Masonry.  The 
empirical  character  of  Johnson  or 
Becker  was  here  discovered  by  the 
celebrated  Baron  Huude,  and  he 
was  denounced,  and  subseqently 
punished  at  Magdeburg  by  the  pub- 
lic authorities. 

Convention  of  AUenberg,  convoked 
in  1765,  as  a  continuation  of  the 
preceding.  Its  result  wra  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  Rite  of  Strict 
Observance,  and  the  emotion  of 
Baron  Hunde  as  Grand  Master. 

Convention  of  Brunswick,  convoked 
in  1775,  by  Ferdinand  Duke  of 
Brunswick.  Its  object  vas  to  effect 
a  fusion jof  the  various  i.'tes;  but  it 
terminated  its  labors,  aft-ra  session 
of  six  weeks,  without  success. 

Convention  of  Lyons,  convoked  in 
1778,  by  the  Lodge  of  Chevaliers 
btenfaisants.  Its  object  ^vas  to  pro- 
duce a  reform  in  the  ritoals  of  the 
Masonic  system,  but  r.  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  spacious  in 
its  means,  nor  successful  in  its 
results. 

Convention  of  the  Lover*  of  Truth, 
held  at  Paris,  in  1784,  nnder  the 
auspices  of  the  "Lod^e  of  the 
United  Friends."  The  Puke  of 
Brunswick,  St.  Martin,  and  th* 
celebrated  Mesmer,  were  active  por 
ticipants  in  its  discussion*. 


CON— COT. 


115 


Convntion  of  Wvlfenbuttd,  con- 
voked in  1778,  by  'the  Duke  of 
Brunswick,  as  a  continuation  of  that 
which  had  been  held  in  1775,  and 
with  the  same  view  of  reforming  the 
organization  of  the  Order.  How- 
ever, after  a  session  of  five  weeks, 
it  terminated  its  labors  with  no 
other  result  than  an  agreement  to 
call  a  more  extensive  meeting  at 
Wilhelmsbad. 

Convention  of  Wilhelmsbad,  con- 
voked in  1782.  Its  avowed  object 
was  the  reform  of  the  Masonic  sys- 
tem, and  its  disentanglement  from 
the  confused  mass  of  rites  with 
which  French  and  German  pre- 
tenders or  enthusiasts  had  sought 
to  overwhelm  it.  Important  topics 
were  proposed  at  its  commence- 
ment, but  none  of  them  were  dis- 
cussed, and  the  Convention  was 
closed  without  coming  to  any  other 
positive  determination  than  that 
Freemasonry  was  not  connected 
with  Templarism,  or  in  other  words, 
that,  contrary  to  the  doctrine  of  the 
rite  of  Strict  Observance,  the  Free- 


masons wew  not  the  successors  of 
the  Knights  Templar. 

Conventions  at  Paris,  convoked  in 
1785  and  1787,  with  the  laudable 
view  of  introducing  a  reform  in  the 
rituals  and  of  discussing  important 
points  of  doctrine  and  history. 
Both  Conventions  closed,  after  ses- 
sions of  several  months,  without 
producing  any  practical  result. 

From  the  foregoing  lists,  it  wiL 
be  seen  that  a  large  number  of 
the  Masonic  conventions  and  con- 
gresses which  have  been  held  were 
productive  of  little  or  no  effect. 
Others  of  them,  however,  such,  for 
instance,  as  those  of  York,  of  Co- 
logne, of  London,  and  a  few  others, 
have  certainly  left  their  mark,  and 
there  can,  we  think,  be  but  little 
doubt  that  a  general  convention  of 
the  Masons  of  the  world,  meeting 
with  an  eye  single  to  the  great  object 
of  Masonic  reform,  and  guided  by  a 
spirit  of  compromise,  might  be  of 
j  incalculable  advantage  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  institution  at  the 
present  day. 


CONVOCATION.  The  meetings  of  Chapters  of  Royal  Arch 
Masons  and  Councils  of  Koyal  and  Select  Masters  are  called 
Convocations.  The  term  is  applied  to  several  of  the  bodies 
of  the  higher  grades. 

CORNUCOPIA,  or  the  HORN  OF  PLENTY.  A  source  whence, 
according  to  the  ancient  poets,  every  production  of  the 
earth  was  lavished.  In  the  Masonic  system  it  is  the  symbol 
of  joy,  peace  and  plenty.  It  is  the  official  jewel  of  the 
Stewards  of  the  Lodge. 

CORRESPONDENCE.  Intercommunication  between 
lodges.  The  duty  of  attending  to  this  is  usually  assigned  to 
an  officer  called  Corresponding  Secretary.  In  the  Masonic 
Grand  Bodies  the  subject  is  in  charge  of  a  committee. 

CORYBANTES.  Priests  who  are  supposed  to  have  derived 
their  origin  from  Corybas,  who  appointed  them  to  perform 
religious  service  to  his  mother,  the  goddess,  Cybele,  in  the 
island  of  Crete  and  Phrygia.  The  ceremonies  bore  a  strong 
rresemblance  to  those  of  the  Cabiri. 

COTYS,  MYSTERIES  OF.  Cotys  was  a  goddess  worshiped  at 
Corinth  and  Chios.  Her  mysteries  were  celebrated  in  the 

night. 


116  COU— CUL. 

COUNCIL.  An  appellation  given  to  assemblies  of  many  ol 
the  higher  degrees  of  Freemasonry,  as  "Council  of  Royal 
and  Select  Masters;  Council  of  the  Trinity,"  etc. 

COUSINS,  COLLIER,  THE  GOOD.  An  old  order  which  nour- 
ished in  the  western  part  of  France.  Their  book  of  laws 
ritual,  and  catechism,  were  a  mixture  of  religious  and  mystica 
ideas. 

COVERING.   [See  BALDACHIN.] 

CREATED.  In  the  orders  of  chivalry  the  recipient  of  the 
honor  of  knighthood  is  said  to  be  "  created."  The  term  is 
used  in  the  degrees  of  Red  Cross,  Knights  Templar,  and 
Knights  of  Malta. 

CREED.  Articles  of  faith.  The  "Creed  "of  a  Mason  is 
simple.  It  is  belief  in  a  GOD  "in  whom  we  live,  and  move, 
and  have  our  being." 

CROSS-LEGGED.  The  effigies  on  the  tombs  of  the  ancient 
Knights  Templar  are  always  represented  with  the  legs 
crossed,  in  allusion  to  their  character  as  Knights  of  the 
Cross.  Consequently,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  when  some 
Knights  Templar  in  Scotland  joined  the  Masonic  Lodge,  at 
Stirling,  they  were  called  cross-legged  Masons. 

CROW.  An  instrument  of  iron  used  to  raise  heavy  sub- 
stances. Employed  as  a  symbol  in  Royal  Arch  Masonry. 

CROWN,  PBINCESSES  OF  THE.  A  system  of  Adoptive  Masonry 
which  appeared  in  Saxony,  in  1770.  It  nourished  for  a  short 
time,  and  then  became  extinct. 

CULDEES.  An  order  which  at  one  period  had  establish- 
ments in  almost  every  part  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
Some  derive  the  name  from  the  Latin  cultor  Dei,  a  worshiper 
of  GOD.  Others,  however,  think  they  can  trace  its  origin 
to  the  Gaelic  kyldee,  from  cylle,  a  cell,  and  dee,  a  house,  that 
is  a  building  composed  of  cells.  They  were  much  persecuted, 
and  lived  in  as  retired  a  manner  as  possible.  A  society  of 
them  settled  at  York,  and  were  found  there  by  King 
Athelstane  on  his  return  from  Scotland,  in  936.  They  are 
described  as  holy  men — "  viros  santce  vitce  et  conversationes  ho- 
nestcB  dictos  adhunc  Calideas"  Fessler  thinks  he  has  discovered 
a  connection  between  them  and  the  building  corporations  of  • 
Great  Britain,  and  thus  brings  them  into  the  category  oi 
Ma-sonic  societies. 


DAC— DEA.  117 

D. 

DA.CTYLL  Priests  of  Cybelein  Phrygia;  so-called  because 
they  were  five  in  number,  thus  corresponding  with  the  number 
of  the  fingers,  from  which  the  name  is  derived.  To  them  is 
ascribed  the  discovery  of  iron,  and  the  art  of  working  it  by 
means  of  fire.  Their  ceremonies  were  similar  to  those  of  the 
Corybantes  and  Curetes,  other  priests  of  the  same  goddess  iu 
Phrygia  and  Crete.  Their  number  appears  to  have  beeu 
originally  three:  Celmis  (the  smelter),  Damnameneus  (the 
hammer),  and  Acmon  (the  anvil).  Their  number  was  after- 
ward increased  to  five,  ten  (male  and  female),  fifty-two,  and 
one  hundred. 

DADUCHI.  Priests  of  Ceres,  who,  at  the  feasts  and  sacri- 
fices of  that  goddess,  ran  about  the  temple  with  lighted 
torches,  delivering  them  from  hand  to  hand,  till  they  had 
passed  through  the  whole  company. 

DAIS.  The  platform  or  raised  floor  in  the  East,  on  which 
the  presiding  officer  is  seated.  In  a  Lodge  the  dais  should 
be  reached  by  three  steps;  in  a  Eoyal  Arch  Chapter  by  seven 

DEACONS.  In  the  constitutional  list  are  two  officers 
known  as  Senior  Deacon  and  Junior  Deacon.  Their  duties 
are  a  general  superintendence  over  the  security  of  the  Lodge; 
the  introduction  of  distinguished  visitors  and  strangers; 
assist  in  the  ceremonies  of  the  Order;  carry  messages  about 
the  Lodge,  and  to  see  that  proper  accommodations  are 
afforded  to  every  member.  The  S.  D.  should  be  appointed 
by  the  Master,  and  the  J.  D.  by  the  Senior  Warden,  as  they 
are  the  special  messengers  of  those  two  officers.  There  is  no 
knowledge  of  these  officers  in  Masonry  prior  to  1777  in  this 
country,  and  still  more  recently  in  England. 

DEATH.  That  event  in  the  life  of  man  which  marks  the 
transition  from  the  material  and  visible  to  the  invisible  and 
spiritual  world.  In  point  of  fact,  there  is  no  such  thing  as 
death — it  is  simply  a  progress,  or  a  change  in  the  manner  ot 
existence.  The  ancients  were  more  earnest  believers  in 
immortality  than  the  moderns.  With  them  immortality  was 
a  fact  which  admitted  of  no  doubt;  consequently  all  the 
literature  of  the  old  Pagans  deals  largely  with  the  awful 
mysteries  of  eternity.  It  invariably  represents  the  future 
life  as  a  continuation  of  this.*  In  the  mysteries,  and  also  in 

*  Dr.  Oliver  has  allowed  himself  to  repeat  the  assertions  of  ignorant 
and  prejudiced  minds  in  his  article  on  this  subject.  Both  of  the  authors 
to  whom  he  refers,  and  from  whom  he  makes  quotations,  wei-e  earnest 
believers  in  immortality.  These  quotations  aie  garbled  extracts. 


118  DEB— DEM. 

Freemasonry,  death  has  a  symbolical  meaning.  It  signifies 
the  end  of  a  profauo  and  vicious  life — a  life  of  stupidity  and 
ignorance — and  the  introduction  to  a  life  of  virtue,  and  to  the 
enjoyments  of  knowledge;  in  other  words,  to  that  higher 
sphere  of  intellectual  and  moral  perfection  which  is  the  result 
of  those  labors  and  trials  which  are  symbolically  represented 
in  the  initiation. 

DEBATE.  An  exchange  of  opinions  or  a  war  of  words. 
Freemasonry  forbids  all  improper  debates  in  the  Lodge,  i.  e., 
the  discussion  of  those  ideas  which  divide  men  into  religious 
and  political  sects.  Seeking  the  harmony  and  concord  of 
society  it  tolerates  no  practice  which  would  destroy  its  object. 
Fraternal  debates  on  literary,  scientific,  and  philosophical 
subjects  are  always  in  order,  in  a  Masonic  Lodge,  when  they 
tend  to  the  improvement  of  the  brethren. 

DECALOGUE.  The  ten  commandments  or  precepts  de- 
livered by  God  to  Moses  on  Mount  Sinai.  They  are  engraved 
on  two  tables  of  stone,  and  are  important  symbols  in  the 
ceremonies  of  the  Royal  Arch  degree. 

DECANUS.  An  honorary  officer  in  the  Knights  Templar 
system  of  Baron  Hunde.  In  the  absence  of  the  Grand 
Master  and  the  Prior,  he  presided  as  chief  of  the  Chapter. 
When  a  vacancy  occurred  in  the  office  of  Grand  Master,  he 
was  one  of  four  vicars  who  governed  a  province. 

DELTA.  The  name  of  the  fourth  letter  of  the  Greek 
alphabet.  In  form  it  is  a  triangle  (A),  and  was  considered 
by  the  ancient  Egyptians  a  symbol  of  fire,  and  also  of  God. 
In  the  Scottish  and  French  systems,  and  also  that  of  the 
Knights  Templar,  the  triangle  or  delta  is  a  symbol  of  the 
Unspeakable  Name. 

DEMIURGE.  A  hoMdicraftsman.  The  name  given  in  the 
cosmogony  of  the  Gnostics  to  the  creator  or  former  of  the 
world  of  sense.  He  was  conceived  as  the  archon  or  chief 
of  the  lowest  order  of  the  spirits  or  aeons  of  the  pleroma; 
mingling  with  chaos,  he  formed  in  it  a  corporeal  animated 
world.  H«  created  man,  but  could  impart  to  him  only  his 
own  weak  principle,  the  psyche  or  sensuous  soul;  therefore 
the  highest,  the  really  good  God,  added  the  divine  rational 
soul,  or  pneuma.  But  the  power  of  evil  in  the  material  body, 
and  the  hostile  influence  of  the  merely  sensuous  demiurge, 
prevented  the  development  of  that  higher  element.  The 
demiurge,  holding  himself  to  be  the  highest  God,  could  not 
bring  his  creattires  to  the  knowledge  of  the  true  godhead; 
as  the  Jehovah  of  the  Jews,  he  gave  them  the  imperfect  law 


DEP— DTO.  110 

of  Moses,  which  promised  merely  a  sensuous  happiness,  and 
even  that  not  attainable;  and  against  the  spirits  of  the  hyle, 
or  world  of  matter,  he  sent  only  a  psychical,  and  therefore 
powerless  Messiah. 

DEPUTATION-LODGES.  Assemblies  composed  of  depu- 
tations from  several  lodges  who  meet  for  the  purpose  of 
accomplishing  some  common  object  deemed  important  to  the 
interests  of  all  concerned.  These  lodges  afforded  opportu- 
nities for  intelligent  Masons  to  exchange  thoughts,  and  in  the 
last  century  were  useful  in  purging  the  institution  of  many 
customs  and  practices  which  were  foreign  to  it.  The  Depu- 
tation-Lodge, we  believe,  is  not  known  in  the  United  States. 

DEPUTY.  An  officer  appointed  by  the  Grand  Master  to 
represent  him  in  a  certain  Masonic  district.  In  the  United 
States  he  is  styled  District  Deputy  Grand  Master. 

DEUS  MEUMQUE  JUS.  God  and  my  Eight.  Motto  of  the 
Supreme  Council  33d  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted 
Scottish  rite. 

DEVICE.  A  badge,  in  heraldry,  derived  from  the  old 
French  word  deviser,  to  talk,  to  discourse  familiarly;  probably 
so-called  because  a  symbol  united  with  a  word  or  words 
describes  more  graphically  and  forcibly  what  is  desired  than 
any  other  invention  possibly  could.  A  device  is,  therefore, 
a  painted  metaphor,  and  is  used  on  banners,  seals,  medals, 
shields,  armorial  bearings,  etc.  Almost  every  degree  in  Free- 
masonry has  its  device,  as  Adhuc  Slot,  Deus  Meumque  Jus,  etc. 
All  knightly  orders  have  their  devices — that  of  the  French 
Order  of  the  Star,  founded  in  1351,  was  a  star  with  the  words: 
"  They  show  to  kings  the  way  to  the  stars." 

DIEU  LE  VEUT  (French).  God  wills  it.  The  battle-cry 
>f  the  Crusaders,  and,  in  imitation  of  them,  a  common 
expression  in  the  Knight  Templar  system. 

DIGNITAIEES  (French).  Dignitaries.  In  French  Lodges 
the  first  five  officers  are  call-ed  by  this  name,  and  in  the 
Grand  Lodge  the  same  are  styled  Grand  Dignitaries. 

DIMIT.  From  the  Latin  dimitto.  To  permit  to  go.  The 
act  of  withdrawing  from  membership.  The  dimission  of  a 
Mason  from  his  Lodge  does  not  cancel  his  Masonic  obliga- 
tions to  the  Order.  He  is  still  subject  to  the  imperative  law 
— once  a  Mason,  always  a  Mason. 

DIONYSIAN  AKCHITECTS.  Priests  of  Bacchus,  who  is 
also  named  Dionysus.  Becoming  skilled  io  the  science  oi 


120  DIG— DIS. 

architecture  they  founded  the  order  of  Sidonian  Builders,  n 
considerable  period  before  the  time  of  David,  King  of  Israel 
From  this  society — which  built  the  Temple  of  Solomon- 
sprung  the  Roman  Colleges  of  Architects,  and  these,  in  thei. 
turn,  gave  birth  to  the  building  corporations  of  the  middl 
ages,  from  which  the  present  order  of  Freemasonry  is» 
derived.  Thus  the  society  of  Dionysian  Builders  is  the 
connecting  link  between  Modern  Masonry  and  the  Ancient 
Mysteries. 

DIONYSIAN  MYSTERIES.  The  ceremonies  of  this  order 
of  mystagogues  appear  to  have  been  a  mixture  of  the  rituals 
of  the  Egyptian  mysteries  and  the  Cabriri.  The  ritual  of 
Freemasonry  preserves,  in  its  central  circle,  the  leading 
features  of  the  Dionysian  institution.  Hiram  and  Dionysus, 
or  Bacchus,  are  names,  representing  and  illustrating  in 
their  history  and  experience,  the  same  ideas.  The  initiation 
was  a  symbolical  progress,  from  the  dark,  dead,  and  frigid 
North  to  the  refulgent  East — a  pilgrimage 

"Through  darkness  dread,  and  terrors  wild. 

And  horrors  that  appall, 
f  o  Bacchus'  shrine,  where  splendors  mild 
Around  the  '  accepted '  fall. " 

The  moral  teaching  of  these  mysteries  was  the  same  as  that 
of  the  Mysteries  of  Isis,  which  see. 

DIPLOMA.  From  the  Greek  diploo,  1  fold  up;  literally  a 
letter  folded  but  once.  It  signifies  a  document  signed  and 
sealed,  conferring  certain  rights  and  privileges  on  the  holder. 
In  Freemasonry  this  would  designate  a  certificate  of  member- 
ship, and  of  good  standing,  issued  by  a  Lodge  to  its  members, 
to  be  used  by  them  when  traveling  among  strangers.  These 
documents  have  been  in  vogue  since  1663,  and  in  some 
jurisdictions  traveling  brothers,  who  are  strangers,  are  not 
permitted  to  visit  Lodges,  if  they  are  not  provided  with  one. 
The  great  body  of  Masons,  however,  seem  reluctant  to  make 
the  presentation  of  a  diploma  a  necessary  condition  of 
admission  to  the  Lodge  as  a  visitor 

DIRK,  OR  DAGGER.  An  attribute  of  the  clothing  or  costume 
of  the  members  of  the  Degree  of  the  elect — the  4th  degree 
of  the  French  rite — and  of  the  Knights  Kadosch — -the  30th 
degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite. 

DISCALCEATION.  Denuding  or  making  bare  the  feet  as 
an  act  of  religious  reverence.  This  custom  appears  to  have 
been  universal  among  ancient  nations,  and  is,  at  least,  as  old 
as  the  tune  of  Moses;  for  it  is  said,  Exod.  iii.  5,  that  the 
angel  of  the  Lord  called  to  Moses  from  the  burning  bush. 


DIS.  121 

"Draw  not  nigh  hither;  put  off  thy  shoes  from  off  thy  feet; 
for  the  place  whereon  thou  standest  is  holy  ground."  But 
among  all  peoples  the  custom  was  observed  as  an  act  of 
reverence  and  a  sign  of  humility.  Even  among  Christians 
the  practice  has  prevailed.  An  Ethiopian  bishop,  an  envoy 
from  the  King  of  Abyssinia  to  John  III.,  Portugal,  is  repre- 
sented as  saying:  "  Non  datur  nobis  potestas  adeundi  templum 
nisi  nudibus  pedibus,"  i.  e.,  "  The  power  or  privilege  of  going 
into  the  temple  is  not  given  us  unless  we  go  with  naked 
feet." 

DISCIPLINA  ARCANA.  The  name  given  to  the  secret 
ritual  and  practices  of  the  first  Christian  Church.  The  dis- 
ciples of  Christ  had  scarcely  formed  themselves  into  a 
brotherhood,  before  the  instinct  of  self-preservation  compelled 
them  to  retire  into  secrecy,  and  throw  over  themselves  and 
all  their  proceedings  the  vail  of  mystery.  The  ancient  docu- 
ments known  as  the  "  Apostolical  Constitutions  and  Canons  " 
often  speak  of  the  Disciplina  Arcana,  or  secret  discipline 
of  the  most  ancient  church.  Irenseus,  Tertullian,  Clemens, 
Origen,  and  Gregory,  of  Nyssa,  also  furnish  abundant  proofs 
that  the  primitive  church  was  a  secret  society.  Indeed,  so 
well  known  was  this  peculiar  organization  that  nearly  all 
ancient  writers,  Christian  or  Pagan,  have  noticed  the  fact. 
Lucian  of  Samosata  speaks  of  Christ  as  a  magician  who 
established  new  mysteries.  Pliny,  also,  informs  us  that  the 
Christians  were  persecuted  in  the  reign  of  Trajan,  not  on 
account  of  their  religion,  but  as  a  secret  society,  under  a 
general  law  of  the  empire  which  prohibited  all  "secret 
associations."  The  arcana  of  the  primitive  disciples  were 
comprised  in  four  circles,  which  the  neophyte  was  re- 
quired to  traverse  before  he  could  participate  in  the 
most  sacred  mysteries  of  the  church.  The  central  light  of 
truth  shone  in  its  full  splendor  only  on  those  who  had  at- 
tained to  the  highest  degree.  They  were  styled:  1.  Oi  pistoi, 
the  Faithful;  2.  Photizomenoi,  the  Enlightened;  3.  Memue 
menoi,  the  Initiated ;  4.  Teleioumenoi,  the  Perfect.  The 
terms  mustai,  and  musta  gogetoi  are  often  used  in  this  connec- 
tion, and,  in  short,  all  the  phraseology  which  profane  writers 
employ  in  describing  an  initiation  into  their  mysteries.  In- 
deed the  right  of  baptism  itself  has  an  evident  relation,  as 
Cyril  of  Jerusalem  represents,  to  the  initiatory  rites  of  Isis, 
Eleusis,  Samothrace  and  Phrygia.* 

DISTRICT  DEPUTY.   [See  DEPUTY.] 

*  Cyril.  Hierosol,  Catech,  Mystagog,  5,  et  seq,  et  Jamieson,  Manners  of 
Primitive  Christians. 


122  DOV— DUE. 

DOVE,  KNIGHTS  AND  LAI/IBS  OF  THE.  A  kind  of  Adoptive  or 
Androgynal  Masonry  which  appeared  in  France,  A.  D.  1784. 

DRAGON,  KNIGHTS  OF  THE.  A  degree  in  Knight-Tern- 
plarism,  which  was  popular  in  Strasburg,  Lyons,  and  Bor- 
deaux from  1766  to  1783.  It  had  a  history  and  a  cypher  of 
a  peculiar  character. 

DRUIDS.  An  order  of  priests  resembling  the  Brahmins  o1 
India,  whose  principal  seat  was  in  Great  Britain.  The  name 
seems  to  have  been  derived  from  the  Greek  drus — the  oak — 
or  from  derw  the  Celtic  word  for  the  same  tree,  which  they 
held  in  the  highest  reverence,  as  a  symbol  of  wisdom  and 
strength.  They  were  divided  into  three  castes.  1.  Those 
who  were  peculiarly  priests,  and  directed  the  public  worship. 
2.  The  prophets,  who  foretold  future  events.  3.  The  vates, 
holy  singers,  bards,  or  poets.  According  to  Julius  Csesar,* 
they  were  the  learned  men  and  philosophers  of  the  Gauls 
and  Celts,  and  possessed  great  authority  also  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  State.  The  instruction  of  the  people — save  in 
the  art  of  war — was  intrusted  to  them.  Their  teachings 
were  often  communicated  in  verse,  and  had  a  double  sense. 
They  believed  in  the  immortality  of  man,  and  the  transmi- 
gration of  souls,  and  a  restoration  of  all  to  purity  and  happi- 
ness. Their  reverence  for  the  parasitical  plant — mystletoe — 
amounts  almost  to  worship.  At  a  certain  season  of  the  year 
the  Arch-druid  ascended  the  oak,  on  which  it  was  usually 
found,  and  cut  it  with  a  golden  knife.  This  was  the  holiest 
thing  in  nature,  and  a  panacea  for  every  disease.  Their 
temples  and  altars  were  constructed  of  unhewn  stones,  and 
the  former  had  no  roofs  or  coverings.  Their  ceremonies 
were  symbolical,  which  has  led  some  writers,  as  Lawrie, 
Preston,  Hutchinson,  and  Oliver,. to  see  a  connection  between 
them  and  Freemasonry. 

DUE  FORM.  When  a  Lodge  is  constituted,  and  its  officers 
installed,  or  any  Masonic  service  is  performed,  such  as  laying 
corner-stones,  consecrating  halls,  by  the  Grand  Master  and 
his  officers,  it  is  said  to  be  done  in  ample  form;  if  by  deputies 
of  the  Grand  Master,  it  is  said  to  be  done  in  due  form. 

DUE  GUARD.  The  "due  guard"  of  Masonry  teacbeg 
every  brother  to  set  a  watch  over  his  words,  his  acts,  and  his 
thoughts,  and  constantly  warns  him  to  remember  his  solemn 
obligations,  and  never  to  forget  the  penalty  of  broken  vows 
and  violated  faith. 

*  C^sar,  Bell,  GalL 


BAG— ECL. 


E. 

EAGLE,  KNIGHT  OF  THE  AMERICAN.  A  quasi-military  degree 
in  Texas,  and  the  Western  States. 

EAGLE,  KNIGHT  OF  THE  BLACK.  The  name  of  a  Prussian 
Order  founded  in  1701;  also  of  the  38th  degree  of  the  Kite 
of  Misraim,  the  66th  of  the  Metropolitan  Chapter  of  France, 
and  of  the  27th  degree  of  the  Primitive  Scotch  rite. 

EAGLE,  KNIGHT  OF  THE  RED.  A  title  in  the  French  Ordre 
de  la  Sincerite. 

EASTEEN  STAR,  ORDER  OF  THE.  An  American  adoptive 
system  of  Freemasonry.  It  was  introduced  into  this  country 
in  1778,  and  since  that 
time  thousands  of  per- 
sons have  participated 
in  its  ceremonies.  The 
theory  of  the  Order  of 
the  Eastern  Star  is 
founded  upon  the  Holy 
writings.  Five  promi- 
nent female  characters, 
illustrating  as  many 
Masonic  virtues,  are 
selected,  adopted  and 
placed  under  Masonic 
protection.  Its  obliga- 
tions are  based  upon 
the  honor  of  the  female 
sex,  and  framed  upon  the  principles  of  Equality  and  Justice. 
Those  who  are  entitled  to  receive  the  degrees  are  Master 
Masons,  their  wives,  widows,  sisters  and  daughters.  [See 
ADOPTIVE  MASONRY.] 

ECLECTIC  MASONRY.  Soon  after  the  convention  of 
Wilhelmsbad,  1782,  some  German  Masons,  with  the  cele- 
brated Baron  Knigge  at  their  head,  conceived  the  idea  of 
such  a  reform  in  the  system  of  degrees  as  would  confine 
Freemasonry,  in  its  original  and  legitimate  character,  to  the 
three  symbolical  degrees,  governed  by  the  English  constitu- 
tion of  1721,  and  in  this  way  escape  from  the  tyrannical 
usurpations  of  the  Circles  of  the  Strict  Observance.  The 
Lodges,  however,  according  to  this  plan,  were  allowed  to 
select  or  choose  any  of  the  higher  degrees,  and  work  them 
as  a  kind  of  amusement  or  recreation.  This  invention  did 
not  meet  with  the  success  anticipated,  and  has  nearly  dis- 
appear«  1.  It  was  never  introduced  into  the  United  Statea 


124  ECO— EGY. 

ECOSSAIS  (French),  Scotch.  A  term  applied  to  the  An- 
cient and  Accepted  rite,  and  the  name  of  the  fifth  degree  of 
the  French  system.  This  system  has  a  very  curious  history, 
and  at  different  times  has  promulgated  nearly  a  hundred 
degrees,  and  through  their  agency  all  sorts  of  ideas  and 
theories  of  a  mystical  character  were  propagated  by  their 
inventors.  The  apocryphal  degrees,  however,  have  gradually 
been  discarded. 

EGYPTIAN  MYSTERIES.  According  to  Herodotus,  the 
secret  institution  of  Isis,  with  its  wonderful  mysteries  and 
imposing  ceremonies,  made  its  appearance  simultaneously 
with  the  organization  of  Egyptian  society  and  the  birth  of 
Egyptian  civilization.  At  first  the  initiation  into  these  mys- 
teries was,  probably,  simply  a  mystic  drama,  representing 
the  progress  of  man,  from  a  barbarous  to  a  civilized  state, 
and  his  advancement  and  struggles  through  gloom  and  toil, 
toward  the  supreme  perfection,  whether  in  time  or  eternity. 
This  is  seen  in  the  hieroglyphical  representation  of  the 
judgment  of  Amenti.  It  is  a  picture  of  an  ordeal  or  scrutiny 
to  which  the  candidate  was  subjected  preparatory  to  initia- 
tion. The  ceremony  of  initiation  itself  was  a  progress 
through  gloom  and  terror,  and  all  possible  mortal  horrors,  to 
scenes  of  indescribable  beauty  and  glory.  The  principal  seat 
of  the  mysteries  was  at  Memphis.  They  were  of  two  kinds 
— the  Greater  and  the  Less ;  the  former  taught  by  the 
priests  of  Osiris  and  Serapis,  the  latter  by  those  of  Isis. 
The  candidate  was  required  to  furnish  proofs  of  a  pure  and 
moral  life  as  an  evidence  that  he  was  fitted  for  admission  or 
enrollment.  When  these  conditions  were  fulfilled,  he  was 
required  to  spend  a  week  in  solitude  and  meditation,  abstain 
from  all  unchaste  acts,  confine  himself  tc  a  light  diet,  and 
to  purify  the  body  by  frequent  ablutions  and  severe  mortifi- 
cations of  the  flesh.  Being  thus  prepared,  the  candidate  was 
ordered  to  enter  the  pyramid  during  the  night,  where  he 
had  to  descend  on  his  hands  and  knees  through  a  narrow 
passage  \rithout  steps,  until  he  reached  a  cave-like  opening, 
through  which  he  had  to  crawl  to  another  subterranean 
cave,  on  the  walls  of  which  he  found  inscribed  the  following 
words:  "The  mortal  who  shall  travel  over  this  road  alone, 
without  hesitating  or  looking  behind,  shall  be  purified  by 
fire,  by  water  and  by  air,  and  if  he  can  surmount  the  fear  of 
death  he  shall  emerge  from  the  bosom  of  the  earth;  he  shall 
revisit  the  light,  and  claim  the  right  of  preparing  his  soul 
for  the  reception  of  the  mysteries  of  the  great  goddess  Isis." 
At  the  same  time  three  priests,  disguised  in  masks  resembling 
the  neads  of  jackals,  and  armed  with  swords,  sought  to 
frighten  him,  first  by  their  appearance  and  noise,  and  after- 


EGY.  127 

•ward  by  enumerating  the  dangers  that  waited  him  on  his 
journey.  If  his  courage  did  not  fail  him  here,  he  was  pei  - 
mitted  to  pass  on  to  the  Hall  of  Fire.  Tiis  Avas  a  large 
apartment  lined  with  burning  stuffs,  and  whose  floor  was  a 
grate  painted  flame  color;  the  bars  of  this  grate  were  so 
narrow  that  they  offered  scarcely  room  enough  for  him  to 
croos.  Through  this  hall  he  was  obliged  to  pass  with  the 
greatest  speed  to  avoid  the  effects  of  the  flames  and  heat. 
Having  overcome  this  difficulty,  he  next  encountered  a  wide 
channel  fed  from  the  waters  of  the  Nile.  Over  this  stream 
he  had  to  swim,  with  a  small  lamp,  which  furnished  all  the 
light  that  was  afforded  him.  On  reaching  the  opposite  side, 
he  found  a  narrow  passage  leading  to  a  landing  place  about 
six  feet  square,  the  floor  of  which  was  made  movable  by 
mechanism  underneath.  On  each  side  were  walls  of  rough 
stone,  and  behind  wheels  of  metal  were  fixed.  In  front 
was  a  gate  of  ivory,  opening  inward,  and  preventing  any 
farther  advance.  On  attempting  to  turn  two  large  rings 
annexed  to  the  door,  in  hopes  of  continuing  his  journey,  the 
wheels  came  into  motion,  producing  a  most  terrific  and 
stunning  effect,  and  the  floor  gave  way,  leaving  him  sus- 
pended by  the  arms  over  apparently  a  deep  abyss,  from 
which  proceeded  a  violent  and  piercing  current  of  cold  air, 
so  that  the  lamp  was  extinguished,  and  he  remained  in  com- 
plete darkness.  In  this  process  of  trial,  it  will  be  observed 
that  the  candidate  was  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  four 
great  purifying  elements — Earth,  Fire,  Water  and  Air.  After 
the  risk  of  falling  into  an  unknown  depth  had  continued  for 
a  moment  or  two,  the  floor  resumed  its  original  position,  the 
wheels  ceased  to  revolve,  and  the  door  of  ivory  flew  open, 
disclosing  the  sanctuary  of  Isis,  illuminated  with  a  blaze  of 
light,  where  the  priests  of  that  goddess  were  assembled 
drawn  up  in  two  ranks,  clothed  in  ceremonial  dresses,  and 
i 'caring  the  mysterious  symbols  of  the  Order,  singing  hymns 
iu  praise  of  their  divinity,  who  welcomed  and  congratulated 
him  on  his  courage  and  escape  from  the  dangers  which  had 
surrounded  him.  The  entrance  to  the  sanctuary  was  con- 
structed in  the  pedestal  of  the  triple  statue  of  Isis,  Osiris 
and  Horus;  and  the  walls  were  ornamented  with  various 
allegorical  figures,  symbols  of  the  Egyptian  mysteries,  among 
which  were  particularly  prominent:  1.  A  serpent  throwing 
an  egg  out  of  its  mouth;  a  symbol  of  the  production  of  all 
things  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  2.  A  serpent  curled  up  in 
the  form  of  a  circle,  holding  its  tail  in  its  mouth;  an  allusion 
to  eternity,  and  to  the  uninterrupted  revolution  of  the  sun. 
3.  The  double  tau,  which  is  meant  to  represent  the  active 
and  passive  power  of  nature  in  the  generation  of  all  thinga 


128  EGY. 

There  he  was  made  to  kneel   before  an  altar,  and  required 
to   pronounce  the  following  solemn   obligation:  "I   swear 
never  to  reveal  to  any  uninitiated  person  the  things  that 
I  have  seen  in   this   sanctuary,   nor   any  of  the  mysteries 
which  have  been  or  shall  be  communicated  to  me.     I  call  ou 
all  the  deities  of    earth,    of    heaven,  and  of    the   infernal 
regions,  to  be  witnesses  of  this  oath;  and  I  trust  that  their 
vengeance    will  fall  on  my  head  should  I  ever  become  a 
villain  so  base  and  perjured."      He  was  then  retained  for 
several  months  in  the  temple,  where  moral  trials  of  different 
kinds  awaited  him.     The  object  of  this  was  to  bring  out  all 
the  traits  of  his  character,  and   to   test  his  fitness  for  his 
vocation.     After  he  had  passed  through  this  trial,  then  came 
what   was   called   his  Manifestation.      This  consisted  of   a 
number  of  ceremonies,  of  which  the  novice  was  the  subject 
during   the  space  of  twelve    days.      He   was   dedicated   to 
Osiris,  Isis  and  Horus,  and  decorated  with  the  twelve  conse- 
crated scarfs  (stolen)  and  the  Olympic  cloak.      These  scarfs 
were   embroidered  with   the   signs  of  the   Zodiac,  and  the    " 
cloak  with  figures  that  were  symbolic  of  the  starry  heavens 
as  the  abode  of  the  gods  and  happy  spirits.     A  crown  of  palm 
leaves  was  placed  upon  his  head,  and  a  burning  torch  in  his 
hand.     Thus  prepared,  he  was  again  led  to  the  altar,  where 
he  renewed  his  oath.      Now  came  the  time  when  he  had  a 
right  to  appear  as  victor  before  the  people,  and  to  this  end 
they  prepared    for   him   a   solemn   procession,    called   the 
Triumphal  March  of  the  Initiated,  which  was  proclaimed  by 
heralds  in  every  quarter  of  the  city.      On  the  morning  of 
the  day  appointed  for  the  ceremony,  the  priests  assembled 
in  the  temple,  when  the  most  precious  treasures  belonging 
to  the  sanctuary  were  displayed,  and  repaired  to  the  chapel 
of  Isis  to  bring  a  sacrifice  to  the  goddess,  covered  with  a 
vail  of  white  silk,    and   embroidered   with    golden    hiero- 
glyphics, and  this  again  concealed  beneath  a  black  gauze. 
After  the  sacrifice,  the  procession  left  the  temple  and  moved 
westward.      First  in  the  train  came  an  image  of  Isis  seated 
upon  a  triumphal  car  drawn  by  six  white  horses,  next  to 
which  walked  the  priests  in  the  order  of  their  rank,  dressed 
in   their   most   gorgeous    attire,  and    carrying   the   sacred 
oymbols,  the  utensils  of  the  temple,  the  books  of  Thot,  and 
tlie  sacred  tablet  of  Isis,  which  was  a  silver  plate  with  the 
hieroglyphics  that  referred  to  the  mysteries  of  this  goddess 
engraved  on  it.     The  priests  were  followed  by  all  the  native 
and  foreign  adepts,  dressed  in  white  linen  garments.     The 
no  \vly-initiated  walked  in  their  midst,  distinguished  l>y  a 
white   vail   which   extended    from   his   head   down  to   his 
shoulders.     All  the  houses  of  the  streets  through  which  the 


procession  passed  were  decorated  as  oil  festal  occasions. 
Flowers  and  perfumes  were  everywhere  thrown  over  the 
person  of  the  novice,  and  his  arrival  greeted  with  shouts  of 
rejoicing.  After  his  return  to  the  temple,  he  was  placed 
upon  an  elevated  throne,  before  which  immediately  afterward 
u  curtain  descended.  While  the  priests  chanted  during  the 
interval  hymns  in  favor  of  the  goddess,  he  divested  himself 
of  his  holiday  suit,  and  assumed  the  white  linen  garb  which 
he  was  henceforth  to  wear.  The  curtain  was  now  again 
raised,  and  the  renewed  shouts  of  the  spectators  greeted  him 
as  an  adept.  The  ceremonies  concluded  Avith  a  festival, 
which  lasted  three  days,  during  which  the  newly-made 
brother  occupied  the  seat  of  honor.  At  a  subsequent 
period  the  Mysteries  were  augmented  by  the  introduction  of 
the  tragedy  of  Osiris.  The  ceremony  consisted  of  funereal 
rites,  expressive  of  the  wildest  grief  on  account  of  his  death; 
a  search  for  his  body,  which  is  at  last  found,  the  return  of 
Osiris  to  life,  and  the  destruction  of  Typhon,  his  assassin. 
Osiris  was  the  symbol  of  truth  or  goodness;  Typhon  of 
error  or  evil — the  murder  of  Osiris  signified  the  temporary 
subjugation  of  virtue,  and  his  resurrection  the  ultimate 
triumph  of  the  good.  This  was  the  parent  of  all  those 
Grecian  rites  which  represent  a  death  and  a  resurrection, 
and  whose  principal  features  are  perpetuated  in  the  legend 
of  the  Sidonian  builders.  These  Mysteries  exercised  a  / 
powerful  influence  over  the  Egyptian  mind.  They  gave 
unity  to  the  Egyptian  character,  consistency  to  their  religious 
establishments,  stability  to  their  political  institutions,  and 
vigor  and  directness  in  the  pursuits  of  philosophy,  science 
and  art. 

ELECT  OF  PERIGNAN.  A  degree  of  the  French  rite, 
nearly  identical  witli  the  degrees  Elected  Knights  ol  Nine, 
and  Illustrious  Elected  of  Fifteen,  in  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite. 

ELECT  OF  TRUTH,  OK  LODGE  OF  PERFECT  UNION,  \vas  the 
name  given  to  a  rite  adopted  in  the  Lodge  Perfect  Union,  al 
Rennes,  in  France,  about  1779,  and  for  a  time  extended  to 
other  cities.  The  object  of  the  system  was  to  throw  aside 
the  Templar  degrees,  and  everything  that  related  to  magic, 
alchemy  and  the  cabala.  It  was  divided  into  three  classes, 
which  contained  fourteen  degrees;  the  first  class  comprising 
the  Entered  Apprentice,  Fellow-Craft,  Master  and  Perfect 
Master;  the  second,  the  Elect  of  Nine,  Elect  of  Fifteen,  Master 
Elect,  Minor  Architect,  Second  Architect,  Grand  Architect, 
Knight  of  the  East,  Rose  Croix;  and  the  third  class,  Knighi 
Adept  and  Elect  of  Truth.  Tins  rite  has  ceased  to  exist,. 


ISO 


ELK. 


The  name  of  the  fifth  degree  of  the  Order  ol 
tLe  ~En  stern  Star.  She  was  a  lady  of  high  repute  in  Judea, 
and  il  ustratos  the  Masonic  characteristics  of  bevevolence 
and  he  ;pitahty  in  the  American  Adoptive  rite. 

ELEOTED  COHENS.  The  Rite  of  "Elected  Cohens,"  or 
"Pries\ ;,"  was  founded  some  time  between  1754  and  1700 
by  Mar  inez  Paschalis,  by  whom  it  was  introduced  into  the 
Lodges  *f  Bordeaux,  Marseilles  and  Toulouse.  Of  its  prin- 
ciples v\  ry  little  is  known,  but  it  is  said  to  have  been  divided 
into  twi  classes;  in  the  first  of  which  was  represented  the 
fail  of  n.an  from  virtue  and  happiness,  and  in  the  second  his 
final  restoration.  It  consisted  of  nine  degrees:  Entered 
Apprentice,  Fellow-Craft,  Master  Mason,  Grand  Elect,  Ap- 
prentice Cohen,  Fellow-Craft  Cohen,  Master  Cohen,  Grand 
Architect,  and  Knight  Commander.  Clavel  tells  us  this  rite 
was  rather  popular  among  the  litterateurs  of  Paris  for  a  short 
time,  bnt  it  has  now  ceased  to  exist. 

ELEC1ED  KNIGHTS  OF  NINE.  Called  by  the  French 
'•  Master  Elect  of  Nine."  The  body  is  termed  a  Chapter. 
J  he  presiding  officer  represents  King  Solomon,  and  is  styled 
"  Thrice  Illustrious."  ^The  room  represents  the  audience 
chamber  of  King  Solomon;  it  is  illuminated  by  nine  lights 
of  yellow  wax.  The  apron  is  of  white  lambskin,  spotted 
with  red,  and  lined  and  bordered  with  black.  On  the  flap  ia 
painted  or  embroidered  au  arm  holding  a  dagger;  and  in  the 
middle  of  the  apron  an  arm  holding  a  bloody  head  by  the 
Lair.  The  sash  is  a  broad  black  watered  ribbon,  worn  from 


JUDGMENT    HALL. 
F.r.K(TKt)    KNIGHTS    OF    NINE. 


ELE.  183 

the  right  shoulder  to  the  left  hip.  At  the  lower  end  of  this 
are  the  nine  i-ed  rosettes,  four  on  each  side  and  one  at  the 
bottom;  and  from  the  end  of  the  sash  hangs  the  jewel,  which 
is  a  dagger,  its  hilt  of  gold,  and  its  blade  of  silver.  The  object 
of  this  degree  is  to  exhibit  the  mode  in  which  a  certain  work- 
man, who,  in  order  prematurely  and  improperly  to  obtain 
the  knowledge  of  a  superior  degree,  engaged  in  an  execrable 
deed  of  villainy,  received  his  punishment.  It  exemplifies 
the  truth  of  the  maxim  that  the  punishment  of  crime,  though 
sometimes  slow,  is  ever  sure;  and  it  admonishes  us,  by  tbo 
historical  circumstances  on  which  it  is  founded,  of  the  bind- 
ing nature  of  our  Masonic  obligation.  The  symbolic  colors 
in  the  regalia  are  white,  red,  and  black;  the  white  being 
emblematic  of  the  purity  of  the  Knights,  the  red  of  the 
atrocious  crime  committed,  and  the  black  of  grief  for  its 
results.  In  the  French  rite  this  is  the  4th  degree ;  it  requires 
three  chambers,  and  in  some  respects  has  similitude  to  the 
llth  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite,  being  also 
preparatory  to  the  degree  of  Sublime  Knight  Elect. 

ELEPHANT  A.  An  island,  called  by  the  natives  Gharipoor, 
situated  between  the  west  coast  of  Hindostan  and  Bombay. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  wonderful  cave,  and  Hindoo  mytho- 
logical inscriptions.  The  largest  of  the  excavations  on  this 
island  is  nearly  square,  measuring  133  by  132  feet ;  and 
immediately  fronting  its  main  entrance  stands  a  bust  or 
third-length  of  a  three-headed  deity,  with  a  height  of  18  feet, 
and  a  breadth  of  23.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  ancient  mysteries 
of  India. 

ELEUSINIA.  The  name  by  which  the  rites  and  ceremonies 
originally  celebrated  at  Eleusis  were  known,  and  by  way  of 
eminence  called  "The  Mysteries."*  These,  like  the  Egyptian 

*  Amidst  all  the  institutions  which  have  been  denominated  Mysteries, 
those  of  Eleusis  hold  the  highest  rank,  erpally  imposing  from  their 
origin  and  their  results:  they  alone  appear  in  relation  withfhe  primitive 
source  of  religious  ideas,  and  alone  formed  the  mysticism  of  polytheism 
Never  did  the  ancients  by  the  name  of  mysteries  so  thoroughly  under 
stand  any  other  than  the  Eleusiuian.  The  others,  with  a  few  exceptions 
were  nothing  more,  originally,  than  the  mysterious  practices  of  selfish  and 
interested  persons,  the  object  of  whose  mission  was  accomplished  in  the 
deception  of  a  confiding  and  credulous  people.  The  mysteries  of  Eleusis 
hrtd  alone,  and  within  its  own  organization,  attained  the  object  of  every 
gi eat  religious  association.  All  Greece  hastened  to  be  initiated;  and 
Plato,  who  had  penetrated  into  the  secrets  of  the  sanctuary,  did  not 
Bpeak  of  them  without  admiration.  "The  knowledge  of  nature."  says 
St.  Clemens  of  Alexandria,  "is  taught  in  the  Gi-eat  Mysteries."  If  it 
were  possible  to  lift  the  vail  which  covers  the  mysteries  of  Eleusis,  we 
should  possess  a  key  to  the  mysteries  of  Egypt  and  of  the  E.tst;  a  clue; 
which,  having  once  been  lound,  would  lead  on  to  the  last  moments  of 
|M)lytheism.  The  time  when  the  mysteries  of  Elsusis  were 


134:  ELE. 

mysteries,  were  of  two  kinds — the  lesser  and  the  greater 
which  were  also  esoteric  and  exoteric* — held  at  different 
periods  of  the  year,  and  at  different  places;  the  lesser,  which 
was  introductory  to  the  greater,  being  celebrated  at  Agrse, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Ilyssus;  the  greater  at  Eleusis,  a  town 
of  Attica  in  Greece.  They  were  subsequently  extended  into 

is  equally  uncertain  as  the  name  of  their  founder.      Tertullian  attri- 
butes them  to    Musteus;  St.  Epiphany  to  Cadmus  and  Inachus;  whik> 
t'lemens  of  Alexandria  informs  us,  that  the  mysteries  were  traced  to  an 
Egyptian  named  Melauipus.      Some  declare  that  one  Eumolpus  waF  the 
(bander  and  first  Hierophaut  of  the  mysteries;  and  others  believe  that 
Orpheus  introduced  them  from  Egypt  into  Greece.     The  writers,  how- 
ever, most  worthy  of  credit,  ascribe  to  Ceres  herself  the  foundation  of 
the  Eleusiuian  mysteries.     We  shall  not  here  repeat  the  different  fables 
that  have  been  told  concerning  the  manner  in  which  Ceres  established 
these  mysteries.      By  attributing  them  to  the  goddess  or  to  Earth,  tho 
epoch  of  their  foundation  was  removed   beyond  the  bounds  of  history, 
and  the  impossibility  of  ascertaining  it  was  acknowledged.     An  uncer- 
tainty still  more  great  hangs  over  the  year  of  their  institution;  those 
who  have  discussed   this   subject   offering  various  opinions--,  all  equally 
deficient  in  proofs  and  even  in  the  appearance  of  probability.     Memers 
and  Dupuis  have  already  shown  that  this  research  is  no  less  frivolous 
than  useless.     In  support  of  the  assertion  here  made,  we  shall  observe, 
that  the  lesser  mysteries  having  undoubtedly  preceded  the  great,  I  he  epoch 
of  their  true  development  should   be  that  of   the  organization  of  the 
Grecian  republics.     It  is,  therefore,  infinitely  more  interesting  to  study 
the  mysteries  in  their  maturity  than  in  their  infancy.     We  may  remark 
also,  that  however  remote  the  date  of  their  transmigration  from  Egypt, 
however  symbolical  the  name  of  Ceres,  the  mysteries  must  have  been 
anterior  to  the  epoch  which  has  been  assigned  for  their  foundation,  if 
we  consent  to  place  the  germ  of  them  in  the  festivals  and  popular  prac- 
tices of  those  who  first  inhabited  Greece,  and  who,  like  them,  had  issued 
from  the  East.     The  religion  of  the  Greeks  was  not  formed  without  suc- 
ces^ive  acquisitions;  and  of  their  worship  and  of  their  ceremonies  much 
had   been   transmitted  to   them   by  the   Egyptians.     The  mysteries  of 
Ceres,  according  to  L»actantius,  very  strongly  resemble  those  of  Isis. 
The  Attic  Ceres  is  the  same  as  the  Egyptian  Isis,  who,  in  the  time  of 
Herodotus,  was  the  only  divinity  in  Egypt  honored  by  the  celebration 
of  mysteries.     From  these,  therefore,  we  may  partly  derive  the  mysteries 
of  Ceres  :  but  this  depository  of  ideas   can  have  developed  itself  but 
slowly;  and  it  was  late  in  assuming  those  mystic  forms  which  always 
announce  a  maturity  of  thought.      In   this  we  clearly  see  the  ordinary 
progress  of  the  human  mind,  that  departs  from  the  idea  of  infinitude, 
aud  ranges  through  an  immense  space  ere  it  resumes  its  station  before 
this  s.ime  idea,  which  seems   to   embrace   the   two   extremities  of    its 
career. — OUVAROFF,  Essay  on  the  Mysteries  of  Keusis. 

*  'I  he  mysteries  of  Eleusis  were  divided,  like  the  philosophy  of  the 
ancients,  into  two  parts;  the  one  esoteric,  the  other  exoteric;  aud  these 
two  parts  were  the  greater  and  the  lesser  mysteries.  It  is  generally 
allowed  that  the  lesser  were  the  more  ancient,  and  this  progression  is 
consistent  with  the  nature  of  things.  M.  de  St.  Croix,  supported  by 
Aleursius,  regards  the  lesser  mysteries  as  preparatory  ceremonies.  It 
is,  however,  more  probable  that  the  greater  and  lesser  mysteries  were 
absolutely  distinct.  Some  writers  contend  that  the  lesser  mysteries  wera 
celebrated  annually  and  the  greater  once  in  five  years.  On  this  poin*. 
though,  there  is  no  absolute  authentic  information. 


ELE.  155 

Italy  and  oven  to  Britain.*  These  mysteries  were  instituted 
iu  honor  of  Cores  and  Proserpine,  and  commemorated  the 
search  of  Ceres  after  her  daughter  Proserpine,  who  had  been 


CEBES,  TiiiFroLEMtis,  (on  the  car  of  CERES,)  PROSERPINE  AND  CYBELJS. 
From  an  ancient  Etruscan  vase. 

forcibly  carried  by  Pluto  to  the  infernal  regions.  The  exoteric 
celebration  of  the  greater  mysteries  occupied  nine  days,  chiefly 
devoted  to  sacrifices,  processions  and  other  acts  of  worship; 
and  during  this  period  the  judicial  tribunals  were  closed; 
an  armistice  was  proclaimed;  private  enmities  were  hushed; 
and  death  was  decreed  by  the  Athenian  senate  against  any 
one,  .high  soever  in  rank,  who  should  disturb  the  sanctity  of 
the  rites.  The  esoteric  ceremonies  of  initiation  into  both  the 
lesser  and  greater  mysteries  were  conducted  by  four  priests  of 
the  most  illustrious  families  of  Greece,  called  the  Hierophant 
or  Mystagogne,  who  wore  the  emblems  of  the  supreme  deity; 
the  Daduchus,  or  Torch-bearer,  who  was  a  type  of  the  sun ; 
the  Hiero-Ceryx,  or  Sacred  Herald,  who  enjoined  silence  on 
(hose  who  were  candidates  for  initiation,  and  commanded 
the  profane  to  withdraw;  the  Altar-Minister,  who  attended 
at  the  altar,  and  bore  the  symbol  of  the  moon;  Basileus,  IT 
kiug,  who  judged  and  punished  those  who  disturbed  the 

*  The  mysteries  of  Eleusis,  celebrated  at  Athens  in  honor  of  Ceres, 
swallowed  up,  as  it  were  all  the  others.  All  the  neighboring  nations 
neg'ected  their  own,  to  celebrate  those  of  Eleusis;  and  in  a  little  while 
all  Greece  and  Asia  Minor  were  filled  with  the  initiates.  They  spread 
into  the  Roman  Empire,  and  even  beyond  its  limits,  "those  holy  and 
august  Eleusiniau  Mysteries,"  said  Cicero,  "in  which  the  people  of  the 
remotest  lands  are  initiated."  Zosimus  says  that  they  embraced  the 
whole  human  race,  and  Aristides  termed  them  the  common  temple  ot. 
the  wh-il  •  world.  PIKE,  Gnosticism  und  My.-iteriex. 


136  LLE. 

solemnities.      Besides  these  leading  ministers  there  was  a 
multitude  of  inferior  priests  and  servants.     Priestesses  were 
also  mentioned  in  connection  with  these  rites.     The  examin- 
ation of  those  who  had  been  purified  by  the  lesser  mysteries, 
and  who  were  preparing  for  the  greater,  was  exceedingly 
rigorous.      All  foreigners,   all  who  had  even  involuntarily 
committed  homicide,  all  who  had  been  declared  infamous  by 
the  laws,  or  had  been  guilty  of  a  notorious  crime,  were  ex- 
cluded.    Women  and  children  were  admissible;  and  a  child, 
styled  the   "  Child  of    Holiness,"  whose   innocence,  it  was 
believed,  of  itself  endowed  him  with  capacity  to  fulfill  the 
requirements  of  the  mysteries,   was  selected  to  conciliate 
the  deity  in  the  name  of  the  initiated.     The  ceremonies  of 
admission   were  performed  at  night.      Into  this   branch  of 
the  mysteries  the  qualifications  for  initiation  were  maturity 
of  age,  perfectness  in  physical  conformation,  and  purity  of 
conduct.*     The  postulant  was  held  under  a  solemn  obligation 
to  conceal  whatever  he  saw  or  heard  within  the  hallowed 
precincts;  and  he  who  violated  the  obligation  was  not  only 
put  to  death,  but  devoted  to  the  execration  of  all  posterity. 
Crowned  with  myrtle,  and  enveloped  in  robes,  which  from 
this  day  were  preserved  as  sacred  relics,  the  neophyte  was 
conducted  beyond  the  boundary  impassable  to  the  rest  of 
men.     Lest  any  should  be  introduced  not  sufficiently  pre- 
pared for  the  rites,  the  Herald  proclaimed,  "  Far  from  hence 
the  profane,  the  impious,  att  who  are  polluted  by  sin  !"     If  any 
.such  were  present,  and  did  not  instantly  depart,  death  was 
the  never-failing   doom.      The   skins  of   new-slain  victims 
were  now  placed  under  the  feet  of  the  novice;  be  was  thus 
duly  prepared,  and  amid  the  singing  of  hymns  in  honor  of 
Ceres,  he  passed  on,  when  soon  the  whole  scene  changed; 
utter  darkness  surrounded  him ;  a  low  deep  sound  rose  from 
the  earth;  the  lightning  flashed,  mighty  winds  were  heard, 
terrific  thunder  broke  forth,  and   specters  glided  through 
the  vast  obscurity,  moaning,  sighing  and  groaning.     Myste- 
rious   shades,    the    messengers   of    the    infernal    deities- - 
Anguish,    Madness,   Famine,   Disease,    and   Death  —  flitted 
uround;  and  the  explanations  of  the  Hierophant,  delivered 
in  a  solemn  voice,  added  to  the  horrors  of  the  scene.     This 
was  intended  as  a   representation  of  the   infernal  regions, 
where  misery  had  its  seat.      As  they  advanced,  amidst  the 
groans  which  issued  from  the  darkness  were  distinguished 

*  Purity  of  morals  and  elevation  of  soul  were  required  of  the  initiates. 
Candidates  were  required  to  be  of  spotless  reputation  and  irreproachable 
virtue.  Nero,  after  murdering  his  mother,  did  not  dare  to  be  present  at 
tiic  celebration  of  the  mysteries;  and  Antony  presented  himself  to  be 
initiated,  as  the  most  infallible  mode  of  proving  his  innocence  of  the 
death  of  Avidiiis  Cassias. — PIKE,  Gnosticism  and  Mysteries. 


ELE— KLU.  137 

those  of  the  suicides — thus  punished  for  cowardly  deserting 
the  post  which  the  gods  had  assigned  them  in  this  world. 
But  the  scene  which  the  novice  had  heretofore  beheld  seemed 
to  be  a  sort  of  purgatory,  where  penal  fires  and  dire  anguish, 
and  the  unutterable  horrors  of  darkness,  were  believed,  after 
countless  ages  of  suffering,  to  purify  from  the  guilt  acquired 
in  this  mortal  life.  Suddenly  the  bursting  open  of  two  vast 
gates,  with  a  terrific  sound,  dimly  displayed  to  his  sight,  and 
faintly  bore  to  his  ears,  the  torments  of  those  whose  state 
was  everlasting — who  had  passed  the  bounds  beyond  which 
there  is  no  hope.  On  the  horrors  of  this  abode  of  anguish 
and  despair  a  curtain  may  be  dropped;  the  subject  is  unut- 
terable. Onward  proceeded  the  novice,  and  was  soon  con- 
ducted into  another  region;  that  of  everlasting  bliss,  the 
sojourn  of  the  just — of  those  who  had  been  purified  and 
whose  minds  had  been  enlightened  by  "the  Holy  Doctrine."* 
This  was  ELYSIUM — the  joys  of  which  were  equaUy  unutter- 
able, equally  incomprehensible,  to  mortals  not  admitted  into 
these  mysteries.  Here  a  vail  was  in  like  manner  thrown 
over  this  scene,  and  the  ceremonies  were  closed.  These 
rites  inculcated  the  doctrine  of  one  God,  and  the  dignity  and 
destiny  of  the  human  soul;  they  instructed  the  people  in 
the  knowledge  of  nature  and  of  the  universe,  and  taught 
them  to  see  the  presence  of  the  Eternal  in  the  splendor  and 
beauty  of  the  natural  world.  It  is  evident  that  these  mys- 
teries constituted  the  great  educational  institution  of  ancient 
Greece.  They  formed  the  Grecian  mind,  and  led  in  the 
development  of  Grecian  ideas.  Nearly  all  ancient  writers 
speak  of  their  eminent  utility  and  salutary  influence.  Arrien, 
Pausanias,  Euripedes  and  Cicero,  unite  their  testimony  in 
their  favor,  and  speak  of  them  as  peculiarly  calculated  to 
"  reform  the  manners,  and  perfect  the  education  of  mankind." 

ELEUTHEKIA.  A  festival  celebrated  at  Platsea,  in  honor 
of  Jupiter  Eleutherius,  or  the  asserter  of  liberty,  by  dele- 
gates from  almost  all  the  cities  of  Greece.  There  was  also 
a  festival  of  the  same  name  observed  by  the  Samiaus,  in 
honor  of  the  god  of  love.  Slaves  also,  when  they  obtained 
their  liberty,  kept  a  holiday,  which  they  called  Eleutharia. 

ELU.  A  French  participle,  signifying  "elected."  It  is  the 
4th  degree  in  the  French  rite,  and  resembles  in  its  teachings 
the  degree  of  "  Maitre  elu  des  neufs." 

*  The  Holy  Doctrine  is  held  by  all  the  mystic  ceremonies  of  tha 
ancients,  not  only  to  purify  the  heart  from  sin,  and  expel  ignorance  from 
the  mind,  but  to  insure  also  the  favor  of  the  gods,  and  to  open  the  gatofl 
of  immortal  felicity  to  the  initiated. 

12 


138  BMP— EPH. 

EMPERORS  OF  THE  EAST  AND  WEST.  An  order 
calling  itself  a  "Council  of  Emperors  of  the  East  and  West" 
was  instituted  in  Paris,  A.  D.  1758.  Its  adepts  styled  them- 
selves "Sovereign  Prince  Masons — Substitutes  General  of 
the  Royal  Art — Grand  Superintendents  and  Officers  of  the 
Grand  and  Sovereign  Lodge  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem." 
The  rito  consisted  of  25  degrees,  the  first  19  of  which  were 
the  same  as  those  of  the  Scottish  rite.  The  20th  was  named 
Grand  Patriarch  Noachite;  the  21st,  Key  of  Masonry;  22d, 
Prince  of  Lebanon ;  23d,  Knight  of  the  Sun ;  24th,  Kadosh ; 
25th,  Prince  of  the  Royal  Secret.  This  rite  had  some  success, 
and  was  propagated  in  Germany,  particularly  in  Prussia,  and 
was  accepted  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  Three  Globes. 
The  assumption  that  Frederick  II. ,  King  of  Prussia,  ever 
had  any  connection  with  it  will  not  be  acknowledged  by  the 
intelligent  Mason. 

ENCAMPMENT.   [See  COMMANDER?.] 
ENCAMPMENT,  GRAND.   [See  COMMANDERY,  GRAND.] 

ENCAMPMENT,  GRAND.  The  Grand  Encampment  of  the 
United  States  was  organized  on  the  22d  of  June,  1816.  It 
consists  of  a  Grand  Master,  Deputy  Grand  Master,  Grand 
Generalissimo,  Grand  Captain  General,  Grand  Prelate,  Senior 
Grand  Warden,  Junior  Grand  Warden,  Grand  Treasurer, 
Grand  Recorder,  Grand  Standard-Bearer,  Grand  Sword- 
Bearer,  Grand  Warder,  Grand  Captain  of  the  Guards;  all 
Past  Grand  Masters;  all  Past  Deputy  Grand  Masters ;  all  Past 
Grand  Generalissimos,  and  all  Past  Grand  Captains  General 
of  the  Grand  Encampmen-t  of  the  United  States.  Likewise, 
all  Grand  Commanders,  Past  Grand  Commanders,  Deputy 
Grand  Commanders,  Grand  Generalissimos,  and  all  Grand 
Captains  General  of  each  State  Grand  Commandery  that 
acknowledges  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  Grand 
Encampment.  Also,  the  first  three  officers  of  each  Com- 
inandery  that  holds  its  charter  immediately  from  the  Grand 
Encampment  of  the  United  States.  No  person  shall  be 
eligible  to  any  office  in  the  Grand  Encampment  of  the 
United  States,  unless  he  shall  be  at  the  time  a  member  oi 
some  subordinate  Commandery  under  the  general  or  imme- 
diate jurisdiction  of  the  Grand  Encampment  of  the  United 
States.  Its  conclaves  are  held  triennially,  on  the  second 
Tuesday  of  September,  at  such  place  as  may  have  been 
previously  designated. 

EPHOD.  A  vestment  worn  by  the  Jewish  high-priest  over 
the  tunic  and  the  robe.  It  was  without  sleeves,  and  open 
below  the  arms  on  each  side,  consisting  of  two  pieces,  one  oi 


EPO— ESP.  139 

which  covered  the  front  of  the  body  and  the  other  the  back, 
and  reaching  down  to  the  middle  of  the  thighs.  They  were 
joined  together  on  the  shoulders  by  golden  buckles  set  with 
gems,  and  two  large  precious  stones  set  in  gold,  on  which 
were  engraved  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  six 
on  each  stone,  according  to  their  order.  The  material  of 
which  the  ephod  was  wrought  was  extremely  costly  and 
magnificent ;  gold,  blue,  purple,  scarlet,  and  fine  twined 
liueu,  with  rich  embroidery.  A  girdle  or  band,  of  one  piece 
with  the  ephod,  fastened  it  round  the  body.  Just  above  this 
girdle,  in  the  middle  of  the  ephod,  and  joined  to  it  bj  golden 
chains,  rings,  and  strings,  rested  the  square  oracular  breast- 
plate, originally  intended  to  be  worn  by  fhe  high-priest  ex- 
clusively. Ephods  of  an  inferior  material  were  in  use  among 
the  ordinary  priests.  Even  David,  when  bringing  the  ark 
of  the  covenant  to  Jerusalem,  was  "girt  with  a  linen  ephod." 
The  Jews  had  a  peculiar  superstitious  regard  for  this  gar- 
ment, and  employed  it  in  connection  with  idolatrous  worship, 
and  held  that  no  worship,  true  or  false,  could  subsist  without 
its  presence. 

EPOPTJE.  A  Greek  word,  formed  from  epi  and  apiamai. 
I  see,  or  rather,  look  upon.  It  was  the  name  given  to  those 
who  were  initiated  into  the  greater  mysteries  of  Eleusis,  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  mustce— disciples — who  had  only 
been  received  into  the  lesser.  It  signifies  the  "spectators 
of  the  mysteries,"  or  the  illuminated.  Epopt  was  also  used 
by  the  lUuminati,  to  distinguish  the  members  of  the  sixth 
degree. 

EQUES.  Latin  for  Knight.  In  the  system  of  Strict 
Observance,  established  in  Germany,  in  1754,  by  Baron  von 
Hund,  it  designated  all  the  members  of  the  sixth  degree. 
On  being  invested  with  the  honor  of  knighthood  the^ 
received  an  order-name,  an  escutcheon,  and  a  device. 

ESOTERIC.  Greek,  EsoUrikos.  That  which  is  secret, 
revealed  only  to  the  initiated.  In  the  secret  societies  of  the 
an  ci ants,'  the  doctrines  were  divided  into  the  esoteric  and 
vxoteric;  the  former  for  the  initiated,  who  were  permitted  to 
look  upon  the  most  sacred  mysteries  of  the  arcana;  and  the 
latter  for  the  uninitiated,  who  remained  in  the  outer  court 

ESPERANCE-LOGES  (French)..  Lodges  of  Hope.  Under 
the  name  of  Knights  and  Ladies  of  Hope,  an  order  was 
organized  in  France  early  in  the  last  century,  and  established 
Lodges  bearing  this  title.  This  was  the  commencement  of 
tbat  system  now  known  as  Adoptive  Masonry  (q.  v. ). 


140  ESC,;— EST. 

ESQUIRE.  Anciently  the  person  that  attended  a  Knight 
in  time  of  war,  and  carried  his  shield.  In  the  days  of  chivalry 
this  title  was  honorable,  and  generally  borne  by  persons  oi 
good  family.  Heads  of  ancient  families  were  considered 
esquires  by  prescription;  and  hence  originated  the  use  of  the 
word,  in  the  present  day,  as  a  common  addition  to  the  names 
of  all  those  who  live  in  the  rank  of  gentlemen.  It  is  a  title 
in  the  English  Knights  Templar  system. 


ESTHER,  Hebrew  name  HADASSAH.  A  damsel  of  the  tribe 
of  Benjamin,  born  during  the  exile,  and  whose  family  did 
not  avail  itself  of  the  permission  to  return  to  Jerusalem, 
under  the  edict  of  Cyrus.  The  reigning  king  of  Persia, 
Ahasuerus,  having  divorced  his  former  queen,  Vashti,  search 
was  made  throughout  the  empire  for  the  most  beautiful 
maiden  to  be  her  successor.  The  choice  fell  on  Esther,  who 
found  favor  in  the  eyes  of  the  king,  and  was  advanced  to  the 
station  of  queen.  Her  Jewish  origin  was  perhaps  at  the 
time  unknown;  when  she  avowed  it  to  the  king,  she  seemed 
to  be  included  in  the  doom  of  extirpation  which  a  royal 
edict  had  pronounced  against  all  the  Jews  in  the  empire. 
This  circumstance  enabled  her  to  turn  the  royal  indignation 
upon  Haman,  the  chief  minister  of  the  king,  whose  resent- 
ment against  Mordecai  had  led  him  to  obtain  from  the  king 
this  monstrous  edict.  The  laws  of  the  empii-e  would  not 
allow  the  king  to  recall  a  decree  once  uttered;  but  the  Jewa 
were  authorized  to  stand  on  their  defense;  and  this,  with 
the  known  change  in  the  intentions  of  the  court,  averted  the 


EUN— FEL.  ,  141 

fearful  Consequences  of  the  decree.  The  Jews  established  a 
yearly  feast  called  PURIM,  in  memory  of  this  deliverance, 
which  is  observed  among  them  to  this  day.  Such  is  the 
substance  of  the  nistory  of  Esther,  as  related  in  the  book 
which  bears  her  name.  Esther  is  also  the  title  of  the  third 
degree  of  the  order  of  the  Eastern  Star,  which  illustrates 
the  Masonic  characteristic  of  fidelity  to  kindred  and  friends 
in  the  American  Adoptive  rite. 

EUNUCH.  The  physical  and  moral  deterioration  which 
emasculation  produces  in  men  is  of  a  most  marked  character. 
The  whole  nature  is  degraded.  The  affections  are  blunted, 
generous  dispositions  are  destroyed,  the  intellect  is  impaired, 
and  the  man  is  entirely  incapacitated  for  performing  any 
deeds  which  require  a  high  and  magnanimous  disposition. 
For  this  reason  they  were  excluded  by  the  Jewish  law  from 
"  the  congregation  of  the  Lord,"  and  for  this  reason  cannot 
be  received  into  the  Masonic  brotherhood. 

EXPERT.  The  name  of  an  officer  in  French  Lodges,  who 
superintends  the  examination  of  visiting  brothers.  The 
office  is  not  known  in  the  United  States.  Strangers  seeking 
admission  to  the  Lodge  are  usually  examined  by  a  committee 
of  brothers  appointed  by  the  Master. 


P. 

FAMILY-LODGES.  The  same  as  Conference-lodges— 
peculiar  to  Germany. 

FECIALES.  A  number  of  priests  at  Rome,  employed  in 
declaring  war  and  making  peace.  When  the  Romans 
thought  themselves  injured,  one  of  the  sacerdotal  body  was 
empowered  to  demand  redress,  and,  after  the  allowance  of 
thirty-three  days  to  consider  the  matter,  war  was  declared, 
if  submissions  were  not  made,  and  the  Feciolis  hurled  a 
bloc  ;ly  spear  into  the  territories  of  the  enemy  in  proof  of 
iiu't'iided  hostilities. 

FELICITE,  OKDKK  OK.  A  society  with  a  Masonic  form, 
established  at  Paris  A.  D.  1742,  by  some  naval  officers.  It 
admitted  females.  Its  official  titles  and  the  names  of  its 
degrees  were  borrowed  from  the  nomenclature  of  the  sea, 
and  its  initiation  represented  a  "voyage."  It  was  a  sym- 
bolical journey  in  search  of  the  Island  of  Happiness.  The 
seal  of  the  Order  was  an  anchor,  suspended  from  three 
silken  cords,  and  its  pass- word  was schaluw  lecJca,  i.  e.,  "peace 
be  with  thee."  It  had  four  degrees  viz:  L  Cabin-boy; 


142          r  FEM. 

2.  Fiitron  ;  3.  Commander ;  4.  Vice-Admiral.  In  1748  it 
was  merged  in  a  new  organization,  called  the  "  Knights  and 
Ladies  of  the  Anchor." 

FEMALE  DEGREES.  About  the  year  1730  societies 
imitating  Freemasonry  for  the  admission  of  women  were 
instituted  in  France.  By  whom  they  were  invented  or  who 
first  introduced  them  history  or  tradition  does  not  enlighten 
us.  They  are  evidently  the  product  of  the  French  mind. 
The  forms  of  these  associations  were,  however,  not  definitively 
settled  until  1760;  and  they  were  not  recognized  or  sanctioned 
by  the  administrative  authority  of  Masonry  until  the  year 
1774,  when  the  Grand  Orient  of  France  established  a  new 
system  called  the  "Rite  of  Masonic  Adoption,"  which  was 
placed  under  the  control  of  the  Grand  Orient.  Rules  and 
regulations  were  thenceforth  provided  for  the  government 
of  these  bodies,  one  of  which  was  that  no  men  should  be 
permitted  to  attend  them  except  regular  Freemasons,  and 
that  each  Lodge  should  be  placed  under  the  charge,  and  held 
under  the  sanction  and  warrant  of  some  regularly-constituted 
Masonic  Lodge,  whose  Master,  or,  in  his  absence,  his  Deputy, 
should  be  the  presiding  officer,  assisted  by  a  female  Presi- 
dent or  Mistress.  At  first  these  organizations  adopted 
divers  names  and  rituals;  some  of  which  were  ingenious  and 
chaste,  while  others  were  puerile,  and  sometimes  of  a  char- 
acter not  to  merit  countenance.  In  1743  the  emblems  and 
vocabulary  were  nautical — an  orient  was  called  a  Roadstead, 
and  a  Lodge,  Squadron — and  the  sisters  made  the  fictitious 
voyage  to  the  island  of  Felicity,  under  the  sails  of  the 
brethren.  In  1747,  the  Chevalier  Beauchaine,  the  most 
famous  and  zealous  of  the  Masters  in  Paris,  the  same  who 
had  established  his  Lodge  in  a  cabaret,  where  he  slept,  and 
for  six  francs  gave  at  one  sitting  all  the  degrees  of  Masonry, 
instituted  the  order  of  Woodcutters;  the  ceremonies  whereof 
were  borrowed  from  the  society  of  the  Carbonari,  or  Coal- 
burners,  which  had  been  previously  established  in  Italy. 
The  Lodge  was  styled  a  Woodyara,  and  was  supposed  to 
represent  a  forest.  The  officers  were  known  by  the  following 
titles:  Father  Master,  President;  Cousin  of  the  Oak,  God- 
father ;  Cousin  of  the  Elm,  Introductor ;  Cousin  of  the 
Beech,  Keeper  of  the  Wine ;  Cousin  of  the  Service-tree, 
Keeper  of  the  Bread;  Cousin  of  the  Yoke-Elm,  Guard  oi 
Hospitality;  Cousin  of  the  Maple,  Guard  of  the  Chair; 
Cousin  of  the  Ash,  Guard  of  Honor.  The  brethren  and 
sisters  were  called  Cousins,  and  the  candidate  was  called  a 
Brick.  This  rite  had  an  extraordinary  success;  the  meetings 
were  held  in  a  large  garden,  in  the  quarter  of  New  France, 
Dut  of  Paris  ;  the  most  distinguished  men  and  women  ol 


FEM— FER. 

France  went  there  in  crowds,  wearing  blouses  and  petticoats 
of  frieze,  and  heavy  wooden  shoes,  and  indulged  in  all  the 
fun  and  noisy  merriment  of  the  common  people.  Upon  a 
reception,  the  Father  Master  sat  on  a  log  of  oak,  his  left 
elbow  resting  on  a  table ;  a  slouched  hat  and  a  crown  of  oak 
leaves  were  on  his  head.  Round  his  neck  was  a  cordon  of 
green  silk,  at  the  end  of  which  hung  a  wedge  of  box-wood. 
He  held  an  axe  in  his  hand,  and  a  pipe  in  his  mouth,  and 
was  dressed  in  coarse  linen.  All  was  so  arranged  as  to  call 
the  attention  of  the  adepts  to  the  lower  classes  of  society, 
to  make  them  acquainted  with  their  poverty  and  misery,  and 
induce  them  to  labor  to  improve  their  lot.  Among  these 
people,  apparently  so  utterly  disinherited  by  fortune,  were 
nevertheless  practiced  virtue,  friendship,  love  and  gratitude. 
The  design  of  this  degree  was  to  call  the  attention  of  the 
candidates,  who  then  belonged  chiefly  to  the  noblesse,  or  the 
rich  Bourgeoisie,  and  who  were  soon  to  be  called  on  to 
regenerate  France,  to  their  true  relations  to  the  people.  All 
these  mysteries,  all  these  odd  ceremonies  tended  to  impress 
the  minds  of  the  candidates,  to  instruct  them,  and  to  bring 
the  higher  and  lower  classes  together,  in  the  bonds  of  equality 
and  fraternity.  Other  societies  of  both  sexes  succeeded  this, 
such  as  the  orders  of  the  Hatchet,  of  Fidelity,  the  formd  of 
which  more  fully  resembled  those  of  the  ordinary  Freema- 
sonry. In  1775  a  Lodge  of  Masonic  Adoption  was  instituted 
at  Paris,  with  imposing  solemnities,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Lodge  of  St.  Anthony,  and  in  which  the  Duchess  oi 
Bourbon  presided,  and  was  installed  Grand  Mistress.  This 
rite  consisted  of  four  degrees,  viz:  1.  Apprentice;  2.  Com- 
panion; 3.  Mistress;  4.  Perfect  Mistress.  In  1785,  under 
the  patronage  of  several  members  of  the  Court  of  France, 
the  Lodge  "La  Candeur"  was  opened  at  Paris,  as  Grand 
Mistress  of  which  the  Duchess  of  Bourbon  was  installed 
with  unusual  pornp  and  solemnity.  The  revolution  checked 
the  progress  of  Adoptive  Lodges;  but  they  were  revived  in 
1805,  when  the  Empress  Josephine  presided  over  a  Lodge  at 
Strasburg.  For  some  years  past  the  rite  of  Adoption  has 
been  confined  to  the  limits  of  Paris,  as  a  distinct  and  recog- 
nized institution.  At  the  meeting  of  the  Grand  Orient  of 
France,  in  1866,  formal  application  was  made  to  have  the 
degrees  of  Adoptive  Masonry  reorganized  and  administered 
by  that  body. 

FERALIA.  A  festival  in  honor  of  the  dead,  observed  at 
Rome  the  17th  or  21st  of  February.  It  continued  for  eleven 
days,  daring  which  time  presents  were  carried  to  the  graves 
of  the  deceased,  marriages  were  forbidden,  and  the  templo* 
of  the  gods  were  shut. 


1 M  FER  -FID. 

FERLE.  Solemn  religious  festivals  celebrated  by  the  earlj 
Romans.  They  met  on  the  Alban  mount,  where,  under  the 
direction  of  the  magistrates  of  Rome  and  the  several  cities, 
they  offered  sacrifices  to  Jupiter,  and  under  sanction  of  this 
ceremony  took  oaths  to  preserve  their  mutual  friendship  and 
alliance.  It  continued  but  one  day  originally,  but  in  process 
of  time  four  days  were  devoted  to  its  celebration,  and  during 
that  time  it  \ras  unlawful  for  any  person  to  work.  The 
days  on  which  the  ferice  were  observed  were  called  by  the 
liom&nsfesti  dies,  because  dedicated  to  mirth,  relaxation  and 
festivity. 

FESSLER'S  SYSTEM,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called, 
"FESSLEK'S  RITE."  This  is  the  most  elaborate,  learned  and 
philosophical  illustration  and  application  of  the  Masonic 
degrees.  Bro.  Fessler  was  a  professor  of  the  civil  law  and 
Deputy  Grand  Master  of  the  Lodge  Royal  York  a  1'  Amitie, 
at  Berlin.  He  was  a  man  of  profound  learning,  and  took 
great  interest  in  all  things  pertaining  to  Masonry.  He  at 
first  undertook  to  destroy  the  high  degrees,  but  finding  it 
impracticable,  he  accepted,  in  1798,  an  appointment  to  revise 
and  rectify  them.  He  thus  created  nine  degrees,  the  first 
three  of  which,  Apprentice,  Fellow-Craft  and  Master  Theo- 
soph,  are  the  symbolic  degrees,  with  slight  variations.  After 
these  came  4th,  the  Holy  of  Holies;  5th,  Justification;  Gth, 
Celebration,  7th,  The  True  Light,  or  Passage;  8th,  The 
Country,  or  Fatherland;  9th,  Perfection.  The  last  degree 
was  never  completed;  and  the  six  last  were  taken  from  the 
rituals  of  the  Rose  Croix  of  Gold,  those  of  the  Strict 
Observance,  of  the  Chapter  Illuminatus  of  Sweden,  and  the 
Ancient  Chapter  of  Clermont.  It  is  said  that  the  system, 
though  incomplete,  was  approved  by  Frederic  William  in 
1797.  It  is  at  present  practiced  by  only  a  small  number  of 
Lodges  in  Prussia. 

FEUILLANTS.  1.  A  Masonic  order,  governed  by  the 
statutes  of  St.  Bernard;  2.  A  kind  of  Androgynous  Masonry. 

FIDELITE,  ORDER  OF.  One  of  the  many  forms  of  Adoptive 
Masonry  which  appeared  in  France  during  the  last  century. 
It  was  instituted  at  Paris,  about  1748,  and  was  styled  "The 
Order  of  Knights  and  Ladies  of  Fidelity."  It  flourished  for 
a  long  period,  and  was  propagated  considerably  in  Germany 
and  on  the  continent. 

FIDES.  Latin  for  faith  or  faithfulness,  that  is  to  say, 
fidelity.  It  was  also  the  name  of  a  goddess  amftig  the 
Romans,  who  presided  over  contracts,  sanctified  oaths,  aucl 


FIE— FOR  143 

punished  their  violation.  Nuraa  Pompilius,  the  second  King 
of  Home,  714  to  672  B.C.,  is  said  to  have  erected  temples, 
and  consecrated  altars  to  her  service.  The  goddess  wa« 
usually  represented  by  two  hands  joined  together,  or  by  two 
figures  holding  each  other  by  the  right  hand. 

FIELD-LODGES.  Also  called  "Army  Lodges,"  "Travel- 
ing Lodges,"  "Military  Lodges."  These  are  Masonic  bodies 
organized  in  armies,  and  which  move  with  them.  They  are 
eminently  iiseful  in  relieving  the  monotony  of  the  soldier's 
Life,  and  mitigating  the  horrors  of  war.  In  the  war  of  the 
American  Revolution  they  were  found  in  both  of  the  belli- 
gerent armies,  and  also  in  the  civil  war  of  1861-5.  During 
the  Bonapartean  wars  they  sustained  and  illustrated  the 
principles  of  Freemasonry  in  the  allied  and  French  armies. 

FINANCE.  The  funds  of  a  Lodge  are  deposited  with  the 
Treasurer,  who  pays  them  out  on  the  order  of  the  Master, 
and  with  the  consent  of  the  brethren.  According  to  an 
uncient  practice  the  funds  are  first  received  by  the  Secretary, 
who  transfers  them  to  the  Treasurer,  taking  his  receipt  for 
the  same.  His  yearly  accounts  are  examined  by  an  auditing 
committee. 

FIVE  SENSES.  The  brain  is  wonderfully  adapted  by  its 
perfect  system  of  nervous  sympathy  to  give  the  intellectual 
powers  their  force,  and  enable  the  mind  to  receive  percep- 
tions of  every  object  in  the  wide  creation,  that  comes  within 
the  sphere  of  'hearing,  feeling,  smelling,  tasting,  and  seeing  ; 
these  "being  the  five  human  senses  explained  in  the  lecture 
of  the  Fellow-Craft's  degree. 

FLOORING.  A  large  chart  on  which  the  emblems  of  the 
second  degree  are  painted,  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating 
the  instructions  given  to  neophytes.  It  is  the  same  as  the 
Master's  Carpet,  and  is  called  "  flooring,"  because  these 
emblems  were  formerly  delineated  on  the  floor. 

FORESTERS.  Several  societies  have  borne  this  name, 
with  symbols  and  ritual  borrowed  from  the  various  depart- 
ments of  woodcraft.  They  styled  themselves  "Colliers," 
"  Woodcutters,"  and  "  Sawyers."  The  most  extensive  of  these 
brotherhoods  is  the  "  Ancient  Order  of  Foresters,"  known  in 
England  and  the  United  States. 

FORM  OF  THE  LODGE.  The  form  of  a  Masonic  Lodge 
is  said  to  be  a  parallelogram  or  oblong  square — its  greatest 
length  being  from  East  to  West — its  breadth  from  Noitli  to 
South.  A  square,  a  circle,  a  triangle,  or  any  other  form  but 


FOR. 


that  of  aa  oblong  square,  would  be  eminently  incorrect  and 
unmasonic,  because  such  a  figure  would  not  be  an  expression 
of  the  symbolic  idea  which  is  intended  to  be  conveyed.  At 
the  Solomonic  era — the  era  of  the  building  of  the  Temple 
at  Jerusalem — the  world,  it  must  be  remembered,  was  sup- 
posed to  have  that  very  oblong  form,  which  has  been  here 
symbolized.  If,  for  instance,  on  a  map  of  the  world,  we 
should  inscribe  an  oblong  figure  whose  boundary  lines  would 
circumscribe  and  include  just  that  portion  which  was  known 
and  inhabited  in  the  days  of  Solomon,  these  lines  running  a 
short  distance  -North  and  South  of  the  Mediterranean  sea, 
and  extending  from  Spain  in  the  West  to  Asia  Minor  in  the 
East,  would  form  an  oblong  square,  including  the  southern 
shore  of  Europe,  the  northern  shore  of  Afi'ica,  and  the 
western  district  of  Asia,  the  length  of  the  parallelogram 
being  about  sixty  degrees  from  East  to  West,  and  its  breadth 
being  about  twenty  degrees  from  North  to  South.  This 
oblong  square,  thus  inclosing  the  whole  of  what  was  then 
supposed  to  be  the  habitable  globe,  would  precisely  represent 
what  is  symbolically  said  to  be  the  form  of  the  Lodge,  while 
the  Pillars  of  Hercules  in  the  West,  on  each  side  of  the  straits 
of  Gades  or  Gibraltar,  might  appropriately  be  referred  to  the 
two  pillars  that  stood  at  the  porch  of  the  Temple. 


A  Masonic  Lodge  is,  therefore,  a  symbol  of  the  world 
i'his  symbol  is  sometimes,  by  a  very  usual  figure  of  speech, 
extended,  in  its  application,  and  the  world  and  the  universe 
are  made  synonymous,  when  the  Lodge  becomes,  of  course, 
a  symbol  of  the  universe.  But  in  this  case  the  definition 
of  the  symbol  is  extended,  and  to  the  ideas  of  length  and 
breadth  are  added  those  of  hight  and  depth,  and,. the  Lodge 


FKA— FBE. 


147 


is  said  to  assume  the  form  of  a  double  cube.*  The  solid 
contents  of  the  earth  below  and  the  expanse  of  the  heavens 
above  will  then  give  the  outlines  of  the  cube,  and  the  whole 
created  universe  be  included  within  the  symbolic  limits  of  a 
Mason's  Lodge. — MACKEV. 

FRANKS,  ORDER  OF  REGENERATED.  In  the  last  half  of  tho 
year  1815,  a  political  brotherhood,  with  forms  borrowed 
from  Freemasonry,  was  organized  in  France,  and  had  for  its 
motto,  "For  God,  the  King,  and  Fatherland."  It  flourished 
for  a  short  time. 

FREEMASONRY,  DEFINITIONS  OF.  The  definitions  of  Free- 
masonry have  been  numerous,  and  they  all  unite  in  declaring 
it  to  be  a  system  of  morality,  by  the  practice  of  which  its 
members  may  advance  their  spiritual  interest,  and  mount 
by  the  theological  ladder,  from  the  Lpdge  on  earth  to  the 
Lodge  in  heaven.  Subjoined  are  a  few  of  the  most  important 
definitions : 


"  Freemasonry  is  a  beautiful  sys- 
tem of  morality,  vailed  in  allegory, 
and  illustrated  by  symbols. " — HEM- 
MING. 

"The  grand  object  of  Masonry 
is  to  promote  the  happiness  of  the 
human  race." — WASHINGTON. 

"Masonry  is  an  art,  useful  and 
extensive,  which  comprehends  with- 
in its  circle  every  branch  of  useful 
knowledge  and  learniug,and  stamps 
an  indelible  mark  of  preeminence 
on  its  genuine  professors,  which 
neither  chance,  power,  nor  fortune 
can  bestow. " — PRESTON. 

"Freemasonry  is  an  establish- 
ment founded  on  the  benevolent 
intention  of  extending  and  confer- 
ring mutual  happiness  upon  the  best 
and  truest  principles  of  moral  life 
and  social  virtue." — CALCOTT. 


"Freemasonry  is  an  institution 
calculated  to  benefit  mankind." — 
ANDREW  JACKSON. 

"Freemasonry  is  amoral  order, 
instituted  by  virtuous  men,  with 
the  praiseworthy  design  of  recalling 
to  our  remembrance  the  most  sub- 
lime truths,  in  the  midst  of  the 
most  innocent  and  social  pleasures, 
founded  on  liberality,  brotherly  love 
and  charity." — ARNOLD. 

"I  have  ever  felt  it  my  duty  to 
support  and  encourage  the  princi- 
ples of  Freemasonry,  because  it 
powerfully  develops  all  social  and 
benevolent  affections." — LORD  DUR- 
HAM. 

"  From  its  origin  to  the  present 
hour,  in  all  its  vicissitudes,  Masonry 
has  been  the  stead y,  unvarying  friend 
of  man." — REV.  ERASTUS  BURR. 


*  The  form  of  a  Lodge  should  always  be  an  oblong  square,  in  length, 
between  the  East  and  West;  in  breadth,  between  the  North  and  the  South; 
in  hight.  from  earth  to  heaven;  and  in  depth,  from  the  surface  to  the 
center.  This  disposition  serves  to  indicate  the  prevalence  of  Freemasonry 
over  the  whole  face  of  the  globe,  guarded  by  its  laws,  and  ornamented  by 
its  beautiful  tenets.  Every  civilized  region  is  illuminated  by  its  presence. 
Its  charity  relieves  the  wretched;  its  brotherly  love  unites  the  Fraternity 
in  a  chain  of  indissoluble  affection,  and  extends  its  example  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  Lodge-room,  to  embrace,  in  its  ample  scope,  the  whole 
human  race,  infolding  them  in  its  arms  of  universal  lovt .  The  square 
form  vras  esteemed  by  our  ancient  operative  brethren  as  one  of  the 
Greater  Lights,  and  a  component  part  of  the  furniture  of  the  Lodge. 
The  double  cube  is  an  expressive  emblem  of  the  united  powers  of  dark- 
ness and  lighfein  the  creation. 


148 


FEE. 


"The  study  of  Freemasonry  is  the 
study  of  man  as  a  candidate  for  a 
blessed  eternity.  It  furnishes  ex- 
amples of  holy  living,  and  displays 
the  conduct  which  is  pleasing  and 
acceptable  to  God.  The  doctrine 
and  examples  which  distinguish  the 
Order  are  obvious,  and  suited  to 
every  capacity.  It  is  impossible  for 
the  most  fastidious  Mason  to  mis- 
understand, however  he  may  slight 
or  neglect  them.  It  is  impossible 
for  the  most  superficial  brother  to 
say  that  he  is  unable  to  comprehend 
the  plain  precepts,  and  the  unan- 
swerable arguments  which  are  fur- 
nished by  Freemasonry. " — OLJVEB. 

"Freemasonry  is  an  institution 
based  on  that  never-failing  charity 
which  upholds  universal  love,  calms 
the  troubled  sea  of  our  evil  pas- 
sions, and  leaves  a  smooth  surface, 
in  which  all  men,  who  are  sincere 
and  conscientious  worshipers  of 
God,  and  unexceptionable  in  moral 
deportment,  may  unite,  bless  each 
other,  and  rejoice  in  practically 
realizing  the  sublime  sentiment  that 
God  hath  made  mankind  one 

Mighty  brotherhood, 
Himself  their  Master,  and  the 
World  his  Lodge."— Du.  J.  BUKNS. 

"Freemasonry  is  an  ancient  and 
respectable  institution,  embracing 
individuals  of  every  nation,  of  every 
religion,  and  of  every  condition  in 
life.  Wealth,  power  and  talents, 
are  not  necessary  to  the  person 
of  a  Freemason.  An  unblemished 
character  and  a  virtuous  conduct 
are  the  only  qualifications  for  admis- 
sion into  the  Order. " — LAUBIE. 

"Freemasonry  is  an  institution 
fourded  on  eternal  reason  and 
truth ;  whose  deep  basis  is  the 
civilization  of  mankind,  and  whose 
everlasting  glory  it  is  to  have  the 
immovable  support  of  those  two 
mighty  pillars,  science  and  mo- 
rality."— DB.  DODD. 

"I  highly  venerate  the  Masonic 
institution,  under  the  fullest  per- 
suasion that  where  its  principles 
are  acknowledged,  and  its  laws  and 
precepts  obeyed,  it  comes  nearest 
to  the  Christian  religion,  in  its  moral 
effects  and  influence,  of  any  institu- 
tion with  which  I  am  acquainted." — 
UKV.  FHED.  DALCHO 


"Freemasonry  is  a  science  01 
symbols,  in  which,  by  their  proper 
study,-  A  search  is  instituted  after 
truth  —that  truth  consisting  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  divine  and  human 
nature,  of  God  and  the  human  soul. " 
— Du.  A.  G.  MACKEY. 

' '  Masonry  superadds  to  our  other 
obligations  the  strongest  ties  of 
connection  between  it  and  the  Cul- 
tivation of  virtue,  and  furnishes  the 
most  powerful  incentives  to  good- 
ness. " — DE  WITT  CLINTON. 

"Freemasonry  is  an  order  whose 
leading  star  is  philanthropy,  and 
whose  principles  inculcate  an  un- 
ceasing devotion  to  the  cause  of  vir- 
tue and  morality." — LA  FAYETTE. 

"Freemasonry  is  an  institution 
essentially  philanthropic  and  pro- 
gressive, which  has  for  its  l~asis  the 
existence  of  God  and  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul.  It  has  for  its  ob- 
ject the  exercise  of  benevolence,  the 
study  of  universal  morality,  and  the 
practice  of  all  the  virtxies." — Consti- 
tution Grand  Orient  of  France. 

"I  regard  the  Masonic  institution 
as  one  of  the  means  ordained  by  the 
Supreme  Architect  to  enable  man- 
kind to  work  out  the  problem  of 
destiny;  to  fight  against,  and  over- 
come, the  weaknesses  and  imperfec- 
tions of  his  nature,  and  at  last  to 
attain  to  that  true  life  of  which 
death  is  the  herald,  and  the  grave 
the  portal." — JOHN  W.  SIMONS. 

"It  is  noble  in  its  administration ; 
to  think  and  let  think,  beyond  the 
narrow  contracted  prejudices  of  bit- 
ter sectarians  in  these  modern  times. 
It  is  general  or  universal  language, 
fitted  to  benefit  the  poor  stranger, 
which  no  other  institution  is  cal- 
culated to  reach  by  extending  tkt 
beneficent  hand.'' — LORENZO  Dow. 

' '  The  prosperity  01  Masonry  as  a 
means  of  strengthening  our  religion, 
and  propagating  true  brotherly  love, 
is  one  of  the  dearest  wishes  of  my 
heart,  which,  I  trust,  will  be  gratified 
by  the  help  of  the  Grand  Architect 
of  the  universe." — CHRISTIAN,  King 
of  Denmark. 

"  The  precepts  of  the  Gospel  we« 
universally  the  obligations  of  Ma 
soury.'' — REV.  I)B.  HUSSELI. 


FEE. 


149 


•'Masonry  is  one  of  the  most 
sublime  and  perfect  institutions 
that  ever  was  formed  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  happiness,  and  the 
general  good  of  mankind,  creating, 
in  all  its  varieties,  universal  bene- 
volence and  brotherly  love. " — DUKE 
OF  SUSSEX. 

"For  centuries  had  Freemasonry 
existed  ere  modern  political  contro- 
versies were  ever  heard  of,  and  when 
the  topics  which  now  agitate  society 
were  not  known,  but  all  were  united 
in  brotherhood  and  affection.  I 
know  the  institution  to  be  founded 
on  the  great  principles  of  charity, 
philanthropy,  and  brotherly  love."— 
BULWEB. 

"Everything  which  tends  to  com- 
bine men  by  stronger  ties  is  useful 
to  humanity;  in  this  point  of  view, 
Masonry  is  entitled  to  respect." — 
LA  LANDE. 

"  I  think  we  are  warranted  in 
contending  that  a  society  thus  con- 
stituted, and  which  may  be  rendered 
so  admirable  an  engine  of  improve- 
ment, far  from  meriting  reproach, 
deserves  highly  of  the  community." 
— EEV.  Dr.  MILNE. 

"Charity,  or  brotherly  kindness, 
is  as  much  a  Masonic  as  it  is  a 
Christian  virtue. " — B.F.V.  DR.  SLADE. 


"A  Mason's  Lodge  is  a  school  of 
piety.  The  principal  emblems  are 
the  teachers." — EEV.  Dit.  NORVAL. 

"The  aims  of  Freemasonry  are 
ttot  limited  to  one  form  of  opera- 
atiou,  or  one  mode  of  benevolence. 
Its  object  is  at  once  moral  and  social. 
li  proposes  both  to  cultivate  tho 
mind  and  enlarge  and  purify  the 
heart. "— REV.  J.  O.  SKINNER. 

"The  Masonic  system  exhibits  a 
stupendous  and  beautiful  fabric, 
founded  on  universal  piety.  To 
rule  and  direct  our  passions ;  to 
have  faith  and  love  in  God,  and 
charity  toward .  man. " — STEPHEN 
JONES. 

"There  are  Great  Truths  at  the 
foundation  of  Freemasonry — truths 
which  it  is  its  mission  to  teach — 
and  which  as  constituting  the  very 
essence  of  that  sublime  system 
which  gives  to  the  venerable  insti- 
tution its  peculiar  identity  as  a 
science  of  morality,,  and  it  behooves 
every  disciple  diligently  to  ponder 
and  inwardly  digest. — ALBERT  PIKE. 

"Its  laics  are  reason  and  equity, 
its  principles  benevolence  and  love; 
and  its  religion  purity  and  truth;  its 
intention  is  peace  on  earth;  and  its 
disposition  good- will  toward  man." 
— KEV.  T.  H.  HARRIS. 


FRENCH  KITE.  The  French  or  Modern  rite  was  estab- 
lished by  the  Grand  Orient  of  France  about  the  year  1786. 
to  preserve  the  high  degrees;  and  for  the  purpose  of  sim- 
plifying the  system  the  number  was  reduced  to  seven,  viz- 
Entered  Apprentice,  Fellow-Craft,  Master  Mason,  Elect,  or 
First  Order  of  Rose  Croix,  Scotch  Order,  or  Second  Order 
of  Rose  Croix,  Knight  of  the  East,  or  Third  Order  of  Rose 
Croix,  and  the  Rose  Croix,  or  ne  plus  ultra.  The  peculiar 
signs  and  secrets  of  the  two  first  symbolical  degrees  under 
this  rite  are  in  reverse  of  those  adopted  by  the  Grand  Lodge, 
or  Supreme  Council  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite,  of 
France,  in  which  the  practice  is  the  same  as  in  our  own  Grand 
Lodge.  In  the  3d  degree  the  Lodge  has  a  very  solemn  ap- 
pearance, being  hung  with  black  drapery,  and  displaying 
many  somber  and  awe-inspiring  emblems.  The  Master  is 
designated  Tres  Respectable  (Very  Worshipful),  aiid  the 
members  Venerable  Masters;  all  the  brethren  appear  covered. 
In  the  4th  degree  there  are  three  chambers — the  Room  oi 
Preparation,  the  Council  Chamber,  and  the  Cavern.  The 
13 


150  FEE— FRL 

lesson  inculcated  in  this  degree  is  intended  forcibly  t« 
imprint  on  the  mind  of  its  recipient  the  certainty  with  which 
punishment  will  follow  crime.  The  5th  degree  requires  also 
three  chambers,  the  second  of  which  is  most  elaborately  fur- 
nished and  decorated  with  various  Masonic  attributes;  in  the 
East  is  a  triangular  pedestal,  on  which  is  placed  the  cubical 
stone;  in  the  center  of  the  chamber  is  a  column,  and  by  it  a 
table,  having  upon  it  the  corn,  wine,  and  oil;  and  in  the 
North  is  a  sacrificial  altar.  The  Lodge  is  ilhiminated  by 
twenty-seven  lights,  in  three  groups  of  nine  each;  it  repre- 
sents the  Temple  completed,  and  its  whole  appearance  is 
most  gorgeous.  The  Lodge  is  denominated  Sublime;  the 
presiding  officer  is  Ti-es  Grand  (Very  Great),  and  the  brethren 
are  Sublime  Masters.  The  6th  degree  also  requires  three 
chambers;  the  second,  which  is  called  the  Hall  of  the  East, 
represents  the  council  of  Cyrus  at  Babylon,  and  is  composed 
of  that  prince,  seven  principal  officers,  and  other  Knights. 
The  decoration  is  green,  and  requires  fifteen  lights.  Be- 
hind the  throne  is  a  transparency,  representing  the  vision  of 
Cyrus,  in  which  he  received  the  injunction,  "  Restore  liberty 
to  the  captives."  The  candidate,  in  passing  from  the  second 
to  the  third  chamber,  has  to  cross  a  bridge  of  timber  over  a 
stream  choked  with  rubbish;  and  having  at  length  arrived  at 
the  last,  or  western  chamber,  he  perceives  the  Masons  reposing 
among  the  ruins  of  Jerusalem.  The  room  is  hung  with  red, 
and  illuminated  by  ten  groups  of  candles  of  seven  each.  In 
the  center  is  the  representation  of  the  ruined  Temple.  The 
Sovereign  Master  represents  Cyrus;  the  chief  Officer,  Daniel 
the  Prophet.  The  badge  is  of  white  satin,  bordered  with 
green;  the  sash,  of  water  green,  is  worn  from  left  to  right; 
the  jewel  is  the  triple  triangle,  crossed  by  two  swords.  The 
7th  degree  is  precisely  like  that  of  the  18th  degree  of  the 
Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  A  rite,  slightly  differing  from 
the  preceding,  and  called  the  "  Ancient  Reformed  rite,"  is 
now  practiced  in  Holland  and  Belgium. 

FRERES  PONTIVES.  A  community  of  operative  and 
speculative  Masons,  who,  as  a  religious  house  of  brother- 
hood, established  themselves  at  Avignon,  at  the  close  of 
the  twelfth  century;  they  devoted  themselves,  as  the  name 
denotes,  to  the  construction  and  repair  of  stone  bridges.  It 
is  on  record  that  the  community  existed  as  late  as  1590. 
John  de  Medicis,  who  was  Master  in  156jO,  may  perhaps  have 
been  a  son  of  Cosmo,  Duke  of  Florence,  who  died  1562,  and 
•vas  made  a  cardinal  shortly  before. 

FRIENDLY  ADMONITIONS.  As  useful  knowledge  is 
the  great  object  of  our  desire,  let  us  diligently  apply  to  the 


FKI-FUR.  151 

practice  of  the  art,  and  steadily  adliere  to  the  principles  which 
it  inculcates.  Let  not  the  difficulties  that  we  have  to  encoun- 
ter check  our  progress,  or  damp  our  zeal;  but  let  us  recollect 
that  the  ways  of  wisdom  are  beautiful,  and  lead  to  pleasure. 
Knowledge  is  attained  by  degrees,  and  cannot  everywhere 
be  found.  Wisdom  seeks  the  secret  shade,  the  lonely  cell, 
designed  for  contemplation.  There  enthroned  she  sits, 
delivering  her  sacred  oracles.  There  let  us  seek  her,  and 
pursue  the  real  bliss.  Though  the  passage  be  difficult,  the 
farther  we  trace  it  the  easier  it  will  become.  Union  and 
harmony  constitute  the  essence  of  Freemasonry;  while  we 
enlist  under  that  banner,  the  society  must  flourish,  and 
private  animosities  give  place  to  peace  and  good  fellowship. 
Uniting  in  one  design,  let  it  be  our  aim  to  be  happy  ourselves, 
and  contribute  to  the  happiness  of  others.  Let  us  mark  our 
superiority  and  distinction  among  men,  by  the  sincerity  of 
our  profession  as  Masons;  cultivate  the  moral  virtues,  and 
improve  in  all  that  is  good  and  amiable. 

FRIENDLY  SOCIETIES.  Associations  with  some  Masonic 
features,  formed  chiefly  among  mechanics  for  mutual  protec- 
tion and  assistance.  They  help  their  members  in  sickness 
and  misfortunes,  and  at  their  death  furnish  assistance  to  their 
families.  The  most  important  of  these  societies,  and  the  most 
efficient  in  its  organization,  is  the  Ancient  and  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  All  of  them  seem  to  have  borrowed 
their  idea  of  mutual  relief  from  the  Masonic  brotherhood. 

FKIENDS,  ORDER  OF  PERFECT.  A  society  of  distinguished 
Masonic  Savans  in  Germany,  in  the  last  century,  the  chief 
spirit  of  whom  was  Knigge.  The  society  was  sometimes 
called  "  The  Seven  Allies." 

FUNERAL  SERVICES.  No  Mason  can  be  interred  with 
the  ceremonies  of  the  Order,  unless  it  be  by  his  own  request, 
made  while  living  to  the  Master  of  the  Lodge  of  which  he 
died  a  member;  nor  unless  he  has  been  raised  to  the  third 
degree  of  Masonry;  sojourners  and  officers  high  in  the  Order 
excepted.  A  dispensation  has  first  to  be  obtained  from  the 
Grand  Master  before  any  public  procession  can  be  allowed 
to  take  place. 

FURNITURE  OF  THE  LODGE.  Every  well-regulated 
Lodge  is  furnished  with  the  Holy  Bible,  the  Square,  and  the 
Compasses.  These  constitute  the  furniture  of  the  Lodge — 
being  the  three  Great  Lights  of  Masonry.  The  first  is 
designed  to  be  the  guide  of  our  faith ;  the  second  to  regulate 
our  actions;  and  the  third  to  keep  us  within  proper  bounds 
with  all  mankind. 


152  G. 


G. 

vx     "•'  .$    This  letter  is  deservedly  regarded  as  one  oi  the 

Cmost  sacred  of  the  Masonic  emblems.  Whe^e  it 
is  used,  however,  as  a  symbol  of  Deity,  it  must  be 
i^Hj|  remembered  that  it  is  the  Saxon  representative  of 
the  Hebrew  Yod  and  the  Greek  Tau — the  initial 
letters  of  the  name  of  the  Eternal  in  those  languages.  This 
symbol  proves  that  Freemasonry  always  prosecuted  its  labors 
with  reference  to  the  grand  ideas  of  Infinity  and  Eternity 
By  the  letter  G — which  conveyed  to  the  minds  of  the 
brethren,  at  the  same  time,  the  idea  of  God  and  that  of 
Geometry — it  bound  heaven  to  earth,  the  divine  to  the 
human,  and  the  infinite  to  the  finite.  Masons  are  taught  to 
regard  the  Universe  as  the  grandest  of  all  symbols,  revealing 
to  men,  in  all  ages,  the  ideas  which  are  eternally  revolving 
in  the  mind  of  the  Divinity,  and  which  it  is  their  duty  to 
reproduce  in  their  own  lives  and  in  the  world  of  art  and 
industry.  Thus  God  and  Geometry,  the  material  worlds 
and  the  spiritual  spheres,  were  constantly  united  in  the 
speculations  of  the  ancient  Masons.  They,  consequently, 
labored  earnestly  and  unweariedly,  not  only  to  construct 
cities,  and  embellish  them  with  magnificent  edifices,  but  also 
to  build  up  a  temple  of  great  and  divine  thoughts  and  of 
ever-growing  virtues  for  the  soul  to  dwell  in.  The  symbolical 
letter  G— 

*      *      *       "  That  hieroglyphic  bright, 
Which  none  but  craftsmen  ever  saw," 

and  before  which  every  true  Mason  reverently  uncovers,  and 
bows  his  head — is  a  perpetual  condemnation  of  profanity, 
impiety  and  vice.  No  brother  who  has  bowed  before  that 
emblem  can  be  profane.  He  will  never  speak  the  name 
of  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Universe  but  with  reverence, 
respect  and  love.  He  will  learn,  by  studying  the  mystic 
meaning  of  the  letter  G,  to  model  his  life  after  the  divine 
plan;  and,  thus  instructed,  he  will  strive  to  be  like  God  in 
the  activity  and  earnestness  of  his  benevolence,  and  the 
broadness  and  efficiency  of  his  charity.  "The  letter  G 
occupies  a  prominent  position  in  several  of  the  degrees  in 
the  American  system;  is  found  in  many  of  the  degrees  of 
the  Ancient  and  Accepted  Scottish  rite;  in  Adonhiramite 
Masonry;  and,  in  fact,  in  every  one  of  the  many  systems 
in  which  the  people  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centu- 
ries were  so  prolific  in  manufacturing.  "Wherever  we  find 
this  recondite  symbol  in  any  of  the  Masonic  rites,  it  has  the 
sanae  significance — a  substitute  for  the  Hebraic  jod,  the 


GAV. 


153 


initial  letter  of  the  Divine  name,  and  a  monogram  t)  at 
expressed  tb<*  Uncreated  Being,  principle  of  all  things;  aui, 
inclosed  in  a  triangle,  the  unity  of  God.  We  recognize  Uie 
same  letter  G  in  the  Syriac  Gad,  the  Swedish  G  ud,  tne 
German  Gott,  and  the  English  God — all  names  of  the  Deity, 
and  all  derived  from  the  Persian  Goda,  itself  derived  from 
the  absolute  pronoun  signifying  himself.  The  young  Fellow- 
Craft  is  the  representative  of  a  student  of  the  sciences,  and 
to  him  the  letter  G*  represents  the  science  of  Geometry." 

GAVEL.  An  emblem  in  the  degree  of  Entered  Apprentice. 
It  is  a  hammer  with  an  edge  such  as  is  used  by  stone-masons 
to  break  off  the  corners  of  stones,  in  preparing  them  for  the 
builder's  use.  In  the  Masonic  system  it  is  employed  as  a 
symbol  by  which  the  Mason  is  constantly  admonished  to 
divest  his  mind  and  conscience  of  all  the  vices  and  errors 
of  life;  thereby  fitting  his  body  as  a  living  stone  for  that 
building,  "that  house  not  made  with  hands — eternal  in  the 
heavens."  It  is  also  an  emblem  of  authority,  and  is  used 
by  the  Master  in  governing  the  Lodge.  It  is  sometimes 
erroneously  confounded  with  the  setting-maul,  which  is  quite 
a  different  instrument.  The  name  gavel  is  probably  derived 
from  the  German  Giebel,  the  gable  or  apex  of  the  roof  - 
which  its  edge  resembles. 
The  form  of  the  gavel  used 
by  the  presiding  officer  01 
a  Masonic  Lodge  varies  in 
different  sections  of  the 
country,  as  displayed  in  the 
annexed  engravings,  viz: — 
1.  Is  sometimes  found 
among  our  French  and 
Spanish  brethren,  and  is 
familiarly  known  as  the 
president's  hammer;  2.  The 
setting-maul,  which  is  fre- 
quently found  in  use ;  3. 
The  stone-mason's  hammer. 
This  is  the  appropriate  emblem  of  authority  in  the  hand 
of  the  Master  of  the  Lodge.  The  gavel  is  also  called  a 
Hiram,  which  see. 

*"  In  my  own  opinion,  the  letter  G,  which  is  used  in  the  Fellow-Craft's 
degree,  should  never  have  been  permitted  to  intrude  into  Masonry;  it 
presents  an  instance  of  absurd  anachronism,  which  would  never  have 
occurred  if  the  original  Hebrew  symbol  had  been  retained  But  being 
there  now,  without  the  possibility  of  removal,  we  have  only  to  remember 
that  it  ie  in  fact  bu*  the  symbol  of  a  symbol. " — MACKEY. 


1.  -2.  3. 

FORMS  OF  GAVELS   USED  IN    MASONIC   BODIES. 


154:  GEN— GEL. 

GENERALISSIMO.  A  title  conferred  by  the  French,  oc 
the  commander-in-chief  of  a  grand  division  of  an  army, 
This  dignity  was  first  assumed  by  Cardinal 
Richelieu  on  the  occasion  of  his  leading 
the  French  army  into  Italy.  In  the 
Knights  Templar  system  the  second  offi- 
cer of  a  Commandery.  He  is  the  assistant 
of  the  Grand  Commander,  presides  in  his 
absence,  and  is  ex-officio  a  member  of  the 
Grand  Coraniandery.  His  jewel  is  a 
square  surmounted  with  a  paschal  lamb. 

GENUFLEXION.  A  bending  of  the  knee,  or  kneeling. 
The  act  of  kneeling  has,  among  all  people,  and  in  all  ages, 
been  a  token  of  reverence,  a  sign  of  dependence,  supplication, 
and  humility. 

GIBEON.  A  city  of  Judea  which  was  situated  in  a  northerly 
direction  from  Jerusalem.  It  had  a  place  of  worship  pecu- 
liarly sacred,  perhaps  the  seat  of  the  Tabernacle.  Hence 
the  name  is  used  symbolically  in  France,  as  the  apellation 
of  the  Master,  who  must  have  a  pure  heart,  in  which  the 
High  and  Holy  One  may  dwell.  In  the  Swedish  ritual  it  is 
also  used  in  the  same  sense. 

GIBLEMITE.  The  Giblemite*  were  the  people  of  Gebal 
or  Giblos,  a  city  on  the  coast  ol  Phoenicia,  between  Tripoli 
and  Berytus,  called  Byblos  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  now 
known  by  the  name  of  Jiblah.  At  the  present  time  it  is  but 
little  more  than  a  mass  of  ruins,  which  are  sufficiently  mag- 
nificent tq  indicate  its  former  greatness  and  beauty.  Indeed 
it  was  famous  in  former  times  for  the  skill  of  its  masons  and 
builders,  who  excelled  all  others  in  the  knowledge  of  archi- 
tecture. They  are  frequently  mentioned  in  Scripture  as 
"stone-squarers,"  a  term  applied  to  them  as  being  eminently 
distinguished  in  that  kind  of  work.  The  people  of  the 
ancient  city  of  Gebal  were  famous  for  their  worship  of 
Adonis,  who  was  believed  to  have  been  wounded  by  a  wild 
boar  while  hunting  on  Mount  Libanus.  The  river  Adonis, 
whose  waters  are  at  some  seasons  as  red  as  blood,  passes  by 
it;  and  when  this  phenomena  appeared  the  inhabitants 
lamented  the  death  of  Adonis,  pretending  their  river  to  be 
colored  with  his  blood. 

GILEAD.  A  part  of  the  ridge  of  mountains  which  runs 
south  from  Mount  Lebanon,  on  the  east  of  Palestine.  They 
gave  their  name  to  the  whole  country  which  lies  on  the  east 
of  the  sea  of  Galilee.  Gilead  is  the  name  of  the  keeper  of  the 
^eals,  in  the  Scottish  degree  of  the  Sacred  Yctult  of  James  VI. 


GNO— GOD.  155 

GNOSTICISM,  OR  GNOSTICS,  from  the  Greek  word,  gndsis, 
knowledge.  This  name  was  assumed  by  a  philosophical  sect 
which  sought  to  unite  the  mystical  notions  of  the  East 
with  ideas  of  the  Greek  philosophers,  and  teachings  of 
Christianity.  The  system  has  features  which  show  conclu- 
sively that  it  was  a  development  of  the  old  Persian  or  Chal- 
dean doctrine.  According  to  the  gnostics,  God,  the  highest 
intelligence,  dwells  in  the  fullness  of  light,  and  is  the  source 
of  all  good;  matter,  the  crude,  chaotic  mass  of  which  all 
things  were  made,  is  like  God,  eternal,  and  is  the  source 
of  all  evil.  From  these  two  principles,  before  time  com- 
menced, emanated  beings  called  seons,  which  are  described 
as  divine  spirits.  The  world  and  the  human  race  were 
created  out  of  matter  by  the  aeons  and  angels.  They  made 
the  body  and  sensual  soul  of  man,  of  this  matter;  hence 
the  origin  of  evil  in  man.  God  gave  man  the  rational 
soul;  hence  the  constant  struggle  of  reason  with  tho  senses. 
What  are  called  gods  by  men — as  Jehovah,  the  god  of  the 
Jews — they  say  are  only  aeons  or  creators,  under  whose 
dominion  man  becomes  more  and  more  wicked  and  misera- 
ble. To  destroy  the  power  of  these  malicious  gods,  and 
redeem  man  from  the  thraldom  of  matter,  God  sent  the  most 
exalted  of  all  seons — Christ — who,  in  the  form  of  a  dove, 
descended  upon  a  Jew — Jesus — and  revealed,  through  him 
the  doctrines  of  Christianity;  but  before  the  crucifixion  of 
Jesus  separated  from  him,  and  at  the  resurrection  of  the 
dead  will  be  again  united  with  him,  and  lay  the  foundation 
of  a  kingdom  of  the  most  perfect  earthly  felicity,  to  continue 
a  thousand  years.  There  have  been  no  gnostic  sects  since 
the  fifth  century;  but  many  of  their  principles . and  ideas 
reappear  in  later  philosophical  systems.  There  are  some 
traces  of  gnosticism  in  several  parts  of  Freemasonry,  par- 
ticularly in  the  degree  of  the  Adepts  of  tho  Eagle  or  Sun, 
andalso  in  the  rite  of  the  mystic  Slason.  Fessler,  and  his 
friends  Krause  and  Mossdorf,  were  much  interested  in  gnos- 
ticism, and  Fessler's  rite  is  tinctured  with  some  of  its  ideas. 

GOD.  The  highest  and  most  perfect  intelligence  in  which 
all  things  exist,  and  from  which  all  things  depend.  The 
belief  in  God  is  not  the  result  of  teaching,  not  the  result 
of  the  exercise  of  reason,  not  a  deduction  from  the  order 
and  regularity  of  the  universe ;  for  faith  in  a  Supreme  Being 
was  universal  among  men  in  the  infancy  of  the  race,  and 
before  the  Imrnan  mind  was  capable  of  that  power  oi 
analysis,  or  had  attained  to  that  degree  of  science  which 
this  study  of  the  universe  and  of  the  laws  of  nature  sup- 
poses. As  the  notion  of  an  Infinite  Being  transcends 
the  circle  of  sensible  and  material  objects,  and  is  clearly 


156  GOL— GRA. 

beyond  the  power  of  a  finite  being  to  create,  therefore, 
that  notion  must  have  been  communicated  directly  to  man 
by  God  himself.  Man  believes  in  a  God,  therefore  God 
exists;  because,  were  there  no  God  the  notion  of  such  a  being 
could  not  exist.  The  crowning  attribute  of  man,  and  what 
distinguishes  him  from  the  brute,  is  not  the  faculty  of  reason; 
for  that,  the  brute  has  in  common  with  man;  but  the 
power  of  seeing  and  aspiring  to  the  ideal.  Thus  man  had 
no  sooner  looked  upon  the  grandeur,  and  glory,  and  beauty 
of  the  world,  than  he  saw  enthroned  far  above  the  world 
that  which  was  vaster,  more  beautiful,  more  glorious  than 
the  world,  the  IDEAL,  that  is  to  say,  God.  Therefore,  Free- 
masonry accepts  the  idea  of  God,  as  a  supreme  fact,  and 
bars  its  gates  with  inflexible  sternness  against  those  who 
deny  his  existence.  No  atheist  can  become  a  Mason. 

GOLGOTHA.  The  place  of  Skulls.  A  retired  sj.ot  near 
Jerusalem,  commonly  called  Calvary,  where  Jesus  was  cruci- 
fied, and  which  contained  his  sepulcher.  The  word  is  found 
in  the  Swedish,  and  also  in  the  Templar  rite. 

GOTHIC  CONSTITUTIONS.  These  comprise  all  the 
statutes,  laws,  and  regulations  enacted  for  the  government 
of  Masons,  from  the  convention  of  York,  A.  D.  926,  down  to 
the  revival,  A.  D.  1717.  These  were  revised  by  Dr.  Anderson, 
and  published  for  the  first  time  in  1722. 

GRAND  BODIES,  MASONIC.  The  organization  of  Grand 
bodies  for  the  government  of  Masonry  in  its  representative 
character  is  of  recent  date,  as  compared  with  the  age  of  the 
institution.  Every  Lodge  or  body  of  Masons  was  originally 
independent,  as  "a  sufficient  number  of  Masons  not  less 
than  seven  met  together  within  a  certain  district,  with  the 
consent  of  the  sheriff  or  chief  magistrate  of  the  place,  were 
empowered  at  this  time  to  make  Masons  and  practice  the  rites 
of  Masonry  without  warrant  of  constitution.  The  privilege 
was  inherent  in  them  as  individuals."  The  custom  prevailed 
in  the  early  period  of  Masonic  history  for  the  brethren  to 
assemble  annually  for  the  purpose  of  consulting  on  the 
general  concerns  of  the  Craft.  At  these  yearly  meetings  the 
Grand  Master,  or  Grand  Patron  of  the  Order  for  the  king- 
dom or  province,  was  elected  by  the  whole  brotherhood  then 
assembled.  These  gatherings  were  called  Annual  Assemblies, 
and  were  attended  by  members  of  the  Craft  without  re- 
gard to  grade  or  position.  At  a  general  assemblage  of  the 
Fraternity  of  England  in  1717,  adopted  a  regulation  that 
every  Lodge,  except  the  four  old  Lodges  then  existing,  should 
thereafter  obtain  a  warrant  from  the  Grand  Lodge. 


DEGREE   OF  PERFECTION. 
OBAND   ELECT,  PERFECT   AND   SUBLIME   MA8OH. 


GKA.  159 

GRAND  ELECT,  PERFECT  AND  SUBLIME  MASON. 

The  14th  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite,  sometimes 
called  the  "Degree  of  Perfection."  In  France  it  is  called 
"  Grand  Scotch  Mason  of  Perfection  of  the  Sacred  Vault 
of  James  VI."  The  degree  is  considered  to  be  the 
ultimate  rite  of  ancient  Masonry,  as  it  is  the  last  of  the 
Ineffable  degrees  that  refer  to  the  first  temple.  The  Masons 
who  had  been  employed  in  constructing  the  temple  acquired 
immortal  honor.  Their  association  became  more  uniformly 
established  and  regulated  after  the  completion  of  the  temple 
than  it  had  been  before.  In  the  admission  of  new  members 
their  prudence  and  caution  had  produced  great  respect,  as 
merit  alone  was  required  of  every  candidate.  With  these 
principles  firmly  established  many  of  the  Grand  Elect  left 
the  temple  after  its  dedication,  and,  traveling  into  other 
countries,  disseminated  the  knowledge  they  had  acquired, 
and  instructed  in  the  sublime  degrees  of  ancient  Craft 
Masonry  all  who  applied  and  were  found  worthy.  The 
Lodge  is  styled  the  Secret  Vault.  The  hangings  are  crimson, 
with  white  columns  at  regular  intervals.  24  lights — 9  in  the 
East;  7  in  the  West;  5  in  the  South;  and  3  in  the  North.  The 
apron  is  white,  lined  with  crimson;  in  the  middle  is  a  square 
flat  stone,  in  which  is  an  iron  ring.  The  collar  is  crimson;  'the 
jewel,  a  gold  compass,  open  on  a  circle  of  forty-five  degrees;' 
between  the  legs  of  the  compass  is  a  medal  representing  the 
sun  on  one  side,  on  the  other  the  flaming  star.  On  the  circle  is 
engraved  the  figures  3,  5,  7,  9.  The  compass  is  surmounted 
with  a  pointed  crown.  The  ring  of  alliance  is  of  gold.  On 
the  inside  is  engraved:  "Virtue  unites  what  death  cannot 
separate;"  with  the  name  and  date  of  initiation  of  the  owner. 

GRAND  INQUISITOR  COMMANDER.'  The  31st  degree 
of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  It  is  not  an  histori- 
cal degree,  but  is  simply  administrative  in  its  character; 
the  duties  of  the  members  being  to  examine  and  regulate 
the  proceedings  of  the  subordinate  lodges  and  chapters. 
The  meeting  is  designated  a  "Sovereign  Tribunal,"  and  is 
composed  of  nine  officers,  viz:  a  Most  Perfect  President,  a 
Chancellor,  a  Treasurer,  and  six  Inquisitors — one  being 
elected  to  perform  the  functions  of  Inspecting  Inquisitor. 
The  decoration  of  the  Lodge  is  white,  with  eight  golden 
columns;  on  the  dais  above  the  presiding  officer's  throne  are 
the  letters  J.  E. ;  there  is  also  an  altar  covered  with  white 
drapery.  In  the  East,  on  a  low  seat,  is  placed  a  case  con- 
taining the  archives  of  the  Order,  covered  with  blue  drapery, 
having  on  its  front  a  large  red  cross;  on  the  right  of  the  altar 
is  the  table  of  the  Chancellor,  on  the  left  that  of  the  Treasurer. 
The  floor  of  the  Sovereign  Tribunal  is  covered  by  a  painting, 


160  GRA. 

the  centre  of  which  represents  a  cross,  encompassing  all  the 
attributes  of  Masoniy.  There  is  no  apron;  the  members  wear 
a  white  collar,  on  which  is  embroidered  a  triangle  with  rays, 
having  in  its  center  the  figures  31,  to  which  is  suspended 
the  jewel — a  silver  Teutonic  cross.  In  France  the  regulations 
direct  a  white  apron,  with  aurore  (yellow)  flap,  embroidered 
with  the  attributes  of  the  degree. 

GRAND  LODGES,  JURISDICTION  OF.  At  first  there  were 
no  clear  nor  well  defined  notions  in  regard  to  the  territorial 
jurisdiction  of  Grand  Lodges.  Until  within  a  few  years  each 
Grand  Lodge  claimed  the  right  to  constitute  lodges  in  any 
part  of  the  world.  At  the  time  of  the  breaking  out  of  oui 
revolutionary  war  the  Grand  Lodges  of  England,  Ireland, 
and  Scotland  had  lodges  in  Massachusetts  and  other  colonies. 
The  principle,  however,  is  now  well  settled  that  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  a  Province  or  State  has  exclusive  jurisdiction 
within  such  territory,  and  that  no  other  Grand  Lodge  can 
legally  charter  lodges  therein.  A  Grand  Lodge  is  supreme 
over  its  own  affairs.  There  is  no  Masonic  authority  or  power 
above  it:  it  is  subject  only  to  the  unchangeable  laws  of  the 
Order,  the  acknowledged  constitutions,  and  the  Ancient 
Landmarks. 

GRAND  LODGES,  ORGANIZATION  OF.  A  Grand  Lodge 
consists  of  the  Master  and  Wardens  of  all  the  lodges  under 
its  jurisdiction  and  such  Past  Masters  as  may  be  elected 
members.  The  officers  are  a  Grand  Master,  Deputy  Grand 
Master,  Senior  Grand  "Warden,  Junior  Grand  Warden, 
Grand  Treasurer,  Grand  Secretary,  Grand  Chaplain,  Senior 
Grand  Deacon,  Junior  Grand  Deacon,  Grand  Stewards, 
Grand  Marshal,  Grand  Standard  Bearer,  Grand  Pursuivant, 
Grand  Sword  Bearer  and  Grand  Tyler.  In  a  country  or 
state  where  there  is  no  Grand  Lodge  three  or  more  legal 
lodges  may  meet  in  convention  and  organize  a  Grand  Lodge. 
Then  these  lodges  surrender  their  charters  to  the  Grand 
Lodges  from  which  they  received  them,  and  take  others  from 
the  new  Grand  Lodge. 

GRAND  MASTER  ARCHITECT.  The  12th  degree  of 
the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  In  this  the  principles  oi 
operative  Masonry  become  prominent;  it  is  a  purely  scientific 
degree,  in  which  the  rules  of  architecture  and  the  connection 
of  the  liberal  arts  with  Masonry  are  dwelt  upon.  Although 
the  lectures  on  the  Fellow-Craft  degree  illustrate  architecture 
from  the  same  point  of  view,  the  subject  is  susceptible  of 
great  extension,  and  under  the  "Grand  Master  Architect" 
numerous  details  illustrative  of  the  temple  dedicated  to  the 
Most  High  by  the  wisest  man  might  be  worked  out.  In  the 


GRA. 


161 


absence  of  distinct  information  upon  many  points,  there  is 
some  exercise  for  the  imagination  in  furnishing  a  complete 
description  of  Solomon's  Temple,  which  was  an  astonishing 
and  magnificent  work  for  the  time  in  which  it  was  built;  and 
it  seems  to  have  been  distinguished  from  all  other  temples 
of  remote  antiquity  by  its  suniptuousness  of  detail.  The 
principal  officers  of  this  degree  are  the  Master,  denominated 
Thrice  Illustrious,  and  two  Wardens.  The  body  is  styled 
chapter,  and  is  decorated  with  white  hangings,  strewed  with 
crimson  flames;  the  ornaments  are  the  columns  of  the  five 
orders  of  architectTire,  and  a  case  of  mathematical  instru- 
ments. The  jewel  is  a  heptagonal  medal  of  gold.  In  each 
angle,  on  one  side,  is  a  star,  enclosed  in  a  semicircle.  In 
the  center,  on  the  same  side,  is  an  equilateral  triangle, 
formed  by  arcs  of  circles,  in  the  center  of  which  is  the  letter 
&i.  On  the  reverse  are  five  columns  or  different  orders  of 
architecture.  This  is  suspended  by  a  blue  ribbon. 


GRAND  MASTER  OF  ALL  SYMBOLIC  LODGES.  The 
20th  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  This  degree 
affords  a  thorough  exemplification  of  the  philosophical  spirit 
of  the  system  of  Freemasonry.  Philosophy  and  Masonry, 
being  one  and  the  same  principle,  have  the  same  object  and 
mission  to  attain — the  worship  of  the  Great  Architect  of  the 
universe,  and  the  disenthralment  of  mankind.  Here  the 
candidate  is  charged  with  the  responsible  duties  of  instructor 
of  the  gi-eat  truths  of  the  universality  of  Masonry,  inspired 
by  an  upright  and  enlightened  reason,  a  firm  and  rational 
judgment,  and  an  affectionate  and  liberal  philanthropy. 
This  degree  bears  the  same  relation  to  Ineffable  Masonry 
that  the  Past  Master's  degree  does  to  the  symbolic  degrees. 
Veneration,  Charity,  Generosity,  Heroism,  Honor,  Patriotism, 
Justice,  Toleration,  and  Truth  are  inculcated.  The  body 
is  called  a  Lodge;  the  hangings  are  blue  and  gold.  The 
presiding  officer  is  styled  Venerable  Grand  Master,  and  is 
seated  in  the  East.  A  Lodge  cannot  be  opened  with  less 
14 


GRA. 


than  nine  members.  In  the  East  is  a  throne,  ascended  by 
nine  steps,  and  surmounted  by  a  canopy ;  the  Lodge  ia 
lighted  by  nine  lights  of  yellow  wax.  The  apron  is  yellow, 
bordered  and  lined  with  blue;  the  sash  is  of  broad  yellow 
and  blue  ribbon,  passing  from  the  left  shoulder  to  the  right 
hip;  the  jewel  is  a  triangle,  of  gold,  on  which  is  engravec1 
the  initials  of  the  sacred  words. 

GRAND  PONTIFF.  The  19th  degree"  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite.  The  degree  is  founded  on  the  mysteries  of 
the  Apocalypse,  relating  to  the  new 
Jerusalem,  as  set  forth  in  the  Revela- 
tion of  St.  John,  xxi.  and  xxn.,  which  it 
illustrates  and  endeavors  to  explain. 
The  assembly  is  styled  a  chapter;  two 
apartments  are  required.  The  presid- 
ing officer  is  styled  Thrice  Puissant 
Grand  Pontiff.  The  members  are 
called  Faithful  Brothers.  The  jewel  is 
an  oblong  square,  of  solid  gold,  with  the  letter  A  engraved 
on  one  side,  and  Q  on  the  other. 

GRAND  PRIORY.  The  title  applied  to  the  head  of  tne 
Templars  in  Scotland.  It  is  synonymous  with  Granr 
Encampment,  Conclave,  etc. 


GRAND  SCOTTISH  KNIGHT  OF  ST.  ANDREW.  The 

29th  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  It  is  also 
called  "  Patriarch  of  the  Crusades,"  in  allusion  to  its  sup- 
posed origin  during  those  wars,  and  it  is  also  sometimes 
known  by  the  name  of  "Grand  Master  of  Light."  This 
degree  is  devoted  to  toleration  and  freedom  of  man  in  the 
great  moral  attributes.  It  inculcates  equality — representing 
the  poor  Knight  equal  to  the  monarch,  and  exhibits  the 
requisites  of  knighthood;  protection  to  the  defenseless  and 
innocent;  the  possession  of  virtue,  patience,  and  firmness — 
and  represents  the  Knight  as  the  exponent  of  truth,  and  one 
alike  without  fear  and  without  reproach.  The  assembly  is 
called  a  chapter.  Two  apartments  are  required.  It>  the 


HAI— HAK.  163 

first  apartment  the  hangings  are  crimson,  supported  by  white 
columns.  During  the  reception  this  room  represents  the 
court  of  Saladin,  the  great  Sultan  of  Egypt  and  Syria.  The 
second  apartment  should  be  a  well-furnished  room,  decorated 
in  the  eastern  style.  The  presiding  officer  is 
styled  Venerable  Grand  Master.  The  Knights 
are  all  dressed  in  crimson  robes,  with  a 
large  white  cross  of  St.  Andrew  on  the  breast. 
The  jewel  is  two  interlaced  triangles,  formed 
by  arcs  of  large  circles,  with  the  concave  out- 
ward, of  gold,  and  enclosing  a  pair  of  com- 
passes open  to  twenty-five  degrees.  At  the 
bottom,  and  to  one  of  the  points  is  suspended 
a  St.  Andrew's  Cross,  of  gold,  surmounted  by 
a  Knight's  helmet;  on  the  center  of  the  cross 
is  the  letter  i,  inclosed  in  an  equilateral  triangle, 
and  this  again  in  a  ring  formed  by  a  winged  serpent;  between 
the  two  lower  arms  of  the  cross  may  be  suspended  a  key. 


H. 

HAIL,  or  HELE.  The  Masonic  word  usually  spelt  hail  ia 
more  properly  the  old  English  word  hele,  from  the  ancient 
German  hehlen,  to  conceal.  From  this  comes  our  word  hell, 
corresponding  to  the  Greek  hades,  and  the  Hebrew  sheol, 
the  invisible,  the  unseen. 

"These  words  thou  shalt  publish  and  these  thou  shalthele." — ESDBAS. 
Hele — pronounced  hale — should  be  used  in  the  catechism. 
The  fact  that  this  Saxon  word  is  found  in  the  ritual  of  Free- 
masonry proves  the  relation  and  connection  between  the 
modern  system  of  Freemasonry  and  the  German  Building 
Corporations. 

HALLELUIAH.  Praise  the  Lord.  Expression  of  applause 
in  the  Apprentice  degree  of  Misraim,  in  the  degree  of 
Sublime  Scotch,  Heavenly  Jerusalem,  and  others. 

HAND  CLAPPING.  Among  Masons  the  common  expres- 
sion of  applause,  approval,  and  agreement.  Its  use  is 
universal  in  the  Order. 

HARMONY,  ORDER  OF.  An  order  embracing  both  men  and 
women,  founded  in  1788,  by  Grossinger,  under  the  auspices 
of  Augusta,  Countess  of  Staff.  The  Duchess  of  Newcastle 
was  Grand  Mistress.  They  bound  themselves  by  a  solemn 
oath  to  be  eternally  faithful  to  the  obligations  of  friendship 
and  love. 


164 


HAR— HAT. 


HARMONY,  ORDER  OF  UNIVERSAL.  A  new  French  rite 
which,  in  1806,  arose  out  of  a  stock  company,  through  which 
they  hoped  to  cultivate  an  East  Indian  trade.  It  could  not 
have  less  than  26  degrees,  with  military  rank  up  to  marshal 
of  the  empire. 

HAKODIM.  In  2d  Chronicles,  n.  18,  it  is  recorded  that 
Solomon  "set  three  score  and  ten  thousand  people  to  be 
bearers  of  burdens,  and  four  score  thousand  to  be  hewers  in 
the  mountains,  and  three  thousand  six  hundred  overseers  to 
set  the  people  at  work."  These  overseers  were  called 
Harodim,  or  Princes. 

HARPOCRATES.  Among  the  Greek  writers  he  was  com- 
pared with  Apollo,  and  identified  with  Horus,  the  Egyptian 
god  of  the  sun,  the  youngest  son  of  Osiris  and  Isis.  Both 
were  represented  as  youths,  and  with  the  same  attributes 
and  symbols.  He  was  be- 
lieved to  have  been  born 
with  his  finger  in  his  mouth, 
as  indicative  of  secrecy  and 
mystery.  The  Greeks  and 
Romans  worshiped  him  as 
the  god  of  quiet  life,  repose 
and  secrecy.  He  is  described 
by  Plutarch  as  lame  in  the 
lower  limbs  when  born,  to 
indicate  the  weak  and  tender 
shootings  of  corn.  He  also 
symbolizes  the  sun  when  in 
its  early  or  feeble  condition. 
He  is  sometimes  represent- 
ed, in  sculpture,  as  a  child 
wearing  the  skull  cap  or  pschent,  the  crown  of  the  upper  and 
lower  world,  and  holding  in  his  hands  the  whip  and  crook, 
to  expel  evil  influences.  He  is  also  represented  mounted 
upon  a  ram,  which  carries  a  ball  upon  its  head ;  his  left  hand 
is  armed  with  a  club,  while  he  presses  the  two  fore-fingers  of 
the  right  hand  upon  his  lips,  as  the  symbol  of  silence,  and 
intimates  that  the  mysteries  of  religion  and  philosophy  ought 
never  to  be  revealed  to  the  profane  or  uninitiated.  Being 
armed  with  the  club  identifies  him  as  the  Hercules  of  the 
Egyptians. 

HAT.  Among  the  Romans  the  hat  was  a  sign  of  freedom. 
Formerly  Masons  wore  hats  in  the  Lodge,  as  a  symbol  of 
freedom  and  brotherly  equality.  In  English  and  American 
Lodges  it  is  now  exclusively  an  attribute  of  the  Master's 
costume. 


HEA— HER.  105 

HEAL.  An  act  of  a  legally  constituted  body  of  Masons 
by  which  a  person  who  has  been  irregularly  admitted  to  the 
mysteries  of  Freemasonry  is  made  a  lawful  Mason.  When 
the  person  to  be  "  healed"  has  been  initiated  into  a  self-con- 
stituted or  false  lodge  he  can  be  healed  only  by  a  reinitiation. 
Members,  however,  of  schismatic  Lodges  may  be  recognized 
as  legitimate  by  the  action  of  a  Grand  Lodge.  There  is  a 
difference  between  a  clandestine  (or  sham)  Lodge  and  one 
that  is  simply  schismatic.  The  founders  and  members  of  the 
first  are  impostors;  the  latter  are  regular  Lodges,  but  from 
Borne  cause  or  other  not  recognized  by  the  legitimate  Masonic 
authorities. 

HECATESIA.  An  annual  festival  observed  by  the  Stra- 
tonicensians  in  honor  of  Hecate.  The  Athenians  paid 
particular  attention  to  this  festival,  and  worshiped  this 
goddess  under  the  name  of  Diana,  who  was  deemed  the 
patroness  of  families  and  of  children.  From  this  circum- 
stance statues  of  the  goddess  were  erected  before  the  doorfe 
of  the  houses,  and  upon  every  new  moon  a  public  suppei 
was  always  provided  at  the  expense  of  the  richest  people, 
and  set  in  the  streets,  which  the  poorest  of  the  citizens  were 
permitted  to  enjoy. 

HECATOMBOIA.  An  ancient  festival,  celebrated  in  honor 
of  Juno,  by  the  Argians  and  people  of  Jilgina.  A  hundred 
bulls  were  saci-ificed  as  an  offering  to  the  goddess,  whence 
its  name.  The  flesh  of  the  animals  was  distributed  among 
the  poor  citizens  of  the  country. 

HECATOMPHONIA.  A  solemn  sacrifice  offered  by  the 
Messenians  to  Jupiter,  when  any  of  them  had  killed  an 
hundred  enemies. 

HERMANDAD.  Brotherhood.  This  Spanish  society  was 
founded  A.  D.  1295,  in  the  cities  of  Castile  and  Leon.  It  was 
based  on  the  Masonic  principle  of  secrecy,  having  ceremonies 
of  admission,  secret  signs  of  recognition,  and  secret  places 
of  meeting,  where  causes  were  tried  and  offenders  against 
justice  were  judged  and  punished.  It  invested  itself  in  a 
garment  of  mystery,  and  the  blow  of  justice  fell  from  its 
hand  surely  and  swiftly,  like  the  bolt  of  lightning.  It  sought 
not  only  to  punish  crime,  but  to  prevent  it.  It  warned  every 
nobleman  who  showed  a  disposition  to  wrong  a  citizen  of  thf 
certain  destruction  that  awaited  him  if  he  persisted.  Should 
he  rob  or  injure  a  member  of  the  Order,  or  a  citizen,  and 
refuse  to  make  restitution,  or  give  security  for  better  conduct 
in  future,  his  cattle,  his  vineyards  and  gardens  were  destroyed. 
The  mysterious  power  of  this  terrible  but  righteous  brother- 


16G  HER. 

hood  penetrated  every  place — through  barred  and  bolted 
gates  and  armed  sentinels — and  often  dealt  its  retributions 
in  the  royal  presence  itself.  Of  the  utility  of  this  Spanish 
Fraternity  there  cannot  be  a  doubt,  arid  its  beneficial  effects 
in  those  stormy  times  were  immeasurable.  Its  ideas  were 
justice,  absolute  justice,  in  the  administration  of  the  laws' 
and  equality  in  society  and  before  God. 

HERMAPHRODITE.  This  word  is  often  used,  although 
improperly,  in  Masonic  lodges;  for  in  the  human  species 
there  is  no  such  thing.  Among  the  lower  races  such  monsters 
are  sometimes  found,  though  rarely. 

HERMETIC  MASONRY.  The  Hermetic  philosophy  was 
introduced  into  the  Masonic  system  very  early  in  the  18th 
century,  and  for  a  time  was  very  popular  with  the  most  dis- 
tinguished members  of  the  Order.  It  even  now  constitutes 
the  substance  of  one  degree,  and  is  taught  in  the  philosophical 
and  moral  lodges  of  the  degree  of  Prince  Adepts.  [See 
ALCHEMY.] 

HERODEM,  ROYAL  OBDEE  OF.  Dr.  Oliver  claims  that  this 
Order  was  instituted  by  Robert  Bruce,  after  the  battle  of 
Bannockburn,  which  took  place  on  St.  John's  day,  1314.  He 
says:  "The  Royal  Order  of  H.  R.  D.  M.— Herodem— had 
formerly  its  seat  at  Kilwinning,  and  there  is  reason  to  think 
that  it  and  St.  John's  Masonry  were  then  governed  by  the 
same  Grand  Lodge.  But  during  the  16th  and  17th  centuries 
Masonry  was  at  a  very  low  ebb  in  Scotland,  and  it  was  with 
the  greatest  difficulty  that  St.  John's  Masonry  was  preserved. 
The  Grand  Chapter  of  H.  R.  D.  M.  resumed  its  functions 
about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  at  Edinburg;  and  in 
order  to  preserve  a  marked  distinction  between  the  Royal 
Order  and  Craft  Masonry,  which  had  formed  a  Grand  Lodge 
there  in  1736,  the  former  confined  itself  solely  to  the  two 
degrees  of  H.  R.  D.  M.  and  R.  S.  Y.  C.  S.,  i.  e.,  Herodem  and 
Rosycross."  It  is  more  probable,  however,  that  Chevaliei 
Ramsay  had  more  to  do  with  the  creation  of  this  Order  than 
Robert  Bruce.  This  appears  to  be  the  opinion  of  Ragon. 
Something  of  the  nature  of  this  Rite  may  be  gathered  from 
the  following  extracts,  taken  from  the  lectures: 

Q«es.  In  -what  place  was  the  Grand  and  Holy  Order  of  H.  R.  D.  M. 
first  established? 

Ans.  Upon  the  holy  summit  of  Mt.  Moriah,  in  the  kingdom  of  Judea 

(fries.  What  qualifications  are  requisite  for  admission  into  this  sublim 
Order? 

Ans.  Patience,  prudence,  firmness,  justice. 

Qites.  Where  was  it  afterward  reestablished? 

Ans    At  I-colm-kill,  and  afterward  at  Kilwinning,  where  the  King 
Scotland  presided  in  person  aa  Grand  Master. 


HER.  167 

Ques.  Why  was  it  reestablished,  and  why  were  changes  made  ? 
Ans.  To  reform  the  abuses  and  correct  the  errors  which  had   been 
introduced  among  the  brethren  of  the  first  three  degrees. 

In  the  third  section  we  find  the  following: 

Ques.  What  symbol  in  Masonry  represents  the  Son  of  Man  ? 

Ans.  The  corner-stone. 

Ques.  "What  is  the  corner-stone  ? 

Ans.  It  is  the  stone  which  the  builders  rejected,  and  which  is  no'w 
become  the  principal  stone  of  the  corner,  or  the  most  perfect  model  by 
which  the  workmen  can  fashion  their  moral  jewels. 

Ques.  How  do  you  know  it  to  be  the  most  perfect  model? 

Ans.  By  three  grand  principles  of  Masonry. 

Ques.  Will  you  name  them  ? 

Ans.  Fraternal  love,  assistance,  and  truth. 

Ques.  Why  fraternal  love  ? 

Ans.  Because  no  person  can  show  more  love  for  his  brethren  than  ha 
who  is  ready  to  sacrifice  himself  for  them. 

Ques.  Why  the  second? 

Ans.  Because  he  has  come  to  deliver  us  from  slavery  and  sin. 

Ques.  Why  the  truth? 

Ans.  Because  he  is  himself  the  truth  in  his  own  essence. 

Ques.  What  is  his  name  ? 

Ans.  Immanuel. 

Ques.  What  does  it  signify? 

Ans.  God  with  us. 

These  extracts  afford  a  very  clear  view  of  the  tone  and 
spirit  of  the  entire  ritual  of  the  Royal  Order  of  H.  R.  D.  M. 
There  is  no  reason  for  believing  that  this  Order  has  any  con- 
nection with  that  of  the  Culdees,  notwithstanding  that 
monastic  society  once  had  an  establishment  at  I-colm-kill. 

HERODEN.  This  word  is  identical  with  Heredom,  Haere- 
dom,  Haeredum.  It  is  thought  by  some  to  be  derived  from 
the  Greek  words  "ieras  domos,"  i.  e.,  holy  house.  In  the 
catechism  of  the  degree  of  Grand  Architect  it  is  a  name 
given  to  a  mountain  near  Kilwinning. 

Ques.  What  do  they  call  these  mountains  ? 

Ans.  Mount  Moriah  in  the  land  of  Gibeon,  Mount  Sinai,  and  the 
mountain  of  Heroden. 

Ques.  Where  is  the  mountain  of  Heroden? 

Ans.  Between  the  west  and  north  of  Scotland,  at  the  end  of  the 
ecliptic,  where  the  first  Lodge  of  Masonry  was  erected. 

It  is  inferred  from  this  that  King  Robert  I.  of  Scotland 
united  the  Knights  Templar  with  St.  Andrew's  Order  of  the 
Thistle,  and  called  it  the  Order  of  Heroden,  or  of  the  Holy 
House,  i.  e.,  Holy  Temple. 

HEROINE  OF  JERICHO.  An  adoptive  degree  conferred 
on  the  wives  and  widows  of  Royal  Arch  Masons.  It  waa 
never  widely  propagated,  and  is  now  almost  entirely  super- 
seded by  the  American  Adoptive  rite  of  the  Eastern  Star. 


105  HIE— HOL. 

H1EKOPHANT.  The  chief  director  of  the  ceremonies 
and  expounder  of  the  doctrines  in  the  mysteries  of  Eleusis. 
No  one  but  a  descendant  of  Eumolpus  could  hold  this  office. ' 
It  was  necessary  for  him  to  have  the  experience  and  gravity 
of  age,  and  to  be  perfect  in  his  physical  organization.  In 
the  inferior  mysteries,  he  introduced  the  novice  into  the 
Eleusinian  temple,  and  initiated  those  who  had  undergone 
the  final  probation  into  the  last  and  great  mysteries.  He 
represented  the  Creator  of  the  world,  and  explained  to  the 
novice  the  various  phenomena  that  appeared  to  him.  In  the 
great  mysteries,  he  was  the  sole  expounder  of  the  secrets  of 
the  interior  of  the  sanctuary,  and  of  those  esoteric  doctrines 
which  it  was  the  only  object  of  the  institution  to  communicate 
to  its  adepts.  No  person  was  permitted  to  pronounce  his 
name  in  the  presence  of  an  uninitiated  person.  He  sat  in 
the  East,  and  wore,  as  a  symbol  of  authority,  a  golden  globe, 
suspended  from  his  neck.  He  was  also  called  Mystagogue. 

HIGH  PLACES.  It  seems  natural  to  man  to  regard 
mountains  and  high  places  with  a  certain  degree  of  reverence; 
and  the  sentiment  of  religion  has  always,  and  everywhere, 
impelled  him  to  consecrate  them  as  places  of  worship. 
Solomon  went  to  Mount  Gibeon  to  offer  sacrifice,  because 
it  was  a  high  place.  The  Druids,  too,  were  partial  to  hills, 
and  erected  their  altars  on  their  highest  summits.  And 
thus  Masons  are  said  to  have  met  on  "lofty  hills  or  in  low 
valleys"  in  the  olden  time,  when  the  earth,  with  its  carpet  of 
variegated  flowers,  was  literally  the  mosaic  pavement,  and 
the  star-decked  heavens  the  only  covering  of  the  Lodge. 

HIGH-PEIESTHOOD.  The  order  of  the  High-Priesthood 
is  conferred  only  on  Past  High-Priests  of  Chapters,  as  an 
honorary  degree,  and  corresponds  to  that  of  Past  Master. 

HIRAMITES.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Freemasons  as 
disciples  or  followers  of  Hiram,  the  Tyrian  Builder. 

HOLT  GHOST,  ORDER  OF.  1.  An  order  of  male  and  female 
hospitallers.  It  was  founded  in  the  twelfth  century  by  Guy, 
son  of  the  Count  of  Montpellier,  for  the  relief  of  the  poor, 
the  infirm,  and  foundlings.  He  took  the  vows  himself,  and 
gave  a  rule  to  the  order.  Pope  Innocent  III.,  confirmed  it 
in  1198,  and  founded  a  hospital  at  Rome.  The  dress  of  both 
sexes  is  black,  with  a  double  white  cross  of  twelve  points  on 
the  left  breast.  2.  The  principal  military  order  in  France, 
instituted  in  1574,  by  Henry  III.  The  revolution  of  1830 
swept  it  away.  Several  brotherhoods  have  borne  this  name, 
which  is  also  known  in  some  Masonic  systems. 


HOL— HON. 


169 


ANCIENT   CHARACTERS   OF   THE   INSCRIPTION. 

HOLINESS  TO  THE  LORD.  An  inscription  worn  on  the 
forehead  of  the  High-Priest,  as  described  in  Exodus  xxxix. 
30:  "And  they  made  the  plate  of  the  holy  crown  of  pure 
gold,  and  wrote  upon  it  a  writing  like  to  the  engraving  of  a 
signet,  HOLINESS  TO  THE  LORD." 

HONORABLE.  In  former  times  a  title  given  to  the  degree 
of  Fellow-Craft,  on  account  of  its  scientific  character. 

HONORARY  DEGREE.  A  degree  like  that  of  Past  Mas- 
ter, or  the  Order  of  the  High-Priesthood,  conferred  as  a 
reward  for  official  service. 

HONORARY  MASTER.  An  honorary  title  given  to 
learned  and  worthy  brothers,  who  have  not  filled  the  oriental 
chair,  as  a  recognition  of  their  Masonic  science  and  worth. 
An  honor  not  known  in  the  United  States. 

HONORS,  GRAND.  A  peculiar  ceremony  among  Masons  by 
which  they  applaud,  or  express  their  agreement,  satisfaction 
or  sorrow.  They  are  divided  into  private  and  public.  The 
first  can  only  be  given  in  a  Master's  Lodge,  and  cannot  be 
described  here.  The  public  grand  honors,  as  their  name 
imports,  do'  not  partake  of  this  secret  character.  They 
consist  of  clapping  of  the  hands  three  times,  in  rapid  suc- 
cession, and  are  given  on  all  public  occasions  in  which  the 
ministrations  of  the  Fraternity  are  required,  in  the  presence 
of  the  profane  as  well  as  the  initiated.  The  funeral  grand 
honors  are  given  in  the  following  manner:  Both  arms  are 
crossed  on  the 'breast,  the  left  uppermost,  and  the  open 
palms  of  the  hands  touching  the  shoulders;  the  hands  are 
then  raised  above  the  head,  the  palms  striking  each  other, 
and  then  made  to  fall  sharply  on  the  thighs,  with  the  head 
bowed.  This  is  repeated  three  times.  While  the  honors 
are  being  given  the  third  time,  the  brethren  audibly  pro- 
nounce the  following  words — when  the  arms  are  crossed  on 
the  breast: — "We  cherish  his  memory  here;"  when  the 
hands  are  extended  above  the  head — "We  commend  his 
spirit  to  God  who  gave  it;"  and  when  the  hands  are  extended 
toward  the  ground — "And  consign  his  body  to  the  earth." 


170  HOS--ILL. 

HOST,  CAPTAIN  OF  THE.  Among  the  Jews  a  military  rank. 
In  a  Royal  Arch  Chapter  the  title  designates  a  kind  oi 
master  of  ceremonies. 


I. 

I-COLM-KILL.  An  island,  situated  near  the  Hebrides,  in 
a  southerly  direction  therefrom.  In  ancient  times  it  was  the 
seat  of  the  Order  of  Culdees,  and  contains  the  ruins  of  the 
monastery  of  St.  Columba,  which  was  founded  A.  D.  565.  Here 
the  Rite  of  Herodem,  it  is  claimed,  originated. 

IDIOT.  This  word  did  not  always  have  the  meaning  which 
is  now  attached  to  it.  It  is  derived  from  the  Greek,  idiotes, 
which  signified  a  private  citizen.  In  Sparta  it  denoted  one 
who  felt  no  interest,  and  took  no  part,  in  public  affairs,  and 
hence  came  to  mean  an  ignorant  person.  It  was  used  in 
this  sense  in  the  middle  ages,  and  this  is  its  Masonic  meaning. 
The  modern  meaning — fool — would  be  out  of  place;  for  it 
would  be  as  absurd  to  establish  a  rule  that  no  fool  should 
be  made  a  Mason  as  it  would  be  to  enact  a  law  that  no  horse, 
or  infant,  or  dead  man,  should  be  admitted  to  the  mysteries  of 
Freemasonry.  The  word  means,  masonically,  not  a  fool,  but 
a  listless,  indifferent,  ignorant,  fellow,  who  could  only  be  a 
disgrace  to  the  Craft. 

ILLUMTNATI  OF  AVIGNON.  This  system  was  organized 
as  a  species  of  Masonry  intermingled  with  the  reveries  of 
Swedenborg,  somewhere  about  the  year  1760,  by  Pernetti 
(who  was  a  Benedictine  Monk),  and  the  Baron  Gabrianca,  a 
Polish  nobleman.  Very  little  is  known  of  the  institution, 
and  it  might  have  been  forgotten  but  for  the  Marquis  de 
Thorme,in  1783,  taking  up  the  system  that  had  been  adopted 
in  the  Avignon  Lodge,  and  from  it  framing  what  is  now 
known  as  the  Swedenborg  rite — which  see. 

ILLUMINATI,  OE  THE  ENLIGHTENED.  During  the  second 
half  of  the  eighteenth  century,  among  the  numerous  secret 
societies  which  were  more  or  less  connected  with  Freemasonry 
there  was  not  one  that  attracted  so  much  attention,  received 
the  support  of  so  many  distinguished  men,  and  created  so 
rich  a  literature,  as  this.  It  was  founded  in  1776  by  Adam 
Weishaupt,  professor  of  law,  at  Ingolstadt,  a  man  of  great 
originality  and  depth  of  thought,  and  remarkable  for  the 
earnestness  of  his  character.  The  objects  which  he  sought 
to  effect  by  this  association  were  the  highest  and  noblest  ever 
entertained  by  the  human  mind.  He  desired  to  assert  the 
individuality  of  man  as  a  fundamental  principle — and  hence 


TT.T — TMM.  171 

xvaa  an  apostle  of  civil  and  religious  liberty-  -to  discover  the 
means  of  advancing  human  nature  to  a  state  of  higher  per- 
fection— to  bind  iu  one  brotherhood  men  of  all  countries, 
ranks,  and  religions,  and  to  surround  the  persons  of  princes 
with  trustworthy  counselors.  Apostles,  styled  Areopagites, 
were  sent  into  various  parts  of  Europe  to  make  converts,  and 
in  a  short  time  the  Order  was  flourishing  in  Germany,  Hoi- 
laud,  and  Milan.  Protestants,  rather  than  Catholics,  were 
preferred  as  members.  The  degrees  were  eight  in  number: 
1.  Novice;  2.  Minerval;  3.  Illuminatus  Minor;  4.  Illundnatus 
Major;  5.  Knight;  6.  Priest;  7.  Regent;  8.  King.  Attracted 
by  the  liberality  of  its  doctrines,  and  the  grandeur  of  its 
objects,  large  numbers  of  illustrious  Masons,  and  among 
them  the  celebrated  author  Knigge,  became  active  members 
of  it.  In  1784  the  society  was  dissolved  by  order  of  the 
Bavarian  government.  No  association  of  men  was  ever  more 
calumniated  and  misrepresented  than  the  Order  of  Illuminati. 
It  is  common  to  dismiss  them  with  the  remark  that  they  were 
"  a  body  of  men  united  together  for  the  purpose  of  destroying 
society  and  religion,"  whereas,  they  were  men  of  the  pro- 
foundest  religious  convictions,  and  only  desired  such  a  reform 
in  politics  as  would  give  man  a  greater  degree  of  freedom, 
and  afford  him  larger  opportunities  and  facilities  for  the 
development  of  his  faculties.  It  is  humiliating  to  see  that 
some  Masonic  writers  have  repeated  the  infamous  calumnies 
of  those  high-priests  of  the  lying  fraternity,  Robison  and 
Baruel,  in  regard  to  them.  If  they  were  infidels  and 
anarchists,  then  the  whole  American  people  are;  for  they 
were  only  inspired  with,  and  sought  to  propagate,  the  ideas 
which  we  hold  in  the  highest  reverence,  and  have  embodied 
in  our  institutions.  This  name  has  been  borne  by  other 
orders,  as  the  religious  society  of  the  Alombrados,  in  Spain, 
founded  in  the  sixteenth  century;  the  Order  of  Gueriuet:},  iu 
France,  in  the  seventeenth;  and  many  others  before  and  since. 

ILLUSTRIOUS  ELECT  OF  FIFTEEN.  The  10th  degree 
of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  The  body  is  called  a  chapter. 
The  decorations  are  black,  sprinkled  with  red  and  white 
tears;  there  are  15  lights,  5  in  the  East,  and  5  before  each 
Warden,  and  1  in  the  center — all  of  yellow  wax.  The  officers 
are:  Thrice  Illustrious,  Senior  and  Junior  Inspectors,  Orator, 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Hospitaller,  Master  of  Ceremonies, 
and  Captain  of  the  Host.  This  tlegx-ee  is  devoted  to  the  same 
objects  as  the  Elective  Knights  of  Nine — the  conclusion  of 
the  punishment  of  the  traitors,  who,  just  before  the  com- 
pletion of  the  temple,  had  committed  an  infamous  crime. 

IMMANUEL.  A  name  applied  to  Christ,  and  means  "  God 
vith  us." 


172  INI>. 

INDIA,  MYSTEBIES  OF.  The  leading  idea  of  the  India 
philosophy  is  that  a  state  of  absolute  quiescence  or  rest 
constitutes  the  most  perfect  bliss,  and  that  it  can  be  attained 
only  by  the  most  complete  self-abnegation.  This  idea  natu- 
rally grows  out  of  the  pantheistic  nature  of  their  religion. 
They  believe  in  unity  existing  in  all  things,  and  all  things  in 
unity;  God  in  the  universe,  and  the  universe  in  God;  and 
regard  nature  as  a  revelation  of  the  divine  intelligence. 
Everything  is  thus  the  perpetual  transformation  or  meta- 
morphosis of  God.  This  doctrine  is  taught  in  all  their 
mysteries,  and  upon  this  theory  rests  the  idea  of  the  reci- 
procal influence  of  worlds  upon  each  other,  and  their  central 
light,  and  the  conception  of  the  universe  as  a  perpetual 
creation,  as  does,  likewise,  the  belief  in  metempsychosis,  or 
the  transmigration  of  souls  after  death.  Beginning  and  end 
are  mingled,  and  mind  and  matter  are  continually  striving  for 
predominance  in  the  universe,  which,  therefore,  exhibits  an 
eternal  struggle  between  good  and  evil,  light  and  darkness. 
The  notion  of  God  taught  in  the  highest  Hindoo  mysteries 
is  pure  and  elevated.  He  is  called  Brahm,  Atma,  Bramatma. 
Before  the  creation  he  reposed  in  silence,  and  absorbed 
in  himself.  "This  world,"  says  Menou,  "was  all  darkness, 
undiscernible,  undistinguishable,  altogether  as  in  profound 
sleep,  till  the  self-evident  and  visible  God,  making  it  manifest 
with  five  elements,  and  other  glorious  forms,  perfectly  dis- 
pelled the  gloom.  He,  desiring  to  raise  up  vaiious  creatures 
by  an  emanation  from  his  own  glory,  first  created  the  waters, 
and  impressed  them  with  the  power  of  motion;  by  that 
power  was  brought  the  wondrous  egg,  bathed  in  golden 
splendors  and  blazing  like  a  thousand  suns,  from  which 
sprang  Brahma,  the  self-existing,  the  parent  of  all  rational 
beings.  In  the  Hindoo  mysteries  God  is  represented  under 
three  forms:  Vishnu,  Siva,  and  Brahma;  for  that  is  the 
order  in  which  the  three  are  expressed  by  the  letters 
A  U  M,  that  form  the  mysterious  and  ineffable  name,  OM, 
which  is  never  spoken,  but  is  the  object  of  silent  and  constant 
contemplation.  The  Lingam  is  worshiped  in  these  rites  the 
same  as  the  Phallus  in  the  Egyptian.  The  Lotos,  too,  is 
a  sacred  attribute  in  these  mysteries,  as  it  was  in  those  of 
Isis.  The  whole  initiation  represented  the  same  idea  as  the 
Egyptian.  The  eternal  combat  between  the  opposing  forces 
of  good  and  evil,  of  light  and  dark,  and  the  ultimate  triumph 
of  the  former,  is  the  leading  feature  of  both,  showing  conclu- 
sively, that  the  Egyptian  system,  which  is  the  parent  of  the 
Grecian,  Roman,  and,  consequently,  of  our  Masonic  system, 
was  itself  the  offspring  of  the  old  Indian  mysteries.  The 
most  celebrated  temples  where  these  rites  were  performed 
were  those  of  Elo*a,  Salsette,  and  Elephanta. 


IND— INF.  173 

INDUCTION.  In  a  Council  of  the  "  Illustrious  Order  of 
the  Cross,"  the  word  has  a  significance  similar  to  the  following. 
The  word  also  occurs  in  a  Lodge  of  Past  Masters,  wherein 
the  newly-elected  Master  is  inducted  into  the  oriental  chair 
of  King  Solomon. 

INDUCTION,  KITE  OF.  Those  acts  and  ceremonies  by 
which  the  novice  is  first  introduced  into  the  Lodge  are  called 
by  this  name.  They  are  highly  instructive  when  properly 
explained,  and  have  an  important  symbolical  meaning.* 

INEFFABLE.  Unutterable.  The  ineffable  degrees,  so- 
called,  are  the  eleven  conferred  in  a  Lodge  of  Perfection, 
known  as  the  second  series  of  degrees  in  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite.  The  third  series  are  historical,  and  conferred 
in  a  Council  of  Princes  of  Jerusalem.  The  fourth  series  are 
philosophical,  and  conferred  in  a  Chapter  of  Rose  Croix  de 
H.-R.-D.-M.  The  fifth  series  are  chivalric,  historical,  and 
philosophical,  and  are  conferred  in  a  Consistory  of  Sublime 
Princes  of  the  Royal  Secret.  The  last  grade  is  official,  and  is 
conferred  in  the  Supreme  Council  of  the  thirty-third  degree. 

INFLAMED  URN.  An  emblom  in  the  alchemistical  degree 
of  "Knight  of  the  Sun  or  Black  Eagle."  It  teaches  that  the 
Hermetic  Mason  should,  by  his  knowledge  and  virtue,  exer- 
cise an  influence  on  the  world  as  acceptable  as  the  perfume 
of  the  burning  urn. 

INFORMATION,  LAWFUL.  No  stranger  can  be  permitted 
to  visit  a  Lodge  until  he  has  been  examined  and  tried  in  the 
usual  form,  unless  some  brother  present  knows  him  to  be  a 
Mason,  by  previous  trial,  or  by  having  met  him  in  a  legally 
constituted  Lodge,  and  vouches  for  him.  This  voucher,  by 
a  known  brother,  is  called  "lawful  information."  The  exami- 
nation of  strangers  should  be  made  by  intelligent  Masons 

*  The  Rite  of  Induction  signifies  the  end  of  a  profane  and  vicious  life — 
the palintjemsia  (new  birth)  of  corrupted  human  nature — the  death  of  vice 
and  all  bad  passions,  and  the  introduction  to  a  new  life  of  purity  mid 
virtue.  It  also  prepares  the  candidate,  by  prayer  and  meditation,  for  that 
mystic  pilgrimage,  where  he  must  wander  through  night  and  darkness, 
before  he  can  behold  the  golden  splendors  of  the  Orient,  and  stand  iu 
unfettered  freedom  among  the  Sons  of  Light.  The  rite  further  represents 
man  in  his  primitive  condition  of  helplessness,  ignorance,  and  moral 
blindness,  seeking  after  that  mental  and  moral  enlightenment  which  aloup 
can  deliver  his  mind  fron?  all  thralldoms,  and  make  him  master  of  the 
material  world.  The  Neophyte,  in  darkness  and  -with  tremblings,  knocks 
at  the  portals  of  the  Lodge,  and  demands  admission,  instruction,  and 
light.  So  man,  born  ignorant,  and  helpless,  and  blind,  yet  feeling  stirring 
within  him  unappeasable  longings  for  knowledge,  knocks  at  the  doors  of 
the  temple  of  science.  He  interrogates  Natiire,  demands  her  secrets,  and 
at  length  becomai  the  proud  possessor  of  her  mysteries. 

15 


174:  INN— INT. 

who  know  how  to  be,  at  the  same  time,  thorough  and 
courteous.  An  examination  may  be  careless  and  inefficient 
through  an  excess  of  modesty  on  the  part  of  the  examining 
officer,  or  it  may  be  needlessly  rigid  and  pedantic.  Both  of 
these  extremes  should  be  avoided. 

INNOVATIONS.  These  can  never  be  permitted  in  Free- 
masonry. As  it  was  in  the  beginning,  so  it  is  now,  and  so  it 
must  forever  remain.  This  is  particularly  true  .of  sym- 
bolic Masonry.  It  has  resisted  all  attempts  of  reformers,  as 
these  innovators  style  themselves,  to  add  to,  or  take  from, 
or  introduce,  changes.  The  high  degrees  are  developments 
of  the  first  three,  and  complete  the  fabric  in  all  its  beauty. 
Among  the  innovators  who,  in  the  last  age,  attempted  to 
change  the  character  of  the  Masonic  rites,  Cagliostro  and 
the  Chevalier  Kamsay  were  the  chief.  But  their  efforts  were 
unavailing,  and  their  inventions  soon  forgotten. 

I.  N.  R.  I.,  i.  e.,  Jesus  Nazarenus  Bex  ludaeorum.  Jesus  of 
Nazareth,  King  of  the  Jews,  the  inscription  which  was  placed 
upon  the  cross  of  the  Savior.  In  the  Philosophical  Lodge 
they  represent  Fire,  Salt,  Sulphur,  and  Mercury.  In  the 
system  of  the  Rosicrucians  they  had  a  similar  use :  "  Igne 
Natura  Eenovafur  Integra" — "by  fire  nature  is  perfectly 
renewed."  This  idea  is  also  found  in  the  degree  of  "  Knights 
Adepts  of  the  Eagle  or  the  Sun." 

INTENDANT  OF  THE  BUILDING,  sometimes  called 
MASTER  IN  ISRAEL.  The  8th  degree  in  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite.  The  body  is  called  a  Lodge,  and  its  de- 
corations are  crimson;  the  room  is  lighted  with  27  lights, 
arranged  in  three  groups  of  9  each,  and  each  group 
forming  a  triple  triangle;  on  the  altar  are  5  other  lights. 
The  Master  is  styled  Thrice  Potent,  and  represents  King 
Solomon.  This  degree  was  instituted  to  supply  the  loss  of 
the  <5hief  architect  of  the  temple. 

INTIMATE  SECRETARY.  The  6th  degree  of  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  rite.  The  place  in  which  the  Lodge  is  held 
represents  the  audience  chamber  of  King  Solomon.  It  is 
hung  with  black,  strewed  with  white  tears.  There  are  but 
three  officers,  who  represent  King  Solomon,  King  Hiram, 
and  a  Captain  of  the  Guards.  The  ceremony  and  legend 
are  intended  to  preserve  the  remembrance  of  an  instance  of 
unlawful  curiosity,  the  due  punishment  of  the  offender  being 
averted  only  in  consideration  of  his  previous  fidelity.  The 
degree  also  teaches  that  Masons  should  cultivate  the  virtues 
of  Silence,  Justice,  Humanity,  and  Secrecy;  and  that  in  the 
execution  of  justice  they  should  not  be  unmindful  of  mercy. 


IEI— IVO. 


175 


IRISH  DEGEEES.  These  degrees  appeared  in  Franca 
between  the  years  1730-40.  They  had  a  political  element, 
and  were  intended  to  aid  the  Pretender  in  his  efforts  to 
regain  the  English  throne.  There  were  three  degrees:  Irish 
Master,  Perfect  Irish  Master,  and  Puissant  Irish  Master. 

ISIAC  TABLE.  A  monument  of  ancient  Egypt,  on  which 
is  represented  the  worship  of  the  goddess  Isis,  with  he* 
ceremonies  and  mysteries.  It  is  a  square  table  of  copper, 
covered  with  silver  mosaic,  skillfully  inlaid.  The  prindp: 
figure  of  the  central  group  is' Isis.  This  table  is  said  to  bo 
now  in  the  royal  museum  at  Turin. 

ISIS.  The  chief  goddess  in  the  Egyptian  mysteries,  the 
symbol  of  nature,  and  mother  and  nurse  of  all  tilings. 
Diodorus  says  that  Osiris,  Isis,  Typhon,  Apollo  and  Venus 
were  the  children  of  Jupiter  and  Juno.  Osiris,  who 
identical  with  the  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  of  the 
Greeks,  married  Isis,  the  moon,  and  they  both 
made  the  improvement  of  society  their  especial 
care.  Men  were  no  longer  butchered,  after 
Isis  had  discovered  the  valuable  qualities  of 
wheat  and  barley,  and  Osiris  had  taught  how 
to  prepare  them.  Isis  and  Osiris  were  un- 
doubtedly persons  superior  in  mind  and  intel- 
ligence to  the  age  in  which  they  lived,  who 
organized  society,  and  contributed  largely  to 
the  improvement  of  mankind,  on  which  ac- 
count the  gratitude  of  after  ages  elevated 
them  to  the  rank  of  gods.  Her  priests  were  bound  to 
observe  perpetual  chastity.  Her  festivals  were  celebrated  in 
all  parts  of  Egypt,  Greece  and  Rome.  In  her  terrestrial 
character,  she  wears  upon  her  head  the  throne  which  repre- 
sents her  name  ;  in  her  celestial,  the  disc  and  horns,  or 
tall  plumes,  and  nursing  Horus.  The  mysteries  of  Isis  are 
interesting  to  Masons,  as  being  the  foundation  of  those  of 
the  Sidonian  builders,  or  Dionysian  architects,  which  have 
contributed  so  many  elements  to  the  Masonic  rites. 

IVORY  KEY.  A  symbol  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Lodge,  or  degree  of  Knights 
Adept  of  the  Eagle  or  the  Sun.  It  teaches 
that  one  should  exercise  due  caution  in 
opening  his  heart,  and  expressing  his 
opinions.  The  Ivory  Key,  with  the  letter 
Z  on  the  wards,  in  black,  is  the  jewel  of 
the  degree  of  Secret  Master,  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite. 


ISIS   AND   HOBUS. 


176 


JAC— JEH. 


J. 

JACHIN,  CQrr)'  T^16  name  °f  one  °f  the  br&zen  pillars 
placed  at  the  porch  of  Solomon's  Temple.  It  signifies,  "  he 
that  .strengthens,"  or  "will  establish."  The  other  pillar  was 
called  BOAZ,  (]^D),  "in  strength" — the  two  words  signifying 
"  in  strength  shall  this  my  house  be  established."  * 

JEHOVAH  (ni!T)-  The  name  of  God,  ineffable  and 
mysterious,  which  God  declared  to  Moses,  from  the  burning 
bush  on  Mount  Horeb.  Its  ancient  pronunciation  was 
Yahveh;  its  meaning  is  HE  is,  the  same  as  I  AM,  the  person 
only  being  changed.  In  reply  to  the  request  of  Moses  that 
God  would  reveal  to  him  his  name,  "  God  said  unto  Moses, 
I  AM  THAT  I  AM." — Ex.  in.  14.  Thus  it  denotes  the  self- 
existence,  independence,  immutability,  and  infinite  fullness 

*"Stieglitz,  in  his  work  'On  Ancient  German  Architecture,'  gives  an 
illustration  of  two  celebrated  pillars,  as  they  are  now  standing  in  th« 
cathedral  of  Wurzburg,  one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Germany,  and  formerly 
capital  of  Franconia.  He  dates  them  from 
the  time  of  the  construction  of  the  old 
cathedral,  in  1042,  by  the  Fraternity  of 
Steinmetzen,  the  peculiar  form  and  orna- 
mentation of  the  capitals  and  bases  being 
characteristic  of  the  architecture  of  that 
period.  They  were  originally  situated,  like 
the  brazen  columns  of  Solomon's  Temple, 
on  either  side  of  the  porch — Jachin  on  the 
right,  and  JBoaz  on  the  left;  but  at  the 
present  time  they  are  placed  in  an  inverse 
position,  within  the  body  of  the  cathedral, 
not  far  from  the  main  entrance,  on  either  side 
of  a  Gothic  door-way,  leading  to  a  small 
vaulted  chamber.  He  says,  that  '  they  were 
intended  to  bear  a  symbolic  reference  to 
the  Fraternity,  which  reference  is  .revealed 
to  the  initiated  in  their  peculiar  proportions, 
in  the  ingenious  construction  and  combina- 
tion of  the  shafts  and  capitals,  as  well  as 
by  the  names  sculptured  on  the  abacus.' 
Bernewitz,  disagreeing  with  Stieglitz  in  his 
explanation  of  the  symbolism  of  these  pil- 


j  lars,  says,  that  '  the  artist  intended  by  them 

to  represent  God  and  man. '  Boaz  is  tripar- 
tite, and  yet  constitutes  but  one  whole  (Trinity);  the  central  portion 
of  the  shaft  reenters  within  itself  (God  iciihout  beginning  or  end). 
Jachin  consists  of  only  two  actual  parts,  Body  and  Soul,  which  are  united 
by  a  mysterious  entwined  bond  or  tie.  The  interior  of  these  pillars  is 
invisible.  The  inner  man  is  likewise  invisible — unfathomable.  The 
lower  portion  of  the  shaft  rises  from  the  earth,  and  again  returns  thither; 
(so  shall  the  dust  return  to  the  earth  as  it  was;)  while  the  upper  portion 
returns  again  within  itself,  and  is  bound  with  an  endless  band  (the  spirit, 
being  also  without  beginning  or  end,  waits  hopefully  for  its  union  with  th« 
everlasting  spirits  above;  it  embraces  eternity,  and  is  by  it  embraced)." — 
STEINBKENNER,  Hist,  of  Masonry. 


JEP.  177 

of  the  divine  Being.  It  never  has  the  article  before  it,  nor 
is  it  found  in  the  plural  form.  The  Jews,  with  a  deep 
reverence  for  the  Deity,  never  pronounce  this  name;  and 
.whenever  it  occurs  in  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,  they  substitute 
for  it,  in  reading,  the  word  ADONAI,  Lord,  or  ELOHIM,  God. 
That  Jehovah  is  specifically  the  God  of  the  Hebrews  is  clear 
from  the  fact,  that  the  heathen  deities  never  receive  this 
name;  they  are  always  spoken  of  as  Elohim  Moreover,  the 
altars,  the  sacrifices,  the  festivals,  the  tabernacle,  the  temple, 
the  priesthood  and  the  prophets,  all  belong  emphatically  to 
Jehovah.  The  word  is  sometimes  called  the  TETRAGRAMMATON, 
(from  the  Greek  telra,  four,  and  gramma,  letter,)  as  it  was 
among  some  ancient  nations,  the  mystic  number  four,  which 
was  often  symbolized  to  represent  the  Deity,  whose  name 
was  expressed  in  several  languages  by  four  letters.  The 
investigation  of  this  subject  is  exceedingly  interesting  tc 
Royal  Arch  Masons. 


JEPHTHAH'S  DAUGHTER  The  name  of  the  first  degree 
of  the  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star,  or  American  Adoptive 
rite.  It  illustrates,  in  a  beautiful  and  impressive  manner, 
the  ready  obedience  of  a  child  to  the  obligations  of  the 
parent;  of  the  sacredness  of  a  solemn  vow  or  promise,  and, 
at  the  same  time,  the  great  care,  deliberation  and  discretion 
with  which  it  should  be  formed  and  offered.  Its  symbol,  ja] 
color  is  blue.  There  is  a  touching  and  thrilling  interest  in 
the  history  of  Jephthah's  daughter.  The  Scriptures  give  a 
simple  statement  of  facts  and  circumstances,  without  orna- 


178  JEB. 

merit  or  impassioned  comments,  and  the  narrative  excites 
the  deepest  attention.  The  question  has  often  been  pro- 
pounded, What  ivas  the  precise  nature  of  Jephthah's  vow? 
Amidst  all  the  uncertainty  which  may  attend  the  interpre- 
tation of  this  question,  there  is  enough  to  stamp  character 
upon  it,  and  to  invest  it  with  peculiar  interest.  Important 
moral  and  spiritual  lessons  are  involved  in  it.  Painful  as  ia 
the  impression  produced  by  the  thought  of  the  young, 
lovely,  and  only  daughter  sacrificed  at  the  hands  of  her 
father  in  the  fulfillment  of  a  rash  and  unlawful  vow,  yet, 
under  that  impression,  relief  is  at  once  afforded  as  we  sym- 
pathize with  the  spirit  and  mark  the  conduct  of  the  destined 
victim,  and  we  acknowledge  Jephthah's  daughter — the  beau- 
tiful Adah — as  one  of  the  illustrious  heroines  of  Scripture, 
in  the  most  appropriate  sense  of  the  term.  The  incidents 
of  the  degree  are  recorded  in  the  book  of  Judges,  chap.  xi. 

JERUSALEM.  Habitation  or  foundation  of  peace.  The  most 
famous  and  important  city  of  Palestine.  The  old  traditions 
and  natural  prepossessions  both  of  Jews  and  Christians 
connect  it  with  that  Salem  of  which  Melchizedek  was  king. 
It  is  situated  on  elevated  ground  south  of  the  center  of  the 
country,  about  37  miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  and  about 
24  from  the  Jordan.  About  a  century  after  its  foundation, 
it  was  captured  by  the  Jebusites,  who  extended  the  walls, 
and  constructed  a  castle,  or  citadel,  on  Mount  Zion.  By 
them  it  was  called  Jebus.  In  the  conquest  of  Canaan, 
Joshua  put  to  death  its  king,  Aclonizedek,  and  obtained 
posoe^bion  of  the  town,  which  was  jointly  inhabited  by  Jews 
and  Jebusites  until  the  reign  of  David,  who  expelled  the 
latter,  and  made  it  the  capital  of  his  kingdom,  under  the 
name  of  Jebus-Salem,  or  Jerusalem.  Its  highest  historical 
importance  dates  from  the  time  of  David,  who  transported  to 
it  the  ark  of  the  covenant,  and  built  in  it  an  altar  to  the 
Lord.  The  building  of  the  temple  by  King  Solomon  was 
the  consummation  of  the  dignity  and  holiness  of  Jerusalem, 
which  was  further  enlarged,  strengthened  and  beautified  by 
this  king  and  by  his  successors.  After  the  death  of  Solomon 
(B.C.  975),  it  suffered  a  diminution  of  political  importance 
through  the  revolt  and  secession  of  the  ten  tribes.  It  waa 
jjillaged  (B.C.  972),  by  Shishak,  king  of  Egypt,  and  by 
Athaliah  (B.C.  884),  and  finally  (B.C.  588),  it  was  taken,  after 
a  siege  of  three  years,  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  who  razed  its 
walls,  and  destroyed  the  temple  and  palaces,  and  carried  all 
the  holy  vessels  of  the  temple,  together  with  thousands  oi 
cap  tives,  to  Babylon.  Having  been  rebuilt  alter  the  Captivity 
(B.  j.  536),  it  was  again  taken  and  pillaged  under  Ptolemy 
Lagos  (B.  c.  320),  and  under  Antiochus  Epiphanes  (B.  c.  161) 


JEE— JES.  181 

Pompey  took  the  city  (B.  c.  63),  put  12,000  of  the  inhabitants 
to  the  sword,  and  razed  the  walls  to  the  ground,  sparing,  at 
the  same  time,  the  treasures  of  the  sanctuary.  A  few  years 
later  (B.C.  51)  it  was  pillaged  by  Crassus;  and  from  these 
beginnings  date  the  continued  series  of  Roman  aggressions, 
which  terminated  in  the  complete  destruction  of  the  city 
and  dispersion  of  the  Jewish  race,  under  Vespasian  and 
Titus,  A.  D.  70. 

JERUSALEM,  HEAVENLY.  The  City  of  God.  In  several  of 
the  higher  degrees  the  Heavenly  Jerusalem  is  frequently 
alluded  to,  and  occupies  a  prominent  place.  In  the  fifth 
section  of  the  2d  degree  of  the  Rite  of  Herodem  the  Thersata 
says:  "Brothers,  may  we  all,  whether  present  or  absent,  so 
labor  that  we  shall  come  at  last  to  Mount  Zion,  to  the  city 
of  the  living  God;  the  Heavenly  Jerusalem  *  *  *  *,  where 
the  sun  shall  set  no  more,  nor  the  moon  deprive  us  of  her 
light,  and  where  the  days  of  our  affliction,  and  the  fatigues 
of  our  pilgrimage  shall  find  an  end."  This  celestial  city  is 
also  referred  to  in  the  19th  degree  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite. 

JERUSALEM,  NEW.  Some  professors  of  the  doctrine  of 
Swedenborg  formed  a  society  in  London  under  this  name, 
having  relations  with  a  mystical-magnetical-spiritual  brother- 
hood, in  Stockholm.  It  had  some  Masonic  symbols,  and  its 
spirit  is  seen  in  some  of  the  degrees  of  the  Swedish  rite. 

JESUITS,  OKDEK  of.  This  celebrated  society  was -founded 
in  1534,  by  Ignatius  Loyola,  a  Spaniard  of  ardent  imagination 
and  earnest  spirit,  and  was  confirmed  by  Pius  III.  in  1540. 
There  can  bo  but  little  doubt  that  he  intended  it  to  be  a 
mystical  and  contemplative  association,  resembling,  in  many 
things,  the  colleges  of  Egyptian  priests;  and  the  original 
objects  of  the  Order,  as  promulgated  by  Loyola,  were 
certainly  entitled  to  respect.  To  defend  and  propagate 
the  faith,  to  educate  the  young,  to  assist  each  other,  to 
renounce  the  honors  of  the  world,  and  ecclesiastical  digni- 
ties; such  was  the  basis  upon  which  was  erected  a  fabric 
that  destroyed  itself  as  soon  as  it  lost  sight  of  its  first  ideal, 
and  ceased  to  be  what  it  promised  at  the  commencement  of 
its  career.  The  Jesuits  appear  to  have  taken  the  Egyptian 
priests  for  their  model.  Like  them,  they  were  the  con- 
servators and  interpreters  of  religion.  The  vows,  they 
pronounced,  bound  them  to  their  company,  as  indissolubly 
as  the  interest  and  politics  of  the  Egyptian  priests  fixed  them 
in  the  sacred  college  of  Memphis.  Like  those  ancient 
priests,  they  subjected  all  who  aspired  to  membership  in  the 


182 


JEW. 


Order  to  the  severest  trials;  like  them,  they  sent  forth 
missionaries  to  propagate  and  interpret  the  faith;  they  were 
the  counselors  of  princes,  and  the  educators  of  statesmen. 
But  the  Order  lost  its  power,  and  received  the  condemnation 
of  the  world  as  soon  as  it  became  the  ally  of  despots  and 
made  a  traffic  of  the  rights  of  man.  After  the  Order  of  Jesus 
had  fallen  from  its  high  estate,  and  became  merely  a  secret 
society  of  political  agitators  and  intriguers,  some  ardent  and 
enthusiastic  men  conceived  the  idea  of  superseding  it  by  a 
new  Order  that  should  retain  all  the  good  of  the  old,  and 
be  better  adapted  to  the  circumstances  of  modern  times,  and 
the  wants  of  modern  society.  The  Society  of  the  Uluminati 
and  that  of  the  Rosecrucians  were  formed  with  this  aim 
and  purpose.  The  adepts  of  the  Illuminati  were  governed 
by  rules  nearly  identical  with  those  of  the  Jesuits,  and  the 
whole  machinery  of  the  two  orders  was  constructed  after  the 
same  idea. 

JEWELS.  Every  Lodge  is  furnished,  symbolically,  with 
six  jewels;  three  movable  and  three  immovable.  The  three 
immovable  jewels  are  the  square,  level,  and  plumb;  they  are 
so-called  because  they  are  the  permanent  and  unchangeable 
jewels  of  the  Lodge,  and  can  never  be  taken  or  removed 
from  their  proper  places.  They  belong,  permanently  and 
immovably,  to  the  three  principal  offices  and  chairs.  The 
movable  jewels  are  the  rough  ashlar,  the  perfect  ashlar,  and 
the  trestle-board.  Jewels  are  the  names  applied  to  the 
emblems  worn  by  the  officers  of  Masonic  bodies  as  distinctive 
badges  of  their  offices.  For  the  purpose  of  reference,  the 
jewels  used  by  the  several  Masonic  bodies  most  popular  in 
the  United  States  are  herewith  described: 

cross-batons. 

lyre. 

sword. 

GRAND  LODGE. 

YELLOW    METAL    (Suspended 

within  a  circle). 


(compass,    opened 
on  a  quar.  circle, 
sun  in  center, 
square 
level, 
plumb, 
cross-keys, 
cross-pens, 
open  Bible. 
scroL  and  sword 
crossed 


SYMBOLIC  LODGE. 

Marshal   wea 

O*  8ILVEB. 

Organist 

Past  Mast,  wears  a  compass,  opened 

Tyler 

on  a  quarter  circle,  sun  in  center. 

G 

This  jowel  may  be  of  silver  or  gold,  or 

OF    GOLD    OB    Yl 

of  silver  and  gold. 

wi 

Master  wears  a  square. 

Past  Grand  IV 

S.  War.           "      level. 

opened  on  < 

J.  War.           "      plumb. 

in  the  cent< 

Treasurer      '  '      cross-keys. 

Secretary       "       cross-pens. 

G.  Mast,  wears 

{square  and    com- 

pass, sun  in  the 

Dep.G.Mast. 

center. 

S.  G.  War.      ' 

{square   and   com- 

J. G.  War.      ' 

pass,  quar.  moon 
in  the  center. 

G.  Treas.        ' 
G.  Sec. 

Stewards        '        cornucopia. 

G.  Chaplain  ' 

Mast,  of  Cer.  "      cross-swords. 
Chaplain       "      open  Bible. 

G.-  Marshal    ' 

LODGE   JEWELS. 


1NIOB    WARDEN. 


JTJNIOB    WARDEN  TREASURER. 


SECRETABY. 


HENIOR   DEACON. 


JUNIOR   DEACON. 


MISTERS  OF  CEREMONIES. 


CHAPLAIN. 


GRAND  LODGE  JEWELS. 


GRAND   MASTER. 


DBF.    OB.    MASTER.  BEN.  OR.    WABDKH. 


UTS.   GR.   WAIIDEN.  GB.    TREASURER. 


GB.    SECBETARY. 


GR.   CHAPLAIN. 


GR.   MARSHAL.  OB.  STANDARD   BEABEB. 


GB.    SWORD  BEARRB.  GB.    STEWARDS. 


OB.    DEACONS. 


GR.   PURSUIVANT. 


GB.  LECTURES. 


GB.  TILEB. 


CHAPTEE   JEWELS. 


PBINC.  SOJOTJB,  E.  A,  OAPT.  KAST8.  OF  THE  TAILS.  tBEASUKKB. 


BECBETAET.  CHAPLAIN.  BTEWAKDg.  SENTINEL. 


COMMANDERY    JEWELS. 


OO1CMAUDEB.  OENEBALISSIMO. 

4- 


IKK.  WABDEN.  JtTN.  KTAKDEN.  TEEASUBEB.  EECOBDEB. 


ffTAJJD.  BEABBft.  SWOKD  BEABER.  WAEDEB. 


16 


186 


JOA— JOH, 


G.Std.B.  wears  a  banner. 


G.  Sword  B. 
G.  Stewards 

G.  Deacon 

G.  Pursuiv. 
G.  Tyler 


straight  sword, 
cornucopia, 
dove,  bearing  olive 

branch, 
sword  and  trurn't 

crossed, 
cross-swords. 


ROYAL  AllCH  CHAPTERS. 
P.    wears    a  miter. 

level,  surmounted 
by  a  crown. 

plumb,  surmount- 
ed by  a  turban. 

triangular  plate, 
inscribed  with  a 
soldier. 

triangular  plate, 
inscribed  with  a 
pilgrim. 


H. 

King  " 

Scribe 

Capt. of  Host" 

Princ.  Sojr.   " 


R.  A.  Captain ' 

Mast,  of  Vails' 
Treasurer  ' 
Secretary  ' 
Chaplain  ' 
Sentinel  ' 


i  sword,  with  signet 
!      rmg. 

swords. 

cross-keys. 

cross-pens. 

open  Bible. 

cross-swords. 


All  the  above  jewels  for  Grand  or  Subor- 
dinate Chapters  are  of  yellow  metal,  and 
suspended  within  an  equilateral  triangle. 

ROYAL  AND  SELECT  MASTERS. 
G.  Mast,  wears  a  trowel  and  square. 
Hir.  of  Tyre  "      trowel  and  level, 
trowel  and  plumb, 
trowel  and  cross- 
keys, 
trowel  and  cross- 


C'dr.ofWks. 
Treasurer 


Recorder 
Capt.  of  Grd. 


pens, 
trowel  and  bat.  ax. 


Sentinel 


trowel  and  sword. 


Gen'simo  wears 
Capt.  Gen.     " 


Prelate 


Sen.  War. 

Jun.  War. 

Treasurer 
Recorder 

Stand.  B. 
Sword  B. 


Warder 


Of  yellow  metal,  and  suspended  within  an 
equilateral  triangle. 

COMMANDERY  OF  KNIGHTS  TEMPLAR. 
Em't  Commander  wears  a  passion 
cross,  with  rays  of  light  at  the 
crossings. 

sq'e.,  surmounted 
by  paschal  lamb, 
level,  surmounted 

by  a  cock, 
triple  triangle  with 
a  passion  cross 
in  each, 
hollow  square  and 

sword. 

j  eagle  and  flaming 
j      sword, 
cross-keys, 
cross-pens. 
plumb,  surmount- 
ed by  a  banner, 
triangle  and  cross- 
swords. 

square  plate,  with 
trumpet  and 
cross-swords, 
square  plate,  with 

battle-ax, 
sword. 


Guards 
Sentinel 


The  jewels  for  Grand  Commandery  are 
the  same,  enclosed  within  a  circle,  and 
all  of  yellow  metal. 

A  description  of  the  jewels  be- 
longing to  the  Ancient  and  Accepted 
rite  may  be  found  attached  to  the 
name  of  each  degree,  respectively, 
in  this  work. 


JOABERT.  The  companion  of  Solomon  and  Hiram.  The 
name  appears  in  several  of  the  high  degrees  in  connection 
with  the  above-mentioned  illustrious  Masons. 

JOACHIM,  ORDER  OF  ST.  An  offspring  of  the  Order  of  tnio 
and  perfect  friendship  of  St.  Jonathan.  It  was  composed  of 
Knights  and  ladies,  and,  in  1804,  had  its  seat  in  Bamberg. 
One  of  the  vows  of  the  members  required  them  to  believe 
in  the  Trinity  and  avoid  waltzing. 

JOHANNITE  MASONRY.  The  lodges  of  symbolical 
Masonry  which  were  formerly  dedicated  to  King  Solomon 
are  now  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist  and  St.  John 
the  Evangelist.  Hence  the  first  three  degrees  are  called 
Johaumte  Masonry. 


JOP— KAD. 


187 


JOPPA.  One  of  the  most  ancient  seaports  in  the  world; 
en  the  Mediterranean  sea,  about  35  miles  north-west  of 
Jerusalem.  Here  the  materials  for  building  the  first  and 
second  temples,  sent 
from  Lebanon,  Tyre 
and  other  places,  were 
landed,  and  conveyed 
to  Jerusalem.  Its  har- 
bor is  shoal  and  unpro- 
tected from  the  winds; 
but  on  account  of  its 
convenience  to  Jeru- 
salem, it  became  the 
principal  port  of  Ju- 
dea,  and  is  still  the 
great  landing-place  of  pilgrims  arid  travelers  to  the  Holy 
Land.  The  place  is  now  called  Jaffa.  The  peculiarly  hilly 
and  even  precipitous  character  of  Joppa  is  preserved  in  the 
traditions  of  the  degree  of  Mark  Master,  and  a  benevolent 
moral  deduced,  in  accordance  with  the  entire  instructions 
of  the  grade. 

JUDAH.  The  fourth  son  of  the  patriarch  Jacob,  whose 
descendants  became  the  most  distinguished  of  the  twelve 
tribes.  On  account  of  this  the  whole  of  Palestine  is  some- 
times called  Judea,  or  the  land  of  Judah.  The  device  on 
the  banner  of  this  tribe  was  a  lion.  It  appears  in  the 
symbolism  of  Freemasonry. 

JUDAH  AND  BENJAMIN.  Of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel, 
which  were  carried  away  captive  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  only 
two  (Judah  and  Benjamin)  ever  returned  to  Palestine.  No 
traces  of  the  lost  tribes  have  ever  been  found. 


K. 

KADOSH.  A  Hebrew  word,  signifying  holy,  consecrated, 
separated;  the  designation  of  the  30th  degree  of  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  rite,  or  Knight  of  the  White  and  Black  Eagle. 
[See  KNIGHT  OF  KADOSH.]  There  are  several  degrees  bearing 
this  name,  but  they  all  seem  to  be  allied  to  the  Knights 
Templar  system.  In  the  history  of  the  high  degrees  we 
find:  1.  The  Knight  Kadosh;  2.  Kadosh  of  the  Chapter  of 
Clermont;  3.  Philosophical  Kadosh;  4.  Kadosh  Prince  of 
Death;  5.  Kadosh  of  the  Scottish  rite.  It  is  also  the  name 
of  the  10th  degree  of  Martin's  system  ;  the  24th  of  the 
Council  of  Emperors  of  the  East  and  West;  9th  of  the  Scotch 
Philosophical  rite,  and  65th  of  the  system  of  Misraim. 


188  KAL— KIN. 

KALAND,  BROTHERS  OF.  A  lay  brotherhood  which  origi- 
nated in  Germany  in  the  thirteenth  century.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  Latin  word  kalendae,  which,  among  the 
ancient  Romans,  designated  the  first  day  of  the  month.  On 
this  day  the  brethren  assembled  to  pray  for  their  deceased 
friends,  and  to  meditate  and  discuss  religious,  moral,  and 
philosophical  subjects.  The  meeting  was  closed  with  the 
agape,  or  Table-lodge. 

KIL  WINNING.  A  small  town  in  Scotland,  of  no  im- 
portance or  influence,  but  which  fills  a  large  place  in  Masonic 
history,  although  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  greater  portion 
of  the  Masonic  events  said  to  have  transpired  there  ever 
existed,  except  in  the  regions  of  the  imagination.  As  Kil- 
winning,  however,  was  the  seat  of  a  monastery,  founded  in 
1140,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  a  Lodge  of  Masons  might  have 
been  organized  there  at  that  time;  although  there  are  no 
authentic  records  existing  showing  this  to  be  the  fact. 
Thory — Acta  Latainorum — says  that:  "Robert  Bruce,  King 
of  Scotland,  under  the  title  of  Robert  I.,  created  the  Order 
of  St.  Andrew  of  Chardon,  after  the  battle  of  Bannockburn, 
which  was  fought  June  24, 1314.  To  this  Order  was  afterward 
united  that  of  Heroden,  for  the  sake  of  the  Scotch  Masons, 
who  formed  a  part  of  the  thirty  thousand  troops  with  whom 
he  had  fought  an  army  of  one  hundred  thousand  English- 
men. King  Robert  reserved  the  title  of  Grand  Master  to 
himself  and  his  successors  forever,  and  founded  the  Royal 
Grand  Lodge  of  Herodeni  at  Kil winning."  The  whole 
subject  of  the  connection  of  Kil  winning  with  the  history  of 
Freemasonry  is  involved  in  great  obscurity ;  but  it  is  generally 
believed  by  Masons  that  the  first  Lodge  in  Scotland  was 
opened  at  Kilwiniiing  at  the  time  of  the  building  of  the 
abbey.  [See  HEROD  EM.] 

KING.  In  the  Chapter  of  Royal  Arch  Masons,  he  is  the 
second  officer,  and  represents  Zerubbabel,  governor  of  Judea, 
and  a  lineal  descendant  of  the  royal  race  of  King  David.  In 
the  Lodge  of  Mark,  Past  and  Most  Excellent  Masters,  the 
King  acts  as  Senior  Warden. 

KING  OF  THE  SANCTUARY.  An  honorary  or  side 
dogree.  A  Mason  can  only  receive  this  degree  from  five 
Masters  of  Lodges,  who  have  each  served  a  year  in  that 
office  without  interruption.  No  King  of  the  Sanctuary  can 
confer  this  degree,  until  after  the  expiration  of  nine  years 
from  the  time  of  receiving  it,  unless  he  who  presided  at  his 
reception  knowing  him  to  be  the  only  person  in  possession 
of  the  degree,  in  the  place  where  he  resides,  relieves  him  of 
this  restriction  before  finally  parting  with  him  permanently; 


KNI.  189 

and  this  is  moreover  to  be  done  in  the  presence  of  those  who 
assisted  at  his  reception. 

KNIGHT.  1.  A  young  servant,  or  follower;  a  military 
attendant;  2.  A  young  man  when  admitted  to  the  privilege 
of  bearing  arms;  hence  one  of  a  certain  chivalric  or  feudal 
rank;  a  champion;  3.  One  on  whom  knighthood  is  con- 
ferred by  the  sovereign  or  authorized  military  power,  or, 
masonically,  within  the  body  of  a  just  and  legally  constituted 
Commandery  of  Knights  Templar,  entitling  the  recipient  to 
be  addressed  as  Sir  Knight. 

KNIGHTHOOD,  MASONIC.  There  is  much  difference  of 
opinion  as  to  the  origin  of  this  branch  of  the  Masonic  Insti- 
tution, and*  without  attempting  to  show  that  the  form  of 
conferring  the  order  is  identical  with  that  of  the  gallant 
and  devoted  soldier-monks  of  the  Crusades,  it  cannot  be 
controverted  that  their  Institution  possessed  some  features 
of  similarity  to  Freemasonry.  The  connection  between  the 
Knights  Templar  and  the  Masonic  Institution  has  been 
repeatedly  asserted  by  the  friends  and  enemies  of  both. 
Bro.  Lawrie  says:  "We  know  the  Knights  Templar  not  only 
possessed  the  mysteries,  but  performed  the  ceremonies,  and 
inculcated  the  duties  of  Freemasons;"  and  he  attributes  the 
dissolution  of  the  Order  to  the  discovery  of  their  being 
Freemasons,  and  assembling  in  secret  to  practice  the  rites  of 
the  Order.  He  endeavors  to  show  that  they  were  initiated 
into  the  Order  by  the  Druses,  a  Syrian  Fraternity  which 
existed  at  that  date,  and  indeed  now  continues.  In  a  French 
MS.  ritual  of  about  1780,  in  the  degree  of  Black  and  White 
Eagle  (30th),  the  transmission  of  Freemasonry  by  the 
Templars  is  most  positively  asserted.  The  history  of  the 
Templars  and  their  persecution  is  minutely  described  in  the 
closing  address,  and  the  Grand  Commander  adds:  "This  is, 
my  illustrious  brother,  how  and  by  whom  Masonry  is  derived 
and  has  been  transmitted  to  us.  You  are  now  a  Knight 
Templar,  and  on  a  level  with  them."  The  Order  of  the 
Temple,  in  the  twelfth  century,  was  divided  into  three 
classes :  Knights,  Priests,  and  Serving  Brethren.  Every 
candidate  for  admission  into  the  first  class  must  have 
received  the  honor  of  knighthood  in  due  form,  and  according 
to  the  laws  of  chivalry,  and  consequently  the  Knights  Tem- 
plar were  all  men  of  noble  birth.  The  second  class,  or  the 
Priests,  were  not  originally  a  part  of  the  Order,  but  by  the 
bull  of  Pope  Alexander,  known  as  the  bull  omne  datum 
optimum,  it  was  ordained  that  they  might  be  admitted, 
to  enable  the  Knights  more  commodiously  to  hear  divine 
eer  ^ce,  and  to  receive  the  sacraments.  Serving  Brothers, 


190  KNI. 

like  the  Priests,  were  not  a  part  of  the  primitive  institution. 
They  owed  their  existence  to  the  increasing  prosperity  and 
luxury  of  the  Order.  Over  this  society,  thus  constituted,  wag 
placed  a  presiding  officer,  with  the  title  of  Grand  Master. 
His  power,  though  great,  was  limited.  He  was  in  war  the 
commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces  of  the  Temple.  In  his 
hands  was  placed  the  whole  patronage  of  the  Order,  and  as 
the  vicegerent  of  the  Pope,  he  was  the  spiritual  head  and 
bishop  of  all  the  clergy  belonging  to  the  society.  He  was, 
however,  much  controlled  and  guided  by  the  chapter,  with- 
out whose  consent  he  was  never  permitted  to  draw  out  or 
expend  the  money  of  the  Order.  The  Grand  Master  resided 
originally  at  Jerusalem;  afterward,  when  that  city  was  lost, 
at  Acre,  and  finally  at  Cyprus.  His  duty  always  required 
him  to  be  in  the  Holy  Land;  ho,  consequently,  never  resided 
in  Europe.  He  was  elected  for  life  from  among  the  Knights 
in  the  following  manner:  On  the  death  of  the  Grand  Master, 
a  Grand  Prior  was  chosen  to  administer  the  affairs  of  the 
Order  until  a  successor  could  be  elected.  When  the  day, 
which  had  been  appointed  for  the  election,  arrived,  the 
chapter  usitally  assembled  at  the  chief  seat  of  the  Order; 
three  or  more  of  the  most  esteemed  Knights  were  then 
proposed,  the  Grand  Prior  collected  the  votes,  and  he  who 
tiad  received  the  greatest  number  was  nominated  to  be  the 
electing  Prior.  An  Assistant  was  then  associated  with  him 
in  the  person  of  another  Knignt.  These  two  remained  all 
night  in  the  chapel,  engaged  in  prayer.  In  the  morning, 
they  chose  two  others,  and  these  four,  two  more,  and  so  on 
until  the  number  of  twelve  (that  of  the  Apostles)  had  been 
selected.  The  twelve  then  selected  a  chaplain.  The  thirteen 
then  proceeded  to  vote  for  a  Grand  Master,  who  was  elected 
by  a  majority  of  votes.  When  the  election  was  completed, 
it  was  announced  to  the  assembled  brethren,  and  when  all 
had  promised  obedience,  the  Prior,  if  the  person  was  present, 
said  to  him :  "  In  the  name  of  God  the  Father,  the  Son,  and 
the  Holy  Ghost,  we  have  chosen,  and  do  choose  thee,  Bro.  N., 
to  be  our  Master."  Then,  turning  to  the  brethren,  he  said: 
"  Beloved  sirs  and  brethren,  give  thanks  unto  God,  behold 
here  our  Master."  The  mode  of  reception  into  the  Order 
is  described  to  have  been  exceedingly  solemn.  A  novitiate 
was  enjoined  by  the  canons,  though  practically  it  was  in 
general  dispensed  with.  The  candidate  was  received  in  a 
chapter  assembled  in  the  chapel  of  the  Order,  all  strangers 
being  rigorously  excluded.  The  Preceptor  opened  the  busi- 
ness with  an  address  to  those  present,  demanding  if  they 
knew  any  just  cause  or  impediment  why  the  candidate  should 
not  be  admitted.  If  no  objection  was  made,  the  candidate 
was  conducted  into  an  adjacent  chamber,  wher^  two  or 


ADMISSION  OK  A  NOVICE  TO  THE  VOWS  OP  THE  ORDER  OF  THE 
TEMPLE. 


KNL  193 

three  of  the  Knights,  placing  before  his  view  the  rigor  and 
austerities  of  the  order,  demanded  if  he  still  persisted  in 
entering  it.  If  he  persisted,  he  was  asked  if  he  was  married 
or  betrothed,  had  mader  a  vow  in  any  other  order,  if  he  owed 
more  than  he  could  pay,  if  he  was  of  sound  body,  without 
any  secret  infirmity,  and  free?  If  his  answers  proved 
satisfactory,  they  left  him  and  returned  to  the  chapter,  and 
the  Preceptor  again  asked,  if  any  one  had  anything  to  say 
against  his  being  received.  If  all  were  silent,  he  asked  if 
they  were  willing  to  receive  him.  On  their  assenting,  the 
candidate  was  led  in  by  the  Knights  who  had  questioned 
him,  and  who  now  instructed  him  in  the  mode  of  asking 
admission.  He  advanced,  and  kneeling  before  the  Preceptor, 
with  folded  hands,  said:  "Sir,  I  am  come  before  God,  and 
before  you  and  the  brethren;  and  I  pray  and  beseech  you, 
for  the  sake  of  God,  and  our  sweet  Lady,  to  receive  me 
into  your  society  and  the  good  works  of  the  order,  as 
one  who,  all  his  life  long,  will  be  the  servant  and  slave 
of  the  order."  The  Preceptor  then  inquired  of  him  if  he 
had  well  considered  all  the  trials  and  difficulties  which 
awaited  him  in  the  order,  adjured  him  on  the  Holy  Evan- 
gelists to  speak  the  truth,  and  then  put  to  him  the  question 
which  had  already  been  put  to  him  in  the  preparation-room, 
further  inquiring  if  he  was  a  Knight,  and  the  son  of  a 
Knight  and  gentlewoman,  and  if  he  was  a  priest.  He 
then  asked  him  the  following  questions:  " Do  you  promise 
to  God,  and  Mary,  our  dear  Lady,  obedience,  as  long  as 
you  live,  to  the  Master  of  the  Temple,  and  the  Prior  who 
shall  be  set  over  you?  do  you  promise  chastity  of  the  body? 
do  you  further  promise  a  strict  compliance  with  the  laudable 
customs  and  usages  of  the  order  now  in  force,  and  such 
as  the  Master  and  Knights  may  hereafter  add  ?  will  you 
fight  for  and  defend,  with  all  your  might,  the  Holy  Land 
of  Jerusalem,  and  never  quit  the  order  but  with  the  consent 
of  the  Master  and  Chapter?  and  lastly,  do  you  agree  that 
you  never  will  see  a  Christian  unjustly  deprived  of  his 
inheritance,  nor  be  aiding  in  such  a  deed?"  The  answers 
to  all  these  questions  being  in  the  affirmative,  the  Preceptor 
then  said:  "In  the  name  of  God,  and  of  Mary,  our  dear 
Lady,  and  in  the  name  of  St.  Peter  of  Rome,  and  our 
Father  the  Pope,  and  in  the  name  of  all  the  brethren  of 
the  Temple,  we  receive  you  to  all  the  good  works  of  the 
order,  which  have  been  performed  from  the  beginning,  and 
will  be  performed  to  the  end,  you,  your  father,  your  mother, 
and  all  those  of  your  family  whom  you  let  participate 
therein.  So  you,  in  like  manner,  receive  us  to  all  the  good 
works  which  you  have  performed  and  will  perform.  Wo 


194  KNL 

assure  you  of  bread  and  water,  the  poor  clothing  of  the 
order,    and  labor   and  toil   enow."      The   Preceptor  then 
took  the  white  mantle,  with  its  ruddy  cross,  placed  it  about 
his  neck,  and  bound  it  fast.      The  Chaplain  repeated  the 
133d  Psalm:  "Behold,  how  good  and  how  pleasant  it  is 
for  brethren  to  dwell  together  in  unity ! "  and  the  prayer 
of  the  Holy  Spirit,  " Deus  qui  corda  Jidelium;"  each  brother 
said  a  pater,  and  the  Preceptor  and  Chaplain  kissed  the 
candidate.      He   then   placed   himself    at   the   feet  of   the 
Preceptor,   who   exhorted    him  to  peace   and    charity,  to 
chastity,  obedience,  humility,  and  piety,  and  so  the  ceremony 
was  ended.     The  secret  mysteries  of  the  Templars,  most  of 
the  historians  say,  were  celebrated  on  Good  Friday;   aoa 
what  those  mysteries  were,  we  discover  from  those  who  still 
carry  them  on  as"  their  successors — the  order  as  kept  up  in 
France  and  other  countries  on  the  continent — not  the  Masonic 
institution.     They  are  accustomed  in  these  secret  rites  to  act 
over  the  events  which  took  place  on  Thursday,  Friday  and 
Saturday  of  the  Holy  Week,  and  then  solemnize  with  great 
pomp  the  resurrection  of  Christ.     One  writer,  Rosetti,  dis- 
tinctly asserts  that  the  Templars  were  a  branch  of  the  Masonic 
institution,  whose  great  object  in  that  age  was  the  overthrow 
of  the  papal  tyranny,  and  the  monstrous  fabric  it  had  erected 
of  idolatry,  superstition,  and  impiety;  and  hence  he  traces 
the  determination  of  the  Pope  to  crush,  at  all  hazards,  the 
order  of  the  Temple,  with  all  its  daring  innovations.    Though 
there  is  a  great  probability,  if  not  a  certainty,  that  Masonry 
was  a  leading  feature  in  the  Templar  institution,  we  are 
inclined  to  believe  that  the  mysteries  of  the  craft  were  the 
only  secrets  of  their  practice.     The  wonderful  architectural 
and  engineering  worlds  which,  both  in  Asia  and  Europe,  were 
constructed  under  the  direction  of  the  Templars  and  Hos- 
pitallers— more  particularly  the  former — are,  it  seems  to  us, 
very  striking  evidence  of  the  Masonic  origin  of  the  Knights. 
Gervase  of   Canterbury,  who  wrote  in  the  twelfth  century, 
speaks  of  both  French  and  English  artificers,  skillful  to  work 
in  stone  and  in  wood,  who  traveled  in  guilds  or  societies,  for  the 
purpose  of  proffering  their  services  wherever  the  architect's 
and  builder's  art  required  to  be  exercised.     These  were  the 
only  men  who  possessed  the  requisite  knowledge,  and  from 
their  ranks  kings  and  princes  frequently  impressed  by  violence 
workmen  whom  they  required  to  construct  their  palaces  or 
fortresses.     They  were  the  operative  Freemasons,  to  whose 
surpassing   skill    and   knowledge    of    the    laws  of   beauty 
and  just  proportion  we  are   indebted  for  the  magnificent 
cathedrals  which  adorn  many  parts  of  Europe.     They  met 
in  Lodges  close  tiled  from  the  vulgar  gaze,  and  pursued  the 


KNI  195 

practice  of  their  mystic  rites  under  the  sanction  of  the  throne 
and  the  church.  The  traveling  bodies  of  Freemasons,  which 
we  have  mentioned,  consisted  of  brethren  well  skilled  in 
every  branch  of  knowledge;  among  their  ranks  were  many 
learned  ecclesiastics,  whose  names  survive  to  the  present 
day  in  the  magnificent  edifices  which  they  assisted  to  erect. 
The  Knights  of  the  Temple,  themselves  a  body  of  military 
monks,  partaking  both  of  the  character  of  soldiers  and 
priests,  preserved  in  their  Order  a  rank  exclusively  clerical, 
the  individuals  belonging  to  which  took  no  part  in  warfare, 
who  were  skilled  in  letters,  and  devoted  themselves  to  the 
civil  and  religious  affairs  of  the  Order;  they  were  the  histo- 
rians of  the  period,  and  we  know  that  all  the  learning  of 
the  time  was  in  their  keeping,  in  common  with  the  other 
ecclesiastics  of  their  day.  From  the  best  information  we  are 
possessed  of  regarding  the  Order,  we  believe  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  these  learned  clerks  introduced  the  whole 
fabric  of  Craft  Masonry  into  the  system  of  knighthood,  and 
that  not  only  was  the  speculative  branch  of  the  science  by 
them  incorporated  with  the  laws  and  organization  of  the 
Knights,  but  to  their  operative  skill  were  the  Templars 
indebted  for  their  triumphs  in  architecture  and  fortification. 
We  have  shown  that  the  early  Freemasons  were  the  architects 
of  all  structures  above  the  hovels  of  the  peasantry;  and  we 
have  endeavored  to  trace  to  Masonic  influence  the  eminence 
attained  in  structural  science  by  the  various  knightly 
orders.  In  our  opinion,  there  is  little  room  to  doubt 
that  the  practice  of  Masonry  soon  became  a  prominent 
feature  of  the  Order,  and  that  Masonic  secrets  alone  were 
the  far-famed  mysteries  of  the  Templars.  As  it  is  evident 
that  these  pursuits  would  not  in  the  eyes  of  the  world  appear 
to  further  the  original  objects  of  the  chivalric  orders,  we 
cannot  be  surprised  that  the  knights  made  no  profession  of 
their  Masonic  studies;  pexiiaps,  even  at  that  remote  period, 
there  was  a  well-grounded  fear  of  the  animosity  which  has 
been  since  so  fearfully  developed  in  the  church  of  Home 
against  all  secret  societies.  That  power  has  ever  trembled 
at  the  progress  of  liberality  and  science,  knowing  full  well 
that  in  proportion  as  the  intellect  of  man  is  strengthened  by 
freedom  of  thought,  her  influence,  founded  upon  blind 
superstition  and  puerile  credulity,  must  gradually  disappear 
from  the  earth.  In  illustration  of  the  alarm  of  the  papal 
church  at  societies  of  this  kind,  we  will  refer,  though  not 
strictly  belonging  to  our  subject,  to  the  Academy  of  Secrets, 
established  in  Italy  in  the  sixteenth  century,  by  Baptista 
Porta,  for  the  advancement  of  science.  This  association 
was  called  I  Secreti,  and  was  accessible  only  to  such  as  had 
made  some  new  discover}'  (real  or  supposed)  in  physical 


196 


KNL 


science.  Porta  did  not  content  himself  with  this  private 
means  of  instruction  and  education;  he  also,  to  the  utmost 
of  his  power,  promoted  public  academies,  wherein  were 
taught  the  then  recondite  sciences  of  chemistry,  optics,  and 
natural  history.  His  voluminous  works  extended  his  fame, 
and  he  was  visited  by  the  learned  from  all  parts  of  Europe. 
Such  a  man,  in  that  age,  could  not  escape  the  notice  and 
pressing  attentions  of  the  Holy  Church.  Writing,  of  course, 
much  that  was  perfectly  incomprehensible  to  the  ignorant 
priests  of  the  time,  he  was  summoned  to  Rome  to  answer  for 
his  conduct  and  opinions. 


KNIGHT  OF  THE  BRAZEN  SERPENT.  The  25th 
degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  The  history  oi 
this  degree  is  founded  upon  the  events  described  in  the  Book 
of  Numbers  xxi.  6-9.*  The  body  is  styled  the  Council,  and 
represents  the  camp  of  the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness,  after 
the  death  of  Aaron.  The  camp,  standards,  and  tabernacle 
with  its  court,  are  arranged  as  in  the  23d  and  24th  degrees. 
In  the  East  is  a  transparency  on  which  is  painted  a  cross,  with 
a  serpent  coiled  round  it  and  over  the  arms.  The  teaching  and 
moral  of  the  degree  is  FAITH.  The  presiding  officer  represents 
Moses,  and  is  styled  "Most  Puissant  Leader."  The  candidate 
is  called  "A  Traveller."  The  hangings  of  the  council  are  red 

*  "And  the  Lord  sent  fiery  serpents  among  the  people,  and  they  bit 
the  people;  and  much  people  of  Israel  died.  Therefore,  the  people  came 
to  Moses,  and  said,  We  have  sinned,  for  we  have  spoken  against  the 
Lord,  and  against  thee;  pray  unto  the  Lord,  that  he  take  away  the  ser- 
pents from  us.  And  Moses  prayed  for  the  people.  And  the  Lord  said 
unto  Moses,  make  thee  a  fiery  serpent,  and  set  it  upon  a  pole:  and  it 
shall  come  to  pass,  that  every  one  that  is  bitten,  when  he  looketh  upon 
it,  shall  live.  And  Moses  made  a  serpent  of  brass,  and  put  it  upon  a 
pole,  and  it  came  to  pass  that  if  a  serpent  had  bitten  any  man,  when  h« 
beheld  the  serpent  of  brass,  he  lived."  The  ritual  says  that  Moses,  in 
obedience  to  the  divine  command,  placed  the  brazen  serpent  upon  the 
tau,  and  every  one  who  looked  upon  it  was  directed  to  pronounce  the 
word  hatathi,  "I  have  sinned;"  and  having  done  this,  he  was  immediately 
healed. 


KNL  197 

Hud  blue.  The  jewel  is  a  tau  cross,  of  gold,  surmounted 
by  a  circle — the  Crux  Ansata — round  which  a  serpent  is 
entwined,  suspended  by  a  red  ribbon.  The  legend  states 
that  this  degree  was  founded  during  the  time  of  the  crusades 
in  the  Holy  Land,  as  a  military  and  monastic  order,  and  gave 
it  the  name  it  bears,  in  allusion  to  the  healing  and  saving 
virtues  of  the  brazen  serpent*  among  the  Israelites  in  the 
wilderness — it  being  part  of  the  obligation  of  the  Knights 
to  receive  and  gratuitously  nurse  sick  travelers,  protect  them 
against  the  attacks  of  the  infidels,  and  escort  them  safely 
through  Palestine. 

KNIGHT  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN  MARK,  AND  GUARD  OF 
THE  CONCLAVE.  According  to  the  traditions  of  this  degree  it 
was  first  created  at  Rome  by  Pope  Alexaudei*,  for  the  defense 
of  his  person  and  the  Holy  See.  Circumstances,  however, 
occurred  which  rendered  some  changes  necessary,  and  he 
called  on  the  worthy  Knights  of  St.  John  to  assist  him,  as 
they  were  well  known  to  be  faithful  and  zealous  followers  of 
the  Lord.  That  no  stranger  should  gain  admission  and 
discover  the  secrets  of  this  august  assembly,  the  Order  of 
the  Christian  Mark  was  conferred  on  the  members.  The 
motto  of  the  Order  is  "  Ghristus  regnal,  vincit,  triumphal" 
Christ  reigns,  conquers,  and  triumphs.  "Rex  regum,  et 
Dominus  dominorum."  King  of  kings,  and  Lord  o£  lords. 
The  body  is  called  a  conclave.  The  officers  are :  1.  Invincible 
Knight;  2.  Senior  Knight;  3.  Junior  Knight;  4.  Six  Grand 
Ministers;  5.  Recorder;  6.  Treasurer;  7.  Conductor;  8.  Guard 
The  jewel  is  a  triangular  plate  of  gold  with  seven  eyes 
engraved  on  one  side,  and  the  letter  G  within  a  five-pointed 
star  on  the  other. 

KNIGHT  OF  CONSTANTINE.  This  degree,  sometimes, 
but  improperly,  styled  "  Knight  of  Constantinople,"  is  an 
auxiliary  or  side  degree;  the  legend  thereof  refers  to  the 
time  of  Constantine  Perphyrogenitus,  who  became  Emperor 
A.  D.  911.  It  may  be  conferred  on  any  Master  Mason  in 
good  standing,  by  any  one  who  is  legally  in  possession  ol 
it,  with  the  aid  of  at  least  five  other  Master  Masons  who  are 
also  Knights  of  the  degree.  The  body  is  styled  a  Preceptoi-y 
and  the  presiding  officer  is  called  Preceptor. 

*  The  brazen  serpent  which  Moses  set  up  was  preserved  as  a  memorial 
of  the  miracle  till  the  time  of  Hezekiah — more  than  7UO  years — who,  in 
extirpating  idolatry,  ' '  removed  the  high  places,  and  brake  the  images,  and 
cut  down  the  groves,  and  brake  in  pieces  the  brazen  serpent  that  Moses 
had  made;  for  until  those  days  the  children  of  Israel  did  burn  incense 
to  it."  This  was  a  bold  measure;  for  some  kings,  however  determined 
on  the  extirpation  of  idolatry,  would  have  hesitated  at  the  destruction  oi 
that  which  was  certainly  in  itself  an  interesting  memorial  of  a  remarkable 
uiainlesstation  of  tho  power  of  God. 

17 


198 


KNL 


KNIGHT  OF  THE  EAST  OR  SWORD.  The  15th  degree 
of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  It  refers  to  those  valiant 
Masons  who,  with  trowels  in  hand  and  swords  by  their  sides, 
were  ever  ready  to  construct  and  defend  the  Holy  City  and 
Sanctuary.  It  is  founded  on  the  circumstance  of  the  assist- 
ance rendered'  by  Darius  to  the  Jews,  who,  liberated  from 
their  captivity  by  Cyrus,  had  been  prevented  by  their  ene- 
mies from  rebuilding  the  temple.  This  degree  requires  three 
apartments,  styled  Hall  of  the  West  and  Hall  of  the  East, 
between  which  must  be  an  ante-chamber  or  passage,  repre- 
senting the  road  from  Jerusalem  to  Persia.  The  first 
apartment  represents  the  encampment  of  the  Masons  among 
the  ruins  of  Jerusalem.  The  hangings  are  crimson.  The 
room  is  lighted  with  70  lights,  disposed  in  groups  of  7  each, 
in  commemoration  of  the  70  years  captivity.  The  second 
apartment  represents  the  council  chamber  of  Cyrus,  King 
of  Persia,  and  should  be  decorated  according  to  the  customs 
of  the  Orientals.  In  the  ante-room,  separating  the  two 
apartments,  must  be  a  solid  bridge,  resembling  stone,  with  a 
representation  of  running  water  under  it.  The  jewel,  of 
gold,  is  three  triangles,  one  within  the  other,  diminishing  in 
size,  and  inclosing  two  naked  swords,  crossed  hilts  down- 
ward, resting  on  the  base  of  the  inner  triangle.  From 
Scripture  and  tradition  is  derived  the  following  legend  of 
this  degree:  The  Knights  of  the  East  derive  their  origin 
from  the  captivity,  when  the  whole  land  was  a  "desolation 
and  an  astonishment,"  and  the  nation  did  "  serve  the  King  of 
Babylon  seventy  years."  And  when  the  seventy  years  were 
accomplished,  the  Israelites  were  restored  to  liberty  by 
Cyrus,  in  fulfillment  of  the  prophecy  of  Jeremiah.  Cyrus 
permitted  the  Jews  to  return  to  Jerusalem  for  the  purpose 
jf  rebuilding  the  temple,  and  he  caused  all  the  holy  vessels 


KNI  199 

and  ornaments  which  had  been  carried  away  by  Nebuzaradan 
to  "be  restored,  and  brought  again  into  the  temple  which 
is  at  Jerusalem,  every  one  to  his  place,  and  place  them  in 
the  house  of  God"  (Ezra  vi.  5).  The  king  committed  the 
charge  of  the  holy  vessels,  as  well  as  of  the  returning  captives, 
to  Sheshbazzar,  the  prince  of  Judah;  this  is  the  Babylonian 
us  me  of  Zerubbabel,  who  was  of  the  royal  line  of  David. 
When  the  Israelitish  captives  were  assembled  they  numbered 
42,300,  exclusive  of  slaves  and  servants  amounting  to  7,33'~ 
This  traditional  history  relates  that  Zerubbabel,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  his  people,  armed  7,000  Masons,  and  placed  them  in 
the  van  to  repel  such  as  should  oppose  their  march  to  Judea. 
Their  march  was  unimpeded  as  far  as  the  banks  of  the 
Euphrates,  where  they  found  an  armed  force  opposed  to  their 
passage.  A  conflict  ensued,  and  the  enemy  was  cut  to  pieces 
or  drowned  at  the  passage  of  the  bridge.  The  emblematic 
color  of  the  degree  is  in  allusion  to  this  circumstance.  The 
journey  occupied  four  months,  and  in  seven  days  from  their 
arrival  the  work  of  restoring  the  temple  was  commenced. 
The  workmen  were  divided  into  classes,  over  each  of  which 
a  chief,  with  two  assistants,  was  placed.  Every  degree  of 
each  class  was  paid  according  to  its  rank,  and  each  class  had 
its  distinctive  modes  of  I'ecognition.  The  works  had  scarcely 
commenced  before  the  workmen  were  disturbed  by  the 
neighboring  Samaritans,  who  were  determined  to  oppose  the 

reconstruction  of  the 
edifice.  Zerubbabel 
therefore  ordered,  as 
a  measure  of  precau- 
tion, that  the  Masons 
should  work  with  a 
sword  in  one  hand 
and  a  trowel  in  the 
other,  that  they  might 
be  able  at  any  moment 
to  defend  themselves 
from  the  attacks  of 
their  enemies.  The 

THE  80LDIKK  MASONS  BUILDING  THE  SECOND  TEMPLK.         gecond      temple      OCCU- 

pied  about  20  years  in  its  construction,  and  was  conse- 
crated in  a  like  manner  to  that  of  the  Temple  of  Solomon. 
Those  Masons  who  constructed  it  were  created  by  Cyrus 
Knights  of  the  East,  and  hence  the  title  of  this  degree.  Thia 
degree  appears  in  both  the  French  rites;  in  the  Grand 
Orient  it  is  the  6th;  in  both  it  is  termed  Knight  of  the  East. 
The  assembly  is  called  a  Council.  Everything  bears  a 
Hebrew  character;  there  are  the  candlestick  with  seven 
branches,  the  brazen  sea,  and  the  table  of  shewbread.  etc 


200 


KNI. 


Tho  Chief  of  the  Council  is  designated  Sovereign,  and  repre- 
sents Cyrus,  King  of  Persia.  Zerubbabel  and  two  others 
receive  the  authority  from  the  King  of  Persia  to  rebuild  the 
Holy  City  and  Sanctuary. 


THE  TBACTNG-BOABD  OF  THE  DEGKEE.* 

KNIGHTS  OF  THE  EAST  AND  WEST.  The  17th  degree 
of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  It  is  entirely  philosoph- 
ical, and  makes  no  pretense  in  its  history  with  Freemasonry. 
Its  origin  dates  back  to  the  time  of  the  crusades;  that  in 
1118 — the  same  year  that  the  Order  of  the  Temple  was 

*  The  Tracing-board  of  the  degree  is  a  heptagon  within  a  circle,  the 
upper  portion  forming  a  rainbow.  At  the  angles  of  the  heptagon,  on  the 
outside,  are  the  initials  of  the  seyen  words  which  are  on  the  capitals  of  the 
Columns;  at  the  angles,  on  the  inside,  are  the  initials  of  the  seven  words 
Thich  are  on  the  bases  of  the  columns.  Near  the  center  of  the  heptagon 
is  the  figure  of  a  man  in  a  long  white  robe,  with  a  golden  girdle  round 
his  waist,  and  standing  on  a  section  of  the  globe;  hair  and  beard  white 
is  snow ;  his  right  hand  extended,  holding  seven  stars  surrounding  the  i ; 
his  head  encircled  by  a  glory  emanating  from  a  delta;  a  two-edged  flaming 
sword  in  his  mouth.  Around  him  stand  seven  golden  candlesticks,  with 
candles  burning ;  and  over  each  of  these,  one  of  the  letters  E.  S.  P.  T.  S. 
P.  L. ,  the  initials  of  the  names  of  the  seven  churches — Ephesus,  Smyrna, 
Pergamos,  Thyatria,  Sardis,  Philadelphia,  Laodicea.  The  sun  and  moo» 
are  >Uso  depicted,  and  the  basin  and  chafing  dish. 


KNI.  201 

instituted — eleven  Knights  took  the  vows  of  secrecy,  friend- 
ship, and  discretion,  between  the  hands  of  the  Patriarch  oi 
Jerusalem.  The  Lodge-room  is  in  the  shape  of  a  heptagon, 
hung  with  crimson,  sprinkled  with  stars  of  gold.  In  each 
angle  is  a  square  column;  on  the  capitals  of  which  are  the 
initials,  respectively,  of  the  following  words :  Beauty,  Divinity, 
Wisdom,  Power,  Honor,  Glory,  Force;  and  on  the  bases  of 
these  columns  are  the  initials,  respectively,  of  the  words 
Friendship,  Union,  Resignation,  Discretion,  Fidelity^  Pru- 
dence, and  Temperance.  On  each  column  is  a  brilliart  light. 
Bodies  of  this  degree  are  called  Preceptories.  The  Mas- 
ter is  styled  Venerable,  and  represents  John  the  Baptist. 
The  jewel  is  a  heptagonal  medal  of  gold  and  silver.  On  one 
side  are  engraved,  at  the  angles,  the  same  letters  as  are 
upon  the  square  columns,  with  a  star  over  each.  In  the 
center  of  it  on  the  same  side,  is  a  lamb,  lying  on  a  book  with 
seven  seals;  on  the  seals  are,  respectively,  the  same  letters. 
On  the  reverse  side  are  two  swords  crosswise,  points  upward, 
and  the  hilts  resting  on  an  even  balance;  iu  the  corners  are 
the  initials  of  the  seven  churches. 

KNIGHT  OF  THE  HOLY  SEPULCHER.  St.  Helena, 
daughter  of  Coylus,  King  of  Great  Britain,  visited  Jerusalem 
in  296,  in  search  of  the  cross  and  sepulcher  of  Christ. 
Having  been,  as  it  is  said,  successful,  she  instituted  this 
order  in  302,  which  was  confirmed  by  Pope  Marcellinus  in 
304.  The  duties  enjoined  on  the  Knights  were;  1.  Feed  the 
Hungry;  2.  Give  chink  to  the  thirsty;  3.  Clothe  the  naked; 
4.  Visit  and  ransom  captives;  5.  Harbor  the  homeless,  and 
give  the  widow  and  orphan  where  to  lay  their  heads;  6.  Visit 
and  relieve  the  sick;  7.  Bury  the  dead. 

KNIGHT  KADOSH,  OR  KNIGHT  OF  THE  WHITE  AND  BLACK 
EAGLE.  The  30th  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite. 
There  are  several  degrees  known  as  Kadoshes.  The  French 
rituals  mention  seven:  1.  That  of  the  Hebrews;  2.  That  oi 
the  first  Christians;  3.  That  of  the  Crusades;  4.  That  of  the 
Templars;  5.  That  of  Cromwell,  or  the  Puritans;  6.  That  oi 
the  Jesuits;  7.  The  Grand  Veritable  Kadosh,  "apart  from 
every  sect,  free  of  all  ambition,  which  opens  its  arms  to  all 
men,  and  has  no  enemies  other  than  vice,  crime,  fanatic-ism, 
asid  superstition."  Its  ritual  furnishes  the  history  of  the 
destruction  of  the  Templars  by  the  united  efforts  of  Philip 
of  France  and  Pope  Clement  V.  In  this  degree,  wjen  there 
is  a  reception,  four  apartments  are  used.  In  the  first  and 
secctid  apartments,  the  Lodge  is  termed  Council;  in  the 
third,  Areopagus;  in  the  fourth,  the  Senate.  The  presiding 
officer  is  styled  Most  Illustrious  Grand  Commander.  Thf 


202  KNI. 

jewel  is  a  Teutonic  cross,  and  is  thus  described,  in  heraldic 
language :  "  A  cross  potent  sable,  charged  with  another  crosa 
double  potent  or,  surcharged  with  an  escutcheon,  bearing 
the  letters  J.  B.  M. ;  the  principal  cross  surmounted  by  a 
chief,  azure  seme  of  France."  On  the  reverse,  a  skull  trans- 
pierced by  a  poniard.  The  stated  meetings  of  all  councils 
of  Kadosh  are  held  January  6;  on  Good  Friday;  on  Ascen- 
sion day,  and  on  November  2,  in  each  year.  No  one  of  these 
is  ever,  on  any  account,  to  be  omitted. 

KNIGHTS  AND  LADIES  OF  THE  DOVE.  In  the  year 
1784  a  secret  society  of  both  sexes  was  framed  on  the  model 
of  Freemasonry;  its  meetings  were  held  at  Versailles  under 
the  title  of  Chevaliers  et  Chevalieres  de  la  Colombe.  Its  ex- 
istence was  of  brief  duration. 

KNIGHTS  OF  MALTA.  The  Knights  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem,  afterward  known  as  Knights  of  Rhodes,  and 
finally  called  Knights  of  Malta.  This  society  was  organized 
as  a  military  order  about  the  year  1048,  for  the  protection 
of  pilgrims  who  visited  Jerusalem.  They  became  eminent 
for  their  devotion  to  the  cause  of  religion,  their  boundless 
charity,  and  noble  hospitality;  rapidly  increased  in  numbers 
and  in  wealth.  After  long  and  bloody  contests  with  the 
infidels  they  were  finally  driven  from  Palestine,  when  they 
took  possession  of  Cyprus,  which  they  soon  lost  again,  and 
hen  established  themselves  on  the  island  of  Rhodes;  at 
^hich  time  (1309)  they  took  the  name  of  Knights  of  Rhodes. 
They  held  this  island  for  a  period  of  two  hundred  years, 
when  they  were  attacked  by  the  Turks  and  driven  from  it. 
After  this  disaster  they  successively  retired  to  Castro,  Mes- 
sino,  and  other  places,  until,  in  1530,  when  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  bestowed  upon  them  the  island  of  Malta,  on  the 
condition  of  their  defending  it  from  the  depredations  of  the 
Turks  and  pirates  who  then  infested  the  Mediterranean.  At 
this  time  they  assumed  the  title  of  Knights  of  Malta,  by  which 
name  they  have  ever  since  been  known.  In  1565,  the  island 
of  Malta  was  besieged  by  Soliman  II.  and  thirty  thousand 
Turkish  soldiers,  on  which  occasion  the  Knights  suffered 
immense  loss,  from  which  they  never  entirely  recovered. 
After  one  of  the  most  persistent  and  noble  defenses  known 
in  modern  warfare,  the  brave  Knights  were  overcome,  the  fort 
of  St.  Elmo  was  taken,  and  the  island  was,  for  a  time,  in  the 
hands  of  the  infidels.  At  length  the  promised  succor  came; 
the  viceroy  of  Sicily,  with  a  large  army,  reached  the  island 
in  safety,  the  troops  disembarked;  and,  though  the  Turks 
still  possessed  the  advantage  of  numbers,  a  panic  seized  them. 


DEFENSE   OF    FORT   SAINT   ELMO,    MALTA,    AGAINST   THE    TURKS,    IN    15C5,    BY  THE   KNIGHTS  OF 
MALTA,    UNDER  THE   COMMAND   OF   JOHS   DE   LA   VALETTE,    GRAND    MASTER. 


KNL  205 

and  they  fled.  Joy  and  triumph  succeeded  to  danger  and 
dread.  This  may  justly  be  regarded  as  the  last  great  event 
in  the  military  history  of  the  Order  of  St.  John.  The  siege 
was  raised  Sept.  8,  1565,  and  so  late  as  the  year  1784,  at 
Malta  on  that  day,  an  annual  procession  was  solemnly  made 
in  memory  of  their  deliverance.  June  9,  1798,  the  island  ol 
Malta  was  taken  by  the  French,  under  Bonaparte.  In  the 
same  year  the  Knights  chose  Paul  I.,  Emperoi  of  Russia,  as 
Grand  Master,  who  took  them  under  his  protection.  Upon 
the  reduction  of  the  island  by  the  English,  in  1800,  the  chief 
seat  of  the  Order  was  transferred  tc  Catania, in  Sicily,  whence 
in  1826,  it  was  removed  by  authority  of  the  Pope  to  Ferrara. 
The  last  public  reception  of  the  Order  took  place  at  Sonne- 
burg  in  1800,  when  Leopold,  King  of  Belgium,  Prince 
Ernest,  and  several  other  noblemen  were  created  Knights 
according  to  the  long-established  customs  of  the  Order.  The 
assembly  is  called  a  Council.  The  officers  are:  1.  Com- 
mander; 2.  Generalissimo;  3.  Captain  General;  4.  Prelate; 
5.  Senior  Warden;  6.  Junior  Warden ;  7.  Treasurer;  8.  Re- 
corder; 9.  First  Grand;  10.  Second  Grand;  11.  Standard 
Bearer;  12.  Warder;  13.  Sentinel.  The  Order  must  be 
confei'red  in  an  asylum  of  a  legal  Comrnandery  of  Knights 
Templar,  or  m  a  Council  of  the  Order  of  Malta,  regularly  con- 
vened for  the  purpose,  distinct  from,  and  after,  the  Templar's 
Order.  The  ancient  ceremonies  of  reception  were  simple  and 
impressive:  "The  novice  was  made  to  understand  that  he 
was  'about  to  put  off  the  old  man,  and  to  be  regenerated;' 
and  having  received  absolution,  was  required  to  present 
himself  in  a  secular  habit,  without  a  girdle,  in  order  to 
appear  perfectly  free  on  entering  into  so  sacred  an  engage- 
ment, and  with  a  burning  taper  in  his  hand,  representing 
chastity.  He  then  received  the  holy  communion,  and  after- 
ward presented  himself  'most  respectfully  before  the  person 
who  was  to  perform  the  ceremony,  and  requested  to  be 
received  into  the  company  of  Brothers,  and  into  the  Holy 
Order  of  the  Hospital  of  Jerusalem.'  The  rules  of  the  Order, 
the  obligations  he  was  about  to  take  upon  himself,  and  the 
duties  that  would  be  required  of  him  being  explained,  he, 
<vith  great  solemnity,  vowed  and  promised  '  to  render  hence- 
forward, by  the  grace  of  God,  perfect  obedience  to  the 
Superior  placed  over  him  by  the  choice  of  the  Order,  to  live 
without  personal  property,  and  to  preserve  his  chastity.' 
The  brother  who  received  him  then  said  &s  f<  illows :  '  We 
acknowledge  you  the  servant  of  the  poor  and  sick,  and  as 
having  consecrated  yourself  to  the  service  of  the  church.' 
To  which  he  answered:  'I  acknowledge  myself  as  such.'  He 
then  kissed  the  book  and  returned  it  to  the  brother,  who 
received  him,  in  token  ul'  personal  obedience.  He  was  then 


206  KNL 

invested  with  the  mantle  of  the  Order,  in  such  a  manner  as 
that  the  cross  fell  on  his  left  breast.  A  variety  of  other 
minor  ceremonies  followed,  and  the  whole  was  concluded 
with  a  series  of  appropriate  and  solemn  prayers."  The  Order 
of  the  Knight  of  Malta  is  conferred  in  a  Commandery  of 
Knights  Templar,  and  is  acknowledged  in  the  United  States 
as  one  of  the  orders  of  Masonic  knighthood. 

KNIGHT  OF  THE  MEDITERRANEAN  PASS,  some 
times  called  KNIGHT  OF  ST.  PAUL.  An  honorary  degree,  con- 
ferred on  Knights  Templar  and  Knights  of  Malta.  Its  cere- 
monies are  very  impressive,  and  its  organization  into  councils, 
governed  by  appropriate  officers,  assimilates  its  forms  to 
that  of  on 3  of  the  regular  degrees  of  Masonry.  The  ritual 
of  this  degree  informs  us  that  it  was  founded  about  the  year 
1367,  in  consequence  of  certain  events  which  occurred  to  the 
Knights  of  Malta.  In  an  excursion  made  by  a  party  of  these 
Knights  in  search  of  forage  and  provisions,  they  were  attacked 
while  crossing  the  river  Offanto  (the  ancient  Aufidio),  by  a 
large  body  of  Saracens,  under  the  command  of  the  renowned 
Ainurath  I.  The  Saracens  had  concealed  themselves  in 
ambush,  and  when  the  Knights  were  on  the  middle  of  the 
bridge  which  spanned  the  river,  they  were  attacked  by  a 
sudden  charge  of  their  enemies  upon  both  extremities  of  the 
bridge.  A  long  and  sanguinary  contest  ensued;  the  Knights 
fought  with  their  usual  valor,  and  were  at  length  victorious. 
The  Saracens  were  defeated  with  such  immense  slaughter 
that  fifteen  hundred  of  their  dead  bodies  encumbered  the 
bridge,  and  the  river  was  literally  stained  with  their  blood. 
In  commemoration  of  this  event,  and  as  a  reward  for  their 
valor,  the  victorious  Knights  were  affranchised  in  all  parts  of 
the  Mediterranean  coasts,  that  is  to  say,  had  free  permission 
to  pass  and  repass,  wherever  and  whenever  they  pleased, 
from  which  circumstance  the  degree,  which  was  then  founded, 
received  its  name  of  "Mediterranean  Pass."  It  will  be  seen 
from  these  details  that  there  is  no  real  connection  between 
this  degree  and  that  given  under  the  same  name  to  Royal 
Arch  Masons,  although  there  is  some  internal  evidence  that 
the  latter  was  surreptitiously  obtained  from,  and  is  only 
a  corruption  of,  the  former.  "[See  MEDITERRANEAN  PASS.] 

KNIGHT  OF  THE  NINTH  ARCH,  sometimes  called 
tlu  AXCIENT  ROYAL  ARCH  OF  SOLOMON.  The  13th  degree  of 
the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  The  ceremonies  of  this 
degree  afford  abundant  information  on  certain  points,  in 
which  the  sacred  volume  is  not  entirely  free  from  obscurity, 
and  these  have  reference  to  the  mode  in  which  Enoch,  not- 
withstanding the  destruction  caused  by  the  deluge,  and  the 


KNI  207 

lapse  ol  ages,  was  enabled  to  preserve  the  true  name  in  its 
purity;  that  it  might  eventually  be  communicated  to  the  first 
possessors  of  this  degree.  The  body  is  called  a  Chapter,and 
represents  the  audience  chamber  of  King  Solomon.  The 
hangings  are  altei-nately  red  and  white.  The  presiding  officer 
is  styled  "  Thrice  Potent  Grand  Master,"  and  represents  King 
Solomon.  The  apron  and  collar  are  purple,  bordered  with 
white.  The  jewel  is  a  gold  triangle:  on  one  side  is  engraved 
the  delta  of  Enoch,  surrounded  with  rays;  on  the  obverse  ia 
a  representation  of  two  persons  letting  down  a  third  through 
a  square  opening  into  an  arch.  Around  this  device  are  the 
letters:  "  K.  S.  R.  S.  T.  P.  S.  R.  I.  A.  J.  S.,  Anno  Enochi,  2995." 

KNIGHTS  AND  NYMPHS  OF  THE  ROSE.  An  Order 
of  Adoptive  or  Androgynous  Masonry,  established  in  Paris 
toward  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century;  but  its  ex- 
istence was  brief.  A  full  history  of  the  ceremonies  are 
furnished  for  the  benefit  of  the  curious.  The  place  of  meeting 
was  called  "  The  Temple  of  Love."  It  was  ornamented  with 
garlands  of  flowers,  and  hung  round  with  escutcheons,  on 
which  were  painted  various  devices  and  scenes  of  gallantry. 
There  were  two  presiding  officers,  the  man  being  styled 
Hierophaut,  the  female  the  High-Priestess.  The  former 
initiated  men,  the  latter  women.  The  Conductor  Assistant 
of  the  men  was  called  Sentiment,  that  of  the  women  Discre- 
tion. The  Knights  wore  a  crown  of  myrtle;  the  Nymphs  a 
crown  of  roses.  The  Hierophant  and  High-Priestess  wore, 
in  addition,  a  rose-colored  scarf,  on  which  were  embroidered 
two  devices  within  a  myrtle  wreath.  One  dull  taper  was  the 
only  light  during  the  initiation;  at  the  closing  business  the  hall 
was  illuminated  by  numerous  wax  candles.  When  a  candidate 
was  to  be  initiated,  he  or  she  was  taken  in  charge  by  Sentiment 
or  Discretion,  divested  of  all  weapons,  jewels,  or  money,  hood- 
winked, and  loaded  with  chains,  and  conducted  to  the  door 
of  the  Temple  of  Love,  where  admission  was  demanded  by 
two  knocks.  When  admitted  and  presented,  the  candidate 
was  asked  his  or  her  name,  country,  condition  in  society, 
and  having  answered  these  questions  was  asked,  "What  are 
you  now  seeking?"  to  this  the  answer  was,  "Happiness." 
The  interrogatory  then  proceeds  a  little  further,  "What  ia 
your  age?"  and  the  candidate  has,  if  a  male,  to  reply,  "The 
age  to  love;"  the  female,  "The  age  to  please  and  to  be  loved." 
The  candidate's  feelings  and  opinions  on  matters  of  gallantry 
are  further  probed,  and  all  being  satisfactory,  the  chains  are 
removed  and  replaced  by  garlands  of  flowers,  which  are 
called  "the  chains  of  love."  After  some  other  probationary 
exercises  of  a  like  character,  the  O  B  is  administered:  "I 
promise  and  swear  by  tbf>  Grand  Master  of  the  Universe 


208  KNI. 

never  to  reveal  the  secrets  of  the  Order  of  the  Rose,  and 
should  I  fail  in  this  my  vow,  may  the  mysteries  I  shall  receive 
add  nothing  to  my  pleasures,  and,  instead  of  the  roses  of 
happiness,  may  I  find  nothing  but  thorns  of  repentance." 
The  candidates  were  then  conducted  to  the  mysterious  groves 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Temple  of  Love,  and  during  the 
time  there  spent,  slow  and  delicious  music  in  march  style 
is  played.  These  trials  ended,  the  novice  is  next  con- 
ducted to  the  altar  of  mystery,  placed  at  the  foot  of  the 
Hierophant's  throne,  and  there  incense  is  offered  to  Venus 
and  her  son  Cupid;  a  brief  space  spent  there,  and  after  some 
more  ceremonies  of  a  like  character,  the  bandage  is  removed 
from  the  novitiate's  eyes,  and  with  delicious  music,  and  in  a 
brilliantly  lighted  apartment,  the  signs  and  secrets  are 
communicated. 

KNIGHT  OF  THE  BED  CEOSS.  This  degree  is  inti- 
mately connected  with  the  circumstances  related  in  the  Eoyal 
Arch  degree,  and  cannot  be  conferred  upon  any  one  who  has 
not  been  exalted  to  that  sublime  degree.  Its  history  dates 
from  the  close  of  the  captivity  of  the  Jews  at  Babylon,  when 
Cyrus,  King  of  Persia,  at  the  solicitation  of  Zerubbabel,  the 
Prince  of  Judah,  restored  the  Jews  to  liberty,  and  permitted 
them  to  return  to  Jerusalem,  to  rebuild  their  city  and  temple. 
The  ceremonies  of  the  degree  forcibly  illustrate  some  of  the 
difficulties  and  interruptions  encountered  by  them  in  their 
labors.  A  full  history  of  the  degree  will  be  found  in 
Josephus,  and  in  the  3d  and  4th  chapters  of  the  first  Book 
of  Esdras.  It  is  the  initiatory  grade  to  the  Templar's  degree. 
The  body  is  called  a  Council.  The  presiding  officer  is  styled 
Sovereign  Master. 

KNIGHT  OF  THE  ROYAL  AXE,  OB  PRINCE  OF  LIBANUS. 
The  22d  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  The  legend 
of  this  degree  informs  us  that  it  was  instituted  to  record 
the  memorable  services  rendered  to  Masonry  by  the  mighty 
cedars  of  Lebanon,  as  the  Sidonian  architects  cut  down  the 
cedars  for  the  construction  of  Noah's  ark.  Our  ancient 
brethren  do  not  tell  us  how  the  Israelites  had  the  wood 
conveyed  to  them  from  the  land  of  promise  to  the  moun- 
tains in  the  wilderness.  They  say,  however,  that  the 
descendants  of  the  Sidonians  were  employed  in  the  same 
place,  in  obtaining  materials  for  the  construction  of  the 
ark  of  the  covenant;  and  also,  in  later  years,  for  building 
Solomon's  Temple;  and,  lastly,  that  Zerubbabel  employed 
laborers  of  the  same  people  in  cutting  cedars  of  Lebanon 
for  the  use  of  the  second  temple.  The  tradition  adds  that 
the  Sidouians  formed  colleges  on  Mount  Libanus,  and  always 


KXI 


209 


adored  the  G.  A.  O.  T.  U.*  Bodies  of  this  degree  are  styled 
Colleges.  There  are  two  apartments;  the  first  representing 
the  workshop  at  Lebanon,  with  axes,  saws,  mallets,  planes, 
wedges,  and  such  like  implements.  The  room  should  be 
lighted  with  lamps  or  candles.  In  this  apartment  the  Senior 
Warden  presides,  and  is  styled  Master  Carpenter.  He  and 
all  the  brethren  wear  blouses  and  aprons.  The  second 
apartment  represents  the  council-room  of  the  round  table. 
It  is  hung  with  red,  and  lighted  with  36  lights,  arranged  by 
sixes  and  each  6  by  twos.  In  the  center  of  the  room  is  a 
round  table  around  which  the  brethren  sit;  on  the  table 
are  plans  and  mathematical  instruments.  The  presiding 
officer  is  Chief  Prince,  who  is  styled  Thrice  Puissant  The 

sash,  to  be  worn  from  right 
to  left,  is  a  broad  rainbow- 
colored  ribbon,  lined  with 
purple.  The  apron  is  white, 
lined  and  bordered  with  pur- 
ple; in  the  middle  a  round 
table  is  painted,  on  which  are 
mathematical  instruments, 
and  plans  unrolled.  On  the 
flap  is  a  serpent  with  three 
heads.  The  jewel  is  a  golden 
axe,  crowned,  having  on  the  blade  and  handle  the  initials  of 
several  personages  illustrious  in  the  history  of  Masonry. 


KNIGHT  OF  THE  SUN,  OB  PRINCE  ADEPT.  Sometimes 
known  by  the  names  "THE  PHILOSOPHICAL  LODGE,"  " PRINCE 
OF  THE  SUN,"  "KEY  TO  MASONRY."  It  is  the  28th  degree  of 

*  Sidon  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  the  world,  and  even  in 
the  time  of  Homer,  the  Sidonians  were  celebrated  for  their  trade  and 
commerce,  their  wealth  and  prosperity.  The  allusion  to  the  "Colleges" 
on  Mount  Libanus  may  have  some  reference  to  the  secret  sect  of  tha 
Druses,  who  still  exist  in  that  country,  and  whose  mysterious  ceremonies, 
travelers  affirm,  have  considerable  affinity  to  Freemasonry. 


210 


KXI. 


the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite,  and  is  strictly  philosophical 
and  scientific.  The  ceremonies  and  lecture,  which  are  oi 
great  length,  furnish  a  history  of  all  the  preceding  degrees, 
and  explain  in  the  fullest  manner  the  various  Masouio 
emblems.  The  great  object  of  the  degree  is  to  inspire  men 
with  the  knowledge  of  Heavenly  Truth,  which  is  the  pure 
source  of  all  perfection,  and  as  this  virtue  is  one  of  the  three 
great  tenets  of  Masonry  it  deserves  commendation.  The 
body  is  styled  a  Council,  and  consists  of  not  less  than  ten 
members.  The  walls  should  be  painted  to  represent  the 
jpen  country,  mountains,  plains,  forests  and  fields.  The 
chamber  is  lighted  by  a  single  light,  a  great  globe  of  ground 
glass,  in  the  South;  this  represents  the  sun.  The  only 
additional  light  is  from  the  transparencies.  In  the  East 
is  suspended  a  transparency,  displaying  the  sign  of  the 
macrocosm,  or  of  the  seal  of  King  Solomon — the  interlaced 
triangles ;  one  white  and  the  other  black.  In  the  West  is 

suspended  a  transparency 
displaying  the  sign  of  a 
microcosm,  or  the  penta- 
gram traced  on  a  pure 
white  ground  with  lines  of 
vermilion,  and  with  a  single 
point  upward.  Many  other 
transparencies,  symbolizing 
objects  of  great  importance, 
are  appropriately  arranged 
around  the  chamber,  par- 
ticularly the  accompanying 
figures,  which  are  placed 
in  the  North.  On  the  right 
hand  of  the  presiding  offi- 
cer, in  the  East,  on  a  gilt 
pedestal,  is  a  Caducetis, 
gilded,  the  upper  part  of  it 
a  cross,  surmounted  by  a 
globe  ;  and  with  two  ser- 
pents twining  around  il> 

their  heads  rising  above  the  cross.  The  ceiling  should  rep- 
resent the  heavens,  with  the  crescent  moon  in  the  West, 
the  principal  planets,  and  the  stars,  in  the  constellations 
Taurus  and  Orion  and  those  near  the  polar  star.  The 
presiding  officer  is  styled  Father  Adam.  The  Warden  sits 
in  the  West,  and  is  called  Brother  Truth;  there  are  seven 
Kher  officers,  who  are  styled  Brothers  Gabriel,  Auriel, 
Michael,  Gamaliel,  Raphael,  Zaphiel  and  Zarakhiel.  The  collar 
is  a  broad  white  watered  ribbon;  on  the  right  side  « 


KNI.  sn 

painted  or  embroidered  BJ  eye, 
in  gold.  The  apron  is  of  pure 
white  lambskin,  with  no  edging 
or  ornament,  except  the  penta- 
gram, which  is  traced  on  the 
middle  of  it  with  vermilion.  The 
jewel  is  a  medal  of  gold,  on  one 
side  a  full  sun,  on  the  other  a 
globe.  When  the  degree  is  con- 
ferred, no  jewel  or  apron  is  worn. 

KNIGHTS  TEMPLAR  The  natural  desire  of  visiting 
those  holy  places  which  have  been  sanctified  by  the  presence, 
and  rendered  memorable  by  the  sufferings  of  the  founder 
of  the  Christian  religion,  drew,  during  the  early  ages  of 
Christianity,  crowds  of  devout  worshipers  and  pilgrims  to 
Jerusalem.  To  such  a  height  did  this  religious  enthusiasm 
arrive  that,  in  1064,  not  less  than  7,000  pilgrims  assembled 
from  all  parts  of  Europe  around  the  holy  sepulcher.  The 
year  following  Jerusalem  was  conquered  by  the  wild  Turco- 
mans, three  thousand  of  the  citizens  were  massacred,  and 
the  command  over  the  holy  city  and  territory  was  confided 
to  the  Emir  Ortok,  the  chief  of  a  savage  pastoral  tribe. 
Under  the  iron  yoke  of  these  fierce  northern  strangers,  the 
Christians  were  fearfully  oppressed;  they  were  driven  from 
their  churches  and  plundered,  and  the  patriach  of  the  holy 
city  was  dragged  by  the  hair  of  his  head  over  the  sacred 
pavement  of  the  Church  of  the  Resurrection,  and  cast  into  a 
dungeon,  to  extort  a  ransom  from  the  sympathy  of  his  flock. 
The  intelligence  of  these  cruelties  aroused  the  religious 
chivalry  of  Christendom;  "a  nerve  was  touched  of  exquisite 
feeling,  and  the  sensation  vibrated  to  the  heart  of  Europe." 
Then  arose  the  wild  enthusiasm  of  the  Crusades,  and  men 
of  all  ranks,  and  even  priests  and  monks,  were  animated 
with  the  "pious  and  glorious  enterprise"  of  rescuing  the 
holy  sepulcher  of  Christ  from  the  foul  and  polluting  abomi- 
nations of  the  heathen.  When  the  intelligence  of  the 
capture  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Crusaders  (A.  D.  1099)  had 
been  conveyed  to  Eui'ope,  the  zeal  of  pilgrimage  blazed 
forth  with  increased  fierceness.  The  infidels  had,  indeed, 
been  driven  out  of  Jerusalem,  but  not  out  of  Palestine. 
The  lofty  mountains  bordering  the  sea  coast  were  infested 
by  warlike  bands  of  fugitive  Musselmeu,  who  maintained 
themselves  in  various  impregnable  castles  and  strongholds, 
from  whence  they  issued  forth  upon  the  high  roads,  cut 
off  the  communication  between  Jerusalem  and  the  seaports, 
and  revenged  themselves  for  the  loss  of  their  habita- 
tions aud  property  by  the  indiscriminate  pillage  of  all 


212  KNI. 

travelers.  To  alleviate  the  dangers  and  distresses  to  which 
they  were  exposed,  nine  noble  gentlemen,  who  had  greatly 
distinguished  themselves  at  the  siege  and  capture  of  Jeru- 
salem, formed  a  holy  brotherhood  in  arms,  and  entered  into 
a  solemn  compact  to  aid  one  another  in  clearing  the  high- 
ways, and  in  protecting  the  pilgrims  through  the  passes  and 
defiles  of  the  mountains,  to  the  Holy  City.  Warmed  with 
the  religions  and  military  fervor  of  the  day,  and  animated  bj 
the  sacredness  of  the  cause  to  which  they  had  devoted  their 
Bwords,  they  called  themselves  the  Poor  Fellow-soldiers  of  Jesus 
Christ.  In  1118  Baldwin  EL,  King  of  Jerusalem,  granted 
them  a  place  of  habitation  within  the  sacred  inclosure  of  the 
temple  on  Mount  Moriah;  thenceforward  they  became  known 
by  the  name  of  "  THE  KNIGHTHOOD  OF  THE  TEMPLE  OF  SOLOMON." 
The  views  and  exertions  of  the  Order  now  became  more 
extensive,  and  it  added  to  its  profession,  of  protecting 
poor  pilgrims,  that  of  defending  the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem, 
and  the  whole  eastern  church,  from  the  attacks  of  infidels. 
Hugues  de  Payens  was  chosen  by  the  Knights  to  be  the 
superior  of  the  new  religious  and  military  society,  by  the 
title  of  "  The  Master  of  the  Temple,"  and  he  has,  consequently, 
generally  been  called  the  founder  of  the  Order.  The  name 
and  reputation  of  the  Order  spread  rapidly  through  Europe, 
and  many  princes,  nobles,  and  gentlemen  of  the  best  houses 
of  France,  Germany,  Italy,  and  England,  became  members  of 
it.  In  1128  they  received  rules  and  regulations  for  their 
governance  from  the  Pope,  which  had  been  expressly  arranged 
for  them  by  St.  Bernard.  The  illustrious  Order  of  the  Temple 
has,  through  many  vicissitudes,  survived  to  our  times;  and, 
indeed,  of  late  years  a  great,  and  we  may  say  an  astonishing, 
influence  has  been  exercised  in  the  Masonic  Craft  by  this 
brotherhood  in  England,  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  in 
the  United  States.  Notwithstanding  the  persecution  the 
Order  was  subjected  to,  consequent  upon  the  machinations 
of  Philip  le  Bel  and  Pope  Clement,  it  continued  to  exist,  if 
not  to  flourish.  Jaques  de  Molay,  the  martyred  Grand 
Master,  in  anticipation  of  his  fate,  appointed  his  successor 
to  rule  the  Fraternity,  and  from  that  time  to  the  present 
there  has  been  an  uninterrupted  succession  of  Grand  Masters. 
It  is  time  that  as  years  passed  on,  and  clouds  arose  still  more 
ominous  to  the  existence  of  the  society,  the  Templars  were 
amalgamated  with  their  ancient  brothers  in  arms,  the 
Knights  of  Malta.  The  Knights  Templar  degree  is  highly 
valued  in  all  countries,  and  its  ritual  is  nearly  identical. 
The  candidate  for  its  honors  must  be  a  Royal  Arch  Mason, 
and  as  such  he  presents  himself  at  the  Commandery — as  the 
bodies  are  called — in  the  character  and  garb  of  a  pilgrim, 
i  i-  palmer,  as  they  were  designated  in  the  Holy  Land;  h« 


KNI.  213 

figuratively  undergoes  seven  years'  travel,  and  then  seven 
years'  warfare,  when,  having  conducted  himself  courageously 
through  his  trials,  he  is  finally  admitted  into  the  Order. 
There  is  not  a  vestige  of  Freemasonry,  as  such,  in  the  degree, 
save  the  absolute  necessity  of  candidates  having  been  admitted 
into  the  Royal  Arch.  The  throne  is  situated  in  the  East, 
above  which  is  suspended  a  white  banner,  on  which  is  painted 
a  red  passion  cross,  edged  with  gold  and  irradiated  at  the 
crossings  with  rays  of  light;  on  the  right  and  left  are  two 
sky-blue  banners,  on  one  of  which  is  painted  a  Paschal  Lamb 
and  a  red  Templar's  Cross,  with  the  words  "  The  will  of 
God."  On  the  other,  the  emblems  of  the  Order  are  displayed. 
The  symbolic  colors  of  the  Order  are  white  and  black, 
properly  interspersed  with  gold  and  silver.  The  Grand 
Standard  of  the  Order  is  displayed  in  the  West,  in  charge 
of  the  Standard-bearer.  The  Beauseant,  or  battle-flag  of 
the  Ancient  Templars,  is  displayed  in  the  South,  in  charge 
of  the  Senior  Warden.  The  following  is  the  Templar 
uniform  adopted  by  the  Grand  Encampment  of  the  United 
States,  September,  1862:  Full  Dress — BLack  frock  coat,  black 
pantaloons,  scarf,  sword,  belt,  shoulder-straps,  gauntlets  and 
chapeau,  with  appropriate  trimmings.  Fatir/ue  Dress — Same 
as  full  dress,  except  for  chapeau  a  black  cloth  cap,  navy  form, 
with  appropriate  cross  in  front,  and  for  gauntlets  white  gloves. 
In  the  United  States,  the  assembly  is  called  a  Cornmandery, 
and  has  the  following  officers:  1.  Eminent  Commander; 
2.  Generalissimo;  3.  Captain  General;  4.  Prelate;  5.  Senior 
Warden;  6.  Junior  Warden;  7.  Treasurer;  8.  Recorder; 
9.  Standard-Bearer;  10.  Sword-Bearer;  11.  Warder;  12.  Three 
Guards;  13.  Sentinel.  Commanderies  are  dedicated  to  Saint 
John  the  Almoner.  The  candidate  receiving  this  Order  is 
said  to  be  "  dubbed  and  created  a  Knight  of  the  valiant  and 
magnanimous  Order  of  Knights  Templar."  The  motto  of 
the  Order  is,  "  In  hoc  signo  vinces" — in  this  sign  we  conquer. 

KNIGHT  OF  THE  THREE  KINGS.  An  honorary  or 
Bide  degree  of  high  moral  character.  Its  history  connects 
it  with  the  completion  and  dedication  of  the  first  temple. 
The  presiding  officer  represents  King  Solomon.  It  is  in- 
tended, by  an  appropriate  ceremony  and  interesting  legend, 
to  portray  the  beauty  of  that  harmony  and  peace  which 
should  exist  among  all  Masons,  and  it  has  been  often  used  in 
a  judicious  manner,  and  on  appropriate  occasions,  to  reconcile 
differences  amonjy  Masons,  and  to  subdue  that  spirit  of  strife 
which  will  sometimes  exhibit  itself  in  despite  of  the  philan- 
thropic lessons  of  our  Order.  -It  may  be  communicated  by 
one  Master  Mason  to  another,  but  to  be  conferred  in  ample 
t'oini  the  presence  of  at  least  five  Knights  is  necfcbs;;ry. 


2H  KNL 

KNIGHT  OF  THE  TRIPLE  CROSS.  Tin's  Order  was 
founded  in  3080.  It  is  held  in  a  Sovereign  Council.  The 
Master  is  styled  Grand  Commander;  the  Wardens  Sublime 
Knights;  the  Master  of  Ceremonies  Grand  Esquire,  and  the 
other  members  Knights.  The  jewel  is  three  crosses  arranged 
in  a  square.  History — In  1080,  Solyman,  Prince  of  the 
Turks,  established  the  seat  of  his  Empire,  or  rather  of  his 
tyranny,  at  Nicopolis,  in  Syria  Minor.  Among  many  pilgrims 
who  then  resorted  to  the  holy  places  of  Palestine  a  French- 
man, named  Pierre  Clement,  made  the  journey  to  Jerusalem, 
in  1093,  and  then,  conferring  with  Simon  the  patriarch, 
offered  to  convey  letters  from  him  to_the  Pope  and  all  the 
western  princes,  to  arouse  them  to  expel  from  the  Holy 
Land  those  barbarians  and  infidels.  The  good  patriarch 
accepted  his  offer,  and  entrusted  to  him  all  the  letters  for 
which  he  asked.  Pierre  Clement  embarked  without  delay, 
and  repaired  to  the  court  of  the  Pope,  where  he  presented 
the  letters  of  the  patriarch  to  Urban  II.,  who  sent  him  into 
all  the  provinces  on  either  side  of  the  Alps,  to  negotiate 
with  the  princes,  and  publicly  to  preach  the  crusades.  All 
who  were  made  acquainted  with  the  designs  of  the  Pope 
exhibited  much  zeal  for  so  holy  an  undertaking;  but  Urban 
thought  it  fitting  to  convoke  a  council,  in  which  he  himseli 
presided.  During  this  council,  which  was  held  in  1095, 
he  addi'essed  the  members  in  the  great  hall  of  the  city,  and 
so  excited  the  council,  that  all  cried  out  together,  as  if  in 
concert,  "  Dieu  le  Veut!"  The  Pope  willed  that  a  cry,  which 
was  so  good  an  omen,  should  become  the  device  of  the  whole 
army,  be  borne  on  the  flags  and  standards,  and  be  the  war- 
cry  of  the  soldiery,  and  even  of  their  captains  in  battle,  to 
animate  each  other  to  deeds  of  daring.  And  he  determined 
that  those  who  enlisted  in  this  service  should  wear  a  red 
cross  upon  the  right  shoulder,  to  show  that  they  were  the 
soldiers  of  him  who  had  conquered  the  cross.  Many  princes 
took  up  the  cross,  and  they  were  conjointly  the  chiefs  of  that 
holy  enterprise,  without  any  one  of  them  claiming  to  have 
the  right  to  command  the  others. 

KNIGHT  OF  THE  TRUE  LIGHT.  A  mystical  Order 
founded  in  Austria,  A.  D.  1780,  probably  by  Baron  Hans 
Heinrich  and  some  of  his  friends.  Its  ritual  and  teachings 
were  a  mixture  of  the  mysteries  of  Rosi  crucians  and  Asiatic 
brothers.  It  had  five  degrees:  1.  Knight  Novice  of  the  third 
y<?ar;  2.  Knight  Novice  of  the  fifth  year;  3.  Knight  Novice 
of  the  seventh  year;  4.  Levite;  5.  Priest.  This  Order  belongs 
to  the  Hermetic  or  Alchemistical  system  of  Masonry. 


LAB. 


215 


L. 

LABARUM.  The  imperial  standard  of  Constantine  the 
Great,  Emperor  of  Rome,  which  he  caused  to  be  formed  in 
commemoration  of  the  vision  of  the  cross  in  the  heavens.  It 
is  described  as  a  long  pike  surmounted  by  a  golden 
crown,  inclosing  a  monogram  which  contains  the  t\ro 
first  letters  of  the  name  of  Christ,  and  is  at  the  same 
time  a  representation  of  the  figure  of  the  cross.  The 
silken  banner  which  depended  from  it  was  embroidered 
with  the  figure  of  Constantine  and  his  family.  The 
labarum  is  engraved  on  some  of  his  medals  with  the 
famous  inscription,  EN  TOYTO  NIK  A;  and  it  was  pre- 
served for  a  considerable  time,  and  brought  forward 
at  the  head  of  the  armies  of  the  emperor  on  important 
occasions  as  the  palladium  or  safe-guard  of  the  empire.* 

LABYRINTH.  A  place  full  of  inextricable  windings.  In 
the  ancient  mysteries  the  passages  through  which  the  initiate 
made  his  mystical  pilgrimage. 

*Dr.  Oliver,  in  his  "Historical  Landmarks,"  (Am.  ed.,  p.  89,)  furnishef 
the  following  illustration  and  explanation  of  the  vision  of  Constantine. 
"Tho  lied  Cross  of  Constantine  commemorates  the  following  circum- 
stance, which  is  attested  by  Eusebius: 
The  army  of  Constantine  being  on 
the  march  to  meet  the  enemies  of  the 
cross,  it  happened  one  evening  when 
the  sun  was  declining,  and  the  em- 
peror was  engaged  in  devotion,  that 
there  suddenly  appeared  a  pillar  ol 
light  in  the  heavens  like  a  cross, 
whereon  was  an  inscription  expressed 
in  letters  formed  by  a  configuration  oi 
stars — TOTTO  NIKA,  in  this  overcome. 
Constantine  was  not  a  little  startled 
at  this  sight,  and  so  was  the  whole  ar- 
my that  beheld  it.  They  looked  upon 
it  as  an  inauspicious  omen,  and  even 
the  emperor  himself  was  confounded 
But  at  night  our  Lord  appeared  t< 
him  in  a  dream,  with  the  cross  in  his 
hand,  commanding  him  to  make  a 
royal  standard  like  that  which  he  had  seen  in  the  heavens,  and  cause  it 
to  be  borne  before  him  in  his  Avars  as  an  ensign  of  victory." 

"Constantine,  in  his  contest  with  Maxeutius,  and  on  his  march  to 
Rome,  is  said  to  have  seen  in  the  sky  a  luminous  cross  with  the  inscrip- 
tion, tV  rovrtii  VIKO.,  by  this,  conquer ;  and  on  the  night  before  the  last  and 
decisive  battle  with  Maxentius  a  vision  is  said  to  have  appeared  to 
Constantine  in  his  sleep,  bidding  him  inscribe  the  shields  of  his  soldiers 
with  the  sacred  monogram  of  the  name  of  Christ.  The  miracle  of  his 
conversion  to  Christianity  was  commemorated  by  the  imperial  standard 
of  tue  labarum,  at  the  summit  of  which  was  the  monogram  of  the  name 
of  Christ"  -SMITH'S  CLASSICAL  DICTIONARY. 


210 


LAN. 


LANDMARKS,  MASONIC.  Literally,  and  in  a  general  sense, 
anything  by  which  the  boundary  of  a  property  is  defined. 
In  ancient  times  the  correct  division  of  lands  was  an  object 
of  great  importance.  Stones,  trees,  and  hillocks  were  the 
usual  landmarks.  The  removal  of  a  landmark  was  considered 
a  heinous  crime  by  the  Jewish  law,  as  may  be  judged  by  the 
denunciation  of  Moses:  "Cursed  be  he  that  removeth  his 
neighbor's  landmark."  Of  the  nature  of  the  landmarks  of 
Masonry  there  has  been  some  diversity  of  opinion;  yet  the 
conviction  has  become  settled  that  the  true  principles  consti- 
tuting landmarks  are  those  universal  customs  of  the  Order 
which  have  gradually  grown  into  permanent  rules  of  action, 
and  originally  established  by  competent  authority,  at  a  period 
so  remote  that  no  account  of  their  origin  is  to  be  found  in 
the  records  of  Masonic  history,  and  which  were  considered 
essential  to  the  preservation  and  integrity  of  the  institution, 
to  preserve  its  purity  and  prevent  innovation.  Dr.  Albert 
G.  Mackey,  who  has  devoted  much  study  and  attention  to 
the  subject,  enumerates  the  following  as  the  unchangeable 
Landmarks  of  Masonry: 


"1.  The  modes  of  recognition  are, 
of  all  the  landmarks,  the  most  legiti- 
mate and  unquestioned.  They  admit 
of  no  variation ;  and  if  ever  they  have 
suffered  alteration  or  addition,  the 
evil  of  such  a  violation  of  the  ancient 
law  has  always  made  itself  subse- 
quently manifest.  An  admission  of 
this  is  to  be  found  in  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  late  Masonic  Congress 
at  Paris,  where  a  proposition  was 
presented  to  render  these  modes  of 
recognition  once  more  universal — 
a  proposition  which  never  would 
have  been  necessary  if  the  integrity 
of  this  important  landmark  had  been 
rigorously  preserved. 

"2.  The  division  of  symbolic 
Mnsonry  into  three  degrees  is  a 
landmark  that  has  been  better 
preserved  than  almost  any  other, 
although  even  here  the  mischievous 
spirit  of  innovation  has  left  its 
truces,  and  by  the  disruption  of  its 
concluding  portion  irom  the  third 
degree,  a  want  of  uniformity  has 
been  created  in  respect  to  the  final 
teaching  of  the  Master's  order;  and 
the  Koyal  Arch  of  England,  Scot- 
land, Ireland,  and  America,  and  the 
'high  degrees'  of  France  and  Ger- 
many are  all  made  to  differ  in  the 
mode  of  which  they  lead  the  neo- 
phyte to  the  great  consummation  of 


all  symbolic  Masonry.  In  1813,  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  England  vindicated 
the  ancient  landmark,  by  solemnly 
enacting  that  Ancient  Craft  Masonry 
consisted  of  the  three  degrees  of 
Entered  Apprentice,  Fellow-Craft, 
and  Master  Mason,  including  the 
Holy  Koyal  Arch.  But  the  disrup- 
tion has  never  been  healed,  and  the 
landmark,  although  acknowledged 
in  its  integrity  by  all,  still  continues 
to  be  violated. 

"3.  The  legend  of  the  third  de- 
gree is  an  important  landmark,  the 
integrity  of  which  has  been  well 
preserved.  There  is  no  rite  of 
Masonry,  practiced  in  any  country 
or  language,  in  which  the  essential 
elements  of  this  legend  are  not 
taught.  The  lectures  may  v.xry,  and, 
indeed,  are  constantly  changing,  but 
the  legend  has  ever  remained  sub- 
stantially the  same.  And  it  is 
necessary  that  it  should  be  so,  for 
the  legend  of  the  temple  builder 
constitutes  the  very  essence  and 
identity  of  Masonry.  Any  rite  which 
should  exclude  it,  or  materially  alter 
it,  would  at  once,  by  that  exclusion 
or  alteration,  ee;ise  to  be  a  Masonic 
rite. 

"4.  The  government  of  the  Frater- 
nity by  a  presiding  officer  called  a 
Grand  Master,  who  is  elected  from 


LAN. 


217 


the  body  of  the  Graft  is  a  fourth 
landmark  of  the  Order.  Many  per- 
sons ignorautly  suppose  that  the 
election  of  the  Grand  Master  is  held 
in  consequence  of  a  law  or  regulation 
of  the  Grand  Lodge.  Such,  how- 
ever, is  not  the  case.  The  office  is 
indebted  for  its  existence  to  a  land- 
mark of  the  Order.  Grand  Masters 
are  to  be  found  in  the  records  of 
the  institution  long  before  Grand 
Lodgos  were  established;  and  if  the 
present  system  of  legislative  gov- 
ernmont  by  Grand  Lodges  were  to 
be  abolished,  a  Grand  Master  would 
still  be  necessary.  In  fact,  although 
there  has  been  a  period  within  the 
records  of  history,  and,  indeed,  of 
very  recent  date,  when  a  Grand 
Lodge  was  unknown,  there  never 
has  been  a  time  when  the  Craft  did 
not  have  their  Grand  Master. 

"5.  The  prerogative  of  the  Grand 
Master  to  preside  over  every  assem- 
bly of  the  Craft,  wheresoever  and 
whensoever  held,  is  a  fifth  landmark. 
It  is  in  consequence  of  this  law, 
derived  from  ancient  usage,  and  not 
from  any  special  enactment,  that 
the  Grand  Master  assumes  the  chair, 
or,  as  it  is  called  in  England,  '  the 
throne,'  at  every  communication  of 
the  Grand  Lodge;  and  that  he  is 
also  entitled  to  preside  at  the  com- 
munication of  every  subordinate 
lodge,  where  he  may  happen  to  be 
present. 

"6.  The  prerogative  of  the  Grand 
Master  to  grant  dispensations  for 
conferring  degrees  at  irregular  times 
is  another,  and  a  very  important, 
landmark.  The  statutory  law  of 
Masonry  requires  a  month,  or  other 
determinate  period,  to  elapse  be- 
tween the  presentation  of  a  petition 
and  the  election  of  a  candidate.  But 
the  Grand  Master  has  the  power  to 
set  aside  or  dispense  with  this  pro- 
bation, and  to  allow  a  candidate  to 
be  initiated  at  once.  This  preroga- 
tive he  possessed,  in  common  with 
all  Masters,  before  the  enactment  of 
the  law  requiring  a  probation,  and, 
as  no  statute  can  impair  his  prero- 
gative, he  still  retains  the  power, 
although  the  masters  of  lodges  no 
longer  possess  it. 

"7.  The  prerogative  of  the  Grand 
Master  to  give  dispensations  for  ] 


opening  and  holding  lodges  is 
another  landmark.  He  may  grant, 
in  virtue  of  this,  to  a  sufficient 
number  of  Masons,  the  privilege  of 
meeting  together  and  conferring 
degrees.  The  lodges  thus  estab- 
lished ore  cal\ed  'lodges  under 
dispensation.'  They  are  strictly 
creatures  of  the  G>-;ind  Master, 
created  by  his  autho'ity,  existing 
only  during  his  will  aud  pleasure, 
and  liable  at  any  nioment  to  bt 
dissolved  at  his  command.  They 
may  be  continued  for  a  day,  a  month, 
or  six  months;  but  whatever  be  the 
period  of  their  existence,  they  are 
indebted  for  that  existence  solely  to 
the  grace  of  the  Grand  Master. 

"8.  The  prerogative  of  the  Grand 
Master  to  make  Masons  at  sight  is 
a  landmark  which  is  closely  con- 
nected with  the  preceding  one. 
There  has  been  much  misapprehen- 
sion in  relation  to  this  landmark, 
which  misapprehension  has  some- 
times led  to  a  denial  of  its  existence 
in  jurisdictions  where  the  Grand 
Master  was,  perhaps,  at  the  very 
time  substantially  exercising  the 
prerogative,  without  the  slightest 
remark  or  opposition.  It  is  not  to 
be  supposed  that  the  Grand  Master 
can  retire  with  a  profane  into  a 
private  room,  and  there,  without 
assistance,  confer  the  degrees  of 
Freemasonry  upon  him.  No  such 
prerogative  exists,  and  yet  many  be- 
lieve that  this  is  the  so-much-talked- 
of  right  of '  making  Masons  at  sight.' 
The  real  mode  and  the  only  mode 
of  exercising  the  prerogative  is  this: 
The  Grand  Master  summons  to  his 
assistance  net  less  than  six  other 
Masons,  convenes  a  Lodge,  and  with- 
out any  previous  probation,  but  on 
sight  of  the  candidate,  confers  the 
degrees  upon  him,  after  which  he 
dissolves  the  Lodge,  and  dismisses 
the  brethren.  Lodges  thus  con- 
vened for  special  purposes  arc  called 
'  occasional  lodges.'  This  is  the  only 
way  in  which  any  Grand  Master 
within  the  records  of  the  institution 
has  ever  been  known  to  'make  a 
Mason  at  sight.'  The  prerogative 
is  dependent  upon  that  of  granting 
dispensations  to  open  and  hold 
lodges.  If  the  Grand  Master  has 
the  powftr  of  granting  to  any  othej 


218 


LAN. 


Mueon  the  privilege  of  presiding 
over  lodges  working  by  his  dispen- 
sation, he  may  assume  this  privilege 
ct  presiding  to  himself;  and  as  no 
one  can  deny  his  right  to  revoke  his 
dispensation  granted  to  a  numbei 
of  brethren  at  a  distance,  and  to 
dissolve  the  Lodge  at  his  pleasure, 
it  will  scarcely  be  contended  that 
he  may  not  revoke  his  dispensation 
for  a  Lodge  over  which  he  himsell 
has  been  presiding  within  a  day,  and 
dissolve  the  Lodge  as  soon  as  the 
business  for  which  he  had  assembled 
it  is  accomplished.  The  making 
of  Masons  at  sight  is  only  the  con- 
ferring of  the  degrees  by  the  Grand 
Master,  at  once,  in  an  occasional 
Lodge,  constituted  by  his  dispensing 
power  for  the  purpose,  and  over 
which  he  presides  in  person. 

"9.  The  necessity  for  Masons  to 
congregate  in  lodges  is  another 
Landmark.  It  is  not  to  be  under- 
stood by  this  that  any  ancient  Land- 
mark has  directed  that  permanent 
organization  of  subordinate  lodges 
which  constitutes  one  of  the  features 
of  the  Masonic  system  as  it  now 
1  revails.  But  the  Landmarks  of 
Ihe  Order  always  prescribed  that 
Masons  should,  from  time  to  time, 
congregate  together  for  the  purpose 
of  either  operative  or  speculative 
labor,  and  that  these  congregations 
should  be  called  Lodges.  Formerly 
these  were  extemporary  meetings 
called  together  for  special  purposes, 
and  then  lissoived,  the  brethren  de- 
parting to  meet  again  at  other  times 
and  other  places,  according  to  the 
uec.-ssity  of  circumstances.  But  war- 
ran  ts  of  constiti  itiou,  Lj  -uiws,  perma- 
nent officers  and  annual  arrears  are 
modern  innovations  wholly  outside 
the  Landmarks,  and  dependent  en- 
tirely on  the  special  enactments  of 
*  comparatively  recent  period. 

"  10.  The  government  of  the  Craft, 
when  so  congregated  in  a  Lodge  by 
H  Master  and  two  Wardens,  is  also  a 
Landmark.  To  show  the  influence 
of  this  ancient  law.  it  may  be  ob- 
served, by  the  w.iy.  that  a  cotigiv^i- 
tion  of  Masons  meeting  together 
under  any  other  government,  as 
that  for  instance  of  a  president  and 
vice-president,  or  a  chairman  and 


nized  as  a  Lodge.  The  presence  ol 
a  Master  and  two  Wardens  is  as 
essential  to  the  valid  organization 
of  a  Lodge  as  a  warrant  of  consti- 
tution is  at  the  present  day.  The 
names,  of  course,  vary  in  different 
languages,  the  Master,  for  instance, 
being  called  'Venerable'  in  French 
Masonry,  and  the  Wardens,  'Sur- 
veillants,'  but  the  officers,  their 
number,  prerogatives  and  duties  aro 
everywhere  identical. 

"11.  The  necessity  that  every 
Lodge,  when  congregated,  should 
be  duly  tiled,  is  an  important  Laud- 
mark  of  the  institution,  which  is 
never  neglected.  The  necessity  of 
this  law  arises  from  the  esoteric 
character  of  Masonry.  As  a  secret 
institution,  its  portals  must,  of 
course,  be  guarded  from  the  intru- 
sion of  the  profane,  and  such  a  law 
must,  therefore,  always,  have  been 
in  force  from  the  very  beginning  of 
the  Order.  It  is,  therefore,  properly 
classed  among  the  ancient  Land- 
marks. The  office  of  tiler  is  wholly 
independent  of  any  special  enact- 
ment of  Grand  or  Subordinate 
Lodges,  although  these  may  and  do 
prescribe  for  him  additional  duties, 
which  vary  in  different  jurisdictions. 
Bnt  the  duty  of  guarding  the  door, 
and  keeping  off  cowans  and  eaves- 
droppers, is  an  ancient  one,  which 
constitutes  a  Landmark  for  his 
governmAit. 

"  12.  The  right  of  every  Mason  to 
be  represented  in  all  general  meet- 
ings of  the  Craft,  and  to  instruct  his 
representatives,  is  a  twelfth  Land- 
mark. Formerly,  these  general  meet- 
ings, which  were  usually  held  ouce 
a  year,  were  called  '  General  Assem- 
blies,' and  all  the  Fraternity,  even 
to  the  youngest  Entered  Apprentice, 
were  permitted  to  be  present.  Now 
they  are  called  '  Grand  Lodges,'  and 
only  the  Masters  and  Wardens  of  the 
ubordinate  lodges  are  summoned. 
But  this  is  simply  as  the  representa- 
tives ol'  their  members.  Originally, 
each  Mason  represented  himself; 
now  he  is  represented  by  his  officers. 
This  was  a  concession  granted  by 
the  Fraternity  about  1717,  and  ol 
course  does  not  affect  the  integrity 
of  the  Landmark,  for  the  principle 


jab-chairman,  would  not  be  recog- 1  of  representation  is  still  preserved 


LAN. 


219 


The  concession  Tvas  only  made  for 
purposes  of  convenience. 

"13.  The  right  of  every  Mason  to 
appeal  from  the  decision  of  his 
brethren  in  Lodge  convened,  to  the 
Grand  Lodge  or  General  Assembly 
of  Masons,  is  a  Landmark  highly 
essential  to  the  preservation  of  jus- 
tice, and  the  prevention  of  oppres- 
sion. A  few  modern  Grand  Lodges, 
in  adopting  a  regulation  that  the 
decision  of  subordinate  lodges,  in 
cases  of  expulsion,  cannot  be  wholly 
set  aside  upon  an  appeal,  have 
violated  this  unquestioned  Land- 
mark, as  well  as  tho  principles  of 
just  goverment. 

"li.  The  right  of  every  Mason  to 
visit  and  sit  in  every  regular  Lodge 
is  an  unquestionable  Landmark  of 
the  Order.  This  is  called  '  the  right 
of  visitation.'  This  right  of  visita- 
tion has  always  been  recognized  as 
an  inherent  right,  which  inures  to 
every  Mason  as  he  travels  through 
the  world.  And  this  is  because 
lodges  are  justly  considered  as  only 
divisions  for  convenience  of  the 
universal  Masonic  family.  This 
right  may,  of  course,  be  impaired 
or  forfeited  on  special  occasions  by 
various  circumstances;  but  when 
admission  is  i-efused  to  a  Mason  in 
good  standing,  who  knocks  at  the 
door  of  a  Lodge  as  a  visitor,  it  is 
to  be  expected  that  some  good  and 
sufficient  re!)«on  shall  be  furnished 
for  this  violation  of  what  is  in  gene- 
ral a  Masonic  right,  founded  on  the 
Landmarks  of  the  Order. 

"15.  It  is  a  Landmark  of  the 
Order  that  no  visitor,  unknown  to 
the  brethren  present,  or  to  some  one 
of  them  as  a  Mason,  can  enter  a 
Lodge  without  iirst  passing  an 
examination  according  to  ancient 
usage.  Of  course,  if  the  visitor  is 
known  to  any  brother  present  to  be 
a  Mason  in  good  standing,  and  if 
that  brother  will  vouch  for  his 
qualifications,  the  examination  may 
be  dispensed  with,  as  the  Landmark 
refers  only  to  the  cases  of  strangers, 
who  are  not  to  be  recognized  unless 
after  strict  trial,  due  examination  or 
lawful  information. 

"  16.  No  Lodge  can  interfere  in 
the  business  of  another  Lodge,  nor 
giv«  degrees  to  brethren  wbo  are 


members  of  other  lodge  .s.  This  is 
undoubtedly  an  ancient  Landmark, 
founded  on  the  great  principles  of 
courtesy  and  fraternal  kindness, 
which  are  at  the  very  foundation  of 
our  institution.  It  has  been  re- 
peatedly recognized  by  subsequent 
statutory  enactments  of  all  Grand 
Lodges. 

"17.  It  is  a  Landmark  that  every 
Freemason  is  amenable  to  the  laws 
and  regulations  of  the  Masonic 
jurisdiction  in  which  ho  resides, 
and  this  although  he  may  not  be  a 
member  ol  any  Lodge.  Nonamlia- 
tiou,  which  is,  in  fact,  in  itself,  a 
Masonic  offense,  does  not  exempt  a 
Mason  from  Masonic  jurisdiction. 

"  18.  Certain  qualifications  of  can- 
didates for  initiation  are  derived 
from  a  Landmark  of  the  Order. 
These  qualifications  are  that  he 
shall  be  a  man — shall  be  nnmuti- 
lated,  free-born,  and  of  mature  ago. 
That  is  to  say,  a  woman,  a  cripple, 
or  a  slave,  or  one  born  in  slavery,  ia 
disqualified  for  initiation  into  the 
rites  of  Masonry.  Statutes,  it  is 
true,  have  from  time  to  time  been 
enacted,  enforcing  or  explaining 
these  principles;  but  the  qualifica- 
tions really  arise  from  the  very 
nature  of  the  Masonic  institution, 
and  from  its  symbolic  teachings,  and 
have  always  existed  as  Landmarks. 

"1'J.  A  belief  in  the  existence  of 
God,  as  the  Grand  Architect  of  the 
Universe,  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant Landmarks  of  the  Order.  It 
has  been  always  deemed  essential 
that  a  denial  of  the  existence  of 
a  Supreme  and  Superintending 
Power  is  an  absolute  disqualifica- 
tion for  initiation.  The  annals  of 
the  Order  never  yet  have  furnished 
or  could  furnish  an  instance  in 
which  an  avowed  atheist  was  ever 
made  a  Mason.  The  very  initiatory 
ceremonies  of  the  first  degree  forbid 
and  prevent  the  possibilty  of  so 
monstrous  an  occurrence. 

"20.  Subsidiary  to  this  belief  in 
God,  as  a  Landmark  of  the  Order, 
is  the  belief  in  a  resurrection  to  a 
future  life.  This  Landmark  is  not 
so  positively  impressed  011  the  can- 
didate by  exact  words  as  the  pre- 
ceding; but  the  doctrine  is  taug'-t 
by  very  plain  implication,  and 


220 


LAN. 


through  the  whole  symbolism  of 
the  Order.  To  believe  in  Masonry, 
and  not  to  believe  in  a  resurrection, 
wonld  be  an  absurd  anon  aly,  which 
could  only  be  excused  by  the  reflec- 
tion, that*  he  who  thus  confounded 
his  belief  and  his  skepticism  was  so 
ignorant  of  the  meaning  of  both  the- 
ories as  to  have  no  rational  founda- 
tion for  his  knowledge  of  either. 

"21.  It  is  a  Landmark  that  a 
'  Book  of  the  Law '  shall  constitute 
an  indispensable  part  of  the  fur- 
niture of  every  Lodge.  I  say,  ad- 
visedly. Book  of  the  Law,  because 
it  is  not  absolutely  required  that 
everywhere  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments shall  be  used.  The  'Book 
of  the  Law '  is  that  volume  which, 
by  the  religion  of  the  country,  is 
believed  to  contain  the  revealed 
will  of  the  Grand  Architect  of  the 
Universe.  Hence,  in  all  lodges  in 
Christian  countries,  the  Book  of  the 
Law  is  composed  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments;  in  a  country  where 
Judaism  was  the  prevailing  faith, 
the  Old  Testament  alone  would  be 
sufficient ;  and  in  Mohammedan 
countries,  and  among  Mohammedan 
Masons,  the  Koran  might  be  sub- 
stituted. Masonry  does  not  attempt 
to  interfere  with  the  peculiar  reli- 
gious faith  of  its  disciples,  except 
so  far  as  relates  to  the  belief  in  the 
existence  of  God,  and  what  neces- 
sarily results  from  that  belief.  The 
Book  of  the  Law  is  to  the  specu- 
lative Mason  his  spiritual  trestle- 
board;  without  this  he  cannot  labor; 
whatever  he  believes  to  be  the  re- 
vealed will  of  the  Grand  Architect 
constitutes  for  him  this  spiritual 
trestle-board,  and  must  ever  be 
before  him  in  his  hours  of  .specula- 
tive labor,  to  be  the  rule  and  guide 
of  his  conduct.  The  Landmark, 
therefore,  requires  that  a  Book  of 
the  Law,  a  religious  code  of  some 
kind,  purporting  to  be  an  exemplar 
of  the  revealed  will  of  God,  shall 
form  nn  essential  part  of  the  furni- 
ture of  every  Lodge. 

"22.  The  equality  of  all  Masons  is 
another  Landmark  of  the  Order. 
This  equality  has  no  reference  to 
any  subversion  of  those  gradations 
of  rank  which  have  been  instituted 
by  tho  usages  of  society.  The 


monarch,  the  nobleman,  or  th« 
gentleman  is  entitled  to  all  the  in- 
fluence, and  receives  all  the  respect 
which  rightly  belong  to  his  exalted 
position.  But  the  doctrine  of  Ma- 
sonic equality  implies  that,  as  chil- 
dren of  one  great  Father,  we  meet 
in  the  Lodge  upon  the  level — that 
on  that  level  we  are  all  traveling  to 
one  predestined  goal — that  in  the 
Lodge  genuine  merit  shall  receive 
more  respect  than  boundless  wealth, 
and  that  virtue  and  knowledge  alone 
should  be  the  basis  of  all  Masonic 
honors,  and  be  rewarded  with  pre- 
ferment. When  the  labors  of  the 
Lodge  are  over,  and  the  brethren 
have  retired  from  their  peaceful  re- 
treat, to  mingle  once  more  with  the 
world,  each  will  then  again  resume 
that  social  position,  and  exercise 
the  privileges  of  that  rank,  to  which 
the  customs  of  society  entitle  him. 
"23.  The  secrecy  of  the  insti- 
tution is  another,  and  a  most  im- 
portant, Landmark.  There  is  some 
difficulty  in  precisely  defining  what 
is  meant  by  a  'secret  society."  II 
the  term  refers,  as,  perhaps,  in 
strictly  logical  language  it  should, 
to  those  associations  whose  designs 
are  concealed  from  the  public  eye, 
and  whose  members  are  unknown, 
which  produce  their  results  in  dark- 
ness, and  whose  operations  are 
carefully  hidden  from  the  public 
gaze — a  definition  which  will  be 
appropriate  to  many  political  clubs 
and  revolutionary  combinations  in 
despotic  countries,  where  reform, 
if  it  is  at  all  to  be  effected,  must  be 
effected  by  stealth — then  clearly 
Freemasonry  is  not  a  secret  society. 
Its  design  is  not  only  publicly 
proclaimed,  but  is  vaunted  by  its 
disciples  as  something  to  be  vener- 
ated— its  disciples  are  known,  for 
its  membership  is  considered  an 
honor  to  be  coveted — it  works  for 
a  result  of  which  it  boasts — Ihe 
civilization  and  refinement  of  man, 
the  amelioration  of  his  condition, 
and  the  reformation  of  his  manners. 
But  if  by  a  secret  society  is  meant — 
and  this  is  the  most  popular  under- 
standing of  the  term — a  society  in 
which  there  is  a  certain  amount  ol 
knowledge,  whether  it  be  of  methods 
of  recognition,  or  of  legondary  and 


LAN. 


221 


traditional  learning,  which  is  im- 
parted to  those  only  who  have 
passed  through  an  established  form 
of  initiation,  the  form  itself  being 
also  concealed  or  esoteric,  then  in 
this  sense  is  Freemasonry  undoubt- 
edly a  secret  society.  Now  this 
form  of  secrecy  is  a  form  inherent 
in  it,  existing  with  it  from  its  very 
foundation,  and  secured  to  it  by  its 
ancient  Landmarks.  If  divested  of 
its  secret  character,  it  would  lose 
its  identity,  and  would  cease  to  be 
Freemasonry.  Whatever  objections 
may,  therefore,  be  made  to  the  in- 
stitution, on  account  of  its  secrecy, 
and  however  much  some  unskillful 
brethren  have  been  willing  in  times 
of  trial,  for  the  sake  of  expediency, 
to  divest  it  of  its  secret  character,  it 
will  be  ever  impossible  to  do  so, 
even  were  the  Landmark  not  stand- 
ing before  us  as  an  insurmountable 
obstacle ;  because  such  change  of  its 
character  would  be  social  suicide, 
and  the  death  of  the  Order  would 
follow  its  legalized  exposure.  Free- 
masonry, as  a  secret  association, 
has  lived  unchanged  for  centuries — 
as  an  open  society  it  would  not  last 
for  as  many  years. 

' '  24.  The  foundation  of  a  specu- 
lative science  upon  an  operative 
art,  and  the  symbolic  use  and 
explanation  of  the  terms  of  that  art, 
for  purposes  of  religious  or  moral 
teaching,  constitute  an'  cher  Land- 


mark of  the  Order.  The  Temple 
of  Solomon  was  the  cradle  of  the 
institution,  and,  therefore,  the  re- 
ference to  the  operative  Masonry, 
which  constructed  that  magnificent 
edifice,  to  the  materials  and  imple- 
ments which  were  employed  in  its 
construction,  and  to  the  artists  who 
were  engaged  in  the  building,  are 
all  competent  and  essential  parts  of 
the  body  of  Freemasonry,  which 
could  not  be  subtracted  from  it 
without  an  entire  destruction  of  the 
whole  identity  of  the  Order.  Hence, 
all  the  comparatively  modern  rites 
of  Masonry,  however  they  may  differ 
in  other  respects,  religiously  pre- 
serve this  temple  history  and  these 
operative  elements,  as  the  substra- 
tum of  all  their  modifications  of  the 
Masonic  system. 

"25.  The  last  and  crowning  Land- 
mark of  a1!  is  that  these  Landmarks 
can  never  be  changed.  Nothing  can 
be  subtracted  from  them — nothing 
can  be  added  to  them — not  the 
slightest  modification  can  be  made 
in  them.  As  they  were  received  from 
our  predecessors,  we  are  bound  by 
the  most  solemn  obligations  of  duty 
to  transmit  them  to  our  successors. 
Not  one  jot  or  one  tittle  of  these 
unwritten  laws  can  be  repealed;  for, 
in  respect  to  them,  we  are  not  only 
willing,  but  compelled  to  adopt  the 
language  of  the  sturdy  old  barons  of 
England — 'nolumus  leges  mutari.'" 


Dr.  Oliver,  than  whom  no  Masonic  writer  is  better  quali- 
fied to  render  a  correct  opinion  on  this  important  subject, 
favors  us  with  these  as  the  Landmarks  of  Freemasonry: 


"In  the  absence  of  positive  evi- 
dence we  will  endeavor  to  ascertain, 
on  the  authority  of  ancient  docu- 
ments, what  were  considered  Land- 
marks by  the  Craft  at  the  earliest 
Eeriod  on  record,  as  they  were  col- 
icted  and  handed  down  to  us  in 
the  Lectures  which  were  used  during 
the  last  century. 

"1.  OPENING  AND  CLOSING  THE 
LODGE. — To  begin  with  the  begin- 
ning: The  opening  and  closing  of 
the  Lodge  include  many  important 
Landmarks,  which  are  absolutely 
indispensable  to  the  integrity  of  the 
Order.  For  instance,  if  a  Lodge  be 
opened  in  the  alwence  of  a  stipu- 
19 


lated  number  of  brethren;  or  by  any 
other  than  the  proper  officers,  and 
unaccompanied  by  the  prescribed 
batteries  or  reports :  if  this  essential 
ceremony  be  performed  without 
enumerating  the  principal  and  as- 
sistant officers,  together  with  a  de- 
scription of  their  several  duties,  and 
including  a  reference  to  the  cardinal 
points  of  the  compass;  if  it  be  done 
in  an  untiled  Lodge,  or  without  the 
brethren  appearing  in  Order  as 
Masons;  or  if  the  solemn  invocation 
to  T.  G.  A.  O.  T.  U.  be  omitted; 
then  the  meeting  would  forfeit  the 
character  of  a  Lodge  of  Masons,  ity 
transactions  would  be  illegal,  and 


222 


LAN. 


(he  brethren  would  become  liable 
to  an  indictment  for  irregularity  and 
a  violation  of  the  established  Land- 
marks. At  the  closing  of  the  Lodge, 
similar  ceremonies  have  been  trans- 
mitted to  us  from  the  most  ancient 
times,  and  their  observance  invests 
the  proceedings  with  solemnity  and 
decorum;  until  the  members  are  fi- 
nally dismissed  with  an  exhortation 
to  fidelity --which  is  an  unchange- 
able Landmark— and  they  depart  in 
peace,  harmony,  and  brotherly  love. 

"2.  MEET  ON  THE  LEVEL  AND  PART 
ON  THE  SQUARE. — This  Landmark 
was  originally  introduced  into  the 
lectures,  to  show  that  the  Order, 
although  confessedly  based  on  the 
principle  of  equality,  is  not  the 
exponent  of  that  species  of  com- 
munism which  would  destroy  rank, 
equalize  property,  and  reduce  so- 
ciety to  the  common  level  of  a 
savage  state.  Nor  do  its  members 
look  forward  to  the  period  which 
was  so  ardently  desired  by  Condor- 
cec.  'when  the  sun  shall  shine  on 
none  but  free  men;  when  a  man 
snail  recognize  no  other  master  than 
ilia  reason;  when  tyrants  and  their 
slaves — when  priests,  together  with 
their  stumd  and  hypocritical  agents, 
will  have  no  further  existence  but  in 
history  or  on  the  stage.'  It  is  only 
when  the  Lodge  is  open  that  the 
brethren,  without  any  reference  to 
a  diversity  of  rank,  are  equal ;  and 
during  the  process  of  working  the 
lectures,  each  bears  the  burden 
assigned  to  him  by  the  Master  for 
the  furtherance  of  that  common  ob- 
iect  the  acquisition  of  knowledge. 
But  having  met  on  the  level,  they 
part  on  the  square. 

"3.  CONCERNING  CANDIDATES. — 
By  studying  the  Landmarks,  an  in- 
dustrious brother  will  acquire  an 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  bounda- 
ries within  which  his  investigations 
ought  to  be  confined.  And  for  want 
of  some  such  incipient  training, 
many  a  zealous  Mason  has  aban- 
doned the  Order  in  despair.  There 
is  one  rule  respecting  candidates 
which  every  brother  ought  to  under- 
stand distinctly,  us  an  inalienable 
Landmark  in  Masonry,  that  ix>  <»n> 
cun,  nnil-r  nmj  <'i,-<-ui>i.-<t<iiic<'s,  invite 
*"'«  friend  t<j  bfcouteu  Mason,  because 


a  disappointed  candidate  would 
then  have  it  in  his  power  to  say  that 
he  had  been  inveigled  into  the 
Order  for  the  sake  of  the  fee ;  which 
would  bring  upon  it  a  scandal, 
rather  than  a  bent  fit.  Every  person 
who  offers  himself  for  initiation  is, 
therefore,  bound  by  another  strin- 
gent Landmark,  which  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England  has  invested  with 
the  authority  of  a  law,  solemnly  to 
declare  that  he  has  not  been  biased 
by  the  solicitations  of  friends,  or  by 
any  mercenary  or  other  unworthy 
motive;  and  that  his  request  for 
admission  is  made  from  a  favorable 
opinion  of  the  institution,  and  a 
desire  of  knowledge.  Thus,  in  the 
beautiful  language  of  the  lectures, 
he  must  freely  and  voluntarily  ask, 
if  he  would  have ;  seek,  if  he  would 
find;  and  knock,  if  he  wishes  the 
door  of  Masonry  to  be  opened  lor 
his  admission  into  the  Order. 

"4.  ADMISSION  OF  CANDIDATES. — 
To  prevent  disappointments  of  this 
nature  from  being  of  frequent  oc- 
currence, another  Landmark  directs 
the  brethren  of  a  Lodge  to  proceed 
with  great  deliberation  in  the  ad- 
mission of  candidates,  by  making 
a  strict  perquisition,  before  the 
ballot  is  taken,  into  the  character 
they  sustain  among  their  neighbors 
and  friends.  This  may  be  ascer- 
tained with  sufficient  accuracy  by  a 
careful  ex,  uiinatiou  of  their  ante- 
cedents, and  the  testimony  of  those 
with  whom  they  have  been  con- 
nected in  the  affairs  of  business  or 
the  pursuits  of  pleasure.  The  most 
ancient  Landmarks  that  we  are  ac- 
quainted with  provide  that  -the  son 
of  a  bondman  shall  not  be  admitted 
as  an  apprentice,  lest  his  introduc- 
tion into  the  Lodge  should  causo 
dissatisfaction  among  the  brethren;1 
and  that  the  candidate  must  be  of 
good  morals,  without  blemish,  and 
have  the  full  and  proper  use  of  his 
limbs;  for  'a  maimed  man,'  as  ti:o 
York  Constitutions  express  it,  -can 
do  the  Craft  no  good. '  By  the  assist- 
ance of  these  plain  and  simple  direc- 
tions, added  to  others  which  have 
been  subsequently  enjoined  by  Spec- 
ulative Grand  Lodges,  no  difficulty 
can  arisn  in  estimating  the  quului- 
cations  of  a  candidate  for  initiation 


LAN. 


223 


"5.  THE  BALLOT. — Every  facility 
is  afforded  for  making  the  necessary 
inquiries.  The  laws  and  Landmarks 
equally  provide  that,  before  a  can- 
didate can  be  admitted,  he  must  be 
proposed  in  open  Lodge,  and  a 
notice  to  that  effect  served  on  each 
individual  member  in  the  ensuing 
summons,  with  his  name,  occupa- 
tion, and  place  of  abode,  distinctly 
specified.  And  to  afford  ample 
time  for  deliberate  investigation, 
the  ballot  cannot  legally  be  taken, 
except  in  cases  of  emergency,  till 
the  next  regular  lodge-night;  when, 
if  approved,  the  candidate  may 
receive  the  first  degree;  because  it 
is  presumed  that  every  brother, 
before  he  records  his  vote,  has  made 
due  inquiry, and  is  perfectly  satisfied 
that  the  candidate  possesses  the 
necessary  qualifications  to  become 
a  good  and  worthy  Mason. 

"6.  PREPARATION.  — Every  existing 
institution  is  distinguished  by  some 
preliminary  ceremony  of  admission 
which  is  inaccessible  to  those  who 
are  unable  to  establish  an  indis- 
putable claim  to  participate  in  its 
privileges.  The  approved  candidate 
in  Freemasonry  having  sought  in 
his  mind  and  asked  of  his  friend, 
its  tiled  door  is  now  about  to  be 
opened  and  its  secrets  disclosed. 
The  preparation  is  accompanied  by 
ceremonies  which,  to  a  superficial 
thinker,  may  appear  trifling  and 
undignified,  although  they  embody 
a  series  of  references  to  certain  sub- 
lime matters,  which  constitute  the 
very  essence  of  the  institution,  and 
contribute  to  its  stability  and  per- 
manent usefulness,  if,  in  accordance 
with  the  advice  of  St.  Paul,  every- 
thing be  done  decently  and  in 
Order.  But  ceremonies,  considered 
abstractedly,  are  of  little  value, 
except  as  they  contribute  their  aid 
to  impress  upon  the  mind  scientific 
beauties  and  moral  truths.  And 
this  is  the  peculiar  characteristic  of 
Freemasonry,  which,  although  its 
rites  and  observances  are  studiously 
complicated  throughout  the  whole 
routine  of  its  consecutive  degrees, 
does  not  contain  a  single  ceremony 
that  is  barren  of  intellectual  im- 
provement; for  they  all  bear  a  direct 
reference  to  certain  ancient  usages 


recorded  in  the  Book  which  :s  al- 
ways expanded  on  the  pedestal  in 
the  East. 

"7.  THE  BADGE. — In  the  lodges  of 
the  last  century,  some  trifling  varie- 
ties existed  in  the  arrangements 
during  the  process  of  initiation;  for 
a  perfect  uniformity,  however  de- 
sirable, had  not  been  attained.  To 
explain  them  here  would  be  super- 
fluous, and,  perhaps,  not  altogether 
prudent.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  in 
some  lodges  the  investiture  took 
place  before  the  candidate  was  en- 
trusted with  the  peculiar  secrets  of 
the  degree,  whiie  others  practiced  a 
formula  similar  to  that  which  was 
enjoined  at  the  Union  in  1813.  The 
Senior  Warden  performed  the  duty, 
and  recommended  the  candidate  to 
wet.r  the  apron  as  a  badge  of  inno- 
cence and  bond  of  friendship,  in 
the  fall  assurance  that  if  he  never 
disgraced  that  badge  it  would  never 
disgrace  him.  There  are  other  ele- 
mentary Landmarks  embodied  in 
the  initiation,  but  they  are  so  well 
known  and  generally  understood 
that  it  will  scarcely  be  necessary  to 
enumerate  them, much  le*s  to  g<  >  into 
the  detail  of  a  particular  illustration, 
which,  indeed,  would  be  unauthor- 
ized, and  constitute,  if  not  a  legal 
offense  against  the  Constitutions  of 
Masonry,  at  least  a  moral  infringe- 
ment of  the  O.  B. 

"8.  TESTS  OF  INDUSTRY. —Every 
candidate  at  his  initiation,  should 
carefully  note  the  particulars  of  the 
ceremony;  and  if  there  should  hap- 
pen to  be  some  things  which  appear 
to  his  inexperience  unnecessary, 
and  others  that  he  cannot  exactly 
comprehend,  he  may  conceive  it  to 
be  within  the  bounds  of  probability 
that  they  will  admit  of  a  satisfactory 
explanation.  For  it  is  scarcely  to 
be  supposed,  even  by  the  most  ob- 
tuse intellect,  that  in  the  nineteenth 
century  educated  men  would  meet 
together  periodically  to  waste  their 
time  in  unprofitable  discussions;  to 
lend  the  sanction  of  their  names  to 
propagate  a  fiction,  or  to  engage  in 
pursuits  which  lead  to  no  advan 
tageous  result.  Let  the  candidate 
use  the  means  at  his  disposal  to 
remove  all  false  impressions,  by 
studying  his  elementary  exeiviso— 


LAN. 


the  tests  ef  the  first  degree,  which 
u-e  enjoined  by  the  authority  of 
many  Grand  Lodges — and  ought 
to  be  by  all — as  a  proof  of  his  in- 


dustry, and  a  desire  of  knowledge, 
for  they  are  intended  to  convey 
some  preliminary  insight  into  our 
allegorical  system." 


John  W.  Simons,  in  his  excellent  and  popular  work  on  the 
"  Principles  and  Practice  of  Masonic  Jurisprudence,"  offers 
the  following  to  be  the  Landmarks  of  Masonry,  in  the  proper 
sense  of  the  term: 

likely  to   disturb  the  harmony  01 


"1.  A  belief  in  the  existence  of  a 
Supreme  Being,  and  in  the  immor- 
tality of  the  sonl. 

"2.  That  the  moral  law,  which  in- 
culcates, among  other  things,  charity 
and  probity,  industry  and  sobriety, 
is  the  rule  and  guide  of  every  Mason. 
'  3.  Respect  for,  and  obedience  to, 


interrupt  the  working  of  the  Lodge 
he  proposes  to  visit 

"9.  The  prerogative  of  the  Grand 
Master  to  preside  over  every  assem- 
bly of  the  Craft,  within  his  juris- 
diction, to  make  Masons  at  sight  in 
a  regular  Lodge,  and  to  grant  Dis- 


the civil  law  of  the  country,  and  the  j  pensations  for  the  formation  of  new 


Masonic   regulations  of  the  juris- 
diction where  a  Mason  may  reside. 

"4.  That  new-made  Masons  must 
be  free-born,  of  lawful  age,  and  hale 
and  sound  at  the  time  of  making. 

"5.  The  modes  of  recognition, 
and,  generally,  the  rites  and  ceremo- 
nies of  the  three  degrees  of  Ancient 
Craft  Masonry. 

'  6.  That  no  appeal  can  be  tiken 


lodges. 

"10.  That  no  one  can  be  made  a 
Mason,  save  in  a  regular  Lodge, 
duly  convened,  after  petition,  and 
acceptance  by  unanimous  ballot, 
except  when  made  at  sight  by  the 
Grand  Master. 

"11.  That  the  ballot  for  candidates 
is  strictly  and  inviolably  secret. 

••12.  That  a  Lodge  cannot  try  its 


to  the  Lodge,  from  the  decision  of  j  Master. 

the  Master,  or  the  Warden  occupy  nig  |     "13.  That  every  Mason  is  amenable 

the  Chair  in  his  absence.  to  the  laws  and  regulations  of  the 

"7.  That  no  one  can  be  the  M;is-  jurisdiction  in  which  he  resides, 
ter  of  a  Warranted  Lodge  till  he  ;  even  though  he  be  a  member  of  a 
has  been  installed  and  served  one  j  particular  lodge  in  some  other  juris- 
year  as  Warden.  diction. 

"8.  That  when  a  man  becomes  a  I  "14.  The  right  of  the  Craft  at  large 
Masou  he  not  only  acquires  mem-  i  to  be  represented  in  Grand  Lodge, 
bership  in  the  particular  Lodge  that  and  to  instruct  their  representatives. 
admits  him,  but,  in  a  general  sense, 
he  becomes  one  of  the  whole  Masonic 


family;  and  hence  he  has  a  right  to 


••15.  The  general  aim  and  form 
of  the  society,  as  handed  down  to 


us  by  the  fathers,  to  be  by  us  pre- 


visit,    musonically,    every    regular   served  inviolate,  and  transmitted  to 
Ixxlge,   except  when  such  visit  is  !  our  successors  forever." 

Bro.  Rob.  Morris,  in  his  "Code  of  Masonic  Law,"  deduces 
these  boundaries,  marks  of  distinction,  or  immemorial  laws, 
as  the  unalterable  landmarks: 


"1.  The  Masonic  Landmarks  are 
unchangeable  and  imperative. 

"2.  Masonry  is  a  system,  teach- 
ing, symbolically,  piety,  morality, 
science,  charity  and  self-discipline. 

"3.  The  Law  of  God  is  the  rule 
and  limit  of  Masonry. 

"•A.  The  civil  law,  so  far  as  it  ac- 
cords with  tht:  Divine,  is  obligatory 
upon  Masons. 


"5.  The  Masonic  Lodge  and  ths 
Masonic  institution  are  one  and 
indivisible. 

"6.  Masonic  qualifications  regard 
the  mental,  moral,  and  physical 
nature  of  man. 

"7.  Personal  worth  and  merit  are 
the  basis  of  official  worth  and  merit 

"8.  The  official  duties  of  Masonrj 
are  esoteric. 


LAN. 


225 


"9.  The  selection  of  Masonic  ma- 
terial and  the  general  labors  of  the 
Masonic  Craft  are  exoteric. 

"10.  The  honors  of  Masonry  are 
the  gratitude  of  the  Craft  and  the 
approval  of  God. 

"11.  Masonic  promotion,  both 
private  and  official,  is  by  grades. 

"  12.  The  Grand  Master  may  have 
a  Deputy. 

"13.  The  head  of  the  Lodge  is  the 
Master,  duly  elected  by  the  Craft. 

"14.   The   medium  of  communi- 


cation between  the  head  and  th« 
body  of  the  Lodge  is  the  Wardens, 
duly  elected  by  the  Craft. 

"15.  Obedience  to  the  Master  and 
Wardens  is  obligatory  upon  the 
members. 

; '  1  (j.  Secrecy  is  an  indispensable 
element  of  Masonry. 

"17.  The  Grand  Lodge  is  supreme 
in  its  sphere  of  jurisdiction,  and 
controls  both  the  subordinate  lodgea 
and  individual  Masons,  but  always 
subject  to  the  Ancient  Landmarks." 


The  Constitution  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  New  York  sets 
forth,  in  a  concise  and  masterly  manner,  the  following  as  the 
Landmarks  of  the  Order: 


"1.  That  belief  in  the  Supreme 
Being,  'The  Great  Architect  of  tlu1 
Universe,'  who  will  punish  vice  and 
reward  virtue,  is  an  indispensable 
pre-requisite  to  admission  t<>  Ma- 
sonry. 

"2.  That  the  moral  law  which  in- 
culcates charity  and  probity,  indus- 
try and  sobriety,  and  obedience  to 
law  and  civil  government,  is  the  rule 
and  guide  of  every  Mason,  and  to 
which  strict  conformity  is  required. 

"3.  That  obedience  to  Masonic 
law  and  authority,  being  voluntarily 
assumed,  is  of  perpetual  obligation, 
and  can  only  be  divested  by  the 
sanction  of  the  supreme  government 
iii  Masonry. 

"4.  That  the  rites  and  ceremonies 
(which  include  th'  unwrittenlanyuag$ 
of  the  true  system  of  the  Ancient 
York  rite,  and  which  cousin <it>'  a 
part  of  the  body  of  Masonry,  are 
immutable,  and  that  it  is  not  in  the 
power  of  any  man,  or  body  of  men, 
to  make  innovations  therein. 

"5.  That  contention  and  lawsuits 
between  brethren  are  contrary  to 
the  laws  and  regulations  of  Masonry. 

' '  ti.  That  charity  is  the  right  of  a 
Mason,  his  widow,  and  orphans, 
when  poor  and  destitute,  to  demand, 
an.  I  the  duty  of  his  prosperous 
brother  to  bestow. 

' '  7.  That  Masonic  instruction  is, 
like  charity,  a  reciprocal  right  and 
duty  of  Masons. 

"8.  That  the  right  to  visit,  nia- 
sonically,  is  an  absolute  right,  but 
may  be  forfeited  01  limited  by  par- 
ticular regulations. 

"9.  That  men  made  Masoiw  must 


be  at  least  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
free-born,  of  good  report,  hale  and 
sound,  not  deformed  or  disinein- 
be.-ed,  and  no  woman,  no  eunuch. 

"10.  That  no  one  can  be  made  a 
Mason  except  in  a  lawful  Lodge, 
duly  convened,  acting  (except  when 
made  by  the  Grand  Master  at  sight) 
under  an  unreclaimed  Warrant  or 
Dispensation,  and  at  the  place 
therein  named. 

"  11.  That  the  Grand  Master  may 
make  Masons  at  sight,  in  person, 
and  in  a  lawful  Lodge,  and  may 
grant  a  dispensation  to  a  Lodge,  for 
the  sajne  purpose;  but  in  all  other 
cases  a  candidate  must  be  proposed 
in  open  Lodge,  at  a  stated  meeting, 
and  can  only  be  accepted  at  a  stated 
meeting  following,  by  the  scrutiny 
of  a  secret  ballot,  and  an  unanimous 
vote,  and  must  pay  a  fixed  price 
before  admission. 

' '  12.  That  the  ballot  for  candidates 
or  for  membership  is  strictly  and 
inviolably  secret. 

"13.  That  a  petition  to  be  made 
a  Mason,  after  being  presented  and 
referred,  cannot  be  withdrawn,  but 
must  be  acted  upon  by  report  oj 
committee  and  ballot. 

"  14.  That  a  ballot  for  each  degree 
separate!}'  is  an  undeniable  right, 
when  demanded. 

"  15.  That  initiation  makes  a  man 
a  Mason;  but  he  must  receive  the 
Master  Mason's  degree,  and  sign 
the  By-Laws,  before  he  becomes  a 
member  of  the  Lodge. 

"16.  That  it  is  the  duty  of  every 
Master  Mason  to  be  a  contributing 
member  of  a  Lodge. 


IAN. 


"25.  lh&*,  the  disciplinary  powers 
of  a  Lodge  may  not  be  exercised  for 
a  violation  of  the  moral  law  (as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  law  of  the  land) 
until  the  offender  has  been  thrice 
admonished  by  the  Master  or  War- 
dens of  his  Lodge. 

"26.  That  a  failure  to  meet  by  a 
Lodge  for  one  year  is  cause  for  the 
forfeiture  of  its  Warrant. 

' '  27.  That  it  is  the  duty,  as  well  as 
the  right,  of  every  warranted  Lodge 
to  be  represented  in  the  Grand  Lodge 
at  its  annual  Communication. 

"28.  That  a  Grand  Lodge  haa 
supreme  and  exclusive  jurisdiction, 
within  its  territorial  limits,  over  all 
matters  of  Ancient  Craft  Masonry. 

"29.  That  no  appeal  lies  from  the 
decision  of  a  Grand  Master  in  the 
chair,  or  his  Deputy  or  Warden  oc- 
cupying the  chair  in  his  absence. 

"30.  That  the  office  of  Grand 
Master  is  always  elective,  and  should 
be  rilled  annually  by  the  Grand 
Lodge. 

"31.  That  a  Grand  Lodge,  com- 
posed of  its  Officers  and  of  Repre- 
sentatives, nrist  meet  at  least  once 
in  each  year  to  consult  and  act  con- 
cerning the  interests  of  the  Frater- 
nity in  its  jurisdiction. 

"Besides  these,  there  are  various 
Landmarks,  which  constitute  the 
frame-work  of  the  government  of  the 
Fraternity;  and  the  indispensable 
discharge  of  various  duties  and  re- 
lations growing  out  of  them;  and 
also  those  matters  regulating  and 
attending  the  ceremonies  and  work 
of  Masonry,  which  are  not  proper 
to  be  written;  and  various  other 
duties  and  rights  more  fully  set 
forth  in  the  "ANCIENT  CHAKGES," 
being  a  part  of  the  Constitutions 
of  Freemasons." 

Dr.  Mitchell,  in  his  "History  of  Freemasonry,"  disposes 
of  the  subject  of  Landmarks  in  the  following  brief  manner: 

"The  Landmarks  of  Masonry  are  'fundamental  laws  of  the  society. 
those  immemorial  laws  which  have  The  unwritten  Landmarks  comprise 
been  handed  down  from  age  to  age,  j  all  those  essential  rituals  and  teach- 
and  from  generation  to  generation,  !  ings  of  the  lod;*e-rooru,  and  which 
no  one  knowing  whence  they  origi-  can  be  learned  nowhere  else.  The 
Dated,  and  no  one  having  the  right ;  written  Landmarks  are  six  in  num- 
to  alter  or  change  them,  but  all '  ber,  and  are  to  be  found  under  the 
Masons  being  bound  by  a  fair  and  head  of  '  The  Old  Charges  of  a  Free- 
liberal  construction  ot  them.  They  mason,'  first  published  in  1723,  by 
consist  of  the  written  and  unwritten  order  oT  the  Gr.  Lodge  of  Ea  land.' 


'  17.  That  a  Lodge  under  dispensa- 
tion is  but  a  temporary  and  inchoate 
body,  and  is  not  entitled  to  repre- 
sentation in  the  Grand  Lodge,  and 
those  who  work  it  do  not  forfeit 
their  membership  thereby  in  any 
other  Lodge,  while  it  so  continues, 
but  such  membership  is  thereby 
suspended. 

"18.  That  the  Master  and  War- 
dens of  every  warranted  Lodge  imist 
be  chosen  annually  by  its  members, 
and  if  installed,  cannot  resign  their 
offices  during  the  term  for  which 
they  were  elected;  and  are,  of  right, 
and  inalienably,  representatives  in, 
and  members  of,  the  Grand  Lodge; 
and  in  case  they  do  not  attend  the 
Grand  Lodge  a  proxy  may  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  Lodge  to  represent 
it  in  the  Grand  Lodge,  who  in  such 
case  shall  have  three  votes. 

"19.  That  no  one  can  be  elected 
Master  of  a  warranted  Lodge  (except 
at  its  first  election)  but  a  Master 
Mason  who  shall  have  served  as 
Warden. 

' '  20.  That  no  appeal  to  the  Lodge 
can  be  taken  from  the  decision  of 
the  Master,  or  the  Warden  occupying 
the  chair  in  his  absence. 

"21.  That  every  Mason  must  be 
tried  by  his  peers;  and  hence  the 
Master  cannot  be  tried  by  his  Lodge. 

"22.  That  Masonic  intercourse 
with  a  clandestine  or  expelled  Ma- 
son is  a  breach  of  duty,  and  an 
offense  against  Masonic  law. 

"23.  That  a  restoration  to  the 
the  Grand 
member- 
ship in  a  Subordinate  Lodge. 

"24.  That  a  Mason  who  is  not  a 
member  of  any  Lodge  is  still  sub- 
ject to  the  disciplinary  power  of 
Masonry. 


privileges  of  Masonry  by  t 
Lodge  does  not  restore  to 


LAN. 


227 


Bro.  Luke  A.  Lockwood,  in  his  work  entitled    "Masouio 
Law  and  Practice,"  gives  tbe  following  as  the  Landmarks: 

to  make  Masons,  and  to  administer 
its  own  private  affairs. 

10.  That   every   candidate   must 
be  a  man,  of  lawful   age,  born  of 
free  parents,  under  no  restraint  of 
liberty,  and  bale  and  sound,  as  a 
man  ought  to  be. 

11.  That  no   candidate   can  be 
received  except  by  unanimous  bal- 
lot, after  due  notice  of  his  appli- 
cation  and  due  inquiry  as  to  his 
qualifications. 

12.  That  the  ballot  is  inviolably 
secret. 

13.  That  all  Masons,  as  such,  are 
peers. 

14.  That  all  Lodges  nre  peers. 

15.  That  all  Grand  Lodges  are 
peers. 

16.  That  no  person  can  be  in- 
stalled Master  of  a  Lodge  unless  he 
be  a  Past  Warden,  except  by  dis- 
pensation of  the  Grand  Master. 

17.  That  the  obligations,  means 
of  recognition,  and  the  forms  and 
ceremonies  observed  in  conferring 
degrees  are  secret. 

18.  That  no  innovation  can  be 
made  upon  the  body  of  Masonry. 

19.  That  the  Ancient  Landmarks 
are  the  Supreme  Law,  and  cannot 
be  changed  or  abrogated. 


1.  Belief  in   the  existence   of  a 
Supreme  Being,  in  some  revelation 
of  his  will,  in  the   resxirrection  of 
the  body  and  in  tbe  immortality  of 
the  soul. 

2.  The  obligations  and  modes  of 
recognition,  and  the  legend  of  the 
third  degree. 

3.  The  inculcation  of  the  moral 
•virtues,  of  benevolence  and  of  the 
doctrines   of    natural    religion,  by 
means  of  symbols  derived  from  the 
Temple  of  King  Solomon  and  its 
tradition,  and  from  the  iisages  and 
customs   observed,  and    from    the 
implements  and  materials  used  in 
its  construction. 

4.  That  Masons  must  obey  the 
moral  law  and  the  government  of 
the  country  in  which  they  live. 

5.  That  the  Grand  Master  is  the 
head  of  the  Craft. 

6.  That  the  Master  is  head  of  the 
Lodge. 

7.  That  the  Grand  Lodge  is  the 
supreme  governing  body  within  its 
territorial  jurisdiction. 

8.  That  every  Lodge  has  an  in- 
herent right  to  be  represented   in 
Grand    Lodge    by    its  first    three 
officers,  or  their  proxies. 

9.  That  every  Lodge  has  power 


The   late  Bro.  Charles  Scott,  in  "The  Keystone  of  the 
Masonic  Arch,"  thus  discusses  the  character  of  Landmarks- 


"The  ancients  set  great  value 
apon  the  landmarks  or  boundaries 
of  their  property.  To  deface  or 
remove  any  of  them  was  regarded 
as  a  grievous  offense.  *  *  *  *  Even 
among  the  heathen  the  landmark 
was  sacred — so  sacred,  they  made  a 
deity  of  it.  *  *  *  *  The  '  sons  of  light ' 
have  their  landmarks ;  and  so  clearly 
may  they  be  traced  that  a  friend  may 
always  be  distinguished  from  a  foe. 
The  better  opinion  is  that  the  rites, 
forms,  or  ceremonies  are  enumer- 


ated among  our  landmarks;  also 
our  universal  or  common  laws. 
These  laws  cannot  be  repealed  or 
modified,  and  are,  or  ought  to  be, 
the  same  in  every  Lodge.  Any 
attempt  to  repeal  or  alter  them 
would  be  a  violation  of  Masonic 
faith;  for  it  is  a  fundamental  prin- 
ciple of  our  ancient  constitution  that 
no  innovation  can  be  made  in  the 
body  of  Masonry,  and  every  member 
of  the  Fraternity  is  religiously  obli- 
gated to  observe  and  enforce  it." 


To  maintain  the  present  standing  of  our  order;  to  secure 
its  vigorous  existence,  and  extend  its  benefits,  much  depends 
upon  the  vigilance  with  which  we  watch  over  its  concerns, 
and  the  means  employed  to  preserve  its  Ancient  Landmarks 
from  innovation,  and  its  principles  from  corruption. 


228  LAV— LEW. 

LAYER,  BRAZEN.  Muses  was  directed  to  make,  among 
other  articles  of  furniture  for  the  services  of  the  tabernacle, 
a  laver  of  brass.  It  was  held  as  a  vessel 
of  great  sacredness,  in  which  water 
was  kept  for  the  ablutions  of  the  priests 
before  entering  upon  'the  actual  dis- 
charge of  their  sacred  duties  of  offering 
sacrifices  before  the  Lord.  In  the  ancient 
mysteries  the  laver  with  its  pure  water 
was  used  to  cleanse  the  neophyte  of  the 
impurities  of  the  outer  world,  and  to 
free  him  from  the  imperfections  of  his 
past  or  sinful  life.  It  is  a  necessary 
article  in  many  of  the  higher  degrees, 
for  the  ablution  of  the  candidate  in  hie 
progress  to  a  higher  and  purer  system  of  knowledge. 

LAY  BROTHERS.  An  order  bearing  this  name,  and  ap- 
pearing to  have  some  connection  with  the  corporations  of 
builders  and  stone  masons,  was  founded  in  the  llth  century. 
It  became  a  numerous  bodv,  the  members  of  which  were 
divided  into  two  classes.  They  were  skilled  in  all  the  arts, 
especially  those  connected  with  architecture.  There  was 
also  an  order  of  Lay  Brothers  in  the  Strict  Observance. 

LAZARUS,  ORDER  OF.  1.  A  Sardinian  Order  of  Knighthood. 
2.  The  memory  of  a  monk  of  this  name  belonging  to  the 
9th  century  is  celebrated,  February  21,  by  the  Roman  church, 
because  neither  the  threats  nor  violence  of  Theophilus, 
Emperor  of  Constantinople,  could  prevent  him  from  painting 
images  of  the  Saints.  This  monk  afterward  became  the 
patron  of  the  sick,  particularly  of  lepers,  and  in  Palestine 
was  instituted  the  "  United  Order  of  St.  Lazarus  and  of  our 
beloved  Lady  of  Mt.  Carmel" — the  members  of  which  were 
sailed  Knights  Hospitallers  of  St.  Lazarus  of  Jerusalem. 
The  founder  of  this  Order  is  unknown.  Its  object  was  the 
care  of  the  sick  and  of  poor  pilgrims.  Lewis  VTL  of  France 
introduced  it  into  Europe,  where  it  established  numerous 
hospitals  for  the  same  class  of  diseased  persons.  3.  This  is 
also  the  name  of  a  Masonic  degree,  the  members  of  which 
wear  an  emerald  cross  upon  the  breast. 

LEVITICON.  Name  of  the  Ritual-book  of  the  Parisian 
New  Templars,  in  which  the  secret  instructions  of  the  Order, 
and  the  ceremonial  forms  for  the  reception  of  members,  in 
the  several  degree's,  are  preserved. 

LEWIS,  OR  LOUVETEAU.  The  words  Lewis  and  Louveteau, 
which,  in  their  original  meanings,  import  two  very  different 


LEW.  229 

things,  have  in  Masonry  an  equivalent  signification — the 
former  being  tised  in  English,  and  the  latter  in  French,  to 
designate  the  son  of  a  Mason.  The  English  word  lewis  is  a 
term  belonging  to  operative  Masonry,  and  signifies  an  iron 
cramp,  which  is  inserted  in  a  cavity  prepared  for  the  purpose 
in  any  large  stone,  so  as  to  give  attachment  to  a  pulley  and 
hook,  whereby  the  stone  may  be  conveniently  raised  to  any 
liight,  and  deposited  in  its  proper  position.  In  this  country 
the  lewis  has  not  been  adopted  as  a  symbol  of  Freemasonry, 
but  in  the  English  ritual  it  is  found  among  the  emblems  placed 
upon  the  tracing-board  of  the  Entered- Apprentice,  and  ia 
used  in  that  degree  as  a  symbol  of  strength,  because  by  its 
assistance  the  operative  Mason  is  enabled  to  lift  the  heaviest 
stones  with  a  comparatively  trifling  exertion  of  physical  power. 
Extending  the  symbolic  allusion  still  further,  the  son  of  a 
Mason  is  in  England  called  a  lewis,  because  it  is  his  duty  to 
support  the  sinking  powers  and  aid  the  failing  strength  of 
his  father,  or,  as  Oliver  has  expressed  it,  "to  bear  the  burden 
and  heat  of  the  day,  that  his  parents  may  rest  in  their  old  age, 
thus  rendering  the  evening  of  their  lives  peaceful  and  happy." 
By  the  constitutions  of  England,  a  lewis  may  be  initiated  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  while  it  is  required  of  all  other  candidates 
that  they  shall  have  arrived  at  the  maturer  age  of  twenty-one. 
The  Book  of  Constitutions  had  prescribed  that  no  Lodge 
should  make  "any  man  under  the  age  of  twenty-one  years, 
unless  by  a  dispensation  from  the  Grand  Master  or  his  Deputy." 
The  Grand  Lodge  of  England,  in  its  modern  regulations,  has 
availed  itself  of  the  license  allowed  by  this  dispensing  power, 
to  confer  the  right  of  an  earlier  initiation  on  the  sons  of 
Masons.  The  word  louveteau  signifies  in  French  a  young  wolf. 
The  application  of  the  term  to  the  son  of  a  Mason  is  derived 
from  a  peculiarity  hi  some  of  the  initiations  into  the  ancient 
mysteries.  In  the  mysteries  of  Isis,  which  were  practiced  in 
Egypt,  the  candidate  was  made  to  wear  the  mask  of  a  wolf's 
head.  Hence,  a  wolf  and  a  candidate  in  these  mysteries 
were  often  used  as  synonymous  terms.  Macrobius,  in  his 
Saturnalia,  says,  in  reference  to  this  custom,  that  the  ancients 
perceived  a  relationship  between  the  sun,  the  great  symbol  in 
these  mysteries,  and  a  wolf,  which  the  candidate  represented 
at  his  initiation.  For,  he  remarks,  as  the  flocks  of  sheep  and 
cattle  fly  and  disperse  at  the  sight  of  the  wolf,  so  the  flocks 
of  stars  disappear  at  the  approach  of  the  sun's  light.  The 
learned  reader  will  also  recollect  that  in  the  Greek  language 
lukos  signifies  both  the  sun  and  a  wolf.  Hence,  as  the  can- 
didate in  the  Isiac  mysteries  was  called  a  wolf,  the  son  of  a 
Freemason  in  the  French  lodges  is  called  a  young  wolf  or  a 
lou-vetf.au.  The  louveteau  in  France,  like  the  lewis  in  England, 
is  invested  with  peculiar  privileges  He  also  is  permitted 


230 


LIB— LIL. 


to  unite  himself  with  the  order  at  the  early  age  of  eighteen 
years.  The  baptism  of  a  louveteau  is  sometimes  performed 
by  the  Lodge  of  which  his  father  is  a  member,  with  impressive 
ceremonies.  The  infant,  soon  after  birth,  is  taken  to  the 
lodge-room,  where  he  receives  a  Masonic  name,  differing  from 
that  which  he  bears  in  the  world;  he  is  formally  adopted  by 
the  Lodge  as  one  of  its  children,  and  should  he  become  an 
orphan,  requiring  assistance,  he  is  supported  and  educated 
by  the  Fraternity,  and  finally  established  in  life.  In  this 
country,  these  rights  of  a  lewis  or  a  louveteau  are  not  recog- 
nized, and  the  very  names  were,  until  lately,  scarcely  known, 
except  to  a  few  Masonic  scholars. — MACKEY. 

LIBATION.  Latin  libatio,  from  libare,  to  pour  out.  Properly 
a  drink  offering.  Libations  were  frequent  at  meals  among 
the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  consisted  generally  of 
wine,  though  libations  to  the  dead  consisted  sometimes  of 
blood  or  milk.  In  sacrifices,  the  priest  was  first  obliged  to 
taste  the  wine,  with  which  he  sprinkled  the  victims,  and 
caused  those  to  do  the  same  who  offered  the  sacrifice.  They 
consisted  in  offerings  of  bread,  wine,  and  salt.  Libationa 
are  in  use  in  several  of  the  high  degrees  of  Freemasonry, 
particularly  in  the  Templar  system. 

LIBERTAS.  The  name  of  the  Goddess  of  Liberty  among 
the  ancient  Romans.  According  to  Hyginus,  she  was  the 
daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Juno.  Crowned  with  a  diadem 
and  covered  with  a  vail,  she  personifies  liberty  in  general. 
The  modern  Libertas,  or  Goddess  of  Liberty,  is  a  female 
figure,  the  head  covered  with  a  cap.  The  cap  has  always 
been  a  symbol  of  liberty,  and  in  the  Masonic  brotherhood  it 
is  also  a  sign  of  equality,  and  hence,  in  former  times,  the 
figure  of  Libertas  was  often  found  among  the  decorations  of 
the  Lodge,  and  Masons  wore  their  hats  while  engaged  in  the 
labors  of  the  Craft. 

LIBERTINE.  By  this  name  is  designated  a  person  who 
is  governed  by  no  principle,  and  restrained  by  no  laws  of 
morality  and  virtue,  who  selfishly  and  basely  seeks  his  own 
gratification  and  advancement,  at  whatever  cost  to  others. 
Such  a  man  is,  of  course,  in  every  sense  unfit  to  be  a  Mason. 
In  the  Ancient  Charges  it  is  laid  down  as  a  fundamental  rule 
that  "  a  Freemason  is  obliged  by  his  tenure  to  obey  the  moral 
law;  and  if  he  rightly  understands  the  art  he  will  never  be  a 
stupid  atheist  nor  an  irreligious  libertine"  Here  the  word  im- 
plies a  person  who  rejects  all  religious  truths,  i.  e.,  an  infidei. 

LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY.  A  side  degree  in  the  Templar 
system  of  France. 


LIN— LYO.  231 

LINGAM.  The  symbol  of  the  creating  aud  producing 
power,  sacred  in  the  Egyptian,  Grecian,  and  Indian  myste- 
ries. [See  PHALLUS.] 

LOWEN.  It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  the  exact  etymology 
of  this  term.  The  word  occurs  in  the  Ancient  Charges  of 
the  Lodge  of  Antiquity,  London,  as  follows:  "Twelvethly: 
That  a  Master  or  Fellow  make  not  a  mould  stone,  square,  nor 
rule  to  no  lowen,  nor  let  no  lowen  work  within  their  lodge, 
nor  without  to  .mould  stone."  It  is  evident  the  word  is  em- 
ployed to  designate  an  ignorant,  reckless,  wild  fellow,  wholly 
unsuited  to  be  the  companion  of  Masons.  It  may  be  the  old 
Saxon  word  lowen,  lion,  sometimes  used  as  a  general  term 
for  wild  beasts.  Hence,  metaphorically,  it  may  properly  be 
applied  to  an  ignorant,  stupid,  brutish  person. 

LUSTRATION.  A  purification,  or  ceremony  of  expiation, 
and  also,  in  the  Mysteries,  of  preparation.  The  word  is  de- 
rived from  lustrare,  to  expiate.  A  solemn  purification  or 
consecration  of  the  Roman  people,  by  means  of  a  sacrificium 
lustrale,  was  performed  after  every  census.  It  consisted  of 
a  bull,  a  sow,  a  sheep  or  ram — suoveta  urilia.  The  ram  was 
dedicated  to  Jupiter,  the  swine  to  Ceres,  and  the  bull  to 
Mars.  This  solemn  act  was  called  lustrum  condere.  In 
Masonry  the  word  means  a  purification,  and  is  of  a  moral 
character,  although  in  some  degrees  an  actual  lustration  by 
water  is  performed. 

LUX.  Latin  for  Light.  It  is  applied  to  Freemasonry  because 
Masonry  is  a  fountain  of  intelligence  and  wisdom.  It  has 
been  a  favorite  word  in  the  symbolism  of  all  mystic  orders. 

LUX  E  TENEBRIS.  Light  out  of  Darkness.  This  device 
teaches  that  when  man  is  enlightened  by  reason  he  is  able  to 
penetrate  the  darkness  and  obscurity  which  ignorance  and 
superstition  spread  abroad. 

L.  V.  C.  LABOR  VIRIS  CONVENIT.  "Labor  is  useful  to  men."  A 
device  in  the  Templar  system  of  Baron  Hunde,  which  was 
engraved  on  the  inside  of  the  rings  worn  by  the  Knights,  and 
also  upon  their  seals  and  escutcheons.  It  is  also  the  device 
of  the  "Scottish  Lodge  of  Nine  Sisters,"  in  Brunswick. 

LYONS,  THE  SYSTEM  OF.  The  name  applied  to  the  reformed 
ritual  and  regulations  adopted  by  the  "  Chevaliers  bienfaisants 
de  la  Sainle  Cite,"  benevolent  Knights  cf  the  Holy  City,  at 
the  convention  of  Lyons,- A.  D.  1778. 


232  MAC— MAG. 

M. 

MACBENAC.  A  word  well  known  to  Masons.  It  is  derived 
from  the  Hebrew,  and  signifies  "He  lives  in  the  SON." 

MAGIANS.  The  name  of  the  members  of  the  priestly 
order  among  the  ancient  Medes  and  Persians.  The  word  is 
of  Indian  origin,  being  derived  from  mag,  which,  in  the 
Pehlvi  language,  signifies  priest.  In  the  last  half  of  the 
seventh  century  before  Christ,  Zoroaster  reformed  and 
reorganized  the  order,  and  divided  the  members  into  three 
classes  or  degrees:  1.  Herbeds,  or  Apprentices;  2.  Mobeds, 
or  Teacher  and  Master;  3.  Destur  Mobeds,  or  Perfect  Master. 
The  Magians  claimed  to  have  the  gift  of  prophecy,  a  super- 
natural wisdom,  and  power  to  control  the  secret  forces  of 
nature.  They  were  held  in  the  highest  reverence  among  the 
people,  and  no  transaction  of  importance  took  place  without 
or  against  their  advice.  Hence  their  almost  unbounded 
influence  in  private  as  well  as  in  public  life ;  and,  quite  apart 
from  the  education  of  the  young  princes  being  in  their  hands, 
they  also  formed  the  constant  companions  of  the  ruling 
monarchs.  Their  mode  of  life  was  of  the  simplest  and 
severest,  befitting  their  station.  The  food,  especially  of  the 
lower  classes,  consisted  almost  entirely  of  flour  and  vege- 
tables; they  wore  white  garments,  slept  on  the  ground,  and 
were  altogether  subjected  to  the  most  rigorous  discipline. 
The  initiation  consisted  of  the  most  imposing  and  mysterious 
ceremonies.  Purifications  of  several  months  duration,  and 
fastings  of  the  severest  test,  had  to  precede  it;  and  it  was 
long  before  the  candidate  could  be  led  into  the  realms  of  the 
dead,  where  all  is  darkness  and  misery,  thence  to  the  higher 
stages  of  glory  and  perpetual  life.  Gradually,  however,  their 
influence,  which  once  had  been  powerful  enough  to  raise  them 
to  the  throne  itself,  began  to  wane,  and  in  the  course  of  time, 
its  members  dwindled  down  to  the  number  of  seven,  and 
finally  to  extinction.  In  the  seventeenth  century  an  order 
of  Magians  was  established  in  Florence,  and  still  later  u 
sub -division  of  the  order  of  Rosicrucians  bore  this  name. 
We  find,  also,  the  appellation  Magus  applied  to  the  8th 
degree,  or  the  1st  degree  of  the  Grand  Mysteries  of  the 
Uluminati,  to  the  9th  and  last  degree  of  the  German,  Gold 
and  Rose-Cross,  and  to  the  7th  grade  of  the  Clerical  system 
of  the  Strict  Observance.  Thory  also  mentions  a  Sovereign 
Magus  of  the  5th  degree  of  the  Clerical-Cabalistic  system. 

MAGNA  CHARTA.  The  great  charter,  so  called,  obtained 
by  the  English  barons  from  King  John,  June  5,  1215,  and 
confirmed  by  his  successor,  Henry  III.  It  has  been  viewed 


MAH— MAR  233 

by  after  ages  as  the  basis  of  English  liberties.  Its  most 
important  articles  are  those  which  provide  that  no  freeman 
shall  be  taken  or  imprisoned  or  proceeded  against,  "  except 
by  the  lawful  judgment  of  his  peers  or  by  the  law  of  the 
land,"  and  that  no  scutage  or  aid  should  be  imposed  in  the 
kingdom  (except  certain  feudal  dues  from  tenants  of  the 
crown),  unless  by  the  authority  of  the  common  council  of 
the  kingdom.  The  remaining  and  greater  part  of  it  is 
directed  against  abuses  of  the  king's  power  as  feudal  superior. 

MAHER-SHALAL-HASH-BAZ.  A  mystical  name  that 
was  to  be  given  to  one  of  the  sons  of  the  prophet  Isaial. 
which  he  had  previously  written  by  divine  command,  on  a 
tablet,  the  meaning  of  which  is :  "  He  hasteth  to  the  spoil ; 
speed  to  the  prey."  A  prophetic  intimation  of  the  speedy 
invasion  and  victory  of  the  Assyrians  over  Syria  and  Israel. 
As  a  warrior,  devoted  to  the  cause  of  honor  and  justice,  we 
should  be  ever  ready  to  hasten  to  the  relief  of  the  destitute 
and  oppressed. 

MAITRESSE  AGISSANTE.  (M.\  A.-.}  In  the  Egyptian 
system  of  Cagliostro,  this  title,  "Acting  Mistress,"  is  given 
to  the  presiding  sister. 

MAKE.  When  a  candidate  is  initiated  into  the  mysteries 
of  the  order,  he  is  said  to  be  made  a  Mason.  An  expression 
in  use  among  the  operative  Masons  in  the  ancient  times. 
It  is  a  term  synonymous  with  the  word  "initiate." 

MALLET.  One  of  the  working  tools  of  a  Mark  Master; 
an  instrument  of  practical  architectural  labor.  As  an  emblem 
of  morality  it  is  synonymous  with  the  common  gavel  of  the 
Entered  Apprentice. 

MANES.  In  Roman  antiquity,  the  gods  of  the  lower 
world;  the  benevolent  deities;  generally  applied  to  the  souls 
of  the  departed.  According  to  Apuleius,  the  Manes  were 
originally  called  Lemures,  and  consisted  of  two  classes — the 
Lares  and  the  Larvce;  the  former  of  whom  were  the  souls  of 
those  who  had  led  virtuous  lives,  and  the  latter  of  those 
who  had  lived  improperly.  At  a  later  period  the  term  J/anes 
came  to  be  a  general  designation  for  both. 

MARK.  The  Mark-Master's  medal,  or  the  Tyrian  Signet, 
which  Hiram  is  said  to  have  sent  to  King  Solomon.  It 
is  in  the  form  of  a  keystone,  and  has  engraved  upon  it 
a  circle — the  emblem  of  an  eternal  compact  of  friendship — 
and  a  mark  or  device  chosen  by  the  possessor.  A  Mark- 
Mason  who  receives  this  mark  from  a  destitute  brother  is 
bound  by  the  most  solemn  obligations  to  assist  him  to  the 
extent  of  his  ability.  In  this  respect  it  resembles  the 
20 


234  MAE. 

"  Ring  of  Hospitality,"  and  the  "  Tessara "  among  the  an- 
cients, with  whom  hospitality  was  considered  a  most  sacred 
duty.  Individuals  often  entered  into  contracts  of  friendship, 
binding  themselves  and  descendants  to  assist  and  protect 

each  other  in  adverse  circum- 
stances; and,  as  was  the  case 
among  the  Greeks,  ratified  the 
alliance  by  breaking  a  ring  into 
two  parts,  each  party  taking  one 
half.  The  visitor  was  kindly  re- 
ceived, clothed,  and  entertained. 
After  nine  days,  if  the  stranger 
had  not  previously  made  himseli 
known,  the  question  was  put  to 
him, "  who  and  whence  art  thou  ?" 
If,  in  reply,  he  could  show  the 
half  of  the  broken  ring,  he 
was  welcomed  still  more  warmly. 
Among  the  early  Christians,  marks  were  in  general  use,  and  in 
the  existing  circumstances  of  the  Brotherhood  were  of  the 
highest  importance  and  utility.  In  Rev.  ii.  17  allusion  is 
made  to  the  Christian  mark,  as  follows:  "To  him  that  over- 
cometh  will  I  give  a  white  stone,  and  in  it  a  new  name 
written,  which  no  man  knoweth,  saving  he  that  receiveth  it." 
That  is,  "  To  him  who  passes  triumphantly  through  all  the 
trials,  discipline,  and  proofs  of  discipleship,  will  I  give  the 
mystical  stone,  which  will  secure  to  him  protection  and 
assistance,  and  brotherly  love,  in  this  world;  and  in  the 
world  to  come,  will  open  to  him  the  eternal  mysteries,  and 
admit  him  to  a  more  perfect  fellowship  in  the  grand  circle 
of  the  just. 

MARKMAN.  The  nam*e  of  a  Masonic  degree  which  is  not 
now  in  use.  The  markmen  were  Wardens  at  the  building 
of  Solomon's  Temple. 

MARK  OF  THE  CRAFT.  According  to  the  traditions  of 
the  Mark  Master's  degree,  each  Mason  employed  in  building 
\ie  Temple  of  Solomon  was  required  to  place  a  peculiar 
^iark  upon  his  work,  to  distinguish  it  from  that  of  others. 
It  is  probable  that  this  has  always  been  the  practice  with 
the  various  corporations  of  builders  from  the  earliest  periods 
down  to  quite  modern  times.  Most  of  the  edifices  con- 
structed in  the  middle  ages,  particularly  those  of  Strasburg, 
Worms,  Rheims,  bear  these  marks,  which  appear  to  have 
been  of  two  classes,  viz:  monograms,  which  belonged  to 
overseers;  and  emblems,  as  the  trowel,  mallet,  square,  etc.,- 
that  belonged  to  the  workmen.  A  writer,  describing  the 


MAE. 


235 


walls  of  the  fortress  of  Allahabad,  in  the  East  Indies,  erected 
&.  D.  1542.  says:  "The  walls  are-  composed  of  large  oblong 
blocks  of  red  granite,  and  are  almost  everywhere  covered 
with  Masonic  emblems,  which  evince  something  more  than 
mere  ornament.  They  are  not  confined  to  any  particular 
spot,  but  are  scattered  over  the  walls  of  the  fortress,  in  many 
places  as  high  as  thirty  or  forty  feet  from  the  ground.  It  is 
quite  certain  that  thousands  of  stones  on  the  walls,  bearing 
these  Masonic  symbols,  were  carved,  marked,  and  numbered 
in  the  quarry  before  the  erection  of  the  building. 

MARSHAL.  A  term,  in  its  origin,  meaning  a  groom  or 
manager  of  the  horse,  though  eventually  the  king's  marshal 
became  one  of  the  principal  officers  of  state  in  England. 
In  France,  the  highest  military  officer  is  called  a  marshal,  a 
dignity  which  originated  early  in  the  thirteenth  century. 
Originally,  the  Marechal  de  France  was  the  first  companion 
of  the  king,  and  commanded  the  vanguard  in  war;  in  later 
times,  the  command  became  supreme,  and  the  rank  of  the 
highest  military  importance.  After  the  deposition  of  Louis 
XVI.  the  dignity  of  marshal  ceased;  but  was  revived  by 
Napoleon,  with  the  title  of  Marshal  of  the  Empire.  2.  An 
officer  known  to  Masonic  bodies,  whose  duty  is  to  have  charge 
of  processions  and  other  public  ceremonies.  As  a  badge  of 
special  distinction  he  wears  a  scarf  and  carries  a  baton. 


MARTHA.  The  name  of  the  fourth  degree  of  the  order 
of  the  Eastern  Star,  or  American  Adoptive  rite.  It  illustrates 
undeviating  friendship  and  the  power  of  faith  to  console  the 


236  MAR. 

heart  in  seasons  of  affliction.  Its  symbolical  color  is  green, 
representing  at  the  same  time,  the  immortality  of  the  soul 
and  of  its  affection.  The  incidents  of  the  degree  are  re- 
corded in  John  xi.  26. 

MAETINISTS.  The  members  of  a  philosophical  and  mys- 
tical form  of  Freemasonry  were  called  by  this  name,  from 
the  founder  of  the  rite,  the  Marquis  de  Saint  Martin.*  Tie 
adepts  of  this  order  were  earnest,  pious,  and  remarkably 
modest  men,  and,  although  they  promulgated  ideas,  startling 
in  that  material  and  skeptical  age,  were  never  fanatical  in 
their  advocacy  of  them,  nor  ill-tempered  when  ridiculed. 
Like  the  Rosicrucians,  the  Illuminati,  and  some  other 
similar  societies,  they  aspired  to  a  higher  and  more  positive 
philosophy,  and  sought  a  foundation  for  the  ideas  of  religion 
and  morality  in  the  eternal  fitness  of  things,  and  the  interior 
experiences  of  the  soul,  rather  than  in  tradition.  They 
believed  that  the  very  existence  of  religious  ideas  in  the 
human  mind  demonstrated  their  eternal  truthfulness;  for 
all  subjective  notions  must  be  the  reflex  of  an  objective  reality. 
Thus  the  vast  orb  of  the  sun  is  mirrored  in  the  tiny  dew- 
drop.  The  reflected  image  of  the  sun  is  a  demonstration  of 
the  sun's  existence.  In  like  manner  the  notion  of  God  that 
exists  in  the  mind  is  a  reflex  of  God  himself,  and  could  no 
more  exist  in  the  mind  were  there  no  God  than  the  image 
of  the  sun  could  be  found  in  the  dew-drop  if  there  were  no 
sun.  Like  Goethe,  they  believed  that  "  Die  geisterwelt  ist 
nicht  verschlosaan" — "the  world  of  spirits  is  not  shut."  It 
was  their  belief  that  an  invisible  sphere — a  world  of  superior 
intelligence — environs  man;  that  beneficent  spirits  are  always 
near  him,  the  constant  companion  of  his  actions,  and  wit- 
nesses of  his  thoughts;  that  the  highest  science — all  the  ideas 

'Louis  Claude  de  Saint  Martin  was  born  at  Arnboise,  of  a  noblo 
French  family,  in  1743,  and  died  in  1803.  He  adopted  the  nom  de  plume 
of  "  le  PhUosophe  inconnu,"  which  we  read  Philosopher  of  the  unknown. 
He  possessed  vast  original  genius  and  metaphysical  insight,  and  as  a 
thinker  he  digested  and  assimilated,  in  a  masterly  manner,  whatever  he 
found  to  his  taste.  The  first  and  most  valued  of  his  numerous  writings 
was  a  work  entitled  Des  Erreurs  et  de  la  Verite,  published  at  Lyons,  in 
1775,  in  which  may  be  found,  under  the  most  enigmatic  style,  that  ancient 
doctrine  which  so  universally  prevails,  of  a  good  and  a  bad  principle,  of 
an  ancient  state  of  perfection  of  man,  of  his  fall,  and  of  the  possibility 
of  his  restoration.  For  many  years  he  devoted  his  best  energies  to 
reforming  the  system  of  his  teacher,  Martinez  Paschalis,  the  founder  of 
the  sect  of  Martinists;  and  to  that  end  instituted  a  new  system  that 
became  famous  under  the  name  of  Martinism,  which  had  its  center  .it 
Lyons,  in  the  Lodge  of  Beneficent  Knights.  This  rite  was  extended 
into  the  principal  cities  of  France,  Germany  and  Russia.  Saint-Martin, 
Like  many  other  of  the  noblesse  of  France,  suffered  by  the  French 
revolution,  and,  being  implicated  in  a  conspiracy,  owed  his  life  to  the 
revolution  of  Thermidor. 


MAS. 


237 


of  religion,  art,  and  philosophy — are  revelations  of  this  over- 
world,  whose  ineffable  splendors  are  ever  streaming  down- 
ward to  meet  humanity,  which,  impelled  by  its  immortal 
needs,  is  aspiring  upward  to  the  fountain  of  light.  The  Order 
of  St.  Martin  was  a  modification  of  a  society  founded  by 
Paschalis,  at  Marseilles,  1754.  It  had  ten  degrees,  divided 
into  two  divisions,  called  "  Temples."  Those  of  the  1st  tem- 
ple were  Apprentice,  Fellow-Craft,  Master,  Ancient-Master 
Elect,  Grand  Architect,  and  Mason  of  the  Secret.  Those  of 
the  2d  temple  were  the  Prince  of  Jerusalem,  Knights  of 
Palestine  and  Kadosch.  The  object  of  the  initiation  was 
the  regeneration  of  men,  and  the  instructions  to  neophytes 
embraced  the  whole  circle  of  human  knowledge. 

MASON,  ETYMOLOGY  OF.  The  speculations  of  many  Masonic 
writers  respecting  the  origin  and  derivation  of  this  word  are 
too  puerile  to  be  repeated.  It  is  evidently  the  German 
"  metzen  "  to  cut.  In  Germany  the  operative  Masons  were 
called  " stein-metzen,"  stone-cutters,  and  sometimes  "mauern," 
wall-builders.  The  term  Mason  is  simply  the  German  word 
anglicized,  by  softening  the  tz  sound. 

MASONIC  COLORS.  Every  grade  of  Masonry  is  fur- 
nished with  its  peculiar  and  emblematic  color.  An  important 
and  mystic  meaning  has  always  been  applied  to  colors,  and 
they  are  used  as  the  distinguishing  mark  of  different  nations. 
The  colors  best  known,  and  almost  universally  adapted  to 
Masonry,  are  seven,  viz: 


1.  BLUE.  This  is  the  great  color 
of  Masonry.  It  is  the  appropriate 
tincture  of  the  Ancient  Craft  de- 
grees. It  is  to  the  Mason  an  em- 
blem of  universal  friendship  and 
benevolence,  teaching  us  that  in  the 
mind  of  a  brother  those  virtues 
should  be  as  extensive  as  the  blue 
arch  of  heaven  itself.  It  is,  there- 
fore, the  only  color,  except  white, 
which  should  be  used  in  a  Master 
Mason's  Lodge.  Besides  the  three 
degrees  of  Ancient  Craft  Masonry, 
this  color  is  also  to  be  found  in 
several  other  degrees,  especially  of 
the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite, 
where  it  bears  various  symbolic 
significations;  all,  however,  more  or 
less  related  to  its  original  character, 
as  an  emblem  of  universal  friend- 
ship and  benevolence.  This  tincture 
was  held  in  high  veneration  among 
all  the  nations  of  antiquity.  It 
symbolically  expressed  heaven,  the 


firmament,    truth,    constancy,    and 
fidelity. 

2.  PURPLE,  being  formed  by  a 
due  admixture  of  blue  and  scarlet, 
is  intended  to  remind  us  of  the 
intimate  connection  and  harmony 
that  exists  between  symbolic  Ma- 
sonry and  the  Royal  Arch  degree. 
In  the  religious  services  of  the  Jews 
purple  is  employed  on  several  occa- 
sions. It  is  one  of  the  colors  of  the 
curtains  of  the  tabernacle,  and  is 
symbolical  of  the  element  of  water. 
It  is  also  used  in  the  construction  of 
the  ephod  and  girdle  of  the  High 
Priest,  and  the  cloths  for  divine 
service.  Among  the  Gentile  nations 
of  antiquity  purple  was  considered 
rather  as  a  color  of  dignity  than  of 
veneration,  and  was  deemed  an  em- 
blem of  exalted  office.  Pliny  says 
it  was  the  color  of  the  vestments 
worn  by  the  early  kings  of  Rome, 
and  it  has  ever  since,  even  to  the 


238 


MAS 


presept  tiine,  been  considered  as 
the  becoming  insignia  of  regal  or 
supreme  authority. 

3.  SCARLET,  RED,  OB  CBIMSON, 
for  it  is  indifferently  called  by  each 
of  these  names,  is  the  appropriate 
color  of  the  Royal  Arch  degree,  and 
symbolically  represents  the  ardor 
and  zeal  which  should  actuate 
all  who  are  in  possession  of  that 
sublime  portion  of  Masonry.  Scar- 
let was  used  as  one  of  the  vails  ol 
xhe  tabernacle,  and  was  an  emblem 
of  the  elements  of  fire.  Scarlet  was, 
among  the  Jews,  a  color  of  dignity, 
appropriated  to  the  most  opulent 
or  honorable.  In  the  middle  ages, 
those  Knights  who  engaged  in  the 
wars  of  the  crusades,  and  especially 
the  Templars,  wore  a  red  cross  as  a 
symbol  of  their  willingness  to  un- 
dergo martyrdom  for  the  sake  of 
religion.  Scarlet  is  in  the  higher 
degrees  of  Masonry  as  predomi- 
nating a  color  as  blue  is  in  the 
lower.  These  three  colors — BLUE, 
PUKPLE,  and  SCAKLET — were  called, 
in  the  early  English  lectures,  the 
old  colors  of  Masonry,"  and  were 
said  to  have  been  selected  "because 
they  are  royal,  and  such  as  the 
ancient  kings  and  princes  used  to 
wear;  and  sacred  history  informs 
us  that  the  vail  of  the  temple  was 
composed  of  these  colors." 

4.  WHITE  is  one  of  the  most 
ancient  as  well  as  most  extensively 
diffused  of  the  symbolic  colors.  It 
is  to  be  found  in  all  the  ancient 
mysteries,  where  it  constituted,  as  it 
does  iii  Masonry,  the  iuvesture  of 
the  candidate.  It  always,  however, 
and  everywhere  has  borne  the  same 
signification,  as  the  symbol  of  purity 
and  innocence.  White  was  the 
color  of  one  of  the  curtains  of  the 
tabernacle,  where  it  was  a  symbol 
of  the  element  of  earth.  Among 
the  ancients  the  highest  reverence 
was  paid  to  this  color.  It  was,  in 
general,  the  garment  of  the  Gentile 
as  well  as  ol  the  Hebrew  priests  in 
the  performance  of  thsir  sacred  rites. 
It  is  regarded  as  the  emblem  of 
light,  religions  purity,  innocence, 
virginity,  faith,  joy,  and  life.  Iii 
the  judge,  it  indicates  integrity;  j 


in  the  sick  man,  humility;  in  the 
woman,  chastity.  We  see,  therefore, 
the  propriety  of  adopting  this  color 
in  the  Masonic  system,  as  a  symbol 
of  purity.  This  symbolism  com- 
mences in  the  York  rite,  where  the 
lambskin  or  white  apron  is  pre- 
sented to  the  Entered  Apprentice 
as  an  emblem  of  purity  of  life  and 
rectitude  of  conduct,  and  terminates 
in  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite, 
where  the  Sovereign  Inspectors  of 
the  33d  degree  are  invested  with 
a  white  scarf  as  an  emblem  of 
that  virtuous  deportment,  above  the 
tongue  of  all  reproach,  which  should 
distinguish  the  possessors  of  that 
exalted  grade. 

5.  BLACK.  As  white  is  universally 
the  emblem  of  purity,  so  black,  in 
the  Masonic  ritual,  is  constantly  the 
symbol  of  grief.     This  is  perfectly 
consistent  with  its  use  in  the  world, 
where  black  has,  from  remote  anti- 
quity, been  adopted  as  a  garment 
of  mourning.    In  Masonry  this  color 
is  confined  to  but  a  few  degrees,  but 
everywhere    has    the    same   single 
meaning  of  sorrow.    Black  is  in  the 
world  the  symbol  of  the  earth,  dark- 
ness, mourning,  wickedness,  nega- 
tion, death,  and  was  appropriate  to 
the  Prince  of  Darkness.   White  and 
black  together  signify  purity  of  life, 
and  mourning  or  humiliation. 

6.  GREEN,  as  a  Masonic  color,  ia 
confined  to  a  few  of   the  degrees. 
It  is  employed  as  a  symbol  of  the 
immutable  nature  of  truth  and  vic- 
tory.    In  the  evergreen  the  Master 
Mason  finds  the  emblem  of  hope 
and  immoitality.     In  all  the  ancient 
mysteries,  this  idea  was  carried  out, 
and  green  symbolized  the  birth  of 
the  world,  and  the  moral  creation 
or  resurrection  of  the  initiate. 

7.  YELLOW.  Of  all  the  Masonic 
colors,   yellow  appears    tc   be   the 
least  important,  and  the  least  used. 
It  is  a  predominating  color  in  a 
few  of  the  degrees  of  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  rite.     It  was  a  signi- 
ficant symbol  of  the  sun,  of  tho 
goodness  of  God,  of  initiation  or 
marriage,  faith,  or  faithfulness.     In 
an  i>  iproper  sense,  yellow  siguifiei 
inconstancy,  jealousy,  and  deceit. 


MAS.  239 

MASON'S  DAUGHTER.  This  degree,  conferred  on  Master 
Masons,  their  wives,  sisters,  and  daughters,  in  some  things 
resembles  the  degree  of  Martha  of  the  American  Adoptive 
rite.  The  Scripture  lesson  of  the  degree  is  selected  from  the 
llth  and  12th  chapters  of  the  Gospel  of  St  John. 

MASTER  OF  CAVALRY.  An  officer  in  a  Council  of  the 
Knights  of  the  Red  Cross,  equivalent  to  the  Senior  War  len 
in  the  Commandery.  His  position  is  in  the  south,  on  the 
right  of  the  first  division  when  separately  formed,  and  on  the 
right  of  the  whole  when  formed  in  line. 

MASTER  OF  CEREMONIES.  An  officer  first  instituted 
at  the  court  of  England,  in  1603,  for  the  more  honorable 
reception  of  Ambassadors  and  persons  of  distinction.  This 
officer  is  found  in  most  of  the  Lodges  in  England  and  on  the 
continent,  and  has  lately  found  a  place  in  the  Lodges  of  the 
United  States.  He  assists  the  Senior  Deacon  when  con- 
ducting the  candidate,  and  performs  the  duties  usually 
belonging  to  the  office  of  Steward. 

MASTER  OF  DISPATCHES.  The  Recorder  of  a  Council 
of  the  Knights  of  the  Red  Cross. 

MASTER  OF  FINANCES.  The  name  of  the  Treasurer 
in  a  Council  of  Red  Cross  Knights. 

MASTER  OF  INFANTRY.  An  officer  known  in  the 
Council  of  the  Knights  of  the  Red  Cross,  equivalent  to  the 
Senior  Deacon  in  a  Lodge,  or  Junior  Warden  in  a  Com- 
mandery. His  station  is  in  the  north,  on  the  right  of  the 
second  division  when  separately  formed,  and  on  the  left  of 
the  whole  when  formed  in  line. 

MASTER  OF  A  LODGE.  The  presiding  officer  of  a 
Lodge  of  Freemasons,  whose  style  is  "Worshipful."  In  the 
whole  series  of  offices  recognized  by  the  Masonic  institution, 
there  is  not  one  more  important  than  that  of  the  Master. 
Upon  the  skill,  integrity  and  prudence  of  the  presiding 
officer,  depend  the  usefulness  and  welfare  of  the  Lodge.  To 
become  the  Master  of  a  Lodge,  with  the  title  "  worthy  and 
well  qualified,"  is  a  legitimate  object  of  ambition  for  every 
young  brother  who  takes  an  interest  in  the  prosperity  of  the 
society.  The  powers  of  the  Master  are  very  great;  far  more 
varied  •  and  positive  than  those  of  any  organization  now  in 
existence.  From  his  decisions  there  can  be  no  appeal  to  the 
Lodge ;  he  is  amenable  for  his  conduct  to  the  Grand  Master 
or  the  Grand  Lodge.  Equally  important  with  the  proper 
qualifications  for  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  Master, 
are  experience,  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  ritual  and 


240  MAS. 

the  parliamentary  rules  of  the  Craft,  the  service  of  ft  full 
term  as  a  Warden,  except  in  the  case  of  a  newly-constituted 
Lodge,  when  there  is  no  Warden  or  Past  Master  to  serve; 
a  legal  election;  a  compliance  with  the  covenants  of  the 
installation  service  and  induction  into  the  oriental  chair. 
The  prerogatives  of  the  Master  of  a  Lodge  are:  1.  To 
congregate  or  assemble  his  Lodge;  2.  To  preside  therein; 
3.  To  fill  temporary  vacancies  in  office;  4.  To  regulate  the 
admission  of  visitors;  5.  To  control  and  terminate  discus- 
sions;  6.  To  determine  all  questions  of  order  and  the  order 
of  business,  without  appeal,  except  to  the  Grand  Lodge  or 
Grand  Master;  7.  To  appoint  all  committees;  8.  To  open 
and  close  the  Lodge;  9.  To  be  the  custodian  of  the  warrant; 
10.  To  order  the  issuing  of  summonses,  and  compel  the 
attendance  of  members;  11.  To  give  the  casting  vote  in 
case  of  a  tie,  in  addition  to  his  own  vote:  12.  To  sign  all 
drafts  upon  the  Treasurer  for  the  payment  of  Lodge  expenses, 
with  the  consent  of  the  Lodge;  13.  To  refuse  to  initiate  a 
candidate,  if,  in  his  judgment,  such  initiation  would  be 
improper;  14.  In  company  with  the  Senior  and  Junior 
Wardens,  to  represent  the  Lodge  at  all  communications 
of  the  Grand  Lodge;  15.  To  appoint  the  Senior  Deacon, 
and  such  other  officers  as  may  be  prescribed  in  the  by-laws 
of  the  Lodge ;  16.  To  install  his  successor  and  assist  in  con- 
ferring the  official  Past  Master's  degree.  His  duties  are — 
to  attend  all  communications  of  the  Lodge;  to  open  the 
Lodge  at  the  time  designated  in  the  by-laws,  and  close  it  at 
a  reasonable  hour;  to  preserve  order  in  the  Lodge;  to  obey, 
enforce  and  defend  the  landmarks,  the  laws  and  edicts  of 
the  Grand  Lodge,  the  orders  of  the  Grand  Master,  and  the 
by-laws  of  the  Lodge ;  to  preserve  the  charter  of  the  Lodge, 
and  transmit  it  to  his  successor;  to  perform  the  ritualistic 
work  of  Masonry,  and  instruct  the  brethren;  to  cause  an 
investigation  into  all  Masonic  offenses  committed  by  the  initi- 
ated candidates,  by  members  of  the  Lodge,  or  by  Masons 
residing  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Lodge;  to  visit  the 
sick,  and  perform  the  Masonic  burial  service  over  the  remains 
of  a  deceased  member  of  the  Lodge;  to  perfect  himself  in 
Ibe  ritual,  laws  and  usages  of  the  order;  to  use  his  best 
Mideavors  to  preserve  and  promote  peace  and  harmony 
iu  the  Lodge,  and,  by  his  Masonic  deportment  in  and  out 
of  tho  Lodge,  be  a  good  example  to  the  brethren.  He  is  ex- 
empt from  discipline  for  his  official  acts,  exctspt  to  the  Grand 
Lodge.  He  cannot  dimit  or  resign  during  his  term  of 
office,  for  if  a  vacancy  should  occur  in  the  office  of  Master,  bv 
death  or  removal  from  the  jurisdiction,  the  Senior  Warden 
assumes,  by  virtue  of  immemorial  practice,  all  the  pre- 


MAS— MAIL  241 

rogatives  and  responsibilities  of  that  officer.  His  jewel  is 
the  square,  because,  as  that  instrument  is  dedicated  to  the 
Master,  and  is  the  proper  Masonic  em- 
blem of  his  office,  it  symbolically  teaches 
him  official  and  individual  responsibili- 
ties, to  regulate  his  actions  by  rule  and 
line,  and  to  harmonize  his  conduct  by 
tie  principles  of  morality  and  virtue, 
BO  that  no  ill-feeling  or  angry  discussions  may  arise  to 
impair  the  harmony  and  good  fellowship  that  should  ever 
distinguish  a  Masonic  Lodge,  for  he 

"Who  wears  the  SQUABE  upon  his  breast, 
Does  in  the  sight  of  GOD  attest, 

And  in  the  face  of  man, 
That  all  his  actions  will  compare 
With  the  Divine,  th'  unerring  square, 

That  squares  great  virtue's  plan." — MORBIS. 

The  jewels,  furniture  and  other  property  of  the  Lodge  are 
in  his  charge,  and  he  has  a  general  control  over  all  its 
affairs. 

MASTER  OF  THE  PALACE.  The  title  of  an  officer  in 
a  Council  of  Red  Cross  Knights.  He  is  the  Captain  General 
in  a  Commandery  of  Knights  Templar. 

MASTERS  OF  THE  VAILS.  In  a  Royal  Arch  Chapter 
three  officers  whose  duties  are  to  guard  the  blue,  purple  and 
scarlet  vails  of  the  tabernacle.  Each  is  armed  with  a  sword, 
and  carries  a  banner  of  a  color  corresponding  with  that  of 
the  vail  before  which  he  is  stationed.  Their  jewel  is  a  sword 
within  a  triangle. 

MAUSOLEUM.  A  general  designation  of  any  superb  and 
stately  sepulchral  monument.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  tomb  erected  at  Halicarnassus  by  Artemisia,  to  the 
memory  of  her  husband  Mausolus, 
king  of  Caria,  B.  c.  353.  It  was  one 
of  the  most  magnificent  monuments 
of  the  kind,  and  was  esteemed  one 
of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world. 
When  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem,  in  1404,  took  possession 
of  the  site  of  Halicarnassus,  then 
occupied  by  a  small  village  called 
Cleesy,  while  excavating  among  the  ruins  for  building 
materials,  they  discovered  a  large  chamber  with  marble 
pilasters,  and  with  richly  inlaid  panels.  The  sarcophagus 
of  the  founder  was  also  discovered;  fragments  of  lions,  dogs, 
etc..  and  a  beautiful  sculpture  of  a  horse,  have  been  found. 


242 


MED. 


Mausoleums  of  rare  beauty  and  strength,  bearing  Masonic 
symbols  and  sentiments  of  fraternal  affection,  have  been 
erected  in  several  parts  of  Europe  and  America. 

MEDAJJS,  MASONIC.  This  term  is  applied  to  pieces  of 
metal,  of  various  forms,  but  generally  similar  to  coins,  not 
intended  for  circulation  as  money,  or  means  of  exchange, 
struck  and  distributed  in  commemoration  of  some  important 
event.  The  study  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  medals 
recognized  by  the  Craft,  especially  those  bearing  emblems 
and  perpetuating  valuable  Masonic  historical  eras  or  events, 
are  indispensable  to  prevent  our  ancient  legends,  traditions 
and  history  from  falling  into  decay  or  passing  into  oblivion. 
So  far  as  our  investigations  have  extended  in  Masonic  medals 
or  numismatics,  there  is  nothing  extant  in  this  department 
earlier  than  the  eighteenth  century.  This  may  be  explained 
from  the  fact  that  before  that  period  the  ancient  or  operative 
form  of  the  institution  existed;  then  Masons  made  their 
medals  of  mighty  blocks  of  stone;  their  symbols  were  wrought 
in  the  ground-plans  of  extensive  and  beautiful  edifices;  their 
marks  were  deeply  cut  upon  the  living  rocks  "  with  an  iron 
pen  and  lead  in  the  rock  forever."  The  first  Masonic  medal 
of  which  we  have  any  account  (an  impression  of  which  will 
be  seen  in  the  accompanying  engraving)  was  struck  about 
A.D.  1733.  Its  history  is  substantially  as  follows:  In  1733  a 
Lodge  was  established  at  Florence,  by  Lord  Charles  Sackville, 
son  of  Lionel  Granville  Sackville,  great  grandson  of  Thomas 
Sackville,  who,  in  1561,  was 
Grand  Master  of  the  Masons 
acknowledging  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Grand  Lodge  at 
York.  This  Lodge  was  not 
founded  by  regular  author- 
ity; certainly  there  was  no 
order  for  it  by  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England,  then  gov- 
erned by  James  Lyon,  Earl 
of  Strathmore.  The  forma- 
tion of  the  Lodge,  however, 
was  the  origin  of  this  medal, 
a  copy  of  which  exists  in  the 
valuable  collection  of  Ma- 
sonic medals  in  possession  of  the  Lodge  Minerva  of  the 
Three  Palms,  at  Leipsic.  The  obverse,  not  given  here,  has 
a  bust  of  Lord  Sackville,  with  the  inscription,  "  Carolvs 
Sackville,  Magister,  Fl."  The  reverse  exhibits  Harpocrates, 
the  god  of  silence,  who,  as  the  son  of  Isis  and  Osiris,  stood 


MASONIC    MEDALS. 


STRUCK  IN  1832. 


STRUCK  IN  1812. 


STBUCK  IN  1811. 


STRUCK  IN  1787. 


STUUCK  IN  1774. 


STRUCK  IN  1774 


STRUCK  IN  1763. 


STRUCK  IN  1774. 


STRUCK  IN  1781. 


MED— MEN.  247 

at  the  entrance  of  most  Egyptian  and  Roman  temples,  in 
his  well-known  attitude,  leaning  upon  a  broken  column,  with 
the  fore-finger  of  his  right  hand,  the  emblem  of  silence, 
upon  his  lips,  and  holding  in  his  left  arm  the  cornucopia, 
filled  with  the  rich  fruits  of  the  earth.  The  cubic  block, 
around  which  are  grouped  the  stone-hammer,  the  compas  ses, 
the  square,  the  level,  the  chisel,  the  plumb  and  mallet,  is  at 
his  feet.  The  thyrsus,  staff  and  the  serpent,  rest  behind 
him.  The  motto  is  Ab  Origins,  "  from  the  beginning."  An 
immensely  large  number  of  Masonic  medals  have  been 
struck,  for  as  many  memorable  occasions,  during  the  past 
century;  a  brief  notice  of  which  would  be  very  far  beyond 
our  limits  to  give.  Medals  are  frequently  given  to  brothers 
as  a  reward  for  efficient  official  services  and  distinguished 
Masonic  virtues. 

MEDITERRANEAN  PASS.  An  honorary  or  side  degree 
conferred  on  Royal  Arch  Masons.  Its  legend  and  ritual  are 
identical  with  the  more  imposing  and  interesting  degree  of 
the  Knight  of  the  Mediterranean  Pass,  from  which  this  ia 
supposed  to  be  extracted. 

MELCHIZEDEK.  Pontiff-king  of  Salem,  and  prototype 
of  Christ.  The  name  and  his  history  are  referred  to  in  the 
Order  of  the  High-Priesthood;  also,  in  the  5th  degree  of  the 
Asiatic  Brothers,  and  in  the  Order  of  the  Illuininati. 

MELEK-MELOCHIM.  King  of  Kings.  A  sacred  word  in 
several  of  the  higher  degrees  of  the  French  rite. 

MELITA.  The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Island  of  Malta; 
referred  to  in  the  Order  of  the  Knights  of  Malta. 

MEMPHIS,  RITE  OF.  Sometimes  called  the  Oriental  rite. 
A  modification  of  the  rite  of  Misraim,  organized  in  Paris,  iii 
1839,  by  Messieurs  Marconis  and  Mouttet.  It  afterward 
extended  to  Brussels  and  Marseilles,  thence  to  New  York. 
It  was  composed  of  90  working  and  6  official  degrees.  For 
a  time  it  excited  some  interest  in  Paris,  and  then  fell  into 
obscurity  until  1860,  when  it  was  reorganized,  the  9(>  degrees 
reduced  to  30,  and  then  merged  into  the  Grand  Orient  of 
France,  where  it  is  permitted  to  slumber.  It  may  now  bo 
regarded  as  extinct. 

MENATZCHIM,  COUXCIL  OF.  The  principal  degree  in  the 
French  rite  of  the  "VIEILLE  BRU"  was  called  by  this  name. 
The  word  is  Hebrew,  and  means  consoler,  or  comforter 
The  overseers  at  the  building  of  the  Temple  were  called 
Menatzchim. 


348  MEN— MIS. 

MENU,  INSTITUTES  OF.  The  name  given  to  tne  n.ost  cele- 
brated code  of  Indian  civil  and  religious  law;  so  called  from 
Menu,  Menou,  or  Manu,  the  son  of  Brahma,  by  whom  it  is 
supposed  to  have  been  revealed.  The  Hindoos,  themselves, 
ascribe  to  this  system  the  highest  antiquity;  and  many  of 
the  most  learned  Europeans  are  of  opinion  that  of  all  known 
works  there  is  none  which  carries  with  it  more  convincing 
proofs  of  high  antiquity  and  perfect  integrity.  Sir  W.  Jones 
assigns  the  date  of  its  origin  somewhere  between  Homer 
and  the  Twelve  Tables  of  the  Romans;  and  Schlegel  asserts 
it  as  his  belief  that  it  was  seen  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  a 
state  not  materially  different  from  that  in  which  we  possess 
it.  The  Institutes  of  Menu  are  of  a  most  comprehensive 
nature:  they  embrace  all  that  relates  to  human  life;  the 
history  of  the  creation  of  the  world  and  man;  the  nature  of 
God  and  spirits;  and  a  complete  system  of  morals,  govern- 
ment and  religion. 

MESMERIAN  MASONRY.  A  name  applied  to  a  Masonic 
rite  invented  by  some  of  the  disciples  of  Mesmer,  A.  D.  1784. 

MINUTES.  Records  of  the  transactions  at  each  meeting 
of  the  Lodge.  These  proceedings — that  is,  all  which  it  is 
lawful  to  write — should  be  carefully  entered  on  the  records, 
and  at  the  opening  of  the  next  meeting,  read  to  the  brethren, 
that  errors,  if  any,  may  be  corrected. 

MISCHCHAN,  MISCHPHERETH,  MISCHTAR.  Hebrew  terms, 
signifying  Tabernacle,  Most  Powerful,  and  Fountain,  used  as 
sacred  words,  in  several  of  the  high  degrees  of  the  French 
rite. 

MISRAIM,  RITE  OF.  This  rite  was  introduced  into  France 
near  the  commencement  of  the  present  century.  It  made 
considerable  progress,  and,  in  1817,  application  was  made  on 
fche  part  of  its  friends,  to  the  Grand  Orient,  to  accept  it  as  a 
legitimate  branch  of  Masonry.  The  application  was  denied, 
partly  on  the  ground  that  the  antiquity  of  the  rite  had  not 
been  proved,  and  partly  because  of  the  90-  degrees  which  its 
ritual  comprised  68  were  already  included  in  the  French 
system.  The  rite  of  Misraim  is  interesting  and  instructive, 
but  many  of  its  degrees  are  too  abstruse  to  be  popular.  The 
initiation  is  a  reproduction  of  the  ancient  rite  of  Isis,  and 
represents  the  contests  of  Osiris  and  Typhon,  the  death, 
resurrection,  and  triumph  of  the  former,  and  the  destruction 
of  the  latter.  There  are  90  degrees,  divided  into  four  series 
—symbolic,  philosophical,  mystical  and  cabalistic,  and  aga.n 
divided  into  seventeen  cla.'Ses. 


MIT.  -249 

The  traditions  of  this  system  are  full  of  anachronisms, 
historical  events  and  characters,  separated  by  hundreds  of 
years,  being  made  to  figure  ou  the  same  scone,  at  the  same 
time.  The  work  entitled  "  De  t'Ordre  Maqonnique  de  Misraun," 
published  at  Paris,  in  1835,  by  Mons.  Marc  Bedarride,  pur- 
porting to  give  the  history  of  the  Order,  is  a  mere  romance, 
and  full  of  puerilities.  Nevertheless,  many  of  the  degrees 
are  highly  interesting  and  instructive. 

MITHKA,  MYSTERIES  OF.  The  Sun-God  in  the  ancient  Zeud 
religion,  and  mediator  between  Ormuzd,  the  god  of  light,  and 
Ahriman,  the  god  of  darkness,  through  whom  the  latter  with 
his  kingdom  of  evil  will  be  destroyed,  and  the  former  will 
establish  his  empire  of  light  and  happiness  throughout  the 
universe.  His  symbols  are  the  sun — type  of  truth  and 
justice — on  his  head;  the  mace — emblem  of  power — in  his 
hand,  or  the  sacrificing  dagger,  and  the  bull  of  the  world,  on 
whose  back  he  lies.  The  mysteries  of  Mithra  were  dramatic 
and  scenic  illustrations  of  the  Persian  religion,  and  were 
divided  into  seven  degrees.  The  principal  dogmas,  as  revised 
by  Zoroaster,  are  as  follows:  From  the  beginning  there  have 
existed  two  beings,  Ormuzd  and  Ahriman,  the  principles  of  the 
universe.  Ormuzd  is  pure  eternal  light,  the  spirit  of  beauty 
and  love,  and  original  source  of  all  perfection.  Ahriman  was 
also  originally  of  the  light,  and  so  far  good;  but  as  he  envied 
the  light  of  Ornmzd  he  obscured  his  own,  became  an  enemy 
to  Ormuzd  and  the  father  of  evil,  and  of  all  evil  beings  who 
joined  him  in  a  contest  with  the  good.  Ormuzd  and  Ahrimnu 
performed  the  work  of  creation  at  different  epochs,  and 
brought  into  existence  various  species  of  beings.  Ormuzd 
created  th  e  community  of  good  spirits;  first  six  immortal 
spirits  of  light;  then  twenty-eight  subordinate  spirits,  repre- 
sentatives of  the  months  and  days;  and,  at  last,  a  multitude 
of  human  souls.  Ahriman  produced  a  number  of  bad  spirits, 
six  arch-devs,  spirits  of  darkness,  and  innumerable  devs  of 
lower  rank.  The  good  dwell  with  Ormuzd  in  light.  Ahrimau 
lives  with  his  creatures  in  the  kingdom  of  darkness.  3,000 
years  Ormuzd  ruled  alone;  after  which  he  created  material 
beings,  in  their  various  degrees;  at  last  man,  and  after  the 
labor  celebrated  the  first  festival  of  creation  with  the  good 
spirits.  Again  he  ruled  in  this  world  of  innocence  and 
happiness  3,000  years.  In  the  next  period  of  equal  length 
begins  the  contest  between  light  and  darkness,  Ormuzd  and 
Ahriman,  who  in  a  continual  struggle  divide  the  dominion  of 
the  world.  The  following  3,000  years  extend  and  confirm 
the  power  of  Ahriman;  afterward  his  power  declines;  the  dcrx 
sink  to  nothing;  their  former  prince,  through  the  influence 
of  Mithra,  the  mediator,  does  homage  to  Ormuzd,  and  the 


J50 


MIT— MON. 


empire  of  darkness  and  vice  disappears.  The  dead  arise, 
and  all  darkness,  sin,  and  misery  are  ended  forever.  The 
initiation  into  the  mysteries  of  Mithra  :md  the  entire  cere- 
monial of  the  seven  degrees  were  symbolical  representations 
of  the  everlasting  struggle  between  g  >od  and  evil,  their 
alternate  triumph  and  defeat,  until  at  last  evil  is  overwhelmed 
in  a  final  overthrow,  and  the  splendor  of  truth  tills,  and  tho 
songs  of  triumphant  virtue  resound  through,  all  worlds. 
Tho  rites  of  Mithra  seem  to  combine  some  of  the  features 
of  the  Indian,  Egyptian,  and  Cabiriaii  mysteries.  They  were 
widely  extended  through  Asia  and  Europe,  and  it  is  said 
that  traces  of  the  worship  of  Mithra  are  found  at  the  present 
time  iu  those  parts  of  Germany  that  were  anciently  under 
the  dominion  of  the  Romans. 

MITRE:  The  sacred  covering  for  the  head  of  the  Jewish 
High-Priest.  It  was  made  of  fine  linen  or  silk  of  a  blue 
color,  wrapped  in  several  folds,  in  the  manner  of  a  Turkish 
turban.  In  front  and  around 
the  base  of  the  mitre,  as  a 
band,  secured  with  blue 
ribbon,  was  a  plate  of  pure 
gold,  called  the  "  plate  of  the 
holy  crown  of  pure  gold," 
upon  which  is  inscribed 
"  HOLINESS  TO  THE  LORD." 
This  important  vestment 
was  worn  by  the  High-Priest 
on  occasions  of  solemn  and 
imposing  services  only.  This 
is  the  proper  form  of  the 
mitre  which  sLould  be  worn 
by  the  High-Priest  in  a 
Royal  Arch  Chapter  when  officiating  in  the  ceremonies  of  the 
Royal  Arch  degree,  and  when  dressed  in  the  other  appro- 
priate priestly  garments. 

MONITOR.  A  name  given  to  books  which  contain  the 
charges,  regulations,  emblems,  and  exoteric  ceremonies  of 
Freemasonry.  Numerous  works  of  this  character  have  been 
published,  some  of  them  very  valuable;  works  arranged  on 
Ahe  principle  that  "the  initiated  know  what  is  meant,'''  which, 
by  ingenious  methods  of  suggestions,  places  before  the  mind 
of  the  intelligent  Mason  the  whole  ritual  of  the  order,  with 
its  profound  and  varied  meanings,  while  it  reveals  nothing 
to  the  profane. 

MONUMENTS,  SEPUTCHRAL  AND  MASONIC.  An  emblem 
erected  over  the  grave,  to  mark  the  resting-place  and  per- 


MON. 


25J 


petuate  the  memory  of  the  dead.  In  the  earliest  ages  and 
among  the  eastern  nations,  it  was  the  practice  to  place  the 
remains  of  the  dead  in  excavated  sepulchres,  with  monu- 
mental structures  over  them.  Egypt,  Palestine,  Greece, 
Persia  and  Rome  abounded  with  monuments  of  this  char- 
acter. In  Egypt  the  monarch's  burial-place  began  to  be 
excavated  as  soon  as  he  ascended  the  throne,  and  the 
excavation  and  decoration  went  on  year  by  year  until  the 

i/  •/     •/ 

king's  death,  when  it  was  suddenly  broken  off,  the  torn); 
Ihus  becoming  an  index  both  of  the  king's  magnificence  and 


ol  lae  length  of  his  reign.  Masonic  monuments,  as  memorials 
of  fraternal  affection,  and  rewards  of  well-merited  honor 
are  often  erected  over  the  remains  of  the  illustrious  dead, 
with  appropriate  hieroglyphic  symbols,  or  the  following 
emblematic  legend  delineated  thereon :  A  virgin  weeping 
over  a  broken  column,  with  the  book  open  before  her;  in  her 
right  hand  a  sprig  of  acacia,  in  her  left  an  urn;  Time  is 
behind  her  with  his  hands  enfolded  in  tho  ringlets  of  her 


5/52  .dOP— MOS. 

hair.  The  weeping  virgin  symbolizes  the  unfinished  state  of 
the  temple ;  the  broken  column,  that  one  of  the  principal 
supporters  of  Masonry  has  fallen;  the  open  book  implies 
that  his  memory  is  recorded  in  every  Mason's  heart;  the 
sprig  of  acacia  refers  to  the  discovery  of  his  remains;  the 
urn  shows  that  his  ashes  have  been  carefully  collected,  and 
Time  behind  her  implies  that  we  are  rapidly  passing  from 
life  to  a  blessed  immortality. 

MOPSES.  From  the  German  mops,  a  young  mastiff.  It  is 
intended  to  indicate  the  mutual  fidelity  and  attachment  of 
the  brethren — those  virtues  being  characteristic  of  the  noble 
animal.  This  order  originated  in  the  following  manner:  Pope 
Clement  XII.  having  issued  a  bull  against  the  Freemasons 
in  1738,  the  people  were  alarmed,  and  hesitating  to  join  a 
society  which  had  been  thus  proscribed,  formed  another  on 
the  same  principle,  which  would  afford  them  equal  gratifica- 
tion, without  subjecting  them  to  the  thunders  of  the  Vatican. 
Freemasonry  was  the  model,  with  pretensions  of  devotion 
to  the  papal  hierarchy,  and  thus,  under  the  assumed  appel- 
lation, they  evaded  the  papal  denunciation.  Some  of  the 
most  illustrious  personages  in  Germany  countenanced  and 
extended  their  patronage  to  the  scheme;  many  of  the  princes 
of  the  empire  became  its  Grand  Masters.  In  1776  this  or- 
ganization assumed  an  androgynous  character,  and  admitted 
females  to  its  ceremonies  and  offices.  The  ceremonies  of 
this  order  were  highly  interesting.  It  had  forms  of  initiation, 
signs,  pass-words  and  tokens,  and  other  marks  of  recogni- 
t  tion;  and  the  symbols  admitted  of  an  intellectual  and  moral 
explanation. 

MORNING  STAR,  KNIGHT  OF.  This  degree  is  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  Kadosh,  according  to  the  nomenclature  of 
Fustier,  which  is  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  "  Lodge  of 
the  Philosophical  rite." 

MOSAIC  WORK.  The  Mosaic  pavement,  so  frequently 
alluded  to  in  the  rituals  of  the  order  as  the  ornaments  of  a 
Lodge,  are  the  productions  of  artistic  designs,  by  setting 
small  and  variously  shaped  stones,  glass  or  wood  of  different 
colors,  so  as  to  give  the  effect  of  painting.  The  floor  of  the 
tabernacle  and  the  pavement  of  Solomon's  temple  were  thus 
ornamented.  Mosaic  or  tesselated  pavements  were  common 
among  the  ancients;  the  Egyptians,  the  Greeks  and  espe- 
cially the  Romans  most  ingeniously  decorated  the  floors  and 
walls  of  their  temples  in  this  manner.  In  commemoration 
of  the  flooring  of  the  temple  and  tabernacle,  the  Mosaic 
pavement  is  always  preserved  as  an  ornament  of  the  Masonic 
Lodge,  with  the  blazing  star  in  the  center,  and  the  beautiful 


MOS. 


25S 


H  IMSTnlSlSJ  E  raiMolBl  51  i  B 


tesselated  border*  surrounding  the  whole,  as  a  symbol  of 
the  manifold  blessings  and  comforts  which  constantly  sur- 
round us.  The  Mosaic  pavement  of  a  Lodge  is  placed  there 
as  an  emblem  of  the  vicissitudes  of  human  life;  that  how- 
ever prosperity  may  favor  us  with  smiles  to-day,  it  is 
uncertain  how  long  it  will  continue  to  bless  us.  Adversity 
may  come  when  we  least  expect  it,  and  penury  and  distress 
may  follow  joy  and  pleasure.  The  latter  period  of  life  may 
be  subjected  to  want  and  misery,  when  we  are  most  unfit  to 
encounter  it;  and  instead  of  resting  in  peace  after  a  long 
and  troublesome  journey,  we  may  be  compelled  again  to 
encounter  the  burden  and  heat  of  the  day. 

MOSQUE  OF  OMAR,  OR  THE  NOBLE  SANCTUARY.  This 
splendid  edifice  on  Mount  Moriah,  covers  a  portion  of  the 

*  The  indented  tessel  is  a  border  of  stones,  of  various  colors,  around 
the  pavement.  Tessel,  from  the  Latin  tessela,  means  a  small  square 
stone,  and  to  indent  is  to  cut  or  notch  a  margin  into  inequalities  resem- 
bling teeth,  a  tesseb.ted  border  is,  therefore,  a  notched  border  oi 
variegated  colors.  A  limited  numbei  of  samples  of  Mosaic  ^voik  is 
represented  in  the  above  engraving. 


254 


MOS. 


space  once  occupied  by  the  more  brilliant  Temple  of  Solomon. 
It  is  believed  to  have  been  commenced  by  the  Caliph  Omar, 
the  first  of  that  name,  and  father-in-law  of  Mahomet, 
between  the  years  638  and  644,  and  very  much  enlarged, 
beautified  and  enriched,  in  fact,  quite  rebuilt  by  the  Caliph 
Abd-el  Melek,  in  686.  It  was  seven  years  in  building:  the 
Moslems  believe  it  to  stand  over  the  rock  on  which  Jacob 


INTERIOR  VIEW   OF  THE   MOSQUE  OF   OMAB. 


was  sleeping  when  he  saw  the  vision  of  the  heavenly  ladder, 
but  it  is  still  more  sacred  to  them,  as  to  us,  from  having  been 
the  sacred  rock  beneath  the  altar  of  Solomon's  Temple, 
whereon  the  daily  sacrifice  was  offered.  During  the  time  ol 
the  Latin  kingdom  in  Jerusalem  this  mosque  became  a 
Christian  cathedral,  where  the  service  was  daily  sung  and  an 
altar  erected  on  the  summit  of  the  rock.  The  building  waa 
called  by  the  Crusaders  the  "Temple  of  the  Lord."  The 
fanciful  and  intricate  patterns  of  the  porcelain  walls  of  the 


MOW.  255 

mosque,  the  graceful  letters  of  the  inscription  round  it,  and 
the  tracery  of  the  windows  are  still  more  beautiful  en  a 
closer  inspection —nothing  can  be  more  perfect  of  their 
kind,  or  more  peculiarly  charming  than  the  harmony  of  the 
colors;  the  windows  are  filled  with  stained  glass  of  the  very 
richest  and  most  brilliant  colors,  that  even  the  palmiest  days 
of  the  medieval  ages  could  produce  in  Europe.  Two  rows 
of  columns  encircle  the  center,  forming  a  double  corridor, 
and  support  the  clerestory  and  the"  dome:  these  columns 
have  evidently  belonged  to  some  other  building — their  capi- 
tals are  mostly  of  acanthus  leaves.  The  rock  itself  is 
enclosed  in  a  metal  screen  of  lattice  work  about  six  feet 
high,  and  to  it,  we  are  told  by.  the  Bordeaux  Pilgrim,  in  3315, 
the  Jews  came  every  year,  anointing  the  stone  with  oil, 
wailing  and  rending  their  garments,  thus  proving  its  authen- 
ticity in  their  minds;  it  had  been  for  many  years  polluted  by 
an  equestrian  statue  of  the  Emperor  Adrian  elevated  on  the 
very  rock  itself.  The  Bordeaux  Pilgrim  specially  mentions 
that  this  rock  adored  by  the  Jews  was  pierced:  below  it  is  the 
"  noble  cave"  spoken  of  in  the  Mishna,  into  which  the  blood, 
etc.,  from  the  altar  drained,  and  descended  thence  by  a  con- 
duit into  the  valley  of  Siloam,  the  gardens  of  which  were 
enriched  by  this  drainage.* 

*Dr.  JAMES  T.  BARCLAY,  for  many  years  a  resident  missionary  in 
Jerusalem,  and  favorably  known  in  Europe  and  this  country,  for  the 
valuable  discoveries  he  has  made  in  the  temple  enclosure,  to  which  he 
was  admitted  by  special  firman,  gives  the  following  description  of  the 
Mosque  of  Omar,  in  his  invaluable  work,  "THE  CITY  OF  THE  GREAT 
KINXJ:"  "The  superb  edifice  called  by  Moslems  Kubbet  es-Sakhrah 
(Dome  of  the  Rock),  and  by  Franks  the  Mosk  of  Omar,  is  situated 
rather  below  the  middle  of  the  platform— being  nearest  to  the  western 
side,  and  farthest  from  the  northern.  The  lower  story,  or  main  body  of 
the  building,  is  a  true  octagon,  of  sixty-seven  feet  on  a  side;  but  the 
central  and  elevated  portion  is  circular.  A  more  graceful  and  symmetrical 
dome  than  that  which  covers  the  building  is  perhaps  nowhere  to  be 
found;  and  the  lofty  bronze  crescent  that  surmounts  the  whole  gives  a 
pleasing  architectural  finish.  *****  Immediately  beneath  the  center 
of  the  dome  is  the  venerated  rock  about  which  so  much  has  been  written. 
In  the  estimation  of  the  Jew,  this  is  by  far  the  most  hallowed  spot  on 
earth;  for,  according  to  the  Rabbins,  this  is  the  identical  rock  upon 
which  Jacob  pillowed  his  head,  and  set  it  up  for  a  pillar  and  poured  oil 
upon  the  top  of  it;  and  he  called  the  name  of  that  place  Bethel — House 
of  God.  It  is  the  general  belief,  also,  that  it  is  the  threshing  lloor  of 
Arauuah  the  Jebusite— the  spot  where  the  faith  of  Abraham  was  so 
sorely  tried  in  his  determined  obedience  to  God  to  offer  up  Isaac;  and 
the  site  of  the  Holy  of  Holies  of  the  temple — which  glowed  beneath  the 
divine  manifestation  of  Deity  in  the  Shekinah.  *****  When  the 
rock  was  brought  to  light  by  Omar,  it  was  exhumed  beneath  an  immense 
mound  of  rubbish  and  dirt.  But  it  had  previously  been  crowned  by 
Hadrian's  splendid  Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus.  The  present  noble 
structure  over  ancl  around  it  is  undoubtedly  the  work  of  the  munificent 
/Jhaliff  Abd-el  Melek,  though  often  supposed  to  be  a  Christian  edifice. 
*  *  *  *  "  There  are  various  recesses  cut  in  the  rock,  b<  th  above  and 


256  MOS— MUS. 

MOST  EXCELLENT.  The  honorary  title  of  the  High- 
Priest  of  a  Chapter  of  Royal  Arch  Masons. 

MOST  EXCELLENT  MASTER.  The  title  of  the  Oth 
degree  of  Masonry.  It  illustrates  the  dedication  of  the 
Temple  by  Solomon. 

MOST  WORSHIPFUL.  The  title  of  the  presiding  officer 
of  a  Grand  Lodge,  and  sometimes  applied  to  the  body. 

MUSIC.  A  combination  or  succession  of  sounds,  so 
arranged  as  to  please  the  ear.*  The  pleasure  derived  from 
music  arises  from  its  exciting  agreeable  sensations,  and 
raising  pleasing  mental  images  and  emotions.  Apart  from 
words,  it  expresses  passion  and  sentiment,  and  linked  to 
words,  it  loses  its  vagueness  and  becomes  a  beautiful  illus- 
tration of  language.  This  science  is  truly  congenial  to  the 

below,  indicating  the  spots  where  Abraham,  Elijah.  David,  Solomon 
and  other  renowned  Hebrews  were  in  the  habit  of  praying;  and  a  prayer 
offered  there,  even  by  us  infidels,  as  all  Christians  are  termed,  they  say,  must 
be  effectual.  *  *  *  *  *  The  Moslem  tradition  concerning  the  Sakhrah  is 
thai  fell  it  from  heaven  about  the  time  that  the  spirit  of  prophecy  was 
imparted.  This  holy  stone,  they  say,  wished  to  accompany  the  prophet 
in  his  nocturnal  flight  to  heaven,  and  actually  started;  but  in  response. 
to  the  great  prophet's  prayers,  the  angel  Gabriel  was  dispatched  to 
stay  its  flight;  and  so  firm  was  the  grasp  by  which  it  was  retained,  that 
the  impression  of  the  angel's  hands  are  to  be  seen  there  to  this  day. 
They  allege  also  that  the  mosk  contains  the  scales  for  weighing  the  souls 
of  men,  the  shield  ot  Mahommed,  the  birds  of  Solomon,  the  pomegranates 
of  David,  the  saddle  of  el-Borak,  and  an  original  copy  of  the  Khoran, 
the  parchment  leaves  of  which  are  four  feet  long.  A  well  of  soul- 
refreshing  water  is  also  alleged  to  exist  there.  A  green  slab  of  marble 
is  also  shown,  formerly  nailed  down  by  eighteen  silver  nails,  three  oi 
which  still  remain.  This,  it  seems,  is  a  kind  of  chronological  table;  a 
nail  having  been  withdrawn  for  each  grand  epoch  in  their  history,  and 
when  the  last  nail  takes  its  flight,  the  consummation  of  all  things  will 
occur.  Such  are  a  few  of  their  legends  concerning  the  marvelous  rock. 
They  serve,  at  least,  to  exhibit  the  puerility  of  Moslem  ideas,  and  the 
strength  of  their  credulity." 

*  Lucretius  ascribes  the  invention  of  music  to  the  whistling  of  the 
winds  in  hollow  reeds.  Franckinus,  to  the  various  sounds  produced  by 
the  hammers  of  Tubal  Cain.  Cameleon  Poutique  and  others  to  the 
singing  of  birds;  and  Zarlino  to  the  sound  of  rushing  waters.  It  is, 
however,  agreed  that  music  was  first  reduced  to  rules  by  Jubal,  sixth  in 
descent  from  Cain,  who  was  "the  father  of  all  such  as  handle  the  harp  and 
organ"  (B.  c.  1800).  The  flute,  and  harmony  and  concord  in  music  were 
invented  by  Hyagnis,  B.  c.  150G.  Vocal  choruses  of  men  are  tirst  men- 
tioned B.C.  556.  Pythagoras  maintained  that  the  motions  of  the  twelve 
spheres  must  produce  delightful  sounds  inaudible  to  mortal  ears,  which 
he  called  "the  music  of  the  spheres."  St.  Cecilia,  a  Roman  lady,  is 
said  to  have  excelled  so  eminently  in  music  that  an  angel  was  enticed 
from  the  celestial  regions  by  the  fascinating  charms  of  her  melody;  and 
from  this  tradition  she  has  been  esteemed  *s  the  patroness  of  music  and 
mufriciaiiR. 


MUS— MYS.  257 

nature  of  man;  for  by  its  powerful  charms  the  most  dis- 
cordant passions  may  be  harmonized,  and  brought  into 
unison;  but  it  never  sounds  with  such  seraphic  harmony  as 
when  employed  in  singing  hymns  of  gratitude  to  the  Creator 
of  the  universe.  In  praise  of  this  science  the  great  poet  of 
nature  says, 

"The  man  that  hath  no  music  in  himself, 
Nor  is  not  mov'd  with  concord  ot  sweet  sounds, 
Is  fit  for  treasons,  stratagems,  and  spoils; 
The  motions  of  his  spirit  are  dull  as  night, 
And  his  affections  dark  as  Erebus: 
Let  no  such  man  be  trusted." 

MUSTARD  SEED,  ORDER  OF.  .This  order  was  founded  by 
Count  Zinnendorf  in  1739,  under  the  title  of  'Die  Association 
of  Moravian  Brothers  of  the  Order  of  Religious  Freemasons, 
afterward  styled  The  Order  of  the  Grain  of  Mustard  Seed. 
It  belongs  to  the  department  of  mystic  Masonry.  The  rite 
is  drawn  from  the  parable  of  the  mustard  seed  (Mark  rv.), 
where  Jesus  compares  the  kingdom  of  God  to  a  grain  of 
mustard  seed,  which,  though  the  smallest  of  all  seeds,  sends 
forth  so  great  branches  that  the  birds  of  heaven  may  repose 
under  its  shadow.  It  had  two  mottoes — one  engraved  on 
a  ring,  "  No  one  of  us  lives  for  himself;"  and  the  other, 
"What  was  it  before?  nothing,"  was  engraved  on  a  cross  of 
gold,  which  the  members  wore  as  the  jewel  of  the  order, 
suspended  from  a  green  watered  ribbon. 

MYSTAGOGUE.  In  the  Eleusinian  mysteries,  the  official 
who  introduced  the  candidates  for  initiation,  showed  the 
interior  of  the  temple,  and  explained  the  doctrines,  bore  this 
name.  Hence  any  one  who  deals  in  mysteries  is  called 
Mystagogue. 

MYSTERIES.  Since  the  establishment  of  the  Christian 
church  among  all  civilized  nations  the  moral  and  religious 
instruction  of  the  people  has  been  confided  to  its  care.  The 
church,  although  one,  yet  among  different  nations  exists  in  a 
great  variety  of  forms — forms  adapted  to  the  peculiar  wants 
and  genius  of  the  people  whose  improvement  it  seeks  to  ad- 
vance. Previous  to  the  advent  of  the  church  this  great  work 
was  accomplished  among  the  civilized  nations  of  antiquity 
by  organizations  which  are  designated  under  the  general 
name  of  MYSTERIES.  It  appeal's  that  all  the  perfection  of 
civilization,  and  all  the  advancement  made  in  philosophy, 
science,  and  art  among  the  ancients  are  due  to  those  insti- 
tutions which,  under  the  vail  of  mystery,  sought  to  illustrate 
the  sublimest  truths  of  religion,  morality  and  virtue,  and 
impreoa  them  on  the  hearts  of  their  disciples.  Although 
22 


258  MYS. 

history  speaks  of  several  institutions  of  the  kind,  as  the 
Eleusinian  mysteries,  the  mysteries  of  Mithra,  etc.,  jet  all 
had  a  common  origin,  and  a  like  purpose,  and  never  exhibited 
a  greater  variety  of  forms  than  the  Christian  church.  The 
principal  of  these  mysteries  are:  1.  The  Indian  Mysteries; 
2.  The  Egyptian;  3.  The  Orphic;  4.  The  Cabirian;  5.  The 
Phrygian  or  Samothracian;  6.  The  Eleusinia;  7.  The  Sidonian 
or  Dionysian;  8.  Pythagorean.*  The  civilization,  arid 

the  social  institutions  of  India,  Egypt,  Greece,  and  Syria,  and 
the  degree  of  enlightenment  in  religion,  morality,  and  science, 
to  which  they  attain  can  be  traced  directly  to  the  salutary 
influence  of  the  Mysteries.     From  the  foregoing  it  will  be 
seen  that — to  a  certain  degree  following  the  opinion  of  many 
of  the  early  Christian  fathers — they  realized  the  idea  of  a 
church.     As  none  but  the  just  and  virtuous  were  eligible  to 
membership,  the  initiated  were — at  least  were  reported  to 
be — the  wisest  and  best  of  all  countries,  and  constituted  the 
ancient  Pagan  Ecclesia — if  one  may  so  speak — the  church, 
or  assembly  of  the  wise  and  good;    a   body   competent   to 
teach  and  enforce  the  everlasting  truths  of  religion.     Their 
chief  object  was  to  teach  the  doctrine  of  one  God,  the  resur- 
rection of  man  to  eternal  life,  the  dignity  of  the  human  soul, 
and  to  lead  the  people  to  see  the  shadow  of  the  deity,  in  the 
beauty,  magnificence,  and  splendor  of  the  universe.     By  the 
most  solemn  and  impressive  ceremonies  they  led  the  minds 
of  the  neophytes  to  meditate  serioiisly  the  great  problems 
of  human   duty  and  destiny;  imbued   them  with   a  living 
sense  of  the  vanity  and  brevity  of  life,  and  of  the  certainty 
of  a  future  state  of  retribution ;  set  forth  in  marked  contrast 
the  beauty  of  virtue  and  truth,  and  the  deep  bitterness  and 
tormenting  darkness  of  vice   and   error;   and   enjoined  on 
them,  by  the   most  binding   obligations,  charity,  brotherly 
love,  and  inflexible  honor,  as  the  greatest  of  all  duties,  the 
most  beneficent  to  the  world,  and  the  most  pleasing  to  the 
gods.     They   also,  by  these    rites — rites    magnificent    and 
impressive,  and  startling,  by  sudden  transitions  and  striking 
contrasts — rites    commencing    in   gloom   and    sorrow,  and 
ending  in  light  and  joy,  dimly  shadowed  forth  the  passage  ol 
man  from  barbarism  to  civilization,  from  ignorance  to  science, 
and   his   constant    progress   onward   and   upward  through 
the  ages,  to  still  sublimer  elevations.     The  trembling  and 
helpless  neophyte,  environed  with  terror  and  gloom,  and 
pursuing  his  uncertain  and  difficult  way  through  the  mystic 
journey  of  initiation,  which  terminated  in  light  and  confi- 
dence, was  a  type  or  representative  of  humanity  marching 
upward  from  the  gloom  and  darkness  of  the  primitive  state 

*  See  articles  on  the  above  under  their  proper  heads. 


MYS.  259 

jf  barbarism,  to  a  high  degree  of  enlightenment,  of  social 
refinement  and  perfection.  The  mystic  ceremony  was, 
therefore,  emblematical  of  the  progressive  development  of 
man,  and  was  intended  as  an  aid  to  that  development.  The 
initiatory  rituals  of  Orpheus,  of  the  Cabiri,  and  of  Isis,  typi- 
fying thus  the  development  of  man  and  the  progress  of  society, 
were  in  a  sense  prophetic  announcements  of  a  golden  age  to 
come — a  more  perfect  state,  where  virtue,  triumphant  over 
vice,  and  truth,  victorious  over  error,  would  be  installed  on 
the  throne  of  the  world,  and  direct  all  human  actions  and  rela- 
tions. The  idea  which  these  rites  presented  of  future  retribu- 
tion is  not  in  harmony  with  modern  opinions,  at  least  so  far 
as  most  of  our  Protestant  communions  are  concerned.  All 
the  ancient  systems  of  religion  and  philosophy  held  that  all 
punishment  was  purgatorial* — a  means  of  purification — and 
consequently  finite  and  limited  in  its  character  and  duration, 
and  was  graduated  according  to  the  degree  of  moral  turpi- 
tude attached  to  each  offense.  Hence,  in  the  initiation,  the 
neophyte  represented  the  progress  of  the  soul  through  the 
various  stages  of  discipline,  upward  from  the  receptacles  of 
sorrow  to  Elysian  beatitude  and  purity.  In  all  these  rites, 
indeed,  the  idea  seemed  to  prevail  that  man,  society, 
humanity,  could  be  perfected  only  by  the  ministry  of  gloom 
and  suffering.  The  soul's  exaltation,  and  highest  good  and 
truest  repose,  were  to  be  approached  only  by  the  way  of  tears, 
and  sacrifice,  and  toil.  Those  mystic  dramas  symbolized  the 
profoundest  mysteries  of  the  soul — the  deepest  experiences 
of  the  human  heart.  They  taught  that  through  darkness 
and  difficulty,  in  the  midst  of  obstacles  and  opposition,  man 
should  ever  struggle  upward  and  onward — onward  from  the 
shadowy  vale  of  doubt,  and  fear,  and  perplexity,  to  the 
golden  Orient,  whence  comes  the  light  of  eternal  truth ! 
Some  writers  have  contended  that  the  mysteries,  and, 
indeed,  all  the  myths  of  antiquity,  have  no  reference  whatever 
to  religious  ideas,  or  to  a  spiritual  sphere,  but  are  merely 
allegorical  representations  of  the  phenomena  of  the  physical 
world.  Dupuisf  explains  all  the  mysteries  in  this  way,  and 
carries  his  theory  so  far  as  finally  to  assert  that  Christ  is 
only  an  astronomical  sign,  and  that  the  mystical  woman  oi 
the  Revelations,  whom  St.  John  describes  as  "  clothed^  with 
the  sim,  and  the  moon  Tinder  her  feet,  and  on  her  head  a 
crown  of  twelve  stars,"  is  but  the  constellation  Virgo !  That 
portions  of  the  Tsiauic  and  Cabirian  mysteries  had  reference 
to  astronomical  ideas  is  undoubtedly  true;  but  this  fact  by 

*  Vide  Eufield's  History  of  Philosophy.  Also  Guigaiant:  Religions  de 

rAntiquite  considered  principalement  dans  leur  Trcnnes  Symboliquey  el 
Mytlioloijiqne. 

f  Origin  des  tous  les  cultes.  }  Rev.  xii.  1. 


260  MYS. 

uo  moans  justifies  the  conclusions  of  Dupuis  and  others,  that 
they  have  no  spiritual  reference  at  all.  On  the  contrary,  it 
was  the  deep,  earnest,  and  positive  faith  of  the  ancients,  in 
the  unseen  and  spiritual,  which  led  them  to  blend  in  this 
niTinner — unfortunately  so  foreign  to  our  modern  habits  of 
thinking — the  ideas  of  science  with  those  of  religion.  And 
here  we  fall  far  below  the  ancients.  We  have  divorced 
science  and  philosophy  from  religion,  and  seem  to  regard 
them  as  quite  different  and  distinct  things,  the  deplorable 
results  of  which  are  seen  in  our  modern  systems  of  education, 
which  are  entirely  material,  and  end  in  skepticism,  if  not  in 
absolute  irreligion.  On  the  other  hand,  the  ancients  con- 
templated the  universe  from  the  religious  point  of  view.  All 
the  phenomena  of  life — all  the  motions  of  the  heavenly 
bodies — the  whole  stupendous  spectacle  of  the  world — 
revealed  to  them  the  presence  of  an  unseen  Intelligence. 
Hence,  their  religion  embraced  all  the  facts  of  physical 
science  ;  art  and  philosophy  were  necessary  parts  of  religion, 
and  reposed  on  a  spiritual  basis.  Keace,  instruction 
with  them  was  religious  and  moral.  And  were  they  not 
right ?  The  mysteries  were  established  for  human  instruc- 
tion; and  there  all  the  sciences  were  studied  with  reference 
to  a  higher  sphere  of  thought.  Nature,  with  all  its  laws,  its 
motions,  and  its  mysteries,  which  science  attempts  to  explore, 
was,  in  their  views,  only  a  shadow  or  reflex,  or  projection,  of 
the  more  substantial  verities  of  the  unseen — the  eternal 
world;  philosophy  itself  was  religion.  Such  was  education 
among  the  ancients,  so  far  as  it  went.  It  was  eminently 
religious.  Hence  the  dramas,  represented  in  the  mysteries, 
and  in  the  rites  of  initiation,  took  note  at  the  same  time  of 
the  facts  of  science  and  the  verities  of  religion.  And  because 
thes.e  dramas  and  rites  shadowed  forth  some  of  the  pheno- 
mena of  nature,  and  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies, 
we  are  not  to  infer  that  those  who  celebrated  them  had  no 
faith  in  God,  accountability,  or  a  future  life ;  but  rather, 
on  the  contrary,  that  those  old  Grecians  and  Egyptians  saw 
in  all  the  phenomena  of  nature — in  all  the  motions  of  the 
starry  spheres,  and  in  all  the  miracles  of  the  world — the 
awful  shadow  of  that  mysterious  One,  who,  although  infinite 
and  indivisible,  yet  in  some  manner  incomprehensible  to 
human  intelligence,  individualizes  himself  to  every  human 
thought,  and  localizes  himself  in  every  place.  The  mysteries 
were  established  then  to  assist  the  education  and  development 
of  man.  And  with  this  intention  the  mystagogues  employed 
every  resource  to  stimulate  the  moral  energies  and  awaken 
the  noble  instincts  of  those  they  sought  -to  elevate.  The 
ancients  all  claimed  for  these  mysteries  a  divine  origin. 


MYS.  261 

Bacchus,  in  Euripides,*  responds  to  the  questions  of  Pen- 
theus,  who  demanded  from  whom  he  received  his  new  wor- 
ship and  his  mysteries,  that  he  received  them  from  the  son 
of  Jupiter.  All  the  ancient  educators  of  the  race  affirmed 
the  same  of  their  teachings.  Rhadamanthus  says  that 
he  received  from  heaven  the  laws  that  he  gave  to  the 
Cretans,  f  Minos  shut  himself  up  in  a  sacred  cave,  to  com- 
pose his  code  of  laws,  which  ho  affirmed  were  revealed  to 
him  by  the  divinity.  Zoroaster,  the  Persian  Seer,  claims 
also  to  have  been  divinely  inspired.  J  He  separated  himself 
from  society,  and  gave  himself  up  to  sacred  meditations. 
He  invoked  the  supernal  powers,  and  at  length  the  light  of 
a  heavenly  inspiration  descended  upon  his  soul,  and  a  divine 
messenger  visited  him  and  instructed  him  in  celestial  things. 
Thus,  according  to  Chandemer,  he  received  from  heaven 
the  Zend  Avesta,  that  great  depository  of  sublime  maxims 
so  revered  by  the  ancient  Persians.  Ardheshir,  desiring  to 
reform  the  religious  code  of  his  kingdom,  appointed  one  of 
the  sages  to  accomplish  the  work.  The  new  reformer,  not 
wishing  to  make  innovations  which  might  not  be  authorized 
by  heaven,  invoked  the  aid  of  the  spiritual  powers.  He  sunk 
away  into  a  mysterious  sleep,  and  experienced  an  ecstacy, 
during  which  his  soul  seemed  to  go  forth  out  of  his  body. 
At  the  end  of  seven  days  he  awoke,  and  declared  that  he  had 
been  in  communication  with  the  unseen  world  of  spirits,  and 
employed  a  scribe  to  write  the  new  revelations  which  he  had 
received  from  the  gods.  Pythagoras§  also  professed  to  receive 
the  divine  direction  in  the  foundation  of  his  famous  society. 
He  affirms  of  himself  what  Titus  Livius||  asserts  of  Numa, 
viz:  that  the  secrets  of  nature,  which  others  knew  by  opinion 
and  conjecture,  were  communicated  to  him  by  the  direct 
interposition  of  the  gods,  and  that  Apollo,  Minerva,  and»the 
Muses,  had  often  appeared  to  him.  Whatever  we  may  think 
of  these  professions  and  claims  to  a  divine  enlightenment, 
on  the  part  of  the  ancient  reformers,  we  cannot  but  respect 
that  faith  and  piety  which  always  led  them  to  refer  all  wisdom 
and  virtue  to  a  divine  influence.  Their  maxim  seemed  to 
be  that  whatever  is  useful  to  men  is  divine.  And  as  the 
mysteries  and  the  rules  of  virtue,  which  they  cultivated  and 
enforced,  were  useful  to  humanity,  they  were,  of  a  conse- 
quence, providential  institutions  created  by  the  will  of  the 
Eternal.  After  what  we  have  now  said,  it  cannot  be  diffi- 
cult, to  see  clearly  the  true  end  and  purpose  of  the  mysteries, 
the  fiist  and  greatest  fruits  of  which  were,  according  to  the 

f 

*  Euiipid:  Bacch.,  p.  460.  f  Strabo  1,  x.  p.  476. 

t  Hyde  do  vet,  Pers.  p.  317.  §  Phil:  I.  i.  c.  1  Vit.  Apoll. 

HPlut-VitaNura  . 


262  MYS. 

ancients,  to  civilize    savage   people,  soften   their  ferocious 
manners,  render  them  social,  and  prepare  them  for  a  kind 
of  life  more  worthy  of  the  dignity  of  man.     Cicero  places,  in 
tty  number  of  supreme  benefits  which  the  Athenians  enjoyed, 
the  establishment  of  the  mysteries  of  Eleusis,  the  effect  of 
which  was,  he  tells  us,  to  civilize  men,  and  to  make  them  com- 
prehend the  true  principles  of  morality,  which  initiate  man 
into  an  order  of  life  which  is  alone  worthy  of  a  being  destined 
to  immortality.     The  same  philosopher,  in  another  place, 
where  .he  apostrophizes  Ceres  and  Prosei'pine,  says  that  we 
owe  to  these  goddesses  the  first  elements  of  our  moral  life, 
as  well  as  the  first  aliment  of  our  physical  life,  viz:   the 
knowledge  of  the  laws,  the  refinement  of  manners,  and  the 
examples  of  civilization,  which  have  elevated  and  polished 
the  habits  of  men  and  of  cities.     Their  moral  end  was  well 
perceived  by  Arrien,  who  tells  us  that  all  these  mysteries  were 
established  by  the  ancients,  to  perfect  our  education  and 
reform  our  manners.    Pausanias,*  speaking  of  the  Eleusinia, 
says  that  the  Gi'eeks,  from  the  highest  antiquity,  had  estab- 
lished them  as  an  institution  the  most  effectual  to  inspire 
men  with  the  sentiments  of  reverence  and  love  for  the  gods. 
And  among  the  responses  that  Bacchusf  makes  to  Pentheus, 
whose  curiosity  is  excited  by  his  mysteries,  he  tells  him  that 
this  new-  institution  merits  to  be  widely  known,  and  that  one 
of  the  greatest  advantages  resulting  from  it  is  the  proscrip- 
tion of  all  impiety  and  crime.     From  the  above  it  appears 
that  the  mysteries  must  have  been  of  the  highest  utility  in 
advancing  the  civilization  of  our  race,  in  promoting  the  arts, 
and  stimulating  a  taste  for  science  and  letters.     We  have 
seen   that   the  cultivation   of  music   commenced  with   the 
establishment  of  the  mysteries,  and  formed  a  great  portion 
of  tke  ceremonies.    Sculpture  and  painting  were  encouraged, 
and  received  their  first  impulse  in  these  institutions.    Litera- 
ture and  philosophy  were  pursued  with  ardor  by  the  disci- 
ples of  Orpheus  and  Eumolpus,  and  through  them  religion 
shed  a  benign  and  gentle  radiance  over  all  of  life.     Through 
the  mysteries  society  received  wise  and  wholesome  laws,  and 
that  moral  and  mental  impulsion  which  raised  Greece  to  the 
summit  of  human  greatness.     The  drama  also  owes  its  birth 
to  these  institutions.     The  first  plays,  symbolical  of  man  and 
his  progress,  his  struggles,  his  trials,  his  labor,  his  combats 
and  triumphs,  were  performed  within  the  secret  enclosures, 
secure  from  the  intrusion  of  profane  eyes.     The  ceremonies 
were   themselves   dramas,  shadowing  forth,  more   or    less 
perfectly,  the  great  truths  of  God,  of  nature,  and  the  soul, 
pointing  man  forward  to  his  great  destiny,  acquainting  him 

•Pans.  Phoc.  p.  384.  fEuripid:  Bacch  vi.  p  460. 


MYS.  2(53 

with  the  conditions  of  moral  perfection,  and  aiding  him  in 
advancing  toward  it. 

MYSTIC  MASON,  KITE  OF  THE.  The  eighteenth  century, 
if  considered  in  connection  with  its  intellectual  activity,  the 
immense  progress  made  in  the  sciences  and  arts,  and  in  rela- 
tion to  the  general  advancement  of  the  human  mind,  must  bo 
recognized  as  the  most  remarkable  epoch  in  the  history  ol 
the  world.     It  was  the  golden  age  of  science,  and  of  scientific 
men.      And  yet,  such  were   the  negative  character  of   its 
speculations,  and  the  habit  that  prevailed,  of  studying  the 
mysteries  of  the  universe,  and   investigating   the   laws  of 
nature,  apart   from   the   ideal,   or  without   reference   to  a 
higher  sphere  of  thought,  that   the  human  mind  became 
almost  entirely  materialized,  and  at  last  sunk  into  the  abyss 
of  skepticism.     But  unbelief  is  not  natural  to  the  heart  of 
man;  and  even  when  the  intellect  is  cursed  with  the  demon 
of    infidelity,  the   heart  yearns   with   deeper   intensity   to 
penetrate  the  occult  realms  of  nature,  and  hold  communion 
with  the  awful  mysteries  of  those  invisible  regions  which  have 
no  boundaries,  and  on  which  philosophy  and  science,  that 
are  simply  material,  can  throw  no  light.     Thus,  toward  the 
end  of  the  last  century — an  age  noted  at  the  same  time  for 
its  splendid  achievements  in  science,  and  its  fearful  harvest 
of  irreligion — numeixms  sects  of  Mystics  ai'ose,  particularly 
on  the  European  continent,  whose  doctrines,  however  crude 
and  extravagant,  were  the  solemn  protest  of  the  heart  against 
the  skeptical  spirit  of  the  times,  and  the  agonizing  cry  of 
the  soul  for  a  more  intimate  communion  with  the  infinite. 
Many  of  the  first  minds  of  the  age  were  moved  by  this 
impulse,  and  sought  peace  and  quiet,  and  consolation,  and 
hope,  in  the  golden  realm  of  the  ideal.     The  Rosicrucians, 
Illuniinati,  the  Order  of  St.  Martin,  and  many  bodies  strictly 
Masonic,  entered  with  ardor  into  these  high  speculations, 
which  were  so  well  calculated  to  exalt,  refine,  and  expand 
the  soul,  and  fill  it  with  a  divine  enthusiasm.     To  these  men 
the  worlds  revolved  in  a  sea  of  light — the  emanation  from 
the  infinite  mind — the. natural  and  spiritual  were  united  iu 
an  everlasting  embrace.     Myriads  of  spiritual  beings  walked 
the  earth,  and  dwelt  with  men,  and  occupied  themselves 
with  human  affairs,  as  in  the  days  of  old.     "Whatever  we 
may  think  of  some  of  their  theories  and  operations,  it  cannot 
be  denied  that  they  accomplished  a  great  work  in  arresting 
that  furious  tide  of  atheism  which  threatened,  at  one  time, 
to  sweep  all  things  into  its  horrible  abysses  of  darkness  and 
despair,  and  in  establishing  a  harmony  between  reason  and 
the  profoundest  mysteries  of  religion.     It  was  at  this  time 
that  the  "  Bite  of  the  Mystic  Mason"  made  its  appearance. 


2(54  MYS. 

Its  character  is  strictly  MaSonic.  It  recognizes  the  thrte 
symbolical  degrees  as  the  groundwork  of  its  system.  It  has 
a  strong  infusion  of  Swedenborgian  ideas,  repudiates  all 
Sadducean  doctrines,  and  asserts  the  existence  of  angels  and 
spirits,  their  constant  presence  with  men,  and  invokes  them 
in  the  Lodge,  at  the  commencement  of  labor.  Like  the 
28th  degree  of  the  Scotch  rite,  it  is  somewhat  alchemistical. 
It  believes  the  Philosopher's  Stone  and  the  Elixir  of  Life 
among  the  possibilities  of  science.  Thus,  in  the  instructions 
of  the  2d  degree,  the  disciple  is  informed  that  Solomon 
learned,  by  the  opening  of  the  first  and  second  circles,  the 
art  of  purifying — that  is,  transmuting  metals,  wherewith  to 
enrich  and  embellish  his  temple.  This  rite  consists  of  three 
degrees:  1.  Mystic  Apprentice;  2.  Mystic  Fellow-Craft; 
3.  Mystic  Master.  Something  of  their  character  may  be 
learned  from  the  following  extracts  taken  from  the  lectures: 

Ques.  Are  you  a  Mystic  Apprentice  ? 

Ans.  I  know  the  northern  part  of  the  Temple  of  Solomon,  and  the 
four  quarters  of  the  circle. 

Ques.  How  were  you  received  a  Mystic  Apprentice? 

Ans.  By  striking  three  blows  with  the  gavel  upon 

Ques.  What  else  have  you  done  ? 

Ans.  I  have  invoked  the  spirits  who  preside  there,  by  pronouncing 
their  names. 

Ques.  Can  you  repeat  them  ? 

Ans.  Mahir  is  that  of  the  East,  over  the  part  of  the  South;  Haouzay 
is  spirit  of  the  West,  over  the  part  of  the  North;  and  Mahal  Marainto  ia 
the  spirit  of  the  East,  over  the  same  part. 

Ques.  What  is  Masonry  ? 

Ans.  The  knowledge  of  the  covenants  of  God  with  men. 

Ques.  What  signify  the  four  spirits? 

Ans.  They  represent  to  us  that  without  the  assistance  of  the  guardian 
angels,  that  God  has  given  to  all  men  to  direct  their  conduct,  we  cannot 
succeed  in  any  undertaking. 

In  the  instructions  of  the  2d  degree  we  find  the  following: 

Ques.  Are  you  a  Mystic  Fellow-Craft? 

Ans.  I  know  the  column  of  Boaz. 

Ques.  What  are  the  five  perfect  points  of  Masonry? 

Ans.  To  build  temples  to  virtue,  and  dungeons  to  vice;  to  know  the 
relations  of  man  with  his  creator;  to  practice  faithfully  his  precepts; 
penetrate  into  those  mysteries  it  is  permitted  us  to  discover,  and  to 
uiiij/loy  our  knowledge  for  the  instruction  and  improvement  of  mankind 


NAB— NAP.  265 


N. 

NABI1M,  COLLEGES  OF  THE.  Among  ancient  nations  instruc- 
tion was  confined  to  the  few,  and  generally  the  schools  were 
controlled  entirely  by  the  priests.  Moses  was  educated  in  a 
priestly  school,  in  Egypt;  Cyrus  in  a  seminary,  under  the 
direction  of  the  magi — the  Indian  Bramins  imparted  instruc- 
tion in  secret  schools.  In  Palestine  those  conversant  with 
Hebrew,  science,  and  the  Scriptures,  taught  in  the  colleges 
of  the  Nabiim.  or  schools  of  the  prophets  and  rabbins.* 

NAHAKDA,  BROTHERHOOD  OF.  The  Hebrew  Rabbins  relato 
that  the  captive  tribes  of  Israel,  during  their  exile  from  their"' 
own  country,  after  the  destruction  of  the  first  temple,  in 
order  to  strengthen  the  bonds  of  fraternity,  and  to  enjoy 
the  consolations  of  friendship,  founded  a  brotherhood  at 
Naharda,  on  the  banks  of  the  Euphrates.  On  the  return  of 
the  Jews  from  the  captivity,  Zerubbabel,  Jeshua,  and  Esdras, 
carried  away  all  the  secret  knowledge  which  was  so  carefully 
preserved  within  the  closed  recesses  of  this  mysterious 
institution  with  them  to  Jerusalem,  and  established  in  that 
city  a  similar  society  for  the  same  purpose. 

NAPOLEON  MASONRY.  This  brotherhood  was  founded 
at  Paris,  1816,  by  the  adherents  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon. 
Its  ritual  comprised  three  degrees:  1.  Knight;  2.  Commander; 
3.  Grand  Elect.  This  last  was  divided  into  tnree  classes,  viz: 
1.  Secret  Judge ;  2.  Perfect  Initiate ;  3.  Knight  of  the  Oaken 
Crown.  All  of  them  had  reference  to  Napoleon.  In  the 
catechism  of  the  degrees  we  find  the  following  questions 
and  answers: 

Que.f.  How  many  stories  had  the  temjle? 

Ans.  Eight. 

*  These  institutions  are  said  to  have  been  established  by  the  prophet 
Samuel,  to  counteract  the  progress  of  the  spurious  Freemasonry  which 
was  introduced  into  Palestine  before  his  time.  They  were  seminaries  in 
which  the  most  talented  and  pious  youths  of  Israel  were  educated  to 
become  tb.e  future  teachers  of  the  nation.  For  this  purpose  young  mon 
of  superior  capacity  were  invited  to  enter  these  institutions  from  all  parts 
of  Israel;  the  system  of  instruction  comprising  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  law  and  writings  of  Moses,  natural  philosophy,  music,  and  poetry 
and  as  this  last  was  altogether  devoted  to  celebrate  the  power  and  good- 
ness of  God,  Samuel,  in  the  99th  Psalm,  is  enumerated  amongst  thosa 
worthies  who  promoted  divine  knowledge.  After  the  death  of  Samuel, 
the  Nabiim  spread  widely  over  the  land,  and  similar  lodges  or  semina- 
ries were  founded  in  every  part  of  Israel.  In  the  days  of  Elijah  three  of 
these  institutions  are  spoken  of;  and  though  little  is  known  of  their 
internal  economy,  their  rites  and  ceremonies  being  strictly  concealed, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  were  in  many  respects  similar  to  our 
Manonic  lodges,  and  in  some  of  their  features  they  bore  a  resemblance  to 
Iho  colle0iate  institutions  of  our  own  country. 


266  NAR— NEV. 

Qucs.  What  were  their  names  ? 

Ans.  Adam,  Eve,  Noah,  Lamech,  NaamaL    Phaleg,  Obal,  Orientr-tba 
hiitial  letters  of  Napoleon. 
Ques.  What  is  your  age  ? 
Ans.  I  have  lived  only  teu  years,  i.e.,  1804-14. 

General  Bertrand  was  elected  the  first  Grand  Master, 
without  his  knowledge,  and  in  his  absence  the  Order  was 
governed  by  a  Supreme  Commander  and  two  Lieutenants. 

NAIJ  DONNE,  RITE  OF.  Primitive  Rite,  or  Philadelphians— 
Friendly  Brothers — of  Narbonne.  This  Order  was  established 
at  Narbonne,  1780,  under  the  name  of  "  First  Lodge  of  St. 
John."  In  1784  it  entered  into  relations  with  the  Philale- 
theans,  at  Paris,  and  was  deeply  occupied  with  the  Hermetic 
Philosophy.  It  had  ten  degrees,  the  higher  ones  strongly 
alchemistical — divided  into  three  classes,  viz:  1st  class,  1. 
Apprentice;  2.  Fellow-Craft;  3.  Master.  2d  class,  4.  Perfect 
Master;  Elect;  Architect;  5.  Sublime  Scotch;  6.  Knight  of 
the  Sword;  Knight  of  the  East;  Prince  of  Jerusalem.  3d 
class,  7.  1st  Chapter  of  Rose-Croix;  8.  2d  Chapter  of  Rose- 
Crcix;  9.  3d  Chapter  of  Rose-Croix.  In  this,  Masonic  and 
physical  science,  philosophy,  and  whatever  can  contribute  to 
the  improvement  and  happiness  of  mankind,  were  made 
objects  of  special  study.  10.  4th  Chapter,  called  Brothers 
Rose-Croix  of  the  Grand  Rosary.  The  brothers  of  this 
degree  devoted  themselves  chiefly  to  an  investigation  of  the 
sciences  of  Ontology,  Psychology,  Pneumatology,  in  a  word, 
all  those  sciences  that  are  named  occult  or  secret.  Their 
professed  object  was  the  general  enlightenment  of  man,  and 
his  ree'stablishment  in  his  primitive  rights. 

NEBUZARADAN.  According  to  Gesenius  the  name  means 
"Prince  and  Lord  of  Nebo."  He  was  the  chief  of  the  life- 
guard of  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  general  of  his  armies.  He 
captured  and  sacked  Jerusalem,  burned  the  temple,  and 
carried  most  of  the  inhabitants  to  Babylon.  In  the  degrees 
of  Knight  of  the  East  and  West  and  Prince  of  Jerusalem 
the  second  Overseer  bears  this  name,  and  also  in  the  degi  ee 
of  Sovereign  Prince  of  Masonry  it  is  an  important  word. 

NEKAM-NEKAH;  also  NEKAM-NETAK  OK  NEHAM-NATOR.  A 
Hebrew  expression,  equivalent  to  "Vengeance  is  accom- 
plished, the  punishment  has  been  executed."  The  word  is 
found  in  several  of  the  higher  degrees  of  Masonry. 

NEOKOROS.  A  name  derived  from  the  Greek  "  neos  and 
koreo"  keeper  or  warder  of  the  temple.  The  Priest  of  the 
2d  class  in.  the  Egyptian  Mysteries  bore  this  name. 


NEV— NIV.  267 

NEOPHYTE.  From  neos,  young,  and  phuton,  plant.  In 
the  Eleusiiiia  and  other  mysteries  a  newly-initiated  person 
was  tl.us  designated.  Among  the  early  Christians  the  name 
meant  a  new  convert  from  paganism;  in  the  monasteries  a 
novice;  a  title  sometimes  applied  to  the  candidate  for  the 
privileges  of  Freemasonry. 

NE  VARIETUR.  That  it  may  not  be  changed.  When  a 
brother  receives  a  certificate  from  his  Lodge  he  is  required 
to  write  his  name  on  the  margin,  so  as  to  guard  against  im- 
posture. Should  a  person  claim  to  be  a  Mason,  and  present 
a  certificate  to  a  Lodge  he  desired  to  visit,  he  would  be  asked 
to  write  his  name  in  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose.  If  the 
writing  corresponded  with  the  name — that  is,  was  ufac  simile 
of  it — it  would  be  a  proof  of  the  brother's  identity;  but  if 
the  hand  writing  were  different  it  would  be  a  proof  that  the 
person  was  an  impostor,  and  had  either  stolen  or  found  the 
certificate.  These  words,  "ne  varietur,"  refer  to  this  practice. 

NEW  TEMPLARS.  A  name  given  to  a  Masonic  society 
organized  in  France,  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century, 
and  which  claims  to  be  legally  descended  from  the  ancient 
Order  of  Knights  Templar.  These  pretensions,  however, 
are  not  recognized.  The  ritual  has  five  degrees,  as  follows: 
1.  Initiati;  2.  Intimi  Initiati;  3.  Adepti;  4.  Orientales  Adepti; 
5.  Magni  aquilae  nigrse  sancti  Johannis  Apostoli  Adepti. 
These  are  mere  Masonic  degrees  disguised  under  latin  names. 
The  Order,  however,  is  respectable  in  point  of  numbers  and 
the  character  of  the  members  who  are  affiliated  with  it;  and 
its  objects,  the  enlightenment  and  improvement  of  mankind, 
and  the  relief  of  the  suffering,  are  certainly  worthy  of  ap- 
proval. 

NINE,  Ta£ — that  is,  the  nine  muses.  In  the  ritual  of  the 
"Royal  Order  of  Herodem  of  Kilwinning,"  the  following 
questions  and  answers  are  found  in  the  2d  section  of  the 
catechism  of  the  first  degree: 

Ques.  How  many  Knights  are  necessary  to  constitute  a  Chapter  of  the 
lloyal  Order  of  Heiodeai? 

Ans.  Nine. 

fyies    Why? 

Ans.  For  three  reasons. 

Ques.  Will  you  tell  me  the  first? 

Ans.  Because  there  are  three  divisions  in  numbers  which  teach  us  so 
to  number  our  days  as  to  apply  ourselves  to  wisdom. 

QMS.  Will  you  give  me  the  second  ? 

Ans.  Because  there  are  nine  muses  in  harmony,  which  refine  and  polisb 
human  nature. 

QMSS.   Will  you  name  them  to  me  ? 

tins.  C.illiop),  Clio,  Euterpe,  Melpomene,  Terpsichore,  Erato.  Polv- 
y  /mnia,  Urania,  and  T.ialia. 


268 


NOA. 


Will  yon  give  me  the  third  reason? 
A  ns.  Because  there  are  nine  orders  of  angels  in  the  celestial  hierarchy. 
Ques    Will  you  name  them? 

Ans.  Cherubim   and  Seraphim,  Thrones,  Dominions,  Principalities, 
Powers,  Virtues,  Archangels  and  Angels. 


NOACHITE,  OR  PRUSSIAN  KNIGHT,  sometimes  called  The 
Very  Ancient  Order  of  Noachites.  The  21st  degree  of  the 
Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  The  traditional  history  of  this 
degree  is  carried  back  to  an  early  period;  for  it  commemorates 
the  destruction  of  the  Tower  of  Babel.  It  is  founded  upon 
the  immutable  principles  of  Justice.  The  meeting  is  called 
Grand  Chapter,  and  must  be  held  in  a  retired  place,  on  the 
night  of  the  full  moon,  in  each"  month.  The  place  is  lighted 
by  a  large  window  or  opening,  so  arranged  as  to  admit  the 
light  of  the  moon,  the  only  light  allowed.  The  presiding 
officer  sits  facing  the  moonlight;  he  is  styled  Lieutenant 
Commander;  the  other  officers  are  Warden,  Knight  of  Elo- 
quence, Knight  of  the  Chancery,  Knight  of  the  Finances, 
Master  of  Ceremonies,  Warder,  and  Standard-Bearer.  The 
sash,  worn  from  right  to  left,  is  a  broad  black  ribbon ;  the 
jewel  is  a  golden  triangle  traversed  by  an  arrow,  point 
downward;  on  the  jewel  is  an  arm  upraised,  holding  a  naked 
sword,  and  around  it  the  motto  "Fiat  Justitia,  Ruat  Coelum." 

NOAH,  PRECEPTS  OF.  Certain  commandments  transmitted 
to  the  present  time,  in  documents  of  the  ancient  stone- 
masons, bear  this  name.  They  require:  1.  The  renunciation 
)f  all  idols;  2.  The  worship  of  the  true  God;  3.  The  com- 
mission of  no  murder;  4.  Freedom  from  the  crime  of  incest; 
5.  The  avoidance  of  theft;  6.  The  practice  of  justice; 
7.  The  abstaining  from  flesh  with  blood  in  it.* 

*  The  Rabbins  affirm  that  God  gave  Noah  and  his  sons  certain  precept?, 
which  contain  the  natural  duty  common  to  all  men;  the  observance  of 
which,  alone,  will  be  suffic'snt  to  save  them.  The  Hebrews  would  not 
suft'er  any  stranger  to  dwell  in  their  country  unless  he  would  conform  to 
them.  Maimouides  says  that  the  first  six  of  these  precepts  were  given 
by  Adam;  the  seventh  WHS  added  by  Noah.  What  inclines  us  to  doubt  of 
their  antiquity  is  that  no  mention  is  made  of  these  precepts  in  Scripture, 
in  Onkelos,  in  Josephns,  or  in  Thilo;  nor  iu  any  ancient  father.  — GAT-MCT. 


NOM— NOV.  269 

NOMINATION.  Literally  the  act  of  designating  a  person 
as  a  candidate  for  any  particular  office.  Nominations  for 
office  are,  by  the  usages  of  Masonry,  unlawful,  and  should 
be  so  declared  by  the  presiding  officer  whenever  attempted. 
The  election  of  officers  in  a  lodge  to  be  strictly  within  the 
rules  of  Masonic  consistency  must  be  conducted  upon  the 
principles  of  secrecy.  Fitness  for  a  proper  discharge  of  the 
duties  of  the  office  should  be  the  only  qualification  to  entitle 
the  candidate,  for  Masonic  preferment,  to  the  suffrages  of 
his  brethren;  and  the  brother  so  elected  will  be  more 
honored  in  the  silent  yet  appreciative  action  of  his  brethren 
than  by  an  open  showy  acclamation. 

NORMAL,  from  the  Latin  Norma.  A.  square  for  measuring 
right  angles;  employed  by  masons,  carpenters,  builders,  etc., 
to  prove  that  the  angles  are  true.  It 
was  formed  in  its  original  adaptation, 
by  the  ancient  operative  craft,  in  two 
ways;  either  by  two  rules  joined  to- 
gether at  right  angles,  or  by  a  flat 
piece  of  board  with  a  right  angle  cut  out  of  it.  The  illus- 
trations are  from  ancient  sculptured  monuments. 

NORTH.  In  the  Masonic  symbolism  the  North  is  the  place 
of  darkness.  Intelligent  Masons  understand  why  this  is  so. 
On  this  word  L' Encyclopedic  Magonnique  thus  speaks:  "We 
believe  it  was  to  England  that  Freemasonry  was  first  trans- 
ported by  the  Saxons.  It  here  took  a  new  language,  new 
forms  modified  upon  the  ancient.  It  cast  its  roots  deep  in 
that  classic  land  of  modern  liberty.  At  a  later  period  it  was 
transplanted  into  France,  where  its  authentic  existence  dates 
only  from  1725;  we  know  not  whether  it  came  then  for  the 
first  time,  or  whether  it  was  a  return  from  a  long  exile  pro- 
duced by  the  catastrophe  of  the  Templars.  We  owe  this 
benefit  to  an  Englishman,  Lord  Derwentwater,  who  returned 
to  his  country  to  die  for  his  king.  Let  us  remark,  besides, 
that  during  the  last  age  the  North  has  been  the  true  East  of 
light!  It  is  in  the  British  Islands,  and  in  the  north  of 
Germany  that  liberty  of  thought,  elevated  ideas.  Philosophy 
and  Masonry,  in  fine,  have  the  most  numerous  partisans; 
and  we  can  easily  make  a  climoMc  scale  of  the  philosophical 
spirit.'' 

NOVICE,  NOVITIATE.  1.  The  same  as  Neophyte.  2.  In  the 
Knight  Templar  system  of  Baron  Hunde,  and  also  in  the 
Swedish  rite  this  word  was  the  name  of  the  5th  degree. 
3.  In  the  Order  of  Chevaliers  de  la  St.  Cite  certain  member? 
were  distinguished  by  this  name. 
23 


270 


QBE— OBL. 


O. 

OBELISK.  From  the  Greek  obelitskos  and  obelos.  Schau- 
berg,  in  his  Handburh  d<>r  Si/mbolik  d ie  Freimauretci,  says: 
"It  was  a  frequent  custom  in  Egypt  to  place  before  the  main 
entrance  to  a  temple  two  high  obelisks,  which  obelisks  were 
called  'the  rays  of  the  sun.'"  This  species  of  temple  orna- 
ments belongs  to  the  oldest  and  most  simple 
monuments  of  Egyptian  architecture,  and  are 
high  four,  sided  pillars,  diminishing  as  they 
ascend.  It  is  probable  that  these  monuments 
were  first  built  before  the  time  of  Moses. 
There  ai-e  still  several  obelisks  in  Egypt;  at 
Alexandria,  at  Matarea,  and  at  Thebes.  The 
two  finest  are  at  Luxor,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
temple.  These  Egyptian  obelisks  are  generally 
constructed  of  reel  granite,  from  30  to  100  feet 
in  hight,  and  occupy  at  their  base  a  space  of 
from  ii  to  12  feet  square.  Some  are  plain, 
while  others  are  adorned  on  all  sides  with 
hieroglyphics.  Of  their  origin  nothing  is 
known  with  certainty.  Probably  the  first  images  of  the  gods, 
which  at  an  early  period  were  nothing  but  stones  of  a  pyra- 
midical  form,  furnished  the  idea  of  them.  According  to 
Herodotus  they  were  first  raised  in  honor  of  the  sun,  and 
meant  to  represent  its  rays.  This  is  confirmed  by  their  name 
and  form.  They  might  also  have  been  raised  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  certain  events,  since  the  hieroglyphics  con- 
tained the  praises  of  the  gods  and  kings,  or  inscriptions 
relating  to  their  religious  notions.  They  were  generally 
hewn  out  of  a  single  stone  in  the  quarries  of  Upper  Egypt, 
and  brought  on  canals  to  the  place  of  their  erection.  Old 
quarries  are  still  found  there  with  obelisks  already  hewn  out, 
or  with  places  whence  monuments  of  this  form  must  evi- 
dently have  been  taken  out.  The  two  columns,  Jachin  and 
Boaz,  which  stood  at  the  entrance  of  Solomon's  Temple, 
were  fac  similes  of  these  Egyptian  obelisks,  and  from  them 
arose  the  fashion  in  the  middle  ages  of  surmounting  cathe- 
drals and  churches  with  two  towers. 

OBLATE.  In  ecclesiastical  antiquities,  1.  A  person  who, 
on  embracing  a  monastic  order,  had  made  a  donation  ol 
all  his  goods  to  the  community.  2.  One  who  is  dedicated  to 
a  religious  order  by  his  parents  from  an  early  period  of  his 
life.  3.  A  layman  residing  as  an  inmate  in  a  regular  com- 
munity to  which  he  had  assigned  his  property.  In  France, 
in  ancient  times,  the  king  possessed  the  privilege  of  recom- 
mending a  certain  number  of  (Mali,  chiefly  invalided  soldiers, 


OBS— ODD.  2fl 

to  monasteries,  whom  they  were  bound  to  maintain.  In 
several  parts  of  Europe  Masonic  asylums  are  established  for 
the  express  purpose  of  maintaining  the  orphans  of  deceased 
Master  Masons,  and  the  indigent  of  the  Order,  upon  similar 
principles  to  the  above. 

OBSECRATO.  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  solemn  ceremony 
performed  by  the  chief  magistrates  of  Rome,  to  avert  any 
impending  calamity.  It  consisted  of  prayers  offered  up  to 
the  gods,  whom  they  supposed  to  be  enraged.  So  exact  were 
they  in  observing  the  prescribed  form  on  these  occasions 
that  a  person  was  appointed  to  read  it  over  to  the  man  who 
was  to  pronounce  it,  and  the  most  trifling  omission  was  held 
sufficient  to  vitiate  the  whole  solemnity. 

OCCULT.  Something  secret,  hidden,  or  invisible,  as  the 
occult  quality  of  matter.  The  ceremonies  of  Masonry  are 
among  the  occult  mysteries. 

ODD-FELLOWS,  INDEPENDENT  ORDER  OF.  This  Fraternity, 
fashioned  after  the  model  of  the  Masonic  Brotherhood,  ia 
a  widely-extended  and  influential  society.  Its  motto  ia 
"Friendship,  Love,  and  Truth."  It  first  appeared  in 
England,  near  the  close  of  the  last  century,  and  at  that  time 
was  a  social  and  mutual  relief  society.  It  continued  to 
increase  until  1840,  when,  perhaps,  the  Order  in  England 
was  in  its  highest  stage  of  prosperity.  It  was  introduced 
into  the  United  States  as  early  as  1799,  at  which  time  a 
Lodge  was  constituted  in  Connecticut.  In  1802  it  made  its 
appearance  in  Baltimore,  and  in  1800  in  New  York.  It  did 
not,  however,  attract  any  attention  till  1814,  when  Thomas 
"SVildey,  who  is  styled  the  "  Father  of  American  Odd-Fellow- 
ship," became  an  earnest  propagator  of  the  Order,  and 
founded  lodges  in  a  large  number  of  important  places.  In 
1821  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Maryland,  and  of  the  United  States, 
was  formed,  and  in  1822  the  institution  assumed  its  present 
form.  A  peculiar  feature  of  the  Order  is  its  system  of 
benefits,  or  of  health  insurance.  In  addition  to  the  fees  of 
admission  a  quarterly  tax  is  collected  from  its  members; 
which,  together,  form  a  fund  of  relief;  and  when  a  brother 
is  sick  he  receives  from  his  Lodge  a  certain  sum  per  week, 
ranging  from  $3  to  $8,  or  such  a  sum  as  the  by-laws  of  the 
Lodge  have  determined  on.  There  is,  also,  a  funeral  benefit 
which  is  paid  to  the  family  ol  a  brother  in  the  event  of  his 
death.  The  organization  of  the  Order  in  the  United  States 
stands  thus:  1.  The  Subordinate  Lodge,  which  has  five 
degrees;  2.  The  Patriarchal  or  Encampment  grade,  which  has 
three  degrees;  3.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  a  State;  4.  The  Grand 


272  ODL 

Encampment  of  a  State ;  5.  Grand  Lodge  of  the  United  States; 
6.  Grand  Encampment  of  the  United  States.  The  Order  has  a 
system  of  symbolism  of  a  highly  interesting  character,  and  a 
ritual  instructive  and  impressive.  In  the  United  States  tha 
Order  has  had  a  brilliant  career,  and  awakened,  at  times,  a 
large  degree  of  enthusiasm.  Its  excellent  moral  teachings, 
the  intelligence  and  character  of  its  members,  and  the  salutary 
influence  it  has  exercised  in  the  community,  have  made  it 
one  of  the  most  popular  institutions  of  the  age. 

ODINIC  MYSTERIES.  The  northern  mythology,  in  the 
systematic  condition  in  which  we  now  possess  it,  is  the  work 
of  Scalds — that  is,  of  the  ancient  minstrels  of  Denmark, 
Sweden,  Norway,  and  Iceland.  Religion  and  civilization 
here,  as  is  often  the  case,  sprang  from  poetry,  and  were 
propagated  and  nourished,  and  improved  by  the  mysteries. 
The  rites  of  Odin  had  an  Oriental  origin.  Odin  was  the 
name  of  the  supreme  god  of  the  Scandinavians.  It  appears 
from  the  northern  chronicles  that  in  the  first  century  of  the 
Christian  era  Sigge,  the  chief  of  the  Aser,  an  Asiatic  tribe, 
emigrated  from  the  Caspian  sea  and  the  Caucasus  into 
northern  Europe.  He  directed  his  course  northwesterly 
from  the  Black  sea  to  Russia,  over  which,  according  to  the 
tradition,  he  placed  one  of  his  sous  as  a  ruler,  as  he  is  said 
to  have  done  over  the  Saxons  and  the  Franks.  He  then 
advanced  through  Cimbria  to  Denmark,  which  acknowledged 
his  fifth  son  Skiold  as  its  sovereign,  and  passed  over  to 
Sweden,  where  Gylf,  who  did  homage  to  the  wonderful 
stranger,  and  was  initiated  into  his  mysteries,  then  ruled. 
He  soon  made  himself  master  here,  built  Sigtuna  as  the 
capital  of  his  empire,  and  promulgated  a  new  code  of  laws, 
and  established  the  sacred  mysteries.  He,  himself,  assumed 
the  name  of  Odin,  founded  the  priesthood  of  the  twelve 
Drottars  (Druids?)  who  conducted  the  secret  worship,  and 
the  administration  of  justice,  and,  as  prophets,  revealed  the 
future.  The  secret  rites  of  these  mysteries  celebrated  the 
death  of  Balder,  the  beautiful  and  lovely,  and  represented  the 
grief  of  gods  and  men  at  his  death,  and  his  restoration  to  life 
The  neophytes  were  instructed  in  regard  to  the  creation  of  the 
heavens  and  earth,  of  man  and  woman,  by  three  Drottars,  who 
are  called  the  "  High,"  the  "Equally  High,"  and  the  "  Highest." 
They  discoursed  to  the  initiates  of  the  mysteries  of  the  world, 
of  day  and  night,  of  the  sun  and  moon,  of  the  golden  age, 
of  the  winds  and  seasons,  of  the  gods  and  goddesses,  of  the 
destinies,  the  twilight  of  the  gods,  the  conflagration  and 
destruction  of  the  world.  The  ceremony  of  initiation  ended 
with  a  sublime  representation  of  the  restoration  of  the 
universe,  the  return  of  all  things  to  purity,  harmony,  and 


GDI. 


273 


peace.  The  wonderful  ash  tree  Yggdrasil,  on  which  the 
earth  is  supposed  to  rest,  was  the  most  notable  and  significant 
symbol  in  these  mysteries.  Dr.  Oliver  seems  to  think  that 
it  is  the  analogue  of  Jacob's  Ladder,  but  without  sufficient 


reason.  It  was  the  symbol  of  universal  life.  According 
to  the  ancient  Edda,  it  stands  over  the  well  of  time;  its 
branches  extend  over  the  world,  its  top  reaches  above  the 
heavens.  It  has  three  roots,  one  among  the  gods,  another 
among  the  giants,  and  a  third  under  Hela.  Near  the  middle 


274  OFF. 

root  is  the  fountain  of  wisdom — the  well  of  Hymir.  Near 
the  heavenly  root  is  the  sacred  fountain  by  which  the  goda 
hold  their  council  and  make  known  their  decisions.  From 
this  fountain  rise  three  beautiful  maids — the  Norns  or 
Fates — whose  names  are  Urdur,  the  Past;  Verdandi,  the 
Present;  and  Skuld,  the  Future.  On  the  top  of  the  tree, 
immediately  under  its  lofty  branches,  sits  an  eagle  with  a 
hawk,  the  symbol  of  watchfulness,  between  his  eyes,  which 
possesses  great  power  and  wisdom;  the  squirrel  Ratatosk 
(mischief)  runs  up  and  down  the  tree,  fanning  strife  between 
the  eagle  and  the  serpent  at  the  root,  by  whispering  to  the 
one  what  the  other  says;  four  harts,  which  represent  the 
four  winds,  roam  through  its  branches  and  bite  the  buds; 
the  serpent  Nidho'gge  (darkness)  is  perpetually  gnawing  at 
its  roots;  the  trunk  of  the  tree  decays,  but  the  holy  maidens 
constantly  water  its  roots  from  the  sacred  fountain,  that  it 
may  not  wither.  The  city  on  the  mountain  is  Asgard,  the 
name  of  the  abode  of  the  gods,  access  to  which  is  only 
gained  by  crossing  the  bridge  Bifrost — the  rainbow.  On  one 
end  of  the  bridge  is  a  citadel  in  which  dwells  Heimdall,  the 
warden  appointed  by  the  gods  to  watch  without  ceasing, 
that  no  enemy  cross  or  even  approach  it.  At  the  foot  of  the 
hill  of  Asgard  lies  Midgard — middle  earth — the  dwelling 
place  of  mortals.  The  earth  thus  formed  is  round  and  flat, 
and  the  arched  heaven  above  is  supported  by  four  dwarfs 
called  A ustri,  east;  Vestri,  west;  Northri,  north ;  and  Suthri, 
south.  The  sea  forms  a  belt  around  the  earth,  and  beyond 
this  belt  is  Jotenheim,  the  abode  of  the  giants.  Incessant 
warfare  is  carried  between  the  wicked  giants  who  live  in  the 
gloomy  region  and  the  noble  heroes  of  Axgard,  who  defend 
the  inhabitants  of  Midgard  from  their  invasions.  Thesa 
rites  were  celebrated  periodically,  in  the  temple  of  Thor,  at 
Qpsal,  Sweden,  and  in  that  of  Frigga,  on  the  Island  of 
Rugen.  They  exercised  a  profound  influence  on  the  life 
and  thought  of  the  Scandinavian  people.  They  taught  the 
immortality  of  man,  and  -this  conviction  of  eternity  so 
possessed  the  Northmen  that  the y  sought,  rather  than  avoided, 
death.  Looking  forward  to  the  golden-roofed  palace  of 
heroes,  the  glorious  Valhalla,  the  residence  of  Odin,  gleaming 
in  the  splendor  of  an  everlasting  morning,  where,  as  they 
were  taught  by  their  mysteries,  they  should  join  the  innumer- 
able company  of  the  brave,  whom  the  beautiful  Valkyrse  had 
previously  conducted  thither,  they  stood,  undismayed,  in  the 
face  of  the  most  appalling  dangers,  and,  with  joyful  songs, 
entered  the  gloumy  shades  of  the  valley  of  death. 

OFFERINGS,   THE   THREE   GRAND.    Offerings   are   gifts 
vslrich  man  brings  to  the  Deity,  thus  symbolically  giving 


OHE— OPE.  275 

himself  up  to  him.  This  was  the  first  mode  of  openly  recog- 
nizing the  divinity,  and  a  principal  part  of  the  service  of 
God  in  all  the  religions  of  antiquity;  and  even  to  this  day 
the  inhabitants  make  offerings  to  the  Supreme  being,  as  they 
make  presents  to  their  temporal  lords.  The  idea  that  God 
has  physical  wants,  and  finds  pleasure  in  food,  drink,  and 
perfumes,  was  the  origin  of  such  offerings,  which  took  their 
character  from  the  mode  of  life  of  those  who  presented 
them.  The  three  grand  offerings  referred  to  in  Masonry 
were  those  of  Abraham,  David  and  Solomon,  which  were 
presented  on  Mount  Moriah.  There  Abraham  offered  up 
his  son  Isaac ;  there  David  built  an  altar,  and  offered  thereon 
peace  and  burnt  offerings  to  regain  the  favor  of  the  Almighty, 
and  move  him  to  stay  the  plague  which  was  destroying  the 
people;  and  there  Solomon,  at  the  consecration  of  the 
temple,  presented  costly  offerings  to  the  Lord.  These  are 
the  three  grand  offerings  of  Freemasonry. 

OHEB-ELOAH.  A  Hebrew  expression,  which  denotes  "one 
whom  God  loves."  It  is  a  sacred  word  in  several  Masonic 
degrees.  In  the  30th  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted 
rite  the  symbolical  ladder  with  seven  steps  has  these  worda 
upon  the  right  side. 

OPENING  OF  THE  LODGE.  All  rites  and  ceremonies 
should  have  for  their  aim  the  instruction  and  improvement 
of  those  concerned.  They  should  be  simple  in  character, 
adapted  to  the  purposes  designed,  and  easy  of  performance; 
they  should  be  performed  with  earnestness,  precision,  cor- 
rectness, and  in  proper  time.  The  ceremony  of  opening  a 
Lodge  is  important,  instructive  and  impressive.  To  conduct 
this  ceremony  with  propriety  ought  to  be  the  peculiar  study 
of  all  Masons,  especially  of  those  who  have  the  honor  to 
preside  in  our  assemblies.  To  those  who  are  thus  dignified, 
every  eye  is  directed  for  regularity  of  conduct  and  behavior; 
and  from  them  other  brethren,  less  informed,  may  naturally 
expect  to  derive  instruction.  From  a  share  in  this  cere- 
mony no  Mason  is  exempted;  it  is  a  general  concern,  in 
which  all  must  assist.  This  is  the  first  request  of  the 
Master,  and  the  prelude  to  business.  Precisely  at  the 
appointed  time,  the  presiding  officer  should  take  the  chair, 
and  give  the  proper  signal,  then  every  officer  should  repair 
to  his  proper  station,  and  the  brethren  appropriately  clothe 
themselves  and  take  their  seats.  Punctuality  in  this  matter 
is  of  the  highest  importance.  Our  first  care  is  directed  to 
the  external  avenues  of  the  Lodge ;  and  the  officers,  whose 
province  it  is  to  discharge  that  duty,  are  required  to  execute 
the  trust  with  fidelity.  "In  the  ancient  mysteries  (those 


276  OPE. 

sacred  rites  which  have  furnished  so  many  models  for 
Masonic  symbolism),  the  opening  ceremonies  were  of  the 
most  solemn  and  impressive  character.  The  sacred  herald 
commenced  the  initiatory  ceremonies  by  the  solemn  for- 
mula: 'Depart  hence,  ye  profane!'  to  which  was  added  a 
proclamation  which  forbade  the  use  of  any  language  that 
might  be  deemed  of  an  unfavorable  character  to  the  ap- 
proaching rites."  At  the  opening  of  the  Lodge  two  purposes 
are  effected;  the  Master  is  reminded  of  the  dignity  of  his 
character  and  position,  and  the  brethren  of  the  respect  and 
veneration  due  to  him  in  their  sundry  stations.  Thes'  are 
not,  however,  the  only  advantages  resulting  from  a  due 
observance  of  the  ceremony;  a  reverential  awe  for  the  Deity 
is  inculcated,  and  the  eye  is  fixed  on  that  object  from  whose 
radiant  beam  alone  light  can  be  derived.  Hence,  in  this 
ceremony,  we  are  taught  to  adore  the  Great  Architect  of  the 
universe,  and  to  supplicate  that  the  labors  then  begun  may 
be  continued  in  peace  and  closed  in  harmony.  A  Lodge 
must  always  be  opened  on  the  third  degree,  and  in  due  form, 
for  the  transaction  of  any  business,  except  for  initiating  and 
passing  a  candidate  into  the  mysteries  of  the  first  and  second 
degrees.  The  first  business  after  opening,  if  it  be  a  regular 
communication,  is  the  reading  of  the  minutes  of  the  previous 
communication,  for  the  information  of  the  brethren.  The 
transactions  of  the  evening  should  always  be  read  before  the 
Lodge  is  closed,  that  the  brethren  may  know  that  they  have 
been  properly  recorded,  and  then  duly  approved. 

OPEEATIVE  MASONEY.  The  physical  wants  of  man 
originally  compelled  the  establishment  of  operative  Masonry. 
When  by  transgression  man  forfeited  his  primeval  home  and 
was  obliged  to  seek  shelter  from  the  storms  and  from  the 
winds,  from  the  •  cold  and  from  the  heat,  in  winter,  the 
caves  of  the  earth — in  summer,  the  bower  of  twined  foliage, 
would  be  his  dwelling;  next,  his  inventive  mind  did  conceive 
the  rude  tent,  then  the  cabin,  afterward  the  house  and  the 
splendid  palace,  the  adode  of  elegance  and  skill.  Masonry, 
in  its  character  as  an  operative  art,  is  familiar  to  every  one: 
as  such,  it  is  engaged  in  the  application  of  the  rules  of 
architecture  to  the  construction  of  public  and  private  edifices. 
It  abounds  in  the  use  of  technical  terms,  and  makes  use  of 
implements  and  materials  whicli  are  peculiar  to  itself.  It  is 
the  popular  theory  that  the  operative  Masons  were  the 
founders  of  the  system  of  speculative  Masonry,  in  which 
they  applied  the  language  and  ideas  of  their  art  of  building 
to  a  spiritual  and  religious  sense.  At  first  operative  Ma- 
sonry existed  simply  as  an  art  of  building.  Then  the 
operative  Masons,  with  the  assistance  of  learned  and  pious 


OPH— ORA.  277 

men,  invented  the  speculative  science,  or  .Frvemasonry,  and 
then  each  became  an  integrant  part  of  one  undivided  system. 
Not,  however,  that  there  ever  was  a  time  when  every  ope- 
rative Mason,  without  exception,  was  acquainted  with  or 
initiated  into  the  speculative  science.  There  are,  even  now, 
thousands  of  skillful  (operative)  stone-masons  who  know 
nothing  of  the  symbolic  meaning  of  the  implements  they 
employ.  Speculative  Masonry,  now  known  as  Freemasonry, 
is,  therefore,  the  scientific  application  and  the  religious 
consecration  of  the  rules  and  principles,  the  technical  lan- 
guage and  the  implements  and  materials,  of  operative 
Masonry  to  the  worship  of  God  as  the  Grand  Architect  of 
the  universe,  and  to  the  purification  of  the  heart  and  the 
inculcation  of  the  dogmas  of  a  religious  philosophy. 

OPHITES.  An  Egyptian  Gnostic  brotherhood,  sometimes 
called  "Brothers  of  the  Serpent,"  because  the  serpent  was 
an  important  symbol  in  their  mysteries.  It  made  its  appear- 
ance in  the  second  century,  and  held,  in  common  with  the 
Valentinians,  the  doctrines  of  the  two  principles,  of  seons  and 
of  the  theogony  therewith  connected.  They  were  peculiar 
by  the  reverence  in  which  they  held  the  serpent,  a  living 
one  being  employed  in  their  ceremonies.  It  was  an  emblem 
of  wisdom — sophia —  and  not,  as  in  other  systems,  a  symbol 
of  evil. 

OEANGEMEN.  This  name  was  first  used  by  the  Catholics 
of  Ireland  as  an  apellation  of  their  Protestant  countrymen, 
who  adhered  to  the  house  of  Orange.  It  has  since  been 
assumed  by  a  political  order  which  was  founded  in  1794.  In 
1795  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Lodges  were  published 
by  Thomas,  who  had  privately  been  made  a  Mason  at  Dyon, 
in  the  county  of  Tyrone.  At  first  the  order  had  but  one 
degree;  later — 1796 — the  purple  degree  was  added  by  John 
Teinpleton,  and  still  later  that  of  "  Alarkman,"  and  "  Heroine 
of  Jericho."  The  ritual  is  Masonic  in  its  character,  and  the 
organization  of  the  society  imitates  the  Masonic  model.  The 
object  of  the  society  is  to  defend  the  interests  of  Protestants 
in  Ireland,  and  propagate  Protestant  ideas  among  the  Irish. 
The  initiate  is  required  by  a  solemn  oath  to  renounce  all 
allegiance  to  the  Pope  and  sympathy  with  popery,  and  to 
declare  his  unwavering  loyalty  to  the  Protestant  dynasty  of 
Great  Britain. 

ORATOR.  An  officer  in  most  of  the  degrees  of  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  and  French  rites.  His  duties  are  to  explain 
the  history  and  lectures  of  the  degrees  to  the  candidate 
during  the  ceremony  of  initiation 


278  OKD. 

ORDER.  Lexicographers  thus  define  this  word,  "a  regulai 
government;  a  society  of  dignified  perrons,  distinguished  by 
marks  of  honor;  a  religious  fraternity."  The  military  orders 
are  societies,  the  members  of  which  are  bound  by  certain 
vows  and  rules,  and  distinguished  by  particular  badges. 
They  originated  from  the  institutions  of  chivalry  and  the 
ecclesiastical  corporations,  and  were  in  the  beginning  frater- 
nities of  men,  who,  in  addition  to  particular  duties  enjoined 
by  the  law  of  honor,  united  for  the  performance  of  patriotic, 
charitable,  or  religious  purposes.  The  oldest  Christian  orders 
of  which  history  speaks  are  the  order  Sanctce  ampullae,  which 
Clovis  founded  in  the  year  499;  the  Order  of  the  Oak,  which 
Garcias  Ximenes,  King  of  Navarre,  founded  in  722,  and  the 
Order  of  the  Genet,  the  date  of  whose  origin  is  uncertain. 
The  first  orders  after  these  arose  during  the  time  of  the 
crusades,  and  were  an  example  for  all  future  orders.  From 
societies,  established  under  certain  rules,  for  the  cure  of  sick 
persons  as  well  as  the  diffusion  of  the  Christian  religion, 
first  proceeded  the  religious  military  orders,  of  which  the 
oldest  is  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  Their  rules  are 
similar  to  the  laws  of  the  monastic  orders.  The  celebrated 
Order  of  Templars  arose  at  this  period,  and  distinguished 
itself  by  its  zeal  and  bravery  through  the  whole  duration  of 
the  ci'tisades.  The  Orders  of  St.  John  and  of  the  Knights 
of  the  Temple  are  reproduced  in  the  orders  of  Masonic 
Knighthood.  The  name,  order,  is  applied  to  a  vast  number 
of  societies,  secular  and  religious,  and  also  to  a  considerable 
number  in  which  the  secular  and  religious  are  united.  O1 
theee  Freemasonry  is  the  most  ancient  and  most  distinguished. 
In  the  Manuel  da  Franc  Maqon  we  find  the  following  reasons 
why  Freemasonry  is  entitled  to  be  called  an  order:  "An  order 
is  a  body  whose  character  is  known,  its  practices  observable, 
its  rules  fixed,  its  purposes  declared,  its  utility  proved,  and 
whose  credit  is  found  in  the  protection  of  the  government. 
It  enters  not  into  the  principles  of  Masonry  to  unvail  its 
mysteries  to  the  public;  but  the  kings  who  are  members  of 
the  order  attest  that  its  mysteries  would  be  honored  if  they 
were  revealed.  Its  rules  are  fixed.  No  one  is  received  into 
its  circle  who  is  not  well-born  and  of  good  reputation.  Its 
purpose  is  plain  to  all;  to  love  God,  serve  the  country,  and 
do  good  to  all.  Its  utility  is  proved  by  its  excellent  precepts, 
and  the  services  it  renders  to  humanity.  Its  credit  is  not 
doubtful,  since  it  is  protected  by  sovereigns,  and  everywhere 
the  title  of  Freemason  is  a  powerful  recommendation. 
Freemasonry  is,  therefore,  an  Order.  Religion  is  a  virtue 
which  moves  us  to  render  to  God  the  worship  that  is  his  due. 
Freemasons  adore  the  Grand  Architect  of  the  universe, 
therefore,  the  Order  of  Freemasonry  is  religious  in  its  teach- 


ORD--OKN.  279 

ings  and  practice.  Freemasonry  is  an  art,  since  it  draws. 
historically,  its  origin  and  illustration  from  the  building  oi 
the  Temple  of  Solomon.  The  art  is  royal,  since  Solomon 
was  the  conductor  of  the  labors  and  the  chief  of  the  -work- 
men, and  the  princes  and  kings  who  are  Masons,  are,  as 
Masons,  simple  artisans.  Freemasonry  is  a  society,  for  ita 
members  are  elected  and  are  brothers.  This  society  is 
perfect;  for  it  has  existed  from  time  immemorial,  and  ita 
principles  are  immutable." 

ORDER-NAME.  In  the  Orders  of  Strict  Observance,  the 
lllummuti,  and  the  Royal  Order  of  H-R-D-M.  of  Kilwinning, 
each  member  received  at  his  reception  a  kind  of  baptismal 
name  expressive  of  some  quality  or  virtue.  Thus  Baron 
Knigge,  in  the  Strict  Observance,  bore  the  name  of  "  Ci/f/i><>." 

ORDO  AB  CHAO.  Order  out  of  Chaos.  A  motto  of  the 
Supreme  Council,  thirty-third  degree  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite. 

ORIENT.  From  the  Latin  participle  "  Orient,"  rising,  i.  e., 
the  rising  of  the  sun  — the  East.  The  Lodge,  being  a  source 
of  light,  is  called  the  Orient  or  East.  A  Grand  body  is  called 
the  Grand  East;  thus  the  Grand  Lodge  of  France  is  called 
"Grand  Orient."  This  title  is  applied  to  most  of  the  Grand 
bo  .lies  in  Europe. 

ORIENTAL  CHAIR  OF  SOLOMON.  In  the  East,  the 
seat  of  the  Master  in  a  symbolical  Lodge.  When  the  Master 
of  the  Lodge  is  installed  he  is  said  to  be  inducted  into  the 
oriental  chair  of  King  Solomon. 

ORIFLAMME.  The  ancient  royal  standard  of  France. 
Originally  it  was  the  church  banner  of  the  abbe} 
of  St.  Denis,  which  was  presented  by  the  Lord 
Protector  of  the  convent  whenever  it  was  neces- 
sary to  take  up  arms  for  the  preservation  of  its 
rights  and  possessions.  It  was  a  piece  of  red 
silk — hence  the  name — fixed  on  a  golden  spear, 
in  the  form  of  a  banner,  and  cut  into  five  points, 
each  of  which  was  adorned  with  a  tassel  of  green 
silk.  The  banners  of  several  orders  imitating 
the  ceremonies  of  Freemasonry  are  of  this 

description,  and  sometimes  bear  the  name  Oriflamme  upon 

them. 

ORNAMENTS  OF  A  LODGE.  The  Mosaic  pavement,  the 
indented  tessel,  and  the  blazing  star,  are  called  the  ornaments 
of  a  Lodge.. 


280  OHN— OSL 

ORNAN.  A  Jebusite,  from  whom  David  purchased  the 
threshing-lloor  on  Mount  Moriah,  on  which  to  erect  an  altar 
to  God— 2d  Chron.  xxi.  18-25.  The  site  of  the  threshing-lloor 
afterward  became  the  location  of  the  temple. 

OKPHIC  MYSTERIES.  The  founder  of  these  mysteries- 
Orpheus — lived  about  forty  years  before  the  Trojan  war. 
His  mysteries  were  of  the  Egyptian  type,  he  having  been 
initiated  by  the  priests  of  Egypt,  to  which  country  he  went 
in  search  of  wisdom.  The  Orphic  rites  were  of  a  mystical 
and  philosophical  character,  and,  in  after  ages,  united  with 
the  Pythagorean,  were  widely  diffused  in  both  Europe  and 
Asia.  The  Orphic  mysteries  were  the  fountain  of  Grecian 
civilization.  Through  their  influence  the  untamed  tribes  of 
Greece  were  trained  to  the  habits  of  civilized  life,  and  were 
united  in  towns  and  cities,  and  instructed  in  useful  arts.  In 
his  mystic  society  commenced  the  development  of  those  great 
ideas  which  regenerated  that  celebrated  country,  placed  it 
at  the  head  of  the  civilization  of  the  world,  and  made  it 
preeminent  in  science,  literature,  philosophy,  and  poetry,  and 
in  all  the  arts  that  enrich  society  and  embellish  life.  These 
rites  were  the  foundation  of  the  mysteries  of  Eleusis.  The 
Orphic  poems  embrace  the  whole  cycle  of  the  esoteric 
religious  principles,  and  the  doctrines  of  the  mysteries. 

OSIRIS,  LEGEND  or.  In  the  articles  Isian  and  Egyptian 
mysteries  we  have  given  an  account  of  this  chief  figure  in  the 
Egyptian  mythology.  Most  writers  who  have  expressed 
opinions  on  this  subject  seem  to  think  that  the  legend  has 
solely  an  astronomical  sense,  and  simply  means  the  contest 
between  light  and  darkness,  the  conservative  and  destroying 
Bowers  of  nature.  Thus,  when  the  sun — Osiris — sets,  dark- 
ness — Typhon — appears  to  triumph,  and  when  the  sun  risea 
Typhon  or  darkness  is  vanquished,  and  so  the  eternal  contest 
goes  on.  During  the  last  age  it  was  a  fashion  among  the 
material  philosophers  to  explain  all  ancient  mythology,  and 
ehe  mysteries  in  this  manner,  in  order  to  show  that  they  had 
^o  religious  sense.  This  was  carried  so  far  that  even  Christ 
was  declared  to  be  nothing  but  a  symbol  of  the  sun,  and  the 
twelve  apostles  were  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac !  We 
cannot  admit  that  the  Osirian  myth  is  to  be  explained  ttoleiy 
from  the  astronomical  point  of  view.  It  had  a  higher 
meaning,  and  shadowed  forth  the  great  mystery  of  the  world, 
the  conflicts  of  good  and  evil,  of  vice  and  vii'tue,  and 
announces  that  even  through  persecution  and  death,  justice 
and  truth,  and  virtue,  shall  advance  to  a  perfect  victory;  and 
that  the  night  of  death  shall  yield  to  an  immortal  day. 


OVE— PAL.  281 

OVERSEER.  Iii  the  system  of  Strict  Observance,  and 
several  others,  each  of  the  first  two  officers  of  the  Lodge, 
after  the  Master,  is  called  "Overseer."  The  name  is  also 
given  to  the  Senior  and  Junior  Wardens  in  English  Lodges. 
In  a  Mark  Master's  Lodge  three  officers  bear  this  title, 
namely:  Master,  Senior  and  Junior  Overseers.  The  duties 
of  these  officers  are  performed  by  the  three  Masters  of  the 
Vails.  Their  official  emblem  is  a  square. 


P. 

PALESTINE.  1.  The  Land  of  Canaan— Judea.  There 
are  two  periods  in  the  history  of  this  country  which  are 
peculiarly  interesting  to  Freemasons,  viz:  that  which  in- 
cluded the  reign  of  Solomon,  during  which  the  temple  was 
built,  and  the  one  when  that  country  was  the  theater 
of  the  exploits  of  the  crusades,  from  which  time  many 
knightly  orders  date  their  existence.  The  Christian  kingdom 
of  Jerusalem  was  founded  in  1099,  by  the  Crusaders.  Its 
constitution  was  European:  a  patriarchate,  four  archbishop- 
rics, several  earldoms  and  baronies,  and  three  orders  of 
knighthood,  were  instituted;  an  army  of  from  12,000  to 
20,000  men  was  kept  on  foot;  and  the  mosque  built  by  the 
caliph  Omar,  in  638,  upon  the  site  of  Solomon's  Temple,  was 
changed  into  a  magnificent  cathedral.  During  this  period 
the  order  of  Knights  Hospitallers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem 
arose,  and  also  that  of  the  Knights  Templar.  2.  Palestine 
has  been  styled  the  Father-land  of  the  Masonic  orders;  and 
a  large  number  of  degrees  derive  their  names  from  its  cities 
and  other  noted  localities,  and  events  that  have  transpired 
in  its  history. 

PALLADIUM,  ORDER  OF  THE.  The  date  of  the  origin  of 
this  society  is  unknown.  It  first  appeared  at  Doua}r,  France. 
Its  ritual  and  statutes  are  ascribed  to  Fenelon;  the  rules 
admitted  both  sexes  to  membership;  its  professed  objects 
were  spiritual  and  moral  improvement.  The  male  members 
were  called  the  "Companions  of  Ulysses,"  and  the  female  tin 
"Sisters  of  Penelope."  The  seal  of  the  order  was  a  heart, 
crowned  with  flowers,  upon  an  altar,  ornamented  with  a 
garland,  with  a  branch  of  laurel  at  the  right,  and  another  of 
palm,  at  the  left.  Upon  the  heart  was  the  inscription:  "Je 
sais  aimer,"  I  know  how  to  love.  This  device  and  the  in- 
timacy which  prevailed  between  the  Companions  of  Ulysses 
and  the  Sisters  of  Penelope  indicate  with  sufficient  plainness 
the  certain  end  and  principal  object  of  the  order  of  the 
Palladium.  Its  existence  was  of  short  duration. 


982  PAN. 

PANATHENJ3A.  One  of  the  famous  festivals  of  Greece, 
celebrated  at  Athens  in  honor  of  Athene,  patron  goddess  oi 
the  city,  and  intended  to  remind  the  people  of  Attica  ol 
their  union  into  one  community  by  Theseus.  Before  the  time 
of  Theseus,  or  before  the  formation  of  the  Attic  confederacy, 
this  festival  was  celebrated  only  by  the  citizens  of  Athens,  and 
called  simply  Athencea.  According  to  tradition,  the  Athensea 
owed  its  origin/to  King  Erichthonius,  about  1506  or  1521  B.  c. 
The  later  Panathensea  appears  to  have  been  a  double  festival. 
All  writers  who  mention  it  speak  of  a  Lesser  or  Greater 
Panathenaea,  the  former  held  annually,  the  latter  every 
fourth  year.  Both  took  place  in  the  month  Hecatombceon 
(July),  and  lasted  several  days.  The  Lesser  Panathensea 
was  celebrated  with  gymnastic  games,  musical  compositions, 
declamations,  and  a  torch-light  race  in  the  evening,  the 
whole  concluding  with  the  sacrifice  of  an  ox  contributed  by 
every  one  of  the  Athenian  boroughs,  from  which  the  whole 
company  enjoyed  a  sumptuous  entertainment.  During  the 
celebration,  no  person  was  permitted  to  appear  in  dyed 
garments.  The  prize  of  the  victors  was  a  vessel  filled  with 
oil,  from  the  sacred  tree  on  the  Acropolis.  The  Greater 
Panathenaea  only  differed  from  the  Lesser  in  being  more 
bolemn  and  magnificent.  Homeric  poems  were  sung;  dra- 
matic representations  were  given,  and  on  the  last  day  of  the 
festival  a  splendid  procession  took  place,  in  which  Athene's 
(Minerva)  sacred  garment  was  carried.  This  garment 
was  woven  by  a  select  number  of  virgins  called  epyao-xai, 
from  ipyov,  work.  It  was  of  a  white  color,  without  sleeves,  and 
embroidered  with  gold.  Upon  it  were  described  the  achieve- 
ments of  the  goddess,  particularly  her  victories  over  the 
giants.  This  garment  was  carried  in  procession  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  give  it  the  appearance  of  the  sail  of  a  vessel, 
to  the  temple  of  Ceres  Eleusiania,  thence  to  the  citadel, 
where  the  peplus  was  placed  upon  the  statue  of  Minerva, 
which  was  laid  upon  a  bed  strewed  and  artistically  decorated 
with  flowers.  Not  alone  the  Athenians,  but  the  whole  popu- 
lation of  Attica  poured  forth  on  this  occasion.  It  was  usual 
to  set  all  pi-isoners  at  liberty,  and  to  present  golden  crowns 
to  such  as  had  deserved  well  of  their  country. 

PANTHEISTIC  BROTHERHOOD.  Toland,  in  his  cele- 
brated essay,  "Pantheisticon,"  describes  a  fraternity  whose 
ritual,  as  well  as  principal  features,  had  a  strong  likeness  to 
Freemasonry;  and,  thereby,  the  society  gained  much  credit, 
but  its  pretensions  to  a  Masonic  character  were  exposed  on 
'he  establishment  of  the  Grand  Lodge  in  London,  A.  D.  1717, 
ad  the  society  was  soon  abandoned. 


PAR— PAS. 


283 


PAROLE.  It  is  well  known  that  the  order  of  Odd-Fellows, 
in  addition  to  its  permanent  and  unchangeable  pass-words, 
has  an  annual  traveling  "word,"  and  also  term  pass- words. 
The  Masonic  fraternity  in  the  United  States  has  no  arrange- 
ment of  this  kind.  But  the  order  in  France  has  a  system  of 
this  character.  The  parole  is  of  two  kinds  "mot  de  semektre" 
— half-yearly  word — and  "mot  annuel" — annual  word — tho 
first  of  which  is  given  to  all  the  Lodges  at  the  semi-annuul 
festival  of  the  brotherhood,  and  the  second  is  communicated 
to  the  higher  orders  in  November. 

PASSED.  A  word  used  to  describe  the  advancement  of  an 
Entered  Apprentice  to  the  degree  of  Fellow-Craft.  It  alludes 
to  his  passage  between  the  symbolical  columns  and  through 
the  porch  to  the  middle  chamber  of  the  temple. 

PAST  HIGH -PRIEST,  an  honorary  title  by  which  a 
companion  who  has  served  in  the  office  of  High-Priest  for 
the  official  term  of  one  year  is  known.  The  honors  and 
special  privileges  pertaining  to  the  office  are  conferred  in  a 
convention  called  the  Order  of  High-Priesthood,,  composed 
of  present  and  past  High-Priests,  which  is  held  to  be  the 
bond  of  brotherly  love  that  unites  those  who  have  been 
elevated  to  the  highest  station  in  a  Royal  Arch  Chapter  by 
their  companions,  and  are  engaged  in  one  common  task  of 
preserving  the  landmarks  of  the  order  unimpaired,  and  in 
protecting,  by  their  high  authority,  the  integrity  and  honor 
of  the  institution.  The  jewel  of  a  Past  High-Priest  consists 


of  a  plate  of  gold  in  the  form  of  a  triple  triangle,  a  breast- 
plate being  placed  over  the  point  of  union.  In  front,  on  the 
face  of  each  triangle  is  inscribed,  with  the  tetragrammaton, 
nil""!*1?  on  the  other  side  the  upper  triangle  has  the  following 
mystical  notation,  «,,,  *7*70 ;  the  two  lower  triangles  have 
the  Hebrew  letters  ft  and  p  inserted  upon  them.  Each  side 
of  each  triangle  should  be  one  inch  in  length,  and  may  be 
ornamented  at  the  fancy  of  the  wearer.  The  breastplate 
may  be  plainly  engraved  or  set  with  stones. 


234  PAS. 

PAST  MASTEE.  The  name  of  a  degree  conferred  on  Mas- 
ters of  Lodges  before  they  can  assume  the  duties  of  the  chair. 
The  same  degree  is  also  the  second  of  the  series  known  as  the 
Royal  Arch  degrees.    This  somewhat  anomalous  arrangement 
has  led  to  a  confusion  of  ideas,  and  considerable  controversy 
in  regard  to  the  rights  of  these  two  classes  of  Past  Masters 
Is  a  brother  who  has  received  the  degree  of  Past  Master  in 
a   Royal   Arch  Chapter,  but   who  has  never  been  elected 
to  nor  installed  into  the  office  of  Master  of  the  Blue  Lodge, 
eligible  to  the  elective  offices  in  the  Grand   Lodge?     The 
constitutions  of  most  Grand  Lodges  confine  the  honors  of 
official  station  to  Past  Masters.  The  point  to  be  determined 
is  what  construction  must  be  put  on  this  term  Past  Master, 
as  used  in  the  constitutions.     Does  it  refer  solely  to  those 
who  have   actually  passed  the   oriental   chair,  or  does  it 
include  others  who  are  not  actual  Past  Masters,  but  who  are 
entitled  to  the  name,  from  the  fact  that  they  have  received  the 
degree  in  the  Royal  Arch  Chapter  ?     It  would  seem  to  be  a 
plain  conclusion  that,  as  neither  the  Grand  Lodges  nor  their 
subordinates  know  anything  of  such  a  body  as  the  Chapter, 
the  authors  of  those  constitutions  could  have  had  no  refer- 
ence to  the  Chapter  whatever,  nor  to  any  of  its  degrees. 
When  designating  those  who  should  be  eligible  to  office  in 
the  Grand  Lodge,  they  must  have  had  in  their  minds  those, 
and  only  those,  who  had  actually  served  a  term  as  Master  of 
a  Blue  Lodge.     In  point  of  fact,  the  degree  of  Past  Master 
is  out  of  place  in  the  Chapter,  and  has  no  right  there.     It 
belongs  to  the  Blue  Lodge,  and  should  be  conferred  only 
upon  actual  Masters  of  Lodges  when  installed  into  office. 
As  a  degree  of  the  Lodge,  used  as  above,  it  is  fit  and  proper. 
In  the  Chapter  it  has  no  significance  nor  pertinence  what- 
ever— it  is  simply  an  act  without  meaning,  and  mars  greatly 
the  beauty  of  Royal  Arch  Masonry.     The  degree,  itself,  fur- 
nishes strong  internal  evidence  that  it  never  was  intended 
for  any  persons  but  Masters  of  Lodges.     It  deals  solely  with 
the  duties  of  Masters  and  with  Masonic  labors  which  belong 
exclusively  to  Blue  Lodges,  and  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than 
the  beginning  of  the  installation  service. 

PASTOPHORAI.  From  the  Greek  words  pastes,  a  couch 
or  chest,  and  pherd,  I  bear,  equivalent  to  couch-bearers.  The 
priests  of  the  first  class  in  the  Egyptian  mysteries  bore  this 
name.  In  the  performance  of  certain  ceremonies  they 
carried  an  image  of  a  god — Osiris — whose  allegorical  death 
had  been  represented  on  an  enclosed  couch,  or  rather,  per- 
haps, in  a  kind  of  coffin.  This  title  was  also  applied  to  other 
persons  who  carried  images  of  their  deities  through  the 
public  streets  for  the  purpose  of  eliciting  charity. 


PAT.  285 

PATENT.  A  warrant  of  constitution  conferring  privileges, 
f.rid  by  the  authority  of  which  societies  and  companies  exercise 
ineir  peculiar  functions.  All  Masonic  bodies  work  under  a 
patent  or  charter,  derived  from  some  legitimate  authority 
having  full  power  to  grant  the  same.  It  must  be  confessed 
that  not  a  few  of  the  Masonic  patents  and  charters  of  the 
last  century  were  forgeries.  The  one  that  Baron  Humle 
laid  before  the  Convention  of  Kohlo,  June,  22,  1772, 
was  written  in  cipher,  and  no  person  has  ever  yet  beeu 
able  to  explain  or  read  it.  It  was  examined,  however,  by 
Firks,  Lestwitz,  De  Bruggen  and  Hohenthal,  who  pro- 
nounced it  legitimate,  and  Kessler,  in  a  funeral  oration 
pronounced  over  the  deceased  Grand  Master,  relates  thai 
the  Brothers  Smith  brought  it  from  England  or  Scotland 
about  the  year  1754  !  Many  other  patents  arid  charters  that 
are  sometimes  spoken  of  had  an  origin  equally  lofty  in  the 
clouds  of  doubt  and  ambiguity. 

PATMOS,  KNIGHT  OF.  A  degree  which  belongs  to  a  series 
of  degrees  that  the  ancient  Grand  Encampment  of  Templars 
in  Scotland  conferred.  It  is  historical,  and  has  reference  to 
the  banishment  of  St.  John  and  the  visions  of  the  Apocalypse. 

PATRIARCH.  From  the  Greek  patria,  family,  and  arch&n, 
head  or  chief.  The  heads  of  the  antediluvian  families,  ami 
the  three  fathers  of  the  Hebrew  race,  are  thus  designated. 
The  celebrated  Charter  of  Cologne  speaks  of  an  unknown  or 
invisible  Patriarch,  and  also  a  Supreme  Master  Elect,  who 
are  to  be  recognized  as  the  legitimate  governors  of  the  Craft. 
The  name  is  found  also  in  the  encampment  degrees  of  the 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows;  in  several  of  the  high  grades  of  Free- 
masonry, and  in  the  20th  degree  of  the  Councils  of  the 
Emperor  of  the  East  and  West.  At  Paris  there  is  an  officer 
who  bears  the  name  of  Grand  Patriarch. 

PATRON.  A  protector.  The  Latin  patronus  signified,  in 
the  Roman  Republic,  a  patrician,  who  had  plebeians  called 
I'lii'iitis  under  his  immediate  protection,  and  whose  interests 
he  supported  by  his  authority  and  influence.  The  historj 
cf  Freemasonry  in  Great  Britain  shows  that  the  Order,  at  a 
very  early  period,  recognized  the  king  as  its  patron,  or  some 
one  appointed  by  the  king  to  represent  him.  The  constitu- 
tions of  York  also  ordained  that  "  All  legitimate  societies" — 
of  Masons — "  shall  labor  under  a  patron."  Charles  I.  was 
patron  of  the  English  Masons  from  1625  to  1644.  The  changed 
cii'cumstances  of  the  times,  the  growth  of  democratic  ideas, 
and  the  overwhelming  political  power  now  possessed  by  the 
masses  of  the  people,  have  rendered  the  expression,  "patrou 
of  Masonry,"  very  nearly  an  obsolete  notion. 


286  PEL— PER. 

PELICAN.  It  was  formerly  believed  that  this  bird,  when 
food  could  not  be  found,  would  sacrifice  itself  to  its  young 
and  nourish  them  with  its  own  blood.  Hence  the  Pelican 
nourishing  its  young  ones  with  its  blood  has  often  been  used 
by  various  societies  as  a  symbol  of  self-sacrificing  benevo- 
lence. Eagon  says  that  in  the  hieroglyphic  language  the 
Eagle  signified  a  wise,  and  the  Pelican  a  benevolent,  man, 
and  therefore  concludes  that  the  Eagle  and  Pelican  of  the 
Rose  Croix  degrees  symboMze  perfect  Wisdom  and  perfect 
Lovo. 


PENNY.  The  Greek  drachma,  or  Roman  denarius,  was 
the  name  of  the  coin  mentioned  in  the  parable  of  the  "  vine- 
yard," with  which  the  laborers  were  paid  for  their  day's 
work.  "  Every  man  received  a  penny."  The  value  of  this 
coin  was  twelve  to  fourteen  cents  United  States  currency. 
It  plays  an  important  part  in  the  degree  of  Mark  Master.* 

PERFECTIONISTS.  This  was  the  name  that  Weishaupt 
first  gave  to  that  branch  of  the  order  which  was  afterward 
exchanged  for  that  of  Illuminati. 

PERFECTION,  DEGREE  OF.  Also  called  Grand  Elect,  Per- 
fect and  Sublime  Mason.  The  French  style  it  Grand  Ecossais 
de  la  voute  sacre'e  de  Jacques  VI.  It  is  the  14th  degree  of  the 

*  An  erroneous  impression  prevails  respecting  the  real  value  of  money 
in  olden  times,  on  account  of  our  associations  with  its  present  value.  A 
penny,  equivalent  to  twelve  or  fourteen  cents,  seems  to  us  to  be  a  mean 
compensation  for  ten  or  twelve  hours  toil  in  the  vineyard,  and  the  two 
pence  (Luke  x.  35)  affords  very  equivocal  evidence  to  our  minds  of  gene- 
rosity in  the  good  Samaritan;  but  when  it  is  considered  how  much  of  the 
comforts  and  necessaries  of  life  these  apparently  trifling  sums  could 
obtain,  the  case  appears  differently.  As  lately  as  the  year  1351  the  price 
of  labor  was  regulated  in  England  by  act  of  Parliament,  and  "hay- 
makers, corn-weeders,  without  meat,  drink,  or  other  courtesy"  (in  model  n 
phrase,  finding  themselves, )  were  to  have  a  penny  a  day.  In  many  places 
these  were  the  highest  wages  paid  for  any  kind  of  agricultural  labor, 
some  kinds  being  still  less.  The  pay  of  a  chaplain  in  England,  in  1314, 
was  three  half  pence,  or  about  three  cents  a  day.  At  the  same  time 
wheat  was  sixteen  cents  a  bushel,  and  a  fat  sheep  only  twelve  cents.  A 
ponny  a  day  under  such  circumstances  would  not  be  inconsiderable 
wages.  In  the  time  of  Christ  a  penny  or  Roman  denarius  would  have 
bought,  it  is  estimated,  at  least  ten  times  more  than  it  would  have  done 
in  England  in  the  year  1780 — and  prices  then  were  very  much  lower  than 
at  the  present  day.  — BIBLE  DICTIONARY. 


CHAMBBB   OF    DEATH. — PERFECT    MASTER 


TOMB   OP    HIRAM. 


PER  291 

Ancient  and  Accepted  rite,  and  the  20th  of  the  Kite  of 
Misraim.  Chevalier  Ramsay  and  other  political  associates 
of  the  Pretender  were  undoubtedly  the  authors  of  the  degree. 

PERFECTION,  RITE  OF.  A  French  system  founded  by  De 
Bonneville,  1754,  which  assumed  that  the  Freemasons  were 
the  lineal  descendants  of  the  Templars,  and  therefore  that 
all  Masons  were  Knights  Templar.  It  had  25  degrees. 
Stephen  Morin  and  others  introduced  some  modifications 
and  additions  into  the  rite,  and  transplanted  it  in  the  United 
States  under  the  name  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite. 

PERFECT  MASTER.  The  5th  degree  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite.  The  legend  of  this  degree  is  founded  upon 
the  circumstances  of  King  Solomon's  efforts  in  establishing 
appropriate  obsequies  as  a  grateful  tribute  of  respect  to  the 
memory  of  a  worthy  departed  brother.  The  Master  is  styled 
Most  Venerable,  and  represents  Adoniram.  The  hangings 
are  green;  in  each  corner  of  the  room  is  a  white  column;  the 
altar  is  covered  with  a  black  cloth,  strewed  with  tears.  The 
apron  is  white  lambskin,  lined  and  bordered  with  green;  in 
the  center  of  which  is  painted,  within  three  circles,  a  square 
stone,  on  which  the  letter  J  is  inscribed;  the  flap  of  the  apron 
is  green,  symbolically  to  remind  the  neophyte  that,  being 
iead  in  vice,  he  must  hope  to  revive  in  virtue.  The  jewel 
is  a  compass  open  to  GO.  degrees,  the  points  on  the  arc  of  a 
circle.  The  solemn  ceremonies  of  an  interment  take  place 
during  the  progress  of  this  degree. 

PERFECT  UNION,  LODGE  OF.  A  new  arrangement  of 
Masonic  degrees  which  made  its  appearance  in  France 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Lodge  of  Perfect  Union  at  Rennes.  It  received  the 
title  of  the  Elect  of  Truth,  and  had  14  degrees,  divided  into 
three  classes.  This  rite  is  but  a  modification  of  the  Rite  of 
Perfection. 

PERSECUTION.  No  society  or  order  of  men  has  been 
the  object  of  greater  abuse  or  more  malicious  misrepre- 
sentation and  unreasonable  persecution  than  that  of  Free- 
masonry. Even  among  the  Jews,  not  many  years  after  the 
building  of  the  temple,  Freemasons  were  accused  of  idolatry, 
the  temples  where  they  practiced  their  mysteries  were 
destroyed,  and  many  of  them  were  put  to  death.  This  arose 
in  a  great  degree  from  the  ignorance  of  the  Jews  of  that  age. 
They  misapprehended  the  lofty  ideas  of  their  greatest  king 
and  wisest  sage,  Solomon,  and  were  made  to  believe,  after  his 
death,  that  the  symbolical  decorations  of  the  temple  were  of 
a  profane  and  idolatrous  character.  They  were  also  taught 


2U3 


FEB. 


to  distrust  the  liberal  views  entertained  in  regard  to  other 
nations,  and  saw  in  his  friendly  and  fraternal  intercourse 
with  Hiram  of  Tyre,  and  other  distinguished  Gentiles,  a 
departure  from  the  strictness  of  the  Hebrew  faith.  During 
the  life  of  Solomon  the  company  of  Hiram  continued  to 
practice  their  rites  unmolested;  but  after  his  death  a  strong 
and  bitter  opposition  sprang  up  against  them.  Their  mys- 
teries, not  being  understood,  were  called  "  abominations," 
and  a  general  movement  for  the  extermination  of  the 
Sidonian  architects  was  organized.  This  ancient  persecution 
of  the  Sidonian  Masons  finds  its  parallel  in  the  persecutions 
of  modern  Masons  by  the  Roman  Church  and  other  religious 
bodies.  In  1738,  Pope  Clement  XII.  fulminated  his  cele- 
brated bull  against  the  Order,  in  which  he  shows  himself  as 
fanatical  and  ill-informed  in  regard  to  the  nature  of  Free- 
masonry as  those  who  headed  the  persecutions  of  the  Si- 
donians  among  the  ancient  Jews.  He  says:  "We  have 
learned  that  a  society  has  been  formed  under  the  name  of 
Freemasons,  into  which  persons  of  all  religions  and  aD.  sects 
are  indiscriminately  admitted,  and  whose  members  have 
established  certain  laws  which  bind  themselves  to  each 
other,  and  which,  in  particular,  compel  their  members,  under 
the  severest  penalties,'  by  virtue  of  an  oath  taken  on  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  to  preserve  an  inviolable  secrecy  in  relation  to 
everything  that  transpires  in  their  meetings."  The  bull 
concludes  with  a  command  to  all  bishops  to  inflict  on  Masons 
"the  penalties  which  they  deserve,  as  people  greatly  sus- 
pected of  heresy,  having  recourse,  if  necessary,  to  the  secular 
power."  The  "penalty"  here  alluded  to  is  plainly  enough 
explained  by  the  following  Jranscript  from  an  edict  published 
in  the  following  year:  "  No  person  shall  dare  to  assemble  at 
any  lodge  of  the  said  society,  nor  be  present  at  any  of  their 
meetings,  under  pain  of  death  and  confiscation  of  goods,  the 
said  penalty  to  be  without  pardon."  This  bull,  however, 
failed  to  stay  the  progress  of  the  institution,  and  wheu 
Benedict  XIV.,  1751,  renewed  ,it,  and  ordered  its  enforce- 
ment, his  proclamation  was  treated  with  derision  and  con- 
tempt. In  Germany,  Spain,  Turkey,  Portugal,  France  aiiJ 
Switzerland  the  order  has,  at  times,  been  persecuted,  but  it 
has  outlived  all  opposition,  and  is  now  master  of  those  who 
once  trampled  it  under  foot.  The  anti-Masonic  movement 
in  the  United  States  is  familiar  to  all.  It  was  a  real  benefit 
to  Masonry,  and  has  overwhelmed  its  authors  with  infamy 
and  scorn.  But  the  last  (and  we  hope  it  will  be  the  last) 
and  probably  the  most  ridiculous  attempt  at  persecuting  the 
Masonic  institution  emanated  from  the  Secret  Consistory  of  the 
.Vatican,  by  Pope  Pius  IX.,  September  25,  1865,  in  the  form 
of  a  Papal  Allocution  to  his  "  Venerable  Brethren."  This 


PER.  293 

dreadful  anathema  pronounces,  ex-cathedra,  that  Freemasonry 
is  "  monstrous,  impious  and  criminal,  full  of  snares  and 
frauds — a  dark  society;  the  enemy  of  the  Church  and  of 
God,  and  dangerous  to  the  security  of  kingdoms;  inflamed 
with  a  burning  hatred  against  religious  and  legitimate 
authority;  desirous  of  overthrowing  all  rights  human  and 
divine,"  etc.  It  may  not  be  necessary  to  waste  much  time  or 
space  to  the  refutation  of  the  charges  displayed  in  this  silly 
and  odious  papal  address.  Such  accusations  against  a  public 
body  of  men  spread  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  civilized 
world  and  in  all  classes  of  society,  among  whom  may  be 
numbered  monarchs,  princes,  senators,  prelates,  and  the 
great  and  good  of  all  countries,  accompanied  by  the  awful 
sentence  of  eternal  perdition,  are  detestable,  and  not  worthy 
of  any  serious  notice.  The  Pope  and  his  venerable  brethren 
do  not  like  Freemasonry.  Very  well;  nobody  blames  them 
for  that;  and  least  of  all,  the  members  of  the  Masonic 
Order;  for  it  is  not  a  proselytizing  institution.  He  objects 
to  it  because  it  is  a  secret  society.  Very  well !  Has  Roman- 
ism no  secrets?  Then  it  has  no  confessional,  and  it  never 
had  an  inquisition.  Why  this  Allocution,  in  which  secret 
societies  are  subjected  to  such  severe  invective,  was  actually 
delivered  in  his  own  Secret  Consistory.  But  as  the  Roman 
Church  is  hostile  to  freedom  of  conscience,  its  doctrines  are 
therefore  incompatible  with  the  tolerant  and  liberal  princi- 
ples of  Freemasonry.  We  shall  patiently  await  another 
(although  another  may  never  occur)  "  Thunder  from  the 
Vatican,"  but  in  the  meantime  the  Order  of  Freemasonry 
must  move  on. 

PERSEVERANCE,  ORDER  OF.  -An  Order  of  Knights  and 
Ladies,  which  was  founded  at  the  Court  of  Louis  XV.,  A.D 
1771,  by  the  Polish  Countess,  Potoska,  Count  Brostosky, 
and  the  Marquis  de  Seignelay.  Its  existence  was  short. 

PERSIAN  PHILOSOPHICAL  RITE.  A  new  system  of 
Masonry  which  arose  at  Paris  in  the  year  1819.  It  was  not 
much  encouraged,  and  has  now  ceased  to  exist.  Little  is 
known  of  its  ritual,  and  whether  the  three  symbolic  degrees 
were  essential  to  its  members,  or  whether  they  were  included 
in  the  fanciful  names  of  the  degrees  adopted,  we  are  unable 
to  learn.  It  consisted  of  seven  degrees,  viz:  1.  Listening 
Apprentice;  2.  Companion  Adept,  Esquire  of  Benevolence; 
3.  M  aster  of  the  Sun — from  the  29th  degree  of  the  Scotch 
rite;  4.  Architect  of  all  Rites,  Knight  of  the  Philosophy  of 
the  Heart — enthusiasm;  5.  Knight  of  Eclecticism  and  of 
Truth;  6.  Master  Grand  Shepherd;  7.  Venerable  Grand  Elu. 
25 


294  PHA— PHI. 

PHALLUS.  An  image  of  the  virile  member,  which,  fast- 
ened to  a  pole,  was  carried  in  the  religious  processions  of 
many  of  the  nations  of  antiquity.  It  was  not  an  object  of 
worship,  as  some  have  thought,  but  was  reverenced  as  a 
symbol  of  the  male  productive  principle.  This  symbol,  under 
the  name  of  Lingain,  was  first  employed  in  the  Indian  Mys- 
teries; thence  it  was  introduced  into  Egypt,  and  made  still 
more  conspicuous  in  the  Mysteries  of  Isis.  The  legend  of 
Osiris  relates  that,  on  being  overcome  by  Typhon,  his  body 
was  dismembered,  and  the  several  parts  of  it — and  among 
them  the  virile  member — were  concealed  by  Typhon  in  the 
four  quarters  of  the  globe.  Isis,  after  a  long  search,  suc- 
ceeded in  finding  all  the  members  except  the  one  in  question, 
and  of  this  she  made  a  wooden  image,  which  was  carried  in 
the  processions  peculiar  to  the  festivals  of  Osiris,  as  an 
emblem  of  the  productive  energies  of  nature.  In  the  Grecian 
Mysteries,  also,  it  was  used  in  the  same  sense,  and  traces  of- 
it  are  even  found  among  the  Jews.  The  Phallus  was  not 
associated  in  the  minds  of  the  people  with  any  low,  vulgar 
Dr  lascivious  ideas,  but  rather  represented,  as  we  have  before 
observed,  that  plastic  power,  that  creative  force  of  nature, 
that  mysterious  and  inexhaustible  fountain  of  life  from 
which  all  things  proceed.  This  sign  has  been  prominently 
associated  with  the  symbol  of  the  Point  within  a  Circle. 

PHI  BETA  KAPPA.  An  order  composed  of  students  in 
American  colleges.  The  first  society  of  the  kind  was,  we 
believe,  organized  by  the  members  of  William  and  Mary's 
College  in  Virginia,  and  under  the  auspices  of  Thomas 
Jefierson.  It  has  a  sign,  grip  and  word,  and  a  silver  medal, 
which  serves  as  a  token  of  membership;  on  one  side  of 
which,  under  six  stars,  the  number  of  colleges  where  the 
Order  is  in  vogue,  and  above  a  hand,  are  engraved  the  initials 
<I>.  13.  K. ;  while  on  the  other  is  marked  the  date  of  its 
foundation,  "  S.  P.,  December  5,  1776."  The  letters  S.  P. 
stand  for  Societas  Philosophies.  The  three  Greek  initials 
signify  "Philosophia  biou  Kubernetes" — Philosophy,  the  guide 
of  life. 

PHILADELPHIA'S.  This  was  the  appellation  of  a  lodge 
erected  at  Narbonne,  France,  in  which  the  Kite  of  Narbonne 
and  also  the  Primitive  rite  had  their  seats.  This  rite  claims 
to  rest  upon  a  scientific  study  of  Masonry.  Thory — "Hixtoire 
du  Grand  Orient" — says:  "  Suivant  I'ecrit:  notion  generate  sur 
te  caractere  et  I'objei  du  rite  primitif,  le  regime  est  forme  par 
trois  classes  de  Masons,  qui  regoivent  dix  degres  d' instruction. 
Ces  degres,  ou  classes  ne  sont  pas  la  designation  de  tels  ou  tels 
grades,  mais  des  de  nominal  ions  de  collections,  qn'il  sujfit  de 


PHI.  295 

derouler  autant  qu'elles  en  sont  susceptible,  pour  en  fairs  willir 
un  nombre  presque  infaii  de  grades!'*  Thus,  for  example,  the 
4th  degree,  under  the  titles  of  Perfect  Master,  Elect,  Archi- 
tect, designates  an  acquaintance  with  the  greater  part  of  the 
degrees  analogous  to  them. 

PHILALETHEANS.  This  name— a  compound  Greek- 
word — signifying  the  "  Friends  or  Lovers  of  Truth,"  was 
given  to  an  order  which  originated  in  the  "Loye  des  Amis 
Eeunis,''  A.  D.  1773.  The  rite  or  system  of  degrees  was 
divided  into  twelve  classes: 


1.  Apprentice. 

2.  Fellow-Craft 

3.  Master. 

4.  Elect. 

5.  Scottish  Knight. 

6.  Knight  of  the  East. 


8.  Knight  of  the  Temple. 

9.  Unknown  Philosopher. 

10.  Sublime  Philosopher. 

11.  Initiated. 

12.  Phiklethean,  Lover  of  Truth, 

or  Master  of  all  Degrees. 


7.  Knight  ot  the  Kose-Oroix. 

Like  the  sect  of  St.  Martin,  it  had  a  mystical  formation, 
but  most  of  its  teachings  were  of  an  elevated  character,  and 
discussed  the  profoundest  questions  of  philosophy  in  an  able 
manner.  It  attracted  the  attention  of  many  distinguished 
men,  who  became  active  members  of  it;  among  whom  were 
Count  de  Gebelin,  Dutrousset  d'Hericourt,  the  Landgrave 
Fredrich  Ludwig  of  Hessen  Darmstadt,  Baron  Gleichen, 
Abbe  Rozier,  etc.  The  soul  of  the  Order  was  Savaletto  de 
Langes,  who  was  also  its  founder. 

PHILOCHOREITES,  ORDER  OF.  This  was  a  secret  society 
composed  of  men  and  women,  founded  by  some  officers 
connected  with  the  French  army,  in  Spain,  A.  D.  1808,  and 
was  afterward  carried  by  them  into  France.  It  was  also 
diffused  by  the  Spanish  army  through  many  other  parts  of 
Europe.  It  was  a  system  of  Adoptive  Masonry,  with  initi- 
ation and  mysteries.  The  Lodge  was  styled  the  Circle. 
Each  Knight  bore  an  Order  name. 

PHILOSOPHERS  UNKNOWN,  ORDEK  OF.  This  Order, 
sometimes  called  also  the  Order  of  Unknown  Philosopher- 
Judges,  was  a  Masonic  society,  and  had  two  degrees.  It 
belonged  to  the  Templar-Jesuitical  system,  and  its  tendency, 
on  the  whole,  was  unmasouic,  although  it  wrapped  itself  in 
a  Masonic  form.  The  jewel  of  the  Order  was  a  dagger,  with 
the  words  Tain  and  Revenge. 

*  According  to  the  MSS.  "a  general  idea  of  the  character  and  objects 
of  the  Primitive  Bite, "  the  system  includes  three  classes  of  Masons  who 
receive  ten  degrees  of  instruction.  These  classes  are  not  the  designation 
of  such  and  such  degrees,  but  of  collections,  which,  being  properly  de- 
veloped, may  produce  an  infinite  number  of  degrees. 


296  PHI. 

PHILOSOPHICAL  DEGBEES.  The  degrees,  above  the 
18th,  are  distinguished  by  this  name;  but  why  they  should 
be  thus  named  it  is  difficult  to  explain.  Only  one  of  them 
— the  28th,  or  Knight  of  the  Sun — can  lay  any  claim  to  the 
appellation.  Nearly  all  the  rest  are  historical  and  moral, 
and  are,  for  the  most  part,  amplifications  of  preceding  de- 
grees. During  the  last  century,  however,  there  were  several 
philosophical  rites  practiced  among  Masons,  but  they  have 
gradually  been  dropped.  Only  one — the  28th — of  our  sys- 
tem remains.  The  name  Philosopher  is  given  to  a  largo 
number  of  degrees  in  several  Masonic  rites.  In  the  Lodge 
of  des  Amis  Reunis  we  find  the  degrees  of  Cabalist  Philoso- 
pher, Philosopher  of  the  Grand  Circle,  Hermetic  Philoso- 
pher, and  Philosopher  of  Hermes.  Elsewhere  we  find 
Cabalistic  Philosopher,  Cabalistic  Philosopher  of  the  Sublime 
number  Five,  Christian  Philosopher — degree  of  the  African 
Architects,  Grand  Mistress  Philosopher — in  the  Chapter  of 
the  Dames  of  Mt.  Tabor,  Grand  Philosopher,  Perfect  Mason 
Philosopher,  Perfect  Master  Philosopher,  Sublime  Philoso- 
pher, Philosopher  of  the  Sublime  number  Nine,  Philosopher 
of  Samothrace,  etc.  The  foregoing  by  no  means  com- 
pletes the  list,  but  these  will  serve  to  show  the  character  of 
the  Masonic  mind  during  the  last  half  of  the  18th  century. 
There  was  a  yearning  for  the  attainment  of  the  highest  truth, 
and  these  rites,  with  their  multifarious  degrees,  were  con- 
sidered as  so  many  steps  leading  thereto. 

PHILOSOPHIC  SCOTCH  EITE.  This  system  was  estab- 
lished in  Paris,  and  adopted  by  the  Grand  Lodge  in  1776. 
Some  few  years  previously  a  Mason  named  Pernetti  founded 
a  rite,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  "  Hermetic,  or  Sublime 
Masters  of  the  Luminous  Ring,"  the  object  of  the  contriver - 
being  to  instruct  his  disciples,  not  only  in  the  higher  degrees 
of  Masonry,  but  also  in  the  art  of  transmuting  metals  and 
preparing  the  elixir  of  life.  Pernetti  had  for  a  pupil  a 
physician  named  Boileau,  who  did  away  with  the  alchemy, 
and  made  it  more  purely  Masonic,  and  then  gave  this  re- 
formed rite  the  name  above  affixed  to  it.  This  rite,  which 
Clavel  says  is  still  practiced  in  France,  has  twelve  degrees, 
the  three  degrees  of  Ancient  Craft  Masonry  being  necessary 
pre -requisites,  though  they  do  not  form  a  part  of  the  rite. 
The  degrees  are:  1,  2,  and  3,  Knight  of  the  Black  Eagle  or 
Bose-Croix,  divided  into  three  parts;  4.  Knight  of  the 
Phcrnix;  5.  Knight  of  the  Sun;  G.  Knight  of  Iris;  7.  True 
Mason;  8.  Knight  of  the  Argonauts;  9.  Knight  of  the  Golden 
Fleece;  10.  Grand  Inspector,  Perfect  Initiate;  11.  Grand 
Inspector,  Grand  Scotch  Mason;  12.  Sublime  Master  of  the 
Luminous  Bing.  The  ioctrine  taught  in  this  rite  was  that 


PHI.  297 

Freemasonry  was  founded  by  Pythagoras;  and  t.ae  lectures 
consisted  of  an  explanation  of  the  philosophy  and  peculiar 
doctrines  of  the  Samian  sage,  asserting,  for  instance,  that 
the  symbols  he  adopted  in  his  secret  instruction  were  chiefly 
derived  from  geometry ;  thus,  the  right  angle  was  au  emblem 
of  morality  and  justice;  the  equilateral  triangle  was  a  sym- 
bol of  God,  the  essence  of  light  and  truth;  the  square 
referred  to  the  divine  mind;  the  cube  was  the  symbol  of  the 
mind  of  man  after  it  had  been  purified  by  acts  of  piety  and 
devotion,  and  thus  prepared  for  mingling  with  the  celestial 
beings.  The  point  within  a  circle,  and  the  dodecahedron  or 
figure  of  twelve  sides,  were  symbols  of  the  universe;  the 
triple  triangle  was  an  emblem  of  health;  and  the  letter  Y  a 
representation  of  the  course  of  human  life,  in  which  there 
were  two  diverging  paths,  the  one  of  virtue  leading  to 
happiness,  and  the  other  of  vice  conducting  to  misery.* 

PHILOSOPHY  OF  MASONRY.  This  expression  opens 
an  immense  field  for  the  intelligent  Mason  to  explore,  and 
one  so  rich  in  materials  that  it  can  never  be  exhausted.  The 
Philosophy  of  Freemasonry  involves  the  history  of  its  origin, 
an  inquiry  into  the  ideas  that  lie  at  its  base,  an  investi- 
gation of  its  peculiar  form,  an  analytical  study  of  its  several 
degrees,  and  a  development  of  the  ideas  which  are  illustrated 
by  its  ritualistic  emblems,  myths  and  allegories,  and  which 
speak  through  its  sublime  system  of  symbols.  Freemasonry 
has  now  arrived  at  a  period  in  its  history  when  the  pros- 
perity of  the  Order  imperatively  demands  a  deeper  insight 
into  its  character  and  teachings.  In  this  country,  for  nearly 
half  a  century.  Masons  have  occupied  themselves  merely 
with  the  outward  and  material  forms  of  the  institution.  Not 
knowing  in  what  ideas  the  system  had  its  birth,  what  truths 
were  symbolized  by  the  rites,  what  notions  were  intended  to 

"Pythagoras,  in  pursuit  of  knowledge,  traveled  into  Chaldea  and 
Egypt,  and  is  said  to  have  been  instructed  in  the  sacred  lore  of  the 
Hebrews,  either  by  the  Prophet  Ezekiel  or  Daniel.  Dr.  Oliver  asserts 
that  he  was  initiated  into  the  Jewish  system  of  Freemasonry,  and  that 
"his  mysteries  were  the  most  perfect  approximation  to  the  original 
science  of  Freemasonry  which  could  be  accomplished  by  a  philosopher 
bereft  of  the  aid  of  revelation."  Jamblicup  relates,  as  evidence  of  their 
brotherly  love  and  of  their  means  of  mutual  recognition,  the  following 
incident:  A  Pythagorean,  traveling  in  a  distant  country,  fell  sick  and  died 
at  a  public  inn.  Previously  to  his  death,  however,  being  unable  to 
compensate  the  landlord  for  the  kindness  and  attention  with  which  he 
had  been  treated,  he  directed  a  tablet,  on  which  he  had  traced  somo 
enigmatical  characters,  to  be  exposed  on  the  public  road.  Some  tim« 
after  another  disciple  of  Pythagoras  passed  that  wny,  perceived  the 
tablet,  and  learning  from  the  inscription  that  a  brother  had  been  there 
sick  and  in  distress,  and  that  he  had  been  treated  with  kindness,  hi 
stopped  and  reimbursed  the  innkeeper  for  his  trouble  ami  expense. 


298  PHCE— PLA. 

be  illustrated  by  its  symbols,  they  have  not  been  able  to  rise 
to  a  true  appreciation  of  its  sublime  spirit  and  profound 
significance.  The  superior  intelligence  and  culture  of  tho 
present  age  require  more  than  this.  The  questioning  spirit 
of  the  times  demands  aieason  for  this  and  for  that;  it  cannot 
rest  in  a  dead  form,  an  outward  sign.  Masons  should 
acquaint  themselves  with  the  philosophy  of  Masonry,  seek 
and  find  the  sense  of  its  rites,  study  its  symbols  until  they 
see  them  all  aglow  with  infinite  and  eternal  truths.  "  Sym- 
bols are  the  speech  of  God,"  and  through  them  Eternity 
lookjs  into  Time,  and  the  Infinite  holds  communion  with  the 
finite,  the  divine  with  the  human — through  them  the  mys- 
terious currents  of  life  from  the  over-world  stream  into  our 
human  world  of  prosaic  reality,  and  light  it  up  with  a  living 
glory.  There  is  that  latent  in  Freemasonry  which  makes  it 
exactly  the  institution  most  needed  in  this  age.  But  to  be 
an  effective  agent  in  elevating  and  advancing  man  to  a  more 
perfect  condition,  the  sense  of  its  mysteries  must  be  better 
understood  by  Masons,  its  philosophy  must  be  studied,  and 
its  grand  and  ancient  emblems  and  symbols  must  be  made 
to  speak  their  immortal  meanings  as  of  old.  In  other  words, 
Freemasonry  must  be  idealized.  Masonic  literature  is  ex- 
ceedingly poor  in  works  touching  upon  this  point.  The 
lectures  of  Kagon,  "Cours  Philoxophique"  in  France,  and  the 
"Rationale  and  Ethics  of  Freemasonry"  by  Arnold,  in  the 
United  States,  are  the  only  works  we  have  any  knowledge  of 
in  this  department. 

PHCENIX.  A  Phoenix,  burning,  with  the  words  written 
beneath,  "Perit  ut  uu<«/" — he  dies  that  he  may  live — alluding 
to  Jacques  de  Molay,  was  adopted  as  the  seal  of  the  Order  of 
the  Temple,  according  to  the  accoiint  of  the  Baron  Hunde, 
by  Harris,  the  second  Grand  Master  after  Molay,  A.  D.  1313; 
or  according  to  Starck's  assertion  by  Aumont,  Molay's  suc- 
cessor, 1312-13. 

PLATONIC  ACADEMY.  An  institution  having  Masonic 
emblems,  which  was  founded  at  Florence,  1480,  during  the 
reign  of  Cosmo  de  Medici.  It  was  devoted  to  the  study  of 
the  Platonic  Philosophy.*  Clavel  supposes — drawing  his 
conclusions  from  the  Masonic  symbols  that  adorn  their  hall, 
which  yet  exists — that  they  were  a  society  of  Masons,  who, 
even  at  that  early  period,  had  abandoned  the  operative  for 
the  speculative  art. 

*  Plato  believed  God  to  be  nn  infinitely  wise,  just  and  powerful  Spirit; 
and  that  he  lormcil  t;u:  visible  universe  out.  of  proi'-xistent  aniorphorus 
matter,  according  to  perfect  patterns  or  ideas  eternally  existent  in  his  own 
mind.  Philosophy  he  coiisidered  as  being  a  knowledge  of  the  true 
nature  of  things,  us  discoverable  in  those  eternal  idc.is  after  which  uiJ 
things  were  ftwuionecL 


PLE— PEE. 


209 


PLENTY.  Literally  denoting  a  full  or  adequate  supply; 
an  abundance.  As  an  emblem  of  Masonry 
it  is  symbolized  by  a  sheaf  of  wheat  (com- 
monly called  corn),  suspended  near  a  water- 
fall. The  Hebrew  word  Shibboleth,  which 
occupies  an  important  part  in  the  ceremonies 
of  the  Fellow-Craft's  degree,  signifies  an  ear 
of  corn,  also  a  rapid  stream  or  flow  of 
water.  In  the  Eleusinian  Mysteries  the 
goddess  Ceres  was  represented  with  a  flaming 
torch  in  her  right  and  an  ear  of  corn  in  her 
left  hand,  and  a  wreath  about  her  head,  as 
emblems  of  peace  and  plenty.  This  goddess  is  nearly  always 
represented  thus  ;  several  gems  and  medals  are  now  extant, 
where  the  ears  of  corn  appear  with  her  image. 

POMEL.  Literally  a  round  knob.  The  term  is  used  to 
designate  the  globes  which  rested  on  the  summit  of  the 
pillars  that  stood  at  the  entrance  of  the  temple. 

PONTIEEX.  This  title  was  borne  by  the  members  of  one 
of  the  great  colleges  among  the  ancient  Romans,  instituted 
by  Nunaa,  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  and  cultivating  the 
highest  order  of  knowledge,  particularly  of  a  religious 
character.  Their  duties  embraced  the  regulation  of  all  the 
religious  rites  and  ceremonies  (public  and  private)  of  the 
state.  They  were  a  self-elected  body  down  to  the  latter 
ages  of  the  republic,  when  the  power  of  election  was  some- 
times held  by  the  people.  It  was  finally  vested  in  the 
emperors,  who  added  as  many  to  their  number  as  they 
thought  fit.  The  chief  of  the  pontifices  was  called  the 
Pontifex  Maximus.  His  station  was  one  of  great  dignity  and 
power,  as  he  not  only  had  supreme  authority  in  religious 
matters,  but,  in  consequence  of  the  close  connection  between 
the  civil  government  and  religion  of  Home,  he  had  also 
considerable  political  influence. 

PRELATE.  An  officer  in  a  Council  of  Red  Cross  Knights 
and  Commandery  of  Knights  Templar, 
whose  title  is  "Excellent."  His  duties 
are  to  officiate  at  the  altar  and  rehearse 
the  lessons  of  divine  inspiration.  His 
position  is  at  the  right  of  the  Generalis- 
simo in  the  East.  His  jewel  is  a  triple 
triangle,  with  a  passion  cross  in  the  center 
of  each,  which  is  the  emblem  of  the 
Eternal  Jehovah,  and  is  to  remind  him  of  the  importance 
of  the  sacred  trust  reposed  in  him. 


gOO  FBI. 

PRIEST,  Hebrew,  Cohen.  One  who  officiates  in  the  pcblio 
worship  of  God,  especially  in  making  expiation  for  sin,  being 
"  ordained  for  men  in  things  pertaining  to  God,  to  offer  both 
gifts  and  sacrifices  for  sins."  In  the  Old  Testament  the 
priesthood  was  not  annexed  to  a  certain  family  until  after 
the  promulgation  of  the  law  by  Moses.  Before  that  time 
the  first  born  of  each  family,  the  fathers,  the  princes,  the 
kings,  were  the  priests  in  their  own.  cities,  and  in  their  orrn 
houses.  In  the  solemnity  of  the  covenant,  made  by  the 
Lord  with  his  people,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Sinai,  Mosos 
performed  the  office  of  mediator,  and  young  men  were 
chosen  from  among  Israel  to  perform  the  office  of  priests. 
But  after  the  Lord  had  chosen  the  tribe  of  Levi  to  serve 
him  in  his  tabernacle,  and  the  priesthood  was  annexed  to 
the  family  of  Aaron,  the  right  of  offering  sacrifices  and 
oblations  to  God  was  reserved  to  the  priests  of  this  family. 
The  High-Priest  was  at  the  head  of  all  religious  affairs,  and 
was  the  ordinary  judge  of  all  difficulties  that  belonged 
thereto,  and  even  of  the  general  justice  and  judgment  of  the 
Jewish  nation.  God  had  appropriated  to  the  person  of  the 
High-Priest  the  oracle  of  his  truth;  so  that  when  he  was 
habited  in  the  proper  ornaments  of  his  dignity,  and  with 
the  Urim  and  Thummim,  he  answered  questions  proposed 
to  him,  and  God  disclosed  to  him  secret  and  future  things. 
He  was  forbidden  to  mourn  for  the  death  of  any  of  his 
relations,  even  for  his  father  or  mother;  or  to  enter  into  any 
place  where  a  dead  body  lay,  that  he  might  not  contract  or 
hazard  the  contraction  of  uncleanness.  He  had  the  privilege 
of  entering  the  sanctuary  only  once  a  year,  on  the  day  of 
solemn  expiation,  to  make  atonement  for  the  sins  of  the 
whole  people.  In  general,  no  priest  who  had  any  corporeal 
defect  could  offer  sacrifice,  or  enter  the  holy  place  to  present 
the  shew-bread.  The  consecration  of  Aaron  and  of  his  sons 
was  performed  by  Moses  in  the  desert,  with  great  and  im- 
posing solemnities.  The  garments  worn  by  the  High-Priest 
consisted  of  the  following  articles  :  Short  linen  drawers; 
over  this  was  a  shirt  or  tunic  of  fine  linen,  embroidered, 
reaching  to  the  feet,  and  with  sleeves  extending  to  his  wrists; 
over  this  again  was  another  garment  called  the  robe  of  the 
ephod,  woven  entire,  blue,  with  an  ornamented  border 
around  the  neck,  and  a  fringe  at  the  bottom,  made  up  of 
pomegranates  and  golden  bells.  Above  all  these  vestments 
was  placed  the  ephod,  made  without  sleeves,  and  open  below 
the  arms  on  each  side,  consisting  of  two  pieces,  one  of  which 
covered  the  front  of  the  body,  and  the  other  the  back,  and 
reaching  down  to  the  middle  of  the  thighs.  They  were 
joined  together  on  the  shoulders  by  golden  buckles  set  with 


HIGH-PRIEST    IN   FOI/L   EOBES. 


PEL  303 

gerns,  and  two  large  precious  stones  set  in  gold,  on  which 
were  engraved  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  six 
on  each  stone,  according  to  their  order.  The  material  of 
which  the  ephod  was  wrought  was  extremely  costly ;  of  blue, 
purple,  scarlet,  and  fine-twined  linen,  with  rich  golden  em- 
broidery; also  a  girdle  of  fine  linen,  woven  with  blue,  purple, 
scarlet  and  gold*  passed  twice  around  the  body.  Just  above 
the  girdle,  on  the  breast  of  the  ephod,  and  joined  to  it  by 
golden  chains  attached  to  rings  at  the  upper  corners,  was 
suspended  the  breastplate,  which  was  made  of  the  same 
rich  material  as  the  ephod;  it  was  about  ten  inches  square; 
the  front  of  which  was  set  with  twelve  precious  stones,  ou 
each  of  which  was  engraved  the  name  of  one  of  the  sons  of 
Jacob;  these  stones  were  divided  from  each  other  by  golden 
partitions,  and  set  in  four  rows.  Upon  his  head  was  the 
miter.  This  was  made  of  fine  linen  or  silk,  blue,  wrapped 
in  several  folds,  in  the  manner  of  a  Turkish  turban.  In 
front,  and  around  the  base  of  the  miter,  as  a  band,  secured 
with  blue  ribbon,  was  a  plate  of  gold,  called  the  "plate  of 
the  holy  crown  of  pure  gold,"  upon  which  was  inscribed, 
"  HOLINESS  TO  THE  LORD,"  in  Hebrew  characters.  These  vest- 
ments should  be  worn  by  the  High-Priest  of  a  Royal  Arch 
Chapter  at  every  convocation,  and  when  worn  each  of  them 
will  convey  to  the  possessor  important  lessons  of  symbolical 
instruction.  The  various  colors  of  the  robes  are  emblematic 
of  the  graces  and  virtues  which  should  adorn  the  human 
mind;  the  white,  of  innocence  and  purity;  the  scarlet,  of 
fervency  and  zeal;  the  purple,  of  union;  and  the  blue,  of 
friendship.  The  miter  is  to  remind  him  of  the  dignity  oi 
his  office,  and  the  inscription  on  its  plate  to  admonish  him  of 
his  dependence  on  God.  Lastly,  the  breastplate,  upon  which 
is  engraved  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes,  is  to  teach  him 
that  he  is  always  to  bear  in  mind  his  responsibility  to  the 
laws  and  ordinances  of  the  institution,  and  that  the  honor 
and  interests  of  the  Chapter  and  its  members  should  alwaj  s 
be  near  his  heart.*  In  the  United  States  the  High-Priest  is 
the  first  officer  of  a  Chapter  of  Royal  Arch  Masons.  He 
represents  Joshua,  the  High-Priest,  who,  with  his  com- 

*  According  to  Josephus  the  ancient  Jews  gave  an  interesting  symbol- 
ical interpretation  to  the  several  parts  of  these  vestments.  He  says, 
Ifcat  being  made  of  linen  signified  the  earth ;  the  blue  denoted  the  sky, 
being  like  lightning  in  its  pomegranates,  and  in  the  noise  of  its  bells 
resembling  thunder.  The  ephod  showed  that  God  had  made  the 
universe  of  four  elements,  the  gold  relating  to  the  splendor  by  whicn  all 
things  are  enlightened.  The  breastplate  in  the  middle  of  the  ephod 
resembled  the  earth,  which  has  the  middle  place  of  the  world.  The 
sarJonyxes  declare  the  sun  and  moon.  The  twelve  stones  are  the  twelve 
months  or  signs  of  the  zodiac.  The  miter  is  heaven,  because  blue. 


304  PHI. 

pinions,   Zerubbabel,   Prince  of  Judah,    and   Haggai,   the 
scribe,  assisted  in  building  the  second  temple. 

PEIMITIVE  SCOTCH  KITE.  This  system  was  first  intro- 
duced at  Namur,  in  1770,  and  consisted  of  thirty-three 
degrees,  mos.tly  taken  from  the  Scottish  series  of  Heredom. 
Its  principal  author  was  Bro.  Marchot,  an  eminent  advocate 
at  Nivellea  It  never  extended  beyond  Namur.  Clavel  says  it 
is  principally  practiced  in  Belgium,  and  has  its  see  at  Namur, 
in  the  Lodge  de  La  Bonne  Amitie. 

PRIMITIVE  SCOTCH  EITE,  OK  THE  PHILADELPHI  CP 
NAEBONNE,  was  established  at  Narbonne,  on  the  19th  of  April, 
1780.  It  consisted  of  three  classes  of  Masons,  who  received 
ten  degrees  of  instruction — a  degree  meaning  a  certain 
amount  of  instruction,  and  some  of  them  including  several 
Masonic  degrees.  Thus,  the  first  class  had  for  its  three 
degrees,  the  three  symbolic  degrees  in  all  the  rites;  the 
second  class  had  for  its  first  (4th)  degree  the  Perfect  Master, 
Elu  and  Architect;  for  its  second  (5th)  the  Sublime  Scottish; 
for  its  third  (6th)  the  Knight  of  the  Sword,  Knight  of  the 
East  and  Prince  of  Jerusalem;  while  the  third  class  had  for 
its  four  degrees,  all  being  in  the  Chapter  of  Rose  Croix, 
instruction  in  all  branches  of  knowledge,  especially  Masonic, 
physical,  philosophical,  psychological  and  occult.  This  rite 
was  reconstituted  in  the  Low  Countries  in  1819. 

PRINCE  OF  JERUSALEM.  The  16th  degree  of  the 
Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  The  history  of  this  degree  is 
founded  upon  the  incidents  that  occurred  during  the  build- 
ing of  the  second  temple,  at  which  time  the  Jews  were 
much  annoyed  by  the  constant  and  malicious  interference 
of  the  Samaritans,  their  ancient  enemies.  This  degree  is 
closely  connected  with,  and  a  continuation  of,  the  degree  of 
the  Knight  of  the  East  and  Sword,  to  which  the  reader  is 
referred  for  a  more  detailed  statement.  There  should  be 
two  principal  apartments  in  addition  to  the  ante-room.  The 
first  apartment  represents  the  court  of  Zerubbabel  at 
Jerusalem.  The  hangings  are  of  saffron  color,  except  the 
East,  which  is  hung  with  white,  blue,  red,  and  violet  colors, 
in  stripes.  The  second  apartment  represents  the  council 
chamber  of  Darius,  King  of  Persia.  The  hangings  are  green, 
the  throne  and  canopy  saffron  color.  In  it  is  no  Masonic 
furniture.  The  Senior  Warden  presides  and  represents 
Darius,  King  of  Persia,  dressed  in  royal  robes,  and  wearing 
a  crown.  In  the  first  apartment  the  presiding  officer  repre- 
sents Zerubbabel,  and  is  styled  Most  Illustrious.  The  apron 
is  of  crimson,  lined  and  edged  with  saffron  color.  On  the 
flap  is  an  equal  balance,  held  by  a  hand  of  Justice.  In  the 


PEL 


305 


middle  of  the  apron,  a  representation  of 
the  second  temple.  The  jewel  is  a  medal 
of  gold ;  on  which  is  engraved  a  hand, 
holding  an  equal  balance ;  a  double-edged 
sword,  surrounded  by  five  stars ;  on  one 
side  of  which  is  the  letter  D,  and  on  the 
other  the  letter  Z,  the  initials  of  Darius 
and  Zerubbabel.  The  Princes  of  Jerusalem 
are  sometimes  styled  "Chiefs* of  Masonry," 
and  are  authorized  to  visit  and  inspect  all 
lodges  of  inferior  degrees.  V 

PEIXCE  OF  MERCY,  OK  SCOTCH  TRINITARIAN.  The  26th 
degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  It  is  a  highly 
philosophical  degree,  and  its  ritual  very  impressive;  its  title 
clearly  designates  its  character  and  intention.  The  body  is 
styled  a  Chapter.  The  hangings  are  green,  supported  by  9 
columns,  alternately  white  and  red;  upon  each  of  which  is  n 
chandelier,  holding  9  lights.  Near  the  altar  is  a  statue  of 
white  marble,  the  figure  of  a  virgin,  covered 
with  thin  gauze.  This  represents  TRUTH,  and 
the  palladium  of  the  Order  of  the  Princes 
of  Mercy.  The  presiding  officer  is  styled 
Most  Excellent  Chief  Prince.  The  jewel  is 
an  equilateral  triangle  of  bars  of  gold,  with 
a  flaming  heart,  of  gold,  in  the  center.  On 
the  heart  are  the  letters  I.  H.  S;  and  on  the 
respective  sides  of  the  triangle,  W  on  the 
right,  F  on  the  left,  and  H  on  the  bottom. 
The  jewel  is  suspended  from  a  small  collar  of  narrow  watered 
purple  ribbon,  and  hangs  on  the  left  breast. 

PRINCE  OF  EOSE  CROIX,  sometimes  called  KNIGHT 
OF  THE  EAGLE  AND  PELICAN.  The  18th  degree  of  the  Anciei't 
and  Accepted  rite.  It  is  the  most  ancient,  interesting,  an  1 
most  generally  practiced  of  the  philosophical  degrees  (  f 
Masonry.  It  is  found  in  all  the  principal  rites,  and  wher ; 
it  does  not  exist  by  name  its  place  is  supplied  by  other s 
whose  symbols  do  not  differ  materially  from  it.  To  tho-  ; 
who  have  not  gone  beyond  the  symbolic  degrees,  the  naii:o. 
is  perhaps  more  familiarly  known  than  any  other  of  tLo 
higher  degrees.  Of  its  origin  nothing  satisfactory  is  know-. 
Baron  Westerode,  in  1784,  supposes  it  to  have  been  institute  1 
by  the  Knights  Templar  in  Palestine,  in  the  twelfth  centu-  v, 
and  asserts  that  Prince  Edward,  afterward  King  Edward  1, 
was  then  admitted  into  the  Order,  under  the  auspices  «  ' 
Raymond;  he  also  says  that  the  Order  was  derived  fro  - 
Oruiesius,  its  founder,  an  Egyptian  priest,  who  had  bt  >  j 
26 


306  PEL 

converted  to  Christianity.  Kagon  has  elaborately  imesti- 
gated  the  subject,  and  attributes  its  origin  to  a  pious  and 
learned  monk,  named  John  Valentine  Andrea,  who  nourished 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  16th  century;  and  the  same  author  says 
that  Andrea,  grieved  at  seeing  the  principles  of  Christianity 
forgotten  in  idle  and  vain  disputes,  and  that  science  *vas 
made  subservient  to  the  pride  of  man  instead  of  contributing 
to  his  happiness,  passed  his  days  in  devising  what  he  sup- 
posed to  be  the  most  appropriate  means  of  restoring  each  to 
its  legitimate,  moral  and  benevolent  tendency.  Clavel  affirms 
that  the  degree  was  founded  by  the  Jesuits,  for  the  purpose 
of  counteracting  the  insidioiis  attacks  of  freethinkers  upon 
the  Romish  faith,  but  offers  no  evidence  in  support  of  his 
assertion;  when,  in  fact,  they  were  the  great  enemies  of 
Masonry,  and  so  far  from  supporting  it  wrote  a  treatise 
against  the  Order.  Oliver  says  that "  the  earliest  notice  that 
he  liiids  of  this  degree  is  in  a  publication  of  1613,  entitled 
'  La  Reformation  universdle  du  monde  entier  avec  la  fa  ma  f ra- 
ter nitatis  de  I'Ordre  respectaJ)le  de  la  Itose-Croix.'"*  And  he 
adds:  "It  was  known  much  sooner,  although  not  probably 
as  a  degree  in  Masonry;  for  it  existed,  as  a  cabalistic  science, 
from  the  earliest  times,  in  Egypt,  Greece,  and  Home,  as  well 
as  among  the  Jews  and  Moors  in  times  more  recent,  "f  The 

*  Landmarks,  vol.  ii.  p.  63  n.  35  Am.  ed. 

t  There  is  a  tradition  among  the  Masons  of  Scotland,  that  after  the  dis- 
solution of  the  Templars,  many  of  the  Knights  repaired  to  Scotland  a-ud 
placed  themselves  under  the  protection  of  Robert  Bruce,  and  that  after 
the  battle  of  Bauuockburu,  which  took  place  on  St.  John  the  Baptist's 
day,  in  the  year  1314,  this  monarch  instituted  the  Royal  Order  of 
Heredom  and  Knight  of  the  Rosy-Cross,  and  established  UK-  chief  seat 
of  the  Order  at  Kilwiiming.  From  that  Order,  it  seems  to  us  by  no 
means  improbable  that  the  present  degree  of  Rose-Croix  de  Heroden  may 
have  taken  its  origin.  In  two  resj  ects,  at  least,  there  seems  to  be  a  very 
close  connection  between  the  two  systems:  they  both  claim  the  kingdom 
of  Scotland  and  the  Abbey  of  Kilwiiinmg  as  having  been  at  one  time 
their  chief  seat  of  government,  and  they  both  seem  to  have  been  instituted 
to  give  a  Christian  explanation  to  Ancient  Craft  Masonry.  There  is, 
besides,  a  similarity  in  the  names  of  the  degrees  of  "Rose-Croix  de 
lEeroden,"  and  "Heredom  and  Rosy-Cross,"  amounting  almost  to  au 
identity,  whick  appears  to  indicate  a  very  intimate  relation  of  one  to  the 
other.  The  subject,  however,  is  in  a  state  of  inextricable  confusion,  and 
we  confess  that  after  all  our  researches  we  are  still  unable  distinctly  to 

Ejint  to  the  period  when,  and  to  the  place  where,  the  present  degree  of 
ose-Croix  received  its  organization  as  a  Masonic  grade.  No  matter, 
however,  where  precisely  it  received  its  origin,  nor  who  has  the  honor  of 
having  been  its  inventor,  it  is  at  least  certain  that  the  degree  of  Rose- 
Croix  is  to  be  placed  among  the  most  ancient  of  the  higher  degrees  of 
Masonry;  and  that  this  antiquity,  in  connection  with  the  importance  of 
its  design  and  the  solemnity  of  its  ritual,  has  given  to  it  a  universality  in 
the  Masonic  world,  inferior  only  to  the  degrees  of  Ancient  Craft  Masonry. 
It  is  to  be  found,  as  we  have  already  said,  in  nearly  all  the  rites.'  under 
Borne  name  and  in  some  modification,  and  in  many  of  them  it  in  placed 
*i  the  fninmit  of  the  ritual. 


PEL  307 

ceremonies  of  the  degree  are  of  the  most  imposing  and 
impressive  character.     Its  ritual  is  remarkable  for  elegance 
of  diction,  while  the  symbolic  teaching  is  not  only  pleasing, 
but  consistent,  figuratively  expressing  the  passage  of  man 
through  the  valley  of  the  shadow  of  death,  accompanied  and 
sustained  by  the  Masonic  virtues — FAITH,  HOPE,  and  CHARITX 
— and  his  final  reception  into  the  abode  of  light,  life,  and 
immortality.     VIRTUE  and  HUMILITY  are  the  foundations  and 
characteristics  of  this  sublime  degree.     "A  man's  life,"  it  has 
been   beautifully  said,  "is   laid  in  the  loom  of  time,  to  a 
pattern  which  he  does  not  see,  but  God  does;  and  his  heart 
is  a  shuttle.     On  one  side  of  the  loom  is  sorrow,  and  on  the 
•other  joy;   and  the  shuttle,  struck  alternately  by  each,  flies 
back  and  forth,  carrying  the  thread,  which  is  white  or  black, 
as  the  pattern  needs,  and  in  the  end,  when  God  shall  lift 
up  the  finished  garment,  and  all  its  changing  hues  shall 
glance  out,  it  will  then  appear  that  the  deep  and  dark  colors 
were  as  needful  to  beauty  as  the  light  and  high  colors." 
Some  writers  have  labored  to  give  an  exclusive  Christian 
character  to  this  degree;  but  the  following  words  of  one  oi 
the    most  eminent    students  of    Masonry,  and  an   ardent 
admirer  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite,  may  very  properly 
be  quoted,*  and  a  study  of  the  ritual  will  further  prove  the 
correctness  of  the  remarks:    "If   anywhere  bi'ethren  of  a 
particular  religious   belief  have   been   excluded  from   this 
degree,  it  merely  shows  how  gravely  the  plans  and  purposes 
of  Masonry  may  be  misunderstood;  for,  whenever  the  door 
of  any  one  degree  is  closed  against  him  who  believes  in  one 
God   and  the   soul's   immortality,  on  account  of  the  other 
tenets   of    his   faith,  that    degree   is   no   longer   Masonry." 
Bodies  of   this  degree  are  styled   Sovei'eign  Chapters.     In 
cases  of  reception,  there  are  three  apartments,  beside  the 
ordinary  reception  room.     The  presiding  officer  is   styled 
Most  Wise  Master.     The  recipient  is  created  and  constituted 
"a  Knight  of    the  Eagle  and  Pelican,  and   Prince  of  the 
Order  of  Rose-Croix."     To  give  the  degree  full  effect  music 
is  required.     The  Knights  are  dressed  in  black,  with  black 
gloves  and   a  sword.     The   collar   should   be  reversible,  of 
velvet  or  silk,  crimson  on  one  side  and  black  on  the  other; 
plain,  without  device  or  embroidery  on  the  crimson  side,  and 
with  a  passion-cross  of  scarlet  on  the  black  side.     The  apron 
is,  on  one  side,  white  satin,  bordered  with  crimson;  on  the 
other,   black   velvet.      On    the   white    side    is    painted   or 
embroidered  the  pelican  side  of  the  jewel.     On  the  black 
side  is  a  red  passion-cross.     The  jewel  hangs  at  the  bottom 
of  the  collar,  or  is  suspended  to  a  narrow  crimson  watered 

*  Albert  Pike. 


308 


PRI. 


ribbon  on  the  breast.  The  jewel  is  a  compass,  its  points 
resting  on  the  segment  of  a  circle  ;  at  the  bottom,  on  one 
side,  is  an  eagle,  with  its  wings  extended  and  head  slightlj 


depressed;  and  on  the  other  a  pelican  piercing  its  breast  to 
feed  its  young,  which  are  in  a  nest  beneath  it;  between  the 
legs  of  the  compass  is  a  red  cross,  and  above  a  red  rose  in 
full  bloom;  on  the  summit  of  the  compass  is  an  antique 
crown.  On  the  segment  of  the  circle  are  the  letters  I.  N.  R.  I. 
The  jewel  is  of  gold,  with  the  pelican  and  eagle  of  silver. 
In  this  jewel  are  included  the  most  important  symbols  of  the 
degree.  The  cross,  the  rose,  the  pelican,  and  the  eagle,  are 
all  important  symbols,  the  explanation  of  which  will  go  far 
to  a  comprehension  of  what  is  the  true  design  of  the  Rose 
Croix  degree. 


PRINCE  OF  THE  TABERNACLE.  The  24th  degree  ol 
the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  It  is  intended  to  illustrate 
the  directions  for  constructing  the  tabernacle,  which  God 
ordered  Moses  to  build,  the  particulars  of  which  may  be 
found  in  the  25th  chapter  of  Exodus.  This  was  a  movable 
chapel,  and  so  contrived  as  to  be  taken  to  pieces  and  put 
together  at  pleasure,  for  the  convenience  of  carrying  it  from 
place  to  place,  during  the  wandering  of  the  Israelites  in  the 


PEL 


309 


wilderness  for  forty  years.  The  body  is  styled  a  Court. 
The  presiding  officer  represents  Moses,  and  is  called  Most 
Puissant  Leader.  The  second  officer  represents  Eleazar,  the 
High-Priest,  the  son  of  Aaron.  The  candidate  represents 
Phinehas,  the  son  of  Eleazar  the  High-Priest.  Two  apart- 
ments are  required  when  conferring  the  degree.  The 
hangings  are  red  and  black.  The  jewel  is  the  letter  fc$  sus- 
pended from  a  violet  colored  watered  ribbon.  This  degree 
is  most  intimately  connected  with,  and  should  be  considered  a 
continuation  of,  that  of  the  Chief  of  the  Tabernacle.  The 
especial  duties  of  a  Prince  of  the  Tabernacle  are  to  labor 
incessantly  for  the  glory  of  God,  the  honor  of  his  country, 
and  the  happiness  of  his  brethren;  to  offer  up  thanks  and 
prayers  to  the  Deity  in  lieu  of  sacrifices  of  flesh  and  blood. 

PRINCIPAL  OFFICERS.  A  term  applied  to  the  Wor- 
shipful Master  and  the  Senior  and  Junior  Wardens.  They 
are  called  the  three  principal  officers  of  the  Lodge. 

PRINCIPAL  SOJOURNER.   An  officer  in  a  Chapter  oi 
Royal  Arch  Masons.     He  represents  the  leader  of  a  party  of 
Jews,  who  sojourned  in  Babylon  for  a  time 
after  the  departure  of  Zerubbabel  with  the  ^ 

main  body,  and  who  subsequently  came  up 
to   Jerusalem   to  assist  in  rebuilding   the 
temple.      His   duties   in    the   Chapter   are 
similar  to  those  of  the  Senior  Deacon  in 
the  symbolic   Lodge.      He  wears  a  black 
robe,    with   a  rose-colored   border,    and   a 
slouched  hat  and  pilgrim's  staff.     His  station  is  on  the  left, 
in  front  of  the  Council.     His  jewel  is  a  triangular  plate,  on 
which  a  pilgrim  is  engraved. 

PRINCIPALS.  The  first  three  officers  in  an  English  Royal 
Arch  Chapter  are  the  First  Principal,  who  represents  Zerub- 
babel, the  prince  of  the  people;  the  Second  Principal,  whc 
represents  Haggai,  the  prophet;  and  the  Third  Principal, 
who  represents  Josluva,  the  High-Priest. 


310  PKO— PEU. 

PROVOST  AND  JUDGE.  The  7th  degree  of  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  rite.  The  legend  of  this  degree  is  founded 
upon  the  principles  of  Impartiality  and  Justice.  After  the 
death  of  the  Grand  Master  Workman  of  the  temple,  King 
Solomon,  for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  his  means  of 
preserving  order  among  the  vast  number  of  craftsmen 
engaged  in  the  construction  of  the  temple,  appointed  seven 
Provosts  and  Judges,  in  order  that  all  complaints  among 
the  workmen  might  be  heard,  disputes  settled,  and  justice 
administered.  The  apartment  represents  the  middle  cham- 
ber of  King  Solomon's  Temple;  the  hangings  are  red,  with 
a  sky-blue  canopy  in  the  East.  The  room  is  lighted  with  5 
lights,  1  in  each  corner,  and  1  in  the  middle.  Thepiesiding 
officer  is  styled  Venerable  Chief  Provost  and  Judge.  The 
apron  is  white,  edged  with  red;  in  the  middle  is  a  pocket, 
with  a  red  and  white  rosette.  On  the  flap  is  painted,  or 
embroidered  in  gold,  a  key.  The  sash  is  crimson,  worn  from 
right  to  left;  from  it  hangs  the  jewel,  which  is  a  key  of  gold. 

PROXY  (contracted  from  Procuracy).  The  agency  of  one 
person  who  acts  as  a  substitute  for  another,  or  as  his  prin- 
cipal; authority  to  act  for  another,  or  for  a  body,  especially 
in  a  legislative  body.  Every  Lodge  is  entitled  to  be  repre- 
sented in  its  Grand  Lodge,  by  its  Master  and  Wardens. 
Should  these,  or  either  of  them,  be  unable  to  attend  the 
Grand  Lodge  at  any  communication,  a  brother  or  brothers 
may  be  appointed.  Such  substituted  representatives,  in  the 
absence  of  their  principal,  succeed  to  all  his  powers  and 
privileges,  but  in  his  presence  they  cannot  act.  Persons 
appointed  proxies  must  be  Master  Masons,  and  members  of 
some  subordinate  Lodge  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Grand 
Lodge,  and  must  be  furnished  with  a  written  certificate  of 
their  appointment,  under  the  seal  of  the  Lodge  or  party 
appointing  them.  A  proxy  cannot  appoint  a  proxy.  An 
officer  of  the  Grand  Lodge  cannot,  as  such  officer,  appoint  a 
proxy,  unless  the  constitution  specifically  give  him  such 
power.  The  Grand  Master  is  the  only  officer  who  has  the 
power  or  right  of  appointing  his  proxy,  for  any  purpose, 
unless  such  power  be  granted  by  the  particular  constitution. 
In  the  selection  of  an  agent  for  the  proper  discharge  of  a 
Masonic  duty,  preference  should  always  be  given  to  able  and 
experienced  Masons;  it  is,  therefore,  suggested  that  as  a 
general  rule  a  Master  or  Past  Master  should  have  the 
preference. 

PRUDENCE.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  virtues,  the  practice 
of  which  is  beautifully  explained  in  the  Entered  Apprentice 
degree. 


PYT. 


311 


PYTHAGOKAS,  SYMBOLS  OF.  The  esoteric  or  secret 
instructions  of  Pythagoras  were  explained  with  the  aid  ol 
symbols,  as  the  readiest  and  most  efficient  method  of  im- 
pressing upon  the  mind  of  the  candidate  for  the  mysteries 
the  sublime  truths  and  moral  lessons  for  which  the  school 
of  that  justly  celebrated  philosopher  was  distinguished.  A 
few  of  the  most  important  symbols  are  here  explained.  The 
Equilateral  Triangle,  a  perfect  figure,  was  adopted  among  the 
ancient  nations  as  a  symbol  of  Deity,  the  principle  #nd 
author  of  all  sublunary  things;  the  essence  of  Light  and 
Truth,  who  was,  and  is,  and  shall  be.  The  Square  compre- 
hends the  union  of  the  celestial  and  terrestrial  elements  of 
power;  and  was  the  emblem  of  Morality  and  Justice.  The 
Tetractys  was  a  sacred  emblem,  which  was  expressed  by  ten 
jods  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  each  side  containing 
four.  This  was  the  most  expressive  symbol  of  Pythagoras. 


TKTBACTY8. 


On  it  the  obligation  to  the  aspirant  was  propounded;  and  it 
was  denominated  the  Trigonon  mysticum,  because  it  was  the 
conservator  of  many  awful  and  important  truths,  which  are 
explained  as  follows:  The  one  point  represented  the  Monad, 
or  active  principle;  the  two  points  the  Duad,  or  passive 
principle ;  the  three  points  the  Triad,  or  the  world  proceeding 
from  their  union;  the  four,  the  Quarternary,  or  the  liberal 
sciences.  The  Cube  was  the  symbol  of  the  mind  of  man, 
after  a  well-spent  life  in  acts  of  piety  and  devotion,  and  thus 
prepared  by  virtue  for  translation  into  the  society  of  the 


POINT  WITHIN    A    CIRCLE. 


TKIFLK    TBIANQLC. 


47TH    PBOBLHH. 


celestial  gods.  The  Point  within  a  Circle  was  the  symbol  of 
the  universe.  The  use  of  this  emblem  is  coeval  with  the 
first  created  man — the  creation  was  the  circle  and  himself 
the  center.  The  Dodeccedron,  or  figure  of  twelve  sides,  wag 
also  a  symbol  of  the  universe.  The  Triple  Triangle — a  unity 
of  perfectness — was  a  symbol  of  health,  and  was  called 
Hygeia.  The  Forty-seventh  proposition  of  Euclid  was  in- 
*  -juted  and  explained  by  Pythagoras,  and  is  so  extensively 


312  PYT. 

useful  that  it  has  been  adopted  in  all  Lodges  as  a  significant 
symbol  of  Freemasonry.  The  letter  Y  was  a  symbolical  rep- 
resentation of  the  course  of  human  life.  Youth,  arriving  at 
manhood,  sees  two  roads  before  him,  and  deliberates  which 
he  shall  pursue.  If  he  meet  with  a  guide  that  directs  him 
to  pursue  philosophy,  and  he  procures  initiation,  his  life 
shall  be  honorable  and  his  death  happy.  But  if  he  omits  to 
do  this,  and  takes  the  left  hand  path,  which  appears  broader 
and  better,  it  will  lead  to  sloth  and  luxury;  will  waste  his 
estate,  impair  his  health,  and  bring  on  an  old  age  of  infamy 
and  misery.* 

PYTHIAN  FESTIVAL.  One  of  the  four  great  national 
festivals  of  Greece,  celebrated  every  fifth  year  in  honor  of 
Apollo,  near  Delphi.  Their  institution  is  variously  referred 
to  Amphictyon,  son  of  Deucalion,  founder  of  the  council  of 
Amphictyons,  and  Diomed,  son  of  Tydeus  ;  but  the  most 
common  legend  is,  that  they  were  founded  by  Apollo  himself, 
after  he  had  overcome  the  dragon  Python.  The  festivities 
were  similar  to  those  at  Olympia,  and  the  victors  were 
rewarded  with  costly  gifts,  fruits  of  various  kinds,  medals 
prepared  for  the  purpose,  and  garlands  of  laurel,  etc. 

*PYTHAGOBAS,  the  celebrated  philosopher,  \vas  born  at  Samos,  about 
540  B.  c.  His  father,  Mnesarchus,  was  a  person  of  distinction,  and 
therefore  the  son  received  that  education  which  was  best  calculated  to 
enlighten  his  mind  and  invigorate  his  body.  Like  his  contemporaries, 
he  was  made  acquainted  with  poetry  and  music;  eloquence  and  astronomy 
became  his  private  studies,  and  in  gymnastic  exercises  he  often  bore  the 
palm  for  strength  and  dexterity.  At  an  early  age  he  left  his  native  country 
and  began  his  travels  in  pursuit  of  knowledge;  he  visited  Egypt,  Chaldsea 
and  India,  where  he  gained  the  confidence  of  the  priests,  and  availed 
himself  of  an  understanding  of  the  mysteries  and  symbolic  writings 
by  which  they  governed  the  princes  as  well  as  the  people  of  those 
countries;  and  after  he  had  spent  many  years  in  gathering  all  the  infor- 
mation which  could  be  collected  from  antique  traditions  concerning 
the  nature  of  the  religions  and  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  he  revisited 
his  native  island.  The  tyranny  of  Polycrates,  at  Samos,  disgusted  the 
philosopher,  who  was  a  great  advocate  of  national  independence;  and, 
though  he  was  a  great  favorite  of  the  tyrant,  he  retired  from  the  island 
and  settled  in  the  town  of  Crotona,  in  Southern  Italy,  where  he  founded 
a  sect  which  received  the  name  of  The  Italian,  or  Pythagorean  Fra- 
ternity; and  he  soon  saw  himself  surrounded  by  a  great  number  of 
pupils,  which  the  recommendations  of  his  mental,  as  well  as  his  personal 
accomplishments,  had  procured.  Pythagoras  was,  perhaps,  the  most 
virtuous,  and  taught  the  purest  doctrines  of  all  the  heathen  philoso- 
phers. He  distinguished  himself  particularly  by  his  discoveries  in 
geometry,  astronomy  and  mathematics;  and  it  is  to  him  that  the  worli* 
is  indebted  for  the  demonstrations  of  the  47th  proposition  of  the  first 
book  of  Euclid's  elements,  about  the  square  of  the  hypothenuse.  The 
time  and  the  place  of  the  death  of  this  great  philosopher  are  nnknowii; 
yet  many  suppose  that  he  died  at  Metapontum,  about  487  B.C.  ;  ;m<l  so 
great  was  the  veneration  of  the  people  of  Magna  Graicia  for  him  that 
he  received  the  same  honors  as  were  paid  to  the  immortal  gods,  and  his 
house  became  a  sacred  temple. 


QUA. 


313 


QUALIFICATIONS  OF  CANDIDATES.  The  Masonic 
institution,  like  other  societies,  is  composed  of  individual 
members,  which,  in  the  aggregate,  make  up  a  body  or  Lodge. 
As  the  source  of  power  is,  primarily,  vested  in  the  members, 
it  is  important  to  consider  who  should  compose  the  body  or 
be  admitted  into  the  Order.  The  qualifications  which  aro 
indispensable  in  a  candidate  for  initiation  into  the  mysteries 
of  Freemasonry  are  four-fold  in  their  character — Moral, 
Physical,  Intellectual  and  I'ot-uical. 

\  has  said,  ' '  a  fool's  mouth  is  his 
destruction,  and  his  lips  are  the 
ana  re  of  his  soul. '' 

The  Political  qualifications  art 
intended  to  maintain  the  independ- 
ence of  the  Fraternity;  because  its 
obligations  and  privileges  are  thus 
confided  only  to  those  who,  from 
their  position  in  society,  are  capable 
of  obeying  the  one,  and  of  exercising 
the  oilier  without  the  danger  of  let  or 
hindrance  from  superior  authority. 

Of  the  Moral,  Physical  and  Poii- 
litical  qualifications  of  .1  candidate 
there  can  be  no  doubt,  as  they  are 
distinctly  laid  down  in  the  Ancient 
Charges  and  Constitutions.  The 
Intellectual  are  not  so  readily 
decided.  These  essential  qualifica- 
tions may  be  briefly  summed  up  in 
tne  following  axioms: 

Morally,  the  candidate  must  be  a 
man  of  irreproachable  conduct,  a 
T  in  the  existence  of  God, 
and  living  "under  the  tongue  of 
good  report1' 

Pkysicully,  he  must  be  a  man  of 
at  least  twenty-one  ye;irs  of  age, 
upright  in  body,  with  the  senses  of 
a  man,  not  deformed  or  dismem- 
bered, but  with  hale  and  entire 
limbs  as  a  man  ought  to  be. 

Intellectually,  he  must  be  a  man  in 
the  full  possession  of  his  intellects, 
not  so  young  that  his  mind  shall  not 
have  been  formed,  nor  so  old  that  it 
shall  have  fallen  into  dotage ;  ueithei 
a  fool,  an  idiot,  nor  a  madman;  and 
with  so  much  education  as  to  enable 
him  to  avail  himself  of  tbe  teachings 
of  .Masonry,  and  to  cultivate  at  his 
leisure  a  knowledge  of  the  principles 
and  doctrines  of  our  royal  art. 

1'oiiticuliy,  he  must  be  in  the 
unrestrained  enjoyment  of  his  civil 


The  Moral  character  is  intended 
to  secure  the  respectability  ot  the 
Order,  because,  by  the  worthiness 
of  its  candidates,  their  virtuous  de- 
portment and  good  reputation,  will 
the  character  of  the  institution  be 
judged,  while  the  admission  of 
irreligious  libertines  and  contem- 
ners  of  the  moral  law  would  neces- 
sarily impair  its  dignity  and  honor. 

The  Physical  qualifications  con- 
tribute to  the  utility  of  the  Frater- 
nity, because  he  who  is  "deficient 
in  any  of  his  limbs  or  members, 
and  who  is  not  in  the  possession  of 
all  his  natural  senses  and  endow- 
ments, is  unable  to  perform,  with 
pleasure  to  himself  or  credit  to  the 
Fraternity,  those  peculiar  labors  in 
which  all  should  take  an  equal  part. 
He  thus  becomes  a  drone  in  the 
hive,  and  so  far  impairs  the  useful- 
ness of  the  Lodge,  as  •  •  ;x  place 
where  Freemasons  assemble  to 
work,  and  to  instruct  and  improse 
themselves  in  the  mysteries  of  their 
ancient  science." 

The  Intellectual  qualifications  re- 
fer to  the  security  of  the  Fraternity: 
because  they  require  that  its  mys- 
teries shall  be  coutided  only  to  those 
•whose  mental  developments  are 
such  as  to  enable  them  properly  to 
appreciate,  and  faithfully  to  pre- 
serve from  imposition,  the  secrets 
thus  entrusted  to  them.  It  is  evi- 
dent, for  instance,  that  an  idiot 
could  neither  understand  the  hid- 
den doctrines  that  might  be  com- 
municated to  him,  nor  could  he  so 
secure  such  portions  as  he  might 
remember,  in  the  "depository  of 
his  heart,"  as  to  prevent  the  de- 
signing knave  from  worming  them 
out  of  him;  tor,  as  the  wise  Solomon 


314 


QUA. 


and  personal  liberty,  and  this,  too,  |      The    Lodge  which    strictly    de- 


by  the  birthright  of  inheritance,  and 
not  by  its  subsequent  acquisition, 
in  consequence  of  his  release  from 
hereditary  jondage. 


mands  these  qualifications  of  its 
candidates  may  have  fewer  members 
than  one  less  strict,  but  it  will  un 
doubtedly  have  better  ones. 


But  the  importance  of  the  subject  demands  for  each  class 
of  the  qualifications  a  separate  section,  and  a  more  extended 
consideration.  Dr.  Oliver,  in  his  "Institutes  of  Masonic 
Jurisprudence,"  enumerates  the  following  as  the  qualifica- 
tions of  candidates,  according  to  the  English  Book  of  Con- 
stitutions, and  we  here  show  how  easily  our  transatlantic 
brethren  can  change  a  provision  which  has,  from  time  imme- 
morial, been  regarded  as  an  unchangeable  landmark: 


"1.  Every  candidate  for  the  honors 
of  Masonry  ought  to  lead  an  uncor- 
rupt  life,  and  do  the  thing  which  is 
right,  always  speaking  the  truth 
from  his  heart;  to  use  no  deceit  in 
his  tongue,  nor  to  do  evil,  or  slander 
his  neighbor.  He  must  be  lowly  in 
his  own  eyes,  and  give  due  honors 
to  good  and  pious  men.  If  he  swears 
unto  his  neighbor  he  must  not  dis- 
appoint him,  even  though  it  should 
subject  himself  to  temporary  in- 
convenience, neither  must  he  lend 
money  to  his  brother  on  exorbitant 
usury,  or  take  reward  against  the 
innocent.  In  conformity  with  this 
primitive  recommendation,  our  con- 
stitutions pronounce  that  'every 
candidate  must  be  a  free  man,  and 
his  own  master,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  initiation,  be  known  to  be  in 
reputable  circumstances.  He  should 
be  a  lover  of  the  liberal  arts  and 
sciences,  and  have  made  some  pro- 
gress in  one  or  other  of  them. ' 

"In  1763,  the  worthy  candidate 
was  described  to  be  one  'who  to 
a  well-informed  and  accomplished 
mind  added  elegance  of  manners 
and  a  conduct  guided  by  principle ; 
one  who  would  not  have  injured 
the  rights  of  the  meanest  individual ; 
who  contracted  no  debts  that  he 
could  not  pay,  and  thought  every 
breach  of  morality  unbecoming  the 
character  of  a  gentleman,  and  who 
studied  to  be  useful  to  others  so 
far  as  his  opportunity  or  abilities 
enabled  him. '  This  standard  of  qua- 
lification may  be  considered  rather 
high,  and,  indeed,  it  is,  and  ought 
to  be,  so  in  an  institution  which 
plumes  itself  on  its  moral  tenden- 


cies, and  maintains  a  leading  posi- 
tion amongst  the  existing  societies 
which  are  professedly  devoted  to 
works  of  benevolence  and  charity. 
It  would  be  well  if  the  Masters  of 
Lodges  were  to  give  themselves  the 
trouble  of  examining,  more  particu- 
larly than  they  generally  do,  whether 
their  candidates  are  able  to  sub- 
stantiate a  valid  claim  to  these 
preliminary  qualifications. 

' '  2.  According  to  the  customs  and 
regulations  of  our  ancient  brethren, 
every  candidate  was  formerly  re- 
quired  to  be  'a  free  man,  born  of  a 
tree  woman.'  This  formula  was 
originally  considered  to  be  an  un- 
changeable landmark ;  but  on  the 
extinction  of  negro  slavery  by  the 
British  parliament,  the  following 
arguments  were  used  at  a  Grand 
Lodge,  holdeu  Sept.  1, 1847,  in  favor 
of  its  alteration.  The  Grand  Master 
(Earl  of  Zetland)  requested  the 
brethren  to  consider  the  propriety 
of  remodeling  the  form  by  which 
a  candidate  for  initiation  declares 
himself  to  be  free  born.  '  There  are,' 
he  said,  'at  the  present  moment, 
many  men  in  Jamaica  and  other 
places  who  are  free  by  the  law  of 
emancipation,  and  yet,  their  mothers 
having  been  slaves,  they  cannot 
conscientiously  sign  such  a  declara- 
tion, knowing  it  to  be  untrue;  and 
in  the  absence  of  that  preliminary 
act,  we  cannot  initiate  them.  I 
should  be  glad  to  see  it  altered, 
and,  therefore,  move  that  in  future 
we  substitute  the  words  free  arjeni 
for  free  born,  and  that  the  declaration 
be  thus  revised.'  The  amendment 
was  unanimously  adopted. 


QTJE. 


315 


QUESTIONS  OF  KING  HENRY  VI.  This  curious  docu- 
ment, which  has  been  printed  in  many  works  on  Masonry, 
has  elicited  a  vast  amount  of  discussion  among  Masonic 
writers  as  to  its  genuineness.  It  first  appeared  in  the  "  Gen- 
tlemen's Magazine"  for  1753,  where  it  purports  to  be  a  reprint 
of  a  pamphlet  of  12  pp.,  published  in  1748,  in  Frankfort, 
Germany.  It  is  entitled  "Certayne  questyons,  with  answeres 
to  the  same,  concernynge  the  mystery  of  Masonrye;  writtene 
by  the  hande  of  Kynge  Henrye  the  Sixthe  of  the  name,  and 
faythfullye  copyed  by  me,  Johan  Leylande,  Antiquarius,  by 
the  commands  of  his  Highnesse."  The  magazine  above 
referred  to  states  that  this  document  was  copied  by  one  John 
Collins,  from  a  MS.  in  the  Bodleian  library,  and  to  have  been 
enclosed  in  a  letter  from  John  Locke,  the  celebrated  meta- 
physician, to  Thomas,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  dated  May  6,  1696. 
For  the  still  further  preservation  of  this  singular  paper,  it  is 
here  repeated,  together  with  the  explanatory  notes  of  Mr. 
Locke: 

Ans.  The  Venetians,*  whoo  be- 
ynge  grate  merchaundes,  corned 
ffyrste  ffromme  the  este  ynn  Veue- 
tia,  for  the  cominodyte  of  mer- 
chauiKlysynge  beithe  este  and  weste 
bey  the  redde  and  myddlonde  sees 

Ques.  Howe  comede  ytt  yn  Eng- 
elonde  ? 

Ans.  Peter  Gower,f  a  Grecian 
journeyedde  ffor  kunnynge  yn 
Egypte,  and  in  Syria,  and  yn 

*The  Venetians,  &c.]  In  the  times  ot 
monkish  ignorance  it  is  no  wonder  that 
the  Phoenicians  should  be  mistaken  for  the 
Venetians.  Or,  perhaps,  if  the  people 
were  not  taken  one  for  the  other,  simili- 
tude of  sound  illicit  deceive  the  clerk  who 
first  took  down  the  examination.  The 
Phoericians  were  the  greatest  voyagers 
among  the  ancients,  and  were  in  Europe 
thought  to  be  the  inventors  of  letters, 
which,  perhaps,  they  brought  from  the 
east  with  other  arts. 

t  Peter  (iower.J  This  must  be  another 
mistake  of  the  writer.  I  was  puzzled  at 
first  to  guess  who  Peter  Grower  should  be, 
the  name  being  perfectly  English;  or  how 
a  Greek  should  come  by  such  a  name. 
But  as  soon  as  I  thought  of  Pythagoras,  I 
could  scarce  forbear  smiling,  to  find  that 
philosopher  had  undergone  a  metemp. 
sychosis  he  never  dreamt  of.  We  need 
only  consider  the  French  prouunciatiou  of 
his  name,  Pythagore,  that  is,  Petagore,  to 
conceive  how  easily  such  a  mistake  may 
be  made  by  au  unlearn  id  clerk.  That 
Pythagoras  travelled  for  knowledge  into 
Egypt,  o.c.,  is  known  to  all  the  learned; 
f  ad  that  he  was  initiated  into  several  dif- 
ferent Orders  of  priests,  who  in  those  d:\ys 
kept  all  their  learning  secret  from  the 
vulgar,  as  is  well  known.  Pythagoras 
also  made  CV-TV  geometrical  theorem  a 
secret,  and  admitted  only  such  »o  ihe 


Ques.  Whattmoteyttbe?* 

Ans.  Ytt  beeth  the  skylle  of  Na- 
ture, the  understondynge  of  the 
myghte  that  ys  hereynne,  and  its 
sondrye  werkynges;  sonderlyche, 
the  skylle  of  reckenyngs,  of 
waii*htes  and  metynges,  and  the  true 
nianere  of  liwjonnynge  a]  thyn^s  for 
manues  use;  headlye,  dwellinges. 
and  buyldynges  of  alle  kindes,  and 
all  other  thyuges  that  make  gudde 
to  manne. 

Ques.  Where  dyd  ytt  begynne  ? 

Atis.  Ytt  dydd  begynue  with  the 
ffyr.ste  menne  yn  the  este,t  which 
were  before  thej  ffyrste  inenne  of  the 
weste;  and  comyiuge  westlye,  ytt 
iiAlhe  broughte  herwyth  alle  coin- 
foitej  to  the  wylde  and  comfortlesse. 

Qneti.  Who  dyd  brynge  ytt  westlye? 

*What  mote  ytt  be?]  That  is,  what 
may  this  mystery  of  Masonry  be  ?  The 
answer  imports.  That  it  consists  in 
natural,  mathematical,  and  mechanical 
knowledge.  Some  part  of  which  (as  ap- 
pears by  what  follows)  the  Masons  pretend 
to  have  taught  the  rest  of  mankind,  and 
some  part  they  still  conceal. 

ft  Ffyrste  inenne  yn  the  este,  &c.]  It 
should  see  in  by  this,  that  Masons  believe 
there  were  men  in  the  east  before  Adar.  , 
who  is  called  the  "  ffyrste  manne  of  the 
weste ;"  and  that  arts  and  sciences  began 
in  the  east.  Some  authors  of  great  note 
for  learning  have  been  of  the  same  opinion; 
and  it  is  certain  that  Europe  and  Africa, 
(which,  in  respect  to  Asia,  may  be  called 
western  countries.)  were  wild  and  savage, 
long  atcer  arts  and  politeness  of  manners 
n-ere  iiignut  pcrfeotiou  in  China  ami  the 
:  adieu. 


316 


QUE. 


everyche  londe,  whereas  the  Vene- 
tians had  de  plaunted  ma9onrye,  and 
wynnynge  entraunce  yn  al  lodges 
of  maconnes,  he  lerned  muche,  and 
retournedde,  and  woned  yn  Grecia 
Magna,  *  wacksynge  and  becorn- 
mynge  a  myghtye  wyseacre,  f  and 
gratelyche  renowned,  and  her  he 
framed  a  grate  lodge  at  Groton,| 
and  maked  manye  Ma9onnes,  some 
whereoffe  dyde  journeye  yn  Fraunce 
and  maked  mauye  Ma9onnes ;  where- 
fromme,  yn  processe  of  tyme,  the 
Arte  passed  in  Engelonde. 

Ques.  Dothe  Ma9onnes  descouer 
here  artes  unto  odhers  ? 

Ans.  Peter  Gower,  whenne  he  jour- 
neyede  to  lerne,  was  ffyrste  made,§ 
and  anonne  techedde;  evenne  soe 
shulde  all  odhers  beyn  recht.  Na- 
theless  Ma9onnes  hauethe||  alweys, 
yn  everyche  tyme,  from  tyme  to 
tyme,  communycatedde  to  mann- 
kynde  soch  of  her  secrettes  as  gen- 
erallyche  myghte  be  usefulle;  they 
hauthe  keped  back  soche  allein  as 
shulde  be  harmfulle  yff  they  corned 

knowledge  of  them  as  had  first  undergone 
a  five  years'  silence.  He  is  supposed  to 
•  be  the  inventor  of  the  47th  proposition  of 
the  first  book  of  Euclid,  for  which,  in  the 
joy  of  his  heart,  it  is  said  he  sacrificed  a 
hecatomb.  He  also  knew  the  true  system 
of  the  world,  lately  revived  by  Copernicus ; 
and  was  certainly  a  most  wonderful  man. 
See  his  Life  by  DION  HAL. 

*  CrRficiA  M  AGNA,  a  part  of  Italy  formerly 
BO  called,  in  which  the  Greeks  had  settled 
a  large  colony. 

t  Wyseacre.]  This  word  at  present  sig- 
gnifies  simpleton,  but  formerly  had  a  quite 
contrary  meaning.  Wiseacre,  in  the  old 
Saxon,  is  philosopher,  Wiseman,  or  wizard; 
and  having  been  frequently  used  ironically, 
at  length  came  to  have  a  direct  meaning  in 
the  ironical  sense.  Thus  Duns  Scotus,  a 
man  famed  for  the  subtilty  and  acuteness 
of  his  understanding,  has,  by  the  same 
method  of  irony,  given  a  general  name  to 
modern  dunces. 

$  OJroton.]  Groton  is  the  name  of  a 
place  in  England.  The  place  here  meant 
is  Crotona,  a  city  of  Grecia  Magna,  which  in 
the  time  of  Pythagoras  was  very  populous. 

§'  Ffyrste  made.]  The  word  MADE  I 
suppose  has  a  particular  meaning  among 
the  Masons;  perhaps  it  signifies  initiated. 

II  Magonnes  hauethe — communycatedde, 
kc.]  This  paragraph  hath  something  re- 
markable in  it.  It  contains  a  justification 
of  the  secrecy  so  much  boasted  of  by 
Masons,  and  so  much  blamed  by  others; 
asserting  tha~  they  have  iu  all  ages  dis- 
covered such  things  as  might  be  useful, 
and  that  thej  conceal  such  only  as  would 
be  hurtful  either  to  the  world  or  them- 
selves. What  these  secrets  are,  we  see 
afterwards. 


yn  euylle  haundes,  oder  soche  as  ne 
myghte  be  holpynge  wythouten  the 
techynges  to  be  joynedde  herwythe 
in  the  lodge,  oder  soche  as  do  bynde 
the  fres  more  stronglyche  togeder, 
bey  the  proffyte  and  commodyte  com 
yuge  to  the  confrerie  herfrorume. 

tyues.  Whatte  artes  haueth  the 
Ma9onnes  techedde  mankynde  ? 

Ans.  The  artes  agricultura,  *  ar- 
chitectura,  astrouornia,  geometria, 
numeres,  musica,  poesie,  kimistrye, 
governemente,  and  relygyonne. 

Ques.  Howe  commethe  Ma9onnea 
more  techers  than  odher  meune  ? 

Ans.  The  hemselfe  huuthe  allein 
in  arte  of  ffyndynge  ueue  artes,  f 
whyche  arte  the  ffyrste  Ma9onnes 
receaued  from  Godde;  by  the 
whyche  they  fyndethe  what  artes 
hem  plesethe,  and  the  treu  way  of 
techynge  the  same.  Whatt  odher 
menne  doethe  ffynde  out,  ys 
onelyche  bey  chaunce,  and  herfore 
but  lytel  I  tro. 

Ques.  What  dothe  the  Ma9onneg 
concele  and  hyde  ? 

Ans.  Thay  concelethe  the  arte  of 
ffyndynge  neue  artes,  and  thatt  ys 
for  here  owne  proffytte,  and  preise:J 
thay  concelethe  the  arte  of  kepynge 
secrettes,  §  that  soe  the  worlde  may- 

*  The  artes  agricultura,  &c.]  It  seems  a 
bold  pretence,  this  of  the  Masons,  that 
they  have  taught  mankind  all  these  art*. 
They  have  their  own  authority  tor  it;  and 
I  know  not  how  we  shall  disprove  them. 
But  what  appears  most  odd  is,  that  tliey 
reckon  religion  among  the  arts. 

t  Arte  of  n'yndynge  neue  artes .]  The 
art  of  inventing  arts  must  certainly  be  a 
most  useful  art.  My  Lord  Bacon's  Novum 
Orgauum  is  an  attempt  towards  somewhat 
of  the  same  kind.  But  I  much  doubt,  that 
if  ever  the  Masons  had  it,  they  have  now 
lost  it;  since  so  few  new  arts  have  been 
lately  invented,  and  so  many  are  wanted. 
The  idea  I  have  of  such  an  art  is,  that  it 
must  be  something  proper  to  be  employed 
in  all  the  sciences  generally,  as  alegabra  ii 
iu  numbers,  by  the  help  of  which  new 
rules  of  arithmetic  are,  and  may  be  found. 

t  Prcise :]  It  seems  the  Masons  have 
great  regard  to  the  reputation  as  well  as  the 
profit  ot  their  Order;  since  they  make  it 
one  reason  for  not  divulging  an  art  in  com- 
mon, that  it  may  do  honour  to  the  possess- 
ors of  it.  I  think  in  this  particular  they 
show  too  much  regard  for  their  ov/n  soci- 
'•ty.  and  too  little  for  the  rest  of  mankind. 

§  Arte  of  knpynge  secrettos.]  What  kind 
ot  an  art  this  is,  I  ca:i  by  no  means 
imagine.  But  certainly  such  an  art  the 
Mar-ons  must  have;  for  though,  a.s  some 
people  suppose,  l^uy  should  have  no  secret 
»t  all,  even  that  must  be  a  secret,  which, 
being  discovered  would  expose  thorn  U 


QUE. 


317 


eth  nothynge  concele  from  them. 
Thay  concelethe  the  arte  of  wunder- 
werckynge,  and  of  foresayinge 
thynges  to  comme,  that  so  thay  same 
artes  may  not  be  usedde  of  the 
wyckedde  to  an  euyell  ende.  Thay  al- 
so coxicelethe  the  arte  of  chaunges.  * 
the  wey  of  wynnynge  the  facultye 
of  Abrac,  f  the  skylle  of  becommynge 
gude  and  parfyghte  wythouten  the 
hoJpyuges  of  fere  and  hope;  and  the 
universelle  longage  ot 


the  highest  ridicule;  and  therefore  it  re- 
quires the  utmost  caution  to  conceal  it. 

*  Arte  of  chaunges.]  I  know  not  what 
this  means,  unless  it  be  the  transmutation 
of  metals. 

t  Facultye  of  Abrac.]  Here  I  am  utterly 
In  the  dark. 

J  Universelle  longage  of  Magonnes.]  An 
universal  language  has  been  much  desired 
by  the  learned  of  many  ages.  It  is  a  thing 
rather  to  be  wished  than  hoped  for.  But 
it  seems  the  Masons  pretend  to  have  such 
a  thing  among  them.  If  it  be  true,  I  guess 
It  must  be  something  like  the  language  of 
the  Pantomimes,  among  the  ancient 
Romans,  who  are  said  to  be  able,  by  signs 
only,  to  express  and  deliver  any  oration 
intelligibly  to  meu  of  all  nations  and  lan- 
guages. A  man  who  has  all  these  arts  and 
advantages  is  certainly  in  a  condition  to  be 
envied:  but  we  are  told  that  this  is  not  the 
casewitli  all  Masons;  for  though  these  arts 
are  among  them,  and  all  have  a  right  and 
an  opportunity  to  know  them,  yet  some 
want  capacity,  and  others  industry,  to 
acquire  them.  However,  of  all  their  arts 
and  secrets,  that  which  I  most  desire  to 
know  is,  "  The  skylle  of  becoinmyuge  gude 


Ques.  Wylle  he  teche  me  thay 
same  artes? 

Ans.  Ye  shalle  be  techedde  yff  ya 
be  werthye,  and  able  to  lerne. 

Ques.  Dothe  all  Muyonnes  kunne 
more  then  odher  menne  ? 

Ans.  Not  so.  Thay  onlyche 
haueth  recht  and  occasyonne  more 
then  odher  menne  to  kunne,  butt 
manye  doeth  fale  yn  capacity,  and 
manye  more  doth  want  industrye, 
that  ys  pernecessarye  for  the  gayn- 
ynge  all  kunnynge. 

Ques.  Are  Mayonnes  gudder  men 
than  odhers  ? 

Ans.  Some  Ma9onues  are  not  so 
virtuous  as  some  odher  menne ;  but, 
yn  the  most  parte,  thay  be  more 
gude  then  they  would  be  yf  thay 
war  not  Ma9onnes. 

Ques.  Dothe  Ma9onnes  love  eidher 
odher  ntyghtlye  as  beeth  sayde  ? 

Ans.  Yea  verylyche,  and  yt  may 
not  odherwise  be:  for  gude  menne 
and  true,  kennynge  eidher  odher  to 
be  soche,  doeth  always  love  the 
more  as  they  be  more  gude. 

[Here  endethe  thequestyonncs  aud  awnawnres.] 

and  parfyghte;"  and  I  wish  it  were  com 
municated  to  all  mankind,  since  there  il 
nothing  more  true  than  the  beautiful  sen- 
tence contained  in  the  last  answer,  "  That 
the  better  men  are,  the  more  they  love  one 
another:"  Virtue  having  in  itself  something 
so  amiable  as  to  charm  the  hearts  of  all 
that  behold  it. 


This  document  has  always  been  regarded  as  authentic,  and 
even  the  life  of  Leland  asserts  its  genuineness.  But  this  has 
recently  been  disputed  by  Mr.  J.  O.  Halliwell,  the  distin- 
guished antiquarian,  in  a  work  entitled,  "The  Early  History 
of  Freemasonry  in  England,"  published  in  London,  1844.* 

*  "It  is  singular,"  says  Mr.  Halliwell,  "that  the  circumstances  attend- 
ing its  publication  should  have  led  no  one  to  suspect  its  authenticity. 
A  few  years  since  I  was  at  the  pains  of  making  a  long  search  in  the  Bod- 
leian Library,  in  the  hope  of  finding  the  original,  but  without  success, 
and  I  think  there  is  little  doubt  but  that  this  celebrated  and  well-known 
document  is  a  forgery.  In  the  first  place,  why  should  such  a  d  >cument 
have  been  printed  abroad?  Was  it  likely  that  it  should  have  found  its 
way  to  Frankfort,  nearly  half  a  century  afterward,  and  been  published 
without  any  explanation  of  the  source  whence  it  was  obtained?  A^ain 
fche  orthography  is  most  grotesque,  and  too  gross  ever  to  have  been 
penned  either  by  Heniy  the  Sixth  or  Leland,  or  both  combine,!.  Foi 
instance,  we  have  Peter  Gowere,  a  Grecian,  explained  in  a  note  by  the 
fabricator — for  who  else  could  have  solved  it  ? — to  be  Pythagoras !  A  - 
a  whole,  it  is  but  a  very  clumsy  attempt  at  deception,  and  is  qa«»  „ 
parallel  to  the  recently  discovered  one  of  the  first  Enylishe  Mercuric.  L** 
us  add  that  Freemasonry  is  not  in  any  degree  dishonored  by  the  rejec- 
tion of  this  evidence  from  its  history. 

27 


318  QUE— RAM. 

QUESTIONS  TO  CANDIDATES.  Before  the  candidate 
for  the  privileges  and  mysteries  of  Freemasonry  can  be 
admitted  to  a  participation  in  its  ceremonies  he  is  required 
to  give  his  free  and  full  assent  to  the  following  questions, 
respecting  the  motives  that  influenced  his  desire  to  become 
a  Mason: 

1.  Do  you  seriously  declare,  upon  i  knowledge,  and  a  sincere  wish  of 
your  honor,  that,  unbiassed  by  the  |  being  serviceable  to  your  fellow- 
improper  solicitation  of  friends,  and  !  creatures  ? 


uninfluenced  by  mercenary  motives, 


3.  Do  you  seriously  declare,  upon 


you  freely  and  voluntarily  offer  your-  your  honor,  that  you  ifiU  cheerfully 
self  a  candidate  for  the  mysteries  of  i  conform  to  all  the  ancient  usages 
Freemasonry.  an(j  .established  customs  of  the 

2. -Do  you  seriously  declare,  upon  i  Fraternity? 

your  honor,  that  you  are  prompted  i  4.  Do  you  solemnly  declare,  upon 
to  solicit  the  privileges  of  Freema- '  your  honor,  that  you  have  never 
soniy  by  a  favorable  opinion  con-  petitioned  any  other  Lodge  for  ini- 
ceived  of  the  institution,  a  desire  of!  tiation  and  been  rejected? 


R. 

RABBI,  or  RABBOXL  A  Hebrew  word  signifying  Teacher  or 
Master.  The  ancient  Jews  employed  it  as  a  title  co  designate 
their  learned  men,  particularly  the  professors  in  the  schools 
of  the  Nabiim  or  Prophets.  Gamaliel,  the  celebrated  Phar- 
isee, and  preceptor  of  St.  Paul,  was  one  of  these.  This  title 
was  never  formally  bestowed  on  more  than  sevon  persons. 
In  John  xx.  16,  Christ  is  thus  called  :  "  Jesus  saith  unto  her, 
Mary.  She  turned  herself,  and  saith  unto  him,  Rabboni, 
which  is  to  say,  Master-."  It  is  an  important  and  significant 
word  in  Freemasonry. 

RAMSAY,  ANDREW  MICHAEL,  better  known  as  the  CHEVA- 
LIER DE  RAMSAY,  was  born  at  Ayr,  Scotland,  June  9,  1686. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  baker,  in  good  circumstances,  and 
received  a  liberal  education,  first  at  the  school  of  his  na- 
tive place,  and  afterward  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
Becoming  dissatisfied  with  the  condition  of  affairs,  particu- 
larly of  the  religious  character,  in  Scotland,  he  repaired  to 
the  continent,  and  at  the  University  of  Leyden,  he  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Mr.  Poiret,  a  mystic  divine,  who  induced  him 
to  adopt  the  doctrines  of  that  system  of  theology.  In  1710, 
he  visited  the  celebrated  Fenelon,  Archbishop  of  Cambray, 
who  had  imbibed  the  fundamental  principles  of  mysticism, 
and  by  that  amiable  prelate  he  was  persuaded  to  become  a 
Roman  Catholic.  Fenelon's  influence  procured  him  the 
appointment  of  preceptor  to  the  Duke  de  Chateau-Thiery 
and  the  Prince  de  Turenne,  where  ho  was  raad«  a  knight  of 


RAM.  v    31« 

the  Order  of  St.  Lazarus,  and  about  the  same  time  became 
a  member  of  tlie  Masonic  Fraternity,  in  which  he  soon 
became  a  conspicuous  and  active  member.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  most  faithful  and  zealous  adherents  of  the  Pre- 
tender (James  III.),  of  whose  son  he  was  for  a  time  the 
tutor  ;  in  this  position  he  sought  to  identify  the  influence 
and  progress  of  Freemasonry  with  the  fortunes  of  the  house 
of  Stuart.  For  this  purpose  he  endeavored  to  obviate  the 
objections  of  the  French  nobility  to  the  mechanical  origin 
of  the  institution,  by  asserting  that  it  arose  in  the  Holy 
Land  during  the  Crusades,  as  an  order  of  Chivalry.*  In 
the  year  1740,  he  delivered  his  celebrated  discourse  at  Paris, 
in  which  he  set  forth  his  theory  in  regard  to  the  origin  of 
Freemasonry,  as  follows,  viz :  "  That  the  first  Freemasons 
were  a  society  of  knights,  who  had  devoted  themselves  to 
the  purpose  of  rebuilding  the  sacred  edifices  which  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  Saracens;  that  the  latter,  with  a 
view  of  preventing  the  execution  of  this  pious  design, 
sent  emissaries  among  them,  who,  disguised  as  Christians, 
mingled  with  the  builders,  and  paralyzed  their  efforts;  that 
the  knights,  having  discovered  the  existence  of  these  spies, 
became  more  careful  in  the  future,  and  instituted  certain 
signs  and  words  for  the  purpose  of  guarding  against  them; 
and,  as  many  of  their  workmen  were  new  converts  to  Chris- 
tianity, they  adopted  certain  symbolic  ceremonies,  in  order 
more  readily  to  instruct  their  proselytes  in  the  new  religion. 
Finally,  the  Saracens  becoming  more  powerful,  the  Knight 
Masons  were  compelled  to  abandon  their  original  occupa- 
tion; but,  being  invited  by  a  King  of  England  to  remove 
into  his  dominions,  they  accepted  the  invitation,  and  there 
devoted  themselves  to  the  cultivation  and  encouragement  of 
the  arts  of  Architecture,  Sculpture,  Painting,  and  Music. 
Ramsay  attempted  to  support  his  theory  by  the  fact  of  the 
building  of  the  College  of  Templars,  in  London,  which 
edifice  was  actually  constructed  in  the  12th  century  by  the 
fraternity  of  Masons  who  had  been  in  the  holy  wars."  In 
1728,  Ramsay  attempted  a  Masonic  reform  according  to  this 
sya^m.  He  proposed  to  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England  to 
substitute,  in  place  of  the  three  symbolic  degrees,  three 
others  of  his  own  invention;  those  of  Scotch  Mason,  Novice 
and  Knight  of  the  Temple,  which  he  pretended  were  the 
only  true  and  ancient  degrees,  and  had  their  adminis- 

*  "The  constitutions  of  English  Masonry  appeared  too  coarse  for  the 
tefined  taste  of  our  neighbors,  and  they  must  make  it  more  like  the 
occupation  of  a  gentleman.  Therefore,  the  degrees  of  Apprentice, 
Fellow-Craft,  aud  Master,  were  called  symbolical;  and  the  whole  con- 
trivance was  considered  either  as  typical  of  something  more  elegant.  01 
as  a  prepiiration  for  it." — Robifon. 


820  BAM— REG. 

trative  center,  from  time  immemorial,  in  the  Lodge  of  St. 
Andrew,  at  Edinburgh.  His  proposition  was  at  once  re- 
jected by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England,  which  has  ever 
been  averse  to  any  innovations  in  Ancient  Craft  Masonry.* 
He,  however,  carried  his  degrees  to  Paris,  where  they  met 
with  astonishing  success,  and  gave  rise  to  all  those  higher 
grades  which  have  since  been  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Ancient  Scottish  Rite,  and  which  afterward  became  so  popu 
lar  on  the  continent,  and  gave  birth  to  innumerable  other 
degrees.  These  first  degrees,  introduced  by  Ramsay,  wero 
called  "  Scottish  Degrees,"  because  they  were  supposed  to 
have  been  instituted  by  James  II.,  in  Scotland,  in  1688. 
The  incorrectness  of  this  assertion  is,  however,  historically 
proven;  for  in  the  records  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Scotland, 
we  find  no  mention  of  any  other  than  the  three  symbolic 
degrees  prior  to  the  year  1763.  In  this  year,  we  find  the 
first  mention  of  the  Royal  Arch  Degree  in  Scotland,  whither 
it  had  been  introduced  from  England,  where  it  had  already 
been  practiced  as  early  as  1752.  Thus,  prior  to  1763,  all 
these  pretended  Scottish  degrees  were  absolutely  unknown 
in  Scotland,  and  could  not  therefore  have  been  instituted 
there  in  1688.  During  a  visit  to  his  native  country,  he 
offered  to  settle  an  annuity  on  his  relations,  but  they  indig- 
nantly refused  to  accept  it,  on  the  ground  of  his  having 
renounced  the  Protestant  religion.  After  his  return  to 
France  he  resided  at  Pontoise,  a  seat  of  the  Prince  de 
Turenne,  in  whose  family  he  continued,  in  the  capacity  of 
intendant,  till  his  death,  which  happened  at  St.  Germain-de- 
Laye,  May  6,  1743.  He  was  the  author  of  several  works 
which  were  very  popular. 

RECEIVED.  In  the  first  degree  of  Masonry  the  candidate, 
on  being  initiated,  is  described  as  "entered;"  in  the  second 
degree,  as  "passed,"  and  in  the  third,  as  "  raised."  The 
word  "received"  is  used  in  the  sixth,  or  Most  Excellent 
Master's  degree,  to  express  the  same  condition. 

TIECHABITES.  A  religious  order  among  the  ancient 
Jews,  instituted  by  Jonadab,  the  son  of  Rechab,  from  whom 
they  derived  their  name.  It  comprised  only  the  family  and 
posterity  of  the  founder,  who  was  anxious  to  perpetuate 
among  them  the  nomadic  life;  and,  with  this  view,  prescribed 
to  them  several  rules,  the  chief  of  which  were — to  abstain 
from  wine,  from  building  houses,  and  from  planting  vines. 
These  rules  were  observed  by  the  Rechabites  with  great 
strictness.  (See  Jer.  xxxv.  6.)  In  modern  times,  societies 

*  Kloss  contradicts  this,  and  says  that  he  was  only  once  in  England, 
and  that  in  1730,  to  receive  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Law. 


EEC— REF.  321 

bearing  the  name  ol  Rechabites,  for  the  avowed  object  oi 
abstaining  from  the  use  of  wine,  and  promoting  the  cause  of 
temperance,  have  been  organized  in  various  parts  of  the 
world,  particularly  in  the  United  States.*  Many  of  these 
recent  organizations  have  adopted  ceremonies  of  initiation, 
pass-words,  grips,  etc. 

RECORDER.  Literally,  the  chief  judicial  officer  of  a 
borough  or  city,  exercising  within  it,  in  criminal  matters,  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  court  of  record;  one  who  enrolls  or  records. 
Masonically,  an  officer  in  a  Commandery  of  Knights  Tem- 
plar, and  a  Council  of  Royal  and  Select  Masters,  who  has 
charge  of  the  records  and  seal  of  those  bodies;  his  duties 
are  equivalent  to  those  of  the  Secretary  of  a  symbolic  Lodge. 

RECTIFIED  RITE.  This  right  came  from  and  was  a  modi- 
fication of  the  system  of  the  Templars.  It  was  adopted  in 
1782,  by  the  Lodges  of  Strict  Observance  (Rite  Templier);  bat 
was  subsequently  practiced  only  by  some  Scottish  Directories, 
the  last  of  which,  that  of  Zurich,  was  in  existence  and  working 
as  late  as  1844.  It  may  be  regarded  as  extinct,  since  that 
Directory  has  been  united  with  the  National  Grand  Lodge 
of  Berne,  and  has  formed  with  it  a  new  power,  styled  Grand 
Lodge  of  Alpina,  sitting  alternately  at  Berne  and  Zurich. 
It  works  the  modern  English  rite;  but  some  of  the  Lodges 
under  it  havo  reserved  to  themselves  the  power  of  giving  the 
higher  degrees  that  are  conferred  in  foreign  countries,  not 
to  propagate  them,  but  by  way  of  historical  instruction,  and 
to  enable  their  members  to  be  admitted  to  visit  all  bodies 
working  the  high  degrees. 

REFLECTION,  CHAMBER  OF.  A  room  adjoining  the  asylum 
of  a  Commaiidery  of  Knights  Templar  in  which  the  candi- 
date is  placed  during  the  ceremonies  of  the  order.  In  tb-~ 
French  and  Ancient  and  Accepted  rites  the  candidate  is 
placed  in  this  room,  where  he  remains  for  serious  reflection, 
and  until  he  is  introduced  into  the  higher  and  more  sublime 
mysteries  of  initiation. 

REFORMED  RITE.  This  was  a  reformation  of  the  Rite 
of  Strict  Observance,  which  had  been  established  in  1754, 
rejecting  the  connection  which  the  latter  had  with  the 
Knights  Templar.  The  Reformed  rite  was  established  by 
an  assembly  of  Masons  at  Wilhelnisbad,  under  the  auspices 

*  In  1851  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  United  States,  Independent  Order  oi 
Odd  Fellows,  established  a  degree  specially  for  the  use  of  the  wives  ol 
the  members  of  the  order,  called  the  Degree  of  Rebekah,  which  has 
become  very  popular  throughout  this  country  in  connection  \viththot 
widely  extended  institution. 


322  REF— REJ. 

of  Ferdinand,  duke  of  Brunswick,  in  the  year  1782,  assuming 
in  the  first  instance,  the  title  of  the  "Order  of  Beneficent 
Knights  of  the  Holy  City."  M.  de  St.  Martin's  system  was 
merged  into  this;  and  the  Lodges  that  had  adopted  Mar- 
tinism  adopted  the  Reformed  rite.  The  ritual  of  initiation 
is  divided  into  two  parts;  the  External  Order,  comprising 
the  three  symbolic  degrees,  and  the  Internal  Order,  composed 
of  three  degrees,  forming  a  religious  system  based  on 
chivalry.  These  two  orders  are  connected  by  an  interme- 
diate degree,  the  Scotch  Master  of  St.  Andrew,  in  which 
candidates  were  selected  for  the  Beneficent  Knights  of  the 
Holy  City.  This  system  produced  different  Directories, 
styled  "Scottish,"  having  special  names  and  particular 
magistral  sees,  and  each  exercising,  within  its  jurisdiction, 
a  pretended  Masonic  Supremacy.  These  distinct  establish- 
ments, united  by  the  same  principles,  the  same  doctrines, 
and  the  same  Masonic  formulas,  styled  themselves  "The 
French  Tongue,"  Langue  Franqaise.  They  corresponded 
with  Chambery,  which  had  the  Directory  of  Italy,  or  of 
Austrian  Loinbardy.  Many  Provinces  of  France,  among 
others  Alsac,  Frauche-Comte,  Dauphine  and  Provence,  had 
Lodges  constituted  by  these  Directories.  The  rite  was 
extended  into  Switzerland.  Its  supreme  body  is  at  Zurich, 
under  the  title  of  the  "  Directory  of  Switzerland." 

REFORMED  HELVETIC  RITE.  The  same  as  the  rite 
Described  in  the  preceding  article,  with  some  changes  intro- 
duced by  Mon.  Glayre,  of  Switzerland,  who  carried  the  rite 
into  Poland  in  1784,  where  it  was  adopted  by  the  Grand 
Orient.  It  is  still  practiced,  but  to  a  limited  extent,  in  that 
country. 

REINSTATED.  This  term  is  applied  to  a  Mason  who  has 
been  expelled  or  suspended  from  the  Lodge  of  which  he 
was  a  member.  On  his  restoration  he  is  restored  to  all  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  the  Fraternity.  No  other  Lodge 
than  the  one  which  inflicted  the  punishment  has  the  uower 
to  restore  to  membership  in  a  Lodge.  The  Grand  Lodge, 
which  is  the  supreme  authority  within  the  territorial  juris- 
diction, has  the  power  to  restore  an  expelled  Mason  to  the 
privileges  of  the  order,  on  proper  application  being  made  to 
that  body. 

REJECTION.  In  the  United  States  an  applicant  for  initi- 
ation can  be  received  only  by  a  unanimous  vote.  One  black 
ball  ensures  rejection,  and  the  rejected  candidate  can  apply 
to  no  other  Lodge  for  admission,  without  the  consent  of  the 
one  which  first  received  his  proposition.  In  the  absence  of 


REL.  323 

any  local  regulations  to  the  contrary  a  candidate  who  has 
been  rejected  may  renew  his  application  at  any  time  when 
he  may  have  reason  to  expect  a  more  favorable  consideration 
of  his  petition. 

RELAXED  OBSERVANCE,  CLERKS  OF.  This  system  grew 
out  of  a  schism  which  occurred  in  the  order  of  the  Strict 
Observance,  at  Vienna,  in  1767.  The  new  order  had  as 
chiefs,  among  others,  the  Baron  von  Caven  and  the  preacher 
Stark.*  They  pretended  to  have  exclusive  possession  of  the 
secrets  of  the  association,  and  to  know  the  mysterious  cavern 
in  which  were  hidden  the  riches  of  the  ancient  Templars. 
The  regime  comprised  ten  degrees:  1.  Apprentice;  2.  Fellow- 
Craft  ;  3.  Master  ;  4.  African  Brother  ;  5.  Knight  of  St. 
Andrew;  6.  Knight  of  the  eagle,  or  Master  Elect;  7.  Scottish 
Master;  8.  Sovereign  Magus;  9.  Provincial  Master  of  the 
Red  Cross;  10.  Magus,  or  Knight  of  Splendor  and  Light. 
The  last  degree  was  divided  into  five  parts,  viz:  Knight 
Novice  of  the  third  year;  Knight  Novice  of  the  fifth  year; 
Knight  Novice  of  the  seventh  year;  Knight  Sevite,  and 
Knight  Priest.  Von  Stark,  by  means  of  this  new  system, 
exercised  a  powerful  influence  among  the  Knights  and  Com- 
manders of  the  several  branches  of  Templars  then  existing 
in  France,  Germany  and  Russia.  The  rite  met  with  great 
success  until  1800,  when  the  Mother  Lodge  Royal  York  a 
1'  Amitie,  at  Berlin,  declared  that  it  renounced  the  high 
degrees,  and  would  thenceforward  work  only  the  symbolic 
degrees.  The  same  schism  produced  the  HIGH  OBSERVANCE, 
in  which  they  dealt  with  alchemy,  magic,  the  cabala,  divina- 
tions, and  other  fanciful  practices;  and  the  EXACT  OBSERVANCE, 
in  which  the  teaching  partook  of  that  of  the  two  first  Ob- 
servances, that  had  for  their  bases  the  systems  of  Jesuitism 
and  Catholicism. 

RELICS.  The  name  given  in  theological  and  historical 
nomenclature  to  what  may  be  in  general  described  as  the 
personal  memorials  of  those  among  the  dead  who  have  been 
distinguished  during  life  by  eminent  qualities.  The  term  is 
also  applied  to  certain  emblems  of  mortality  in  the  Templar 
system  of  Masonry, .  which,  in  connection  with  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  teach  us  that  a  faithful  reliance  in  the  truth  re- 
vealed in  that  sacred  volume  will  afford  us  consolation  in  the 
gloomy  hour  of  death,  and  secure  to  us  inevitable  happiness 
in  the  world  that  is  to  come. 

•  JOHN  AUG.  VON  STABK,  commonly  called  the  Preacher,  a  man  of  bril- 
liant intellect  and  great  ambition,  was  born  at  Schweriu,  October  29,  1741, 
graduated  with  the  highest  honors  at  Go'ttingen;  initiated  iu  a  French 
Military  Lodge  in  1763;  died  1816. 


324:  BEL. 

RELIGION.  "  Speculative  Masonry  is  so  far  interwoven 
with  religion  as  to  lay  us  under  obligations  to  pay  that 
rational  homage  to  the  Deity  which  at  once  constitutes  our 
duty  and  cur  happiness.  It  leads  the  contemplative  mind 
to  view  with  reverence  and  admiration  the  glorious  works  of 
creation,  and  inspires  him  with  the  most  exalted  ideas  of 
the  perfection  of  his  divine  Creator."  That  Freemasonry 
should  be  spoken  of  as  a  religious  institution,  or  as  imparting 
religious  instruction,  undoubtedly  sounds  strange  to  those 
who  think  religion  must  necessarily  be  confined  to  a  partic- 
ular set  of  theological  dogmas,  or,  in  other  words,  be  secta- 
rian. But  why  should  it  be  thought  necessary  to  make 
religion  traverse  simply  the  narrow  circle  of  sectarian 
ideas  ?  Is  it  not  a  degradation  to  confine  it  to  so  limited  a 
sphere  ?  The  Masonic  idea  is  that  religion  is  absolute, 
everlasting  and  unchanging;  that  it  is  not  a  dogma,  or  a 
collection  of  dogmas,  but  rather  reverence  and  humility 
before  the  awful  Ideas  of  Infinity  and  Eternity  ;  a  sense 
of  subjection  to  the  great  law  of  Justice  which  stretches 
through  the  universe,  and  of  obligation  to  love  and  serve 
man  on  earth,  and  God  in  heaven.  The  ideas  of  God,  retri- 
bution, a  future  life — these  great  facts  of  religion  are  not 
the  property  of  any  one  sect  or  party;  they  form  the  ground- 
work of  all  creeds.  Religion,  we  have  said,  is  everlasting 
and  immutable.  It  is  the  same  yesterday,  to-day,  and 
forever.  Sectarianism  is  but  the  material  framework, 
changeable  and  perishable,  which,  men  in  different  ages  and 
countries  have  raised  around  it.  This  material  and  human 
investiture  of  sectarian  dogmas  changes  with  the  times  and 
seasons ;  but  that  religion,  in  the  light  of  which  all  Masons, 
whatever  their  particular  creed,  desire  to  walk — that  religion, 
sent  forth  into  the  world  with  the  awful  sanction  of  the 
DEITY  upon  it,  which,  as  an  Ancient  says,  "  is  to  visit  the 
widow  and  the  fatherless  in  their  afflictions,  and  keep  one's 
self  unspotted  from  the  world" — that  religion,  the  essence 
of  which  is  to  love  God  supremely  and  our  neighbors  as  we 
love  ourselves,  can  never  change ;  being  absolute,  it  can  never 
pass  away,  and  it  may  be  taught,  with  all  its  obligations, 
duties  and  hopes,  and  all  its  beautiful  applications  to  life, 
without  being  trammelled  by  any  sectarian  dogmas  whatever. 
About  religion,  in  its  absoluteness,  neither  men  nor  sects 
ever  dispute  or  quarrel.  No;  it  shines  over  the  human  eoul 
clear  and  bright,  like  the  eternal  stars,  visible  to  all;  and 
always,  and  everywhere,  has  her  voice  been  heard,  consoling 
the  sorrowful,  fortifying  the  weak,  and  bidding  the  sons  of 
men  aspire  to  a  celestial  communion.  Such  is  the  Masonic 
idea  of  religion.  Freemasonry  recognizes  God  as  irimanent 


KEP.  325 

in  all  created  things,  working  in  each  blade  of  grass,  and 
swelling  bud,  and  opening  flower,  and  looks  upon  all  tho 
sciences  as  so  many  divine  methods  through  which  the  In- 
finite Artist  reveals  his  mysteries  to  man.  Should  any 
Masonic  brother,  or  any  other,  think  that  we  are  claiming 
too  much  for  Freemasonry  in  this  respect,  we  have  only  to 
ask  him  to  turn  to  the  "  charges"  and  "  lectures"  published 
in  our  books,  to  find  abundant  proofs  of  what  we  assert. 
There  we  read :  "  The  universe  is  the  temple  of  the  Deity 
whom  we  serve:  Wisdom,  Strength  and  Beauty  are  around 
his  throne,  as  pillars  of  his  works;  for  his  wisdom  is  infinite, 
his  strength  is  omnipotent,  and  his  beauty  shines  forth 
through  all  his  creation."  Ancient  Freemasonry  invariably 
united  all  the  sciences  to  the  religious  sentiment.  Of 
Arithmetic  it  says:  "All  the  works  of  the  Almighty  are 
made  in  number,  weight,  measure,  and,  therefore,  to  under- 
stand them  rightly,  we  ought  to  understand  arithmetical 
calculations,  and  be  thereby  led  to  a  more  comprehensive 
knowledge  of  our  great  Creator."  "  Astronomy,"  it  says, 
"  is  that  sublime  science  which  inspires  the  contemplative 
mind  to  soar  aloft  and  read  the  Avisdom  and  beauty  of  the 
Creator  in  the  heavens.  How  nobly  eloquent  of  God  is  the 
celestial  hemisphere,  spangled  with  the  most  magnificent 
symbology  of  his  infinite  glory."  Discoursing  of  Geometry, 
it  says,  "  By  it  we  discover  the  power,  wisdom  and  goodness 
of  the  Grand  Artificer,  and  view  with  delight  the  order  and 
beauty  of  his  works  and  the  proportions  which  connect  all 
parts  of  his  immense  universe."  Freemasonry,  therefore, 
in  the  spirit  of  true  reverence,  consecrates  all  to  God—  the 
worlds  with  their  sublime  mysteries,  and  the  human  mind 
with  its  mighty  powers  and  the  sciences  which  it  has  dis- 
covered and  explained. 

REPEAL.  A  resolution  adopted  at  a  regular  meeting  of  a 
Lodge,  cannot  be  repealed  or  reconsidered  at  any  special  or 
extra  session. 

KEPEESENTATIVES,  GRAND  LODGE.  The  system  oi 
Representatives  in  Grand  Lodges  originated  in  the  United 
States,  with  the  Grand  Lodge  of  New  York.  The  system 
has  now  become  almost  universal  throughout  the  world, 
and  much  good  is  being  accomplished  from  its  influence, 
as  producing  a  closer  union  between  the  various  Masonio 
bodies  thus  represented.  The  Masonic  costume  is  that  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  they  represent,  and  they  are  also  entitled 
to  bear  a  banner  with  the  name  and  colors  peculiai  to  tha 
body  represented. 


826  EIG— KIT. 

EIGHT-HAND.  In  Freemasonry,  the  right  hand  is  an 
emblem  of  fidelity,  and  hence,  in  the  fraternal  greetings  oi 
the  Order,  it  plays  a  conspicuous  part.  In  the  ancient 
Roman,  Collegia  Fabrorum,  a  goddess — Fides  or  Fidelity — 
was  worshiped  by  the  members.  She  was  symbolically 
represented  by  two  right  hands  joined,  or  by  two  female 
figures  holding  each  other  by  the  right  hands.  The  Jewish 
historian,  Josephus,  speaking  of  the  [Persians  and  Parthians, 
relates  an  incident  where  the  right  hand  was  given  as  a 
pledge  of  security,  and  says,  in  regard  to  the  custom  :  "  This 
is  of  the  greatest  force  there,  with  all  these  barbarians,  and 
affords  a  firm  security  to  those  who  hold  intercourse  with 
them;  for  none  of  them  will  deceive,  when  once  they  have 
given  you  their  right  hands ;  nor  will  any  one  doubt  their 
fidelity  when  that  is  once  given,  even  were  they  before  sus- 
pected of  injustice." 

RIGHT  SIDE  AND  LEFT  SIDE.  The  ancients  held  that  the 
right  side- possessed  some  peculiar  excellence  above  the  left, 
and  hence  the  Latin  words  " dexter"  right,  and  " sinister" 
left,  also  convey  the  sense  of  lucky,  or  good;  and  unlucky,  or 
evil.  The  right  side  has  always  been  considered  the  place  of 
honor,  and  the  Scriptures  abound  in  passages  illustrative  of 
this  idea — as  in  Matt.  xxv.  33-4:  "And  he  shall  set  the  sheep 
on  his  right  hand,  but  the  goats  on  the  left.  Then  shall  the 
king  say  to  those  on  his  right  hand,  Come  ye  blessed  of  my 
Father,"  etc. 

RITE.  This  word  is  defined  to  be  a  formal  act  of  service 
established  by  law,  precept  or  custom;  a  symbolical  cere- 
mony and  method  of  representing  ideas.  Freemasonry, 
although  uniform  and  immutable,  in  its  principles  and  gene- 
ral laws,  exists,  nevertheless,  in  a  variety  of  methods  or 
forms,  which  are  called  rites.  These  differences,  however, 
are  unimportant,  and  do  not  affect  in  the  least  the  funda- 
mental plans  of  the  Order,  nor  disturb  its  interior  harmony; 
for  Masons,  whatever  may  be  the  legal  rite  which  they  pro- 
fess, recognize  no  less,  as  brothers,  Masons  of  a  different 
rite.  These  remarks  will  apply  with  great  force  to  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Symbolic  Lodge — a  Master  Mason — who  is,  in  all 
rites  and  in  all  countries,  acknowledged  as  such,  and  en- 
titled to  all  the  privileges  which  that  universal  degree  con- 
fers. Until  within  a  recent  period,  there  was  but  one 
system,  known  as  Ancient  Craft  Masonry,  consisting  of  only 
three  degrees — Entered  Apprentice,  Fellow-Craft  and  Master 
Mason.  Many  rites  and  systems  have  sprung  up  in  various 
parts  of  Europe,  but  without  permanent  existence.  The 
following  list  will  serve  to  show  to  what  extent  the  ingenuity 


KIT. 


327 


and  industry  of  man  may  be  exerted  to  gratify  his  personal 
interest  or  vanity.  Very  few  of  these  degrees  or  rites  are 
now  practiced: 

1.  York  Rite.  This  system  is  the 
most  ancient,  simple,  and  scientific, 
having  existed  from  time  immemo- 
rial.    It  derives  its  name  from  the 
city  of  York,  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land, where,  in  926,  the  first  Grand 
Lodge  of  England  was  organized. 
In  this,  the  present  rite  of  pure  Ma- 
sonry, originally  consisted  of   the 
three  primitive  degrees.  Entered  A  p- 
prentice,  Fellow-Craft,  and  Master 
Mason,  under  the  title  of  Ancient 
Craft  Masonry.     To  them  have  been 
added,  in  modern  times,  four  other 
degrees,  viz :  Mark  Master,  Past  Mas- 
ter, Most  Excellent  Master,  and  the 
Royal  Arch.     The  York  rite  is  the 
most   extensively   diffused    of    the 
rites,  embracing  four-fifths  of  the 
Masons  of  the  habitable  globe.     It 
is  the  predominating  rite  in  Eng- 
land,   Scotland.    Ireland,   their  de- 
pendencies, and  the  United  States 
of  America,  and  is  practiced,  in  a 
modified  form,  by   several   of  the 
European    Grand    Lodges.      From 
this  arose — 

2.  The  English  Kite,  adopted  by 
the  United  Grand  Lodge  of  England 
and  Wales,  at  the  union  in  1813, 
and  is  now  practiced  by  the  Lodges 
under  that  jurisdiction. 

3.  Ancient  and  Accepted  Rite,  or 
Ineffable   degrees;   first   known    in 
France,  in  1758,  as  the  Emperors 
of  the  East  and  West,  with  twenty- 
five  'degrees.     Subsequently   these 
degrees  were   increased   to  -thirty- 
three,  iinder   the   title   of  Ancient 
and  Accepted  Scottish  Kite,  at  the 
city   of  Charleston,  where,  in   the 
year  1801,  a  Supreme  Council  for 
the  southern  portion  of  the  United 
States    was    organized.      In    1807 
another  Supreme  Council  was  estab- 
lished in  New  York,  for  the  north- 
ern portion  of  the  United  States. 
These  two  bodies  are  now  ^1867)  in 
active  operation,  one  in  New  York 
and  the  other  in  Charleston.     This 
rite,   except  the  York,  is  the  most 
widely     diffused     throughout     the, 
world. 

4.  Rite  of  Strict  Observance,  a  sys- 


tem of  degrees  of  immense  popu- 
larity for  many  years,  in  Germany, 
founded  by  Baron  Von  Hund,  in 
1754. 

5.  Chapter  of  Clermont,  with  seven 
degrees,  organized  in  France  about 
the  year  1Y50,  by  the  Chevalier  de 
Bonneville.     This  was  the  first  sys- 
tem of  what  is  now  termed  the  "high 
degrees."     From  this  sprang — 

6.  The  Rite  of  Perfection,  the  first 
of  the  series  of  the  Ineffable  degrees, 
established  in  1754. 

7.  French,    or   Modern   Rite,   was 
established  by  the  Grand  Orient  o/ 
France,  about  the  year  1786. 

8.  Rite  of  Elected  Cohens,  or  Priests, 
was  founded  some  time  between  1754 
and  1760,  by  Martinez  Paschalis.  in 
France. 

9.  Rite  of  St.  Martin,  or  Martin- 
ism,  was  instituted  by  the  Marquis 
de  St.   Martin,   at  Lyons,   France, 
about  the  year  1767. 

10.  Elect  of  Truth,  or  Lodge  of 
Perfect  Union,  founded  and   prac- 
ticed for  a  short  period  at  Eennes, 
in  France,  during  a  portion  of  the 
last  century. 

11.  Emperors  of  the  East  and  West, 
established  in  Paris,   about   1758; 
the   members  were   at  first  called 
' '  Sovereign   Prince  Masters,   Sub- 
stitutes General  of  the  Royal  Art, 
Grand  Superintendents  and  Officers 
of  the  Grand  and  Sovereign  Lodge 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem."     This 
rite  had   twenty-five   degrees,   and 
is  the  parent  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  Scottish  Rite. 

12.  Philosophic   Scotch   Rite   was 
established  in  Paris,  by  a  physician 
named    Boileau,    in   1774;    it   was 
adopted  by  the   Grand  Lodge  ia 
1776. 

13.  Order  of   African  Architects 
WAS  established  in  Germany,  by  a 
Prussian  named  Bancherren,   with 
the  approbation  of  Frederick  II. ,  in 
1767. 

14.  Rite  of  Philalelhes,  or  Searchers 
after  Truth,  wan  organized  by  Sal- 


328 


KIT. 


/alette  de  Langes,  at  Paris  about 
the  year  1775. 

15.  llluminati  of  Avignon  was  in- 
troduced into  Paris  by  a  Benedictine 
monk,  named  Pernetti,  and  Baron 
Gabrianca,  a  Polish  nobleman,  about 
1760. 

16.  Rite  of  Swedenborg  was  framed 
from  the  system  of  the  llluminati  of 
Avignon,  by  the  Marquis  de  Thomae. 
in  J.783.     This  rite  is  still  practiced 
in  some  parts  of  Sweden. 

17.  Rite  of  Zinnendorff,  which  was  a 
modification  of  the  Swedehborgian 
and  other  rites,   was  promulgated 
by  Count  Zinnendorff,  in  Germany, 
in  1767. 

18.  Reformed  Rite,  established  in 
1782,  at  Wilhelmsbad.     The  mem- 
bers of  this  rite  assumed  the  title  of 
' '  Order  of  Charitable  Knights  of  the 
Holy  City." 

19.  Reformed  Helvetic  Rite  was  in- 
troduced into  Poland  in  1784,  by 
Bro.  Glayre.     The  Grand  Orient  of 
Poland  adopted  it. 

20.  Order  of  True  Masons,  an  off- 
shoot of  the  Hermetic  Bite  "  of  Per- 
netti, was  formed  at  Montpelier,  in 
France,  in  1778. 

21.  Adoniramite  Rite  was  estab- 
lished in  France,  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  last  century.     The  exact 
date  of  its  rise,  and  the  name  of  its 
founder,  are  at  present  unknown. 

22.  Fessler's  Rite,  established  by 
the  Lodge  ' '  Royal  York  of  Friend- 
ship,"  at  Berlin,  in  1798,  is  still 
practiced  to  some  extent. 

23.  Rite  of  Mizraim.  This  rite  was 
first  introduced  in  1805,  at  Milan, 
Italy,  and  was  said  to  have   been 
brought  from  Egypt  by  a  learned 
philosopher  of  that  country,  named 
Ananiah.     It    was    established    in 
Paiis  in  1814,  but  has  never  been 
recognized  by  the  Grand  Orient  of 
France  or  any  other  Grand  body. 

24.  Rite  of  the  Grand  Royal  Mother 
Lodge  of  the  Tkree  Globes.    Ou  the 
13th  of  September,  1740,  a  number 
of  brethren  residing  in  Berlin,  Ger- 
many,   established    "by   royal  au- 
thority, and  without  demanding  a 
charter    from     any    other     Grand 
Lodge,     the  Lodge  of  the  "Three 
GJobes,     which,    in    1744,    became 


the  "  Grand  Royal  Mother  Lodge 
of  the  Three  Globes,"  of  which  the 
king,  Frederick  II.,  was  recorded 
as  Grand  Master.  This  is  the  popu- 
lar and  prevailing  rite  practiced  in 
Prussia. 

25.  Persian  Philosophic  Rite  was 
founded  in  France  about  the  year 
1819.    It  was  not  much  encouraged, 
and  has  now  ceased  to  exist. 

26.  Order  of  the    Temple.     This 
order  flourished  for  a  brief  period 
in  France,  during  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century.     The  members 
claimed  a  regular  descent  from  the 
Knights  Templar  of  Palestine. 

27.  Order  of  Charles  XIII.     This 
order  was  instituted  by  Charles  the 
Thirteenth,    King  of   Sweden,    in 
1811,  into  which  distinguished  Ma- 
sons were  admitted. 

28.  Rite  of  Memphis  was  estab- 
lished in  Paris,  in  1839,  by  J.  A. 
Marconis  and  E.  A.  Montet.    It  was 
a  variation  of  the  Rite  of  Misraim, 
and  its  existence  was  very  brief. 

29.  Rile  of  Mopses  was  founded 
in  1740,  in  Germany.     In  1776  it 
became  an  androgynous  order,  and 
admitted  females  as  members. 

30.  Royal  Order  of  Heredom  and 
Rosy    Gross,    said    to    have    been 
founded  by  King  Robert  Bruce  at 
Kilwin  ning,  after  the  battle  of  Ban- 
nock burn,  in  1314.     This  order  is 
confined    exclusively   to   Scotland, 
and  is  given  only  to  those  who  have 
attained  high  positions  in  the  Fra- 
ternity. 

31.  The  Swedish  Rite,  or  that  prac- 
ticed by  the  sanction  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Sweden,  was  founded  upon 
the  above  order. 

32.  tichrceder's  Rite  was  first  estab- 
lished at    Marburgh,  Germany,  in 
1766.     This  rite  is  still  practie&d  in 
some  parts  of  Germany. 

33.  Primitive  Rile  of  Narbonne  was 
established  ii  t  that  city  in  1780.    The 
degrees  were  selected  from  other 
rites,  and  were  chiefly  of  a  philo- 
sophic character,  assuming  as  their 
object  the  reformation  of  intellectual 
man,  and  his  restoration  to  his  pri- 
mitive rank  of  purity  and  perfection. 

34.  Frercs  Po>itives,  an  association 
of   operative   and   speculative   Ma 


BIT— EOS. 


329 


sons,  established  afc  Avignon,  in 
1178.  Their  principal  employment 
was  the  building  and  repairing 
stone  bridges. 

35.  Order  of  Mustard  Seed,  or  the 
Fraternity  of  Moravian  Brothers  of 
the  Order  of  Religious  Freemasons, 
was  instituted  in  Germany,  in  1739. 

36.  The  Kniyht  of  Malta,  as  a  Ma- 
sonic   grade,    was    established    in 
England,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century. 

37.  Council  of  the  Trinity  was  an 
independent    Masonic    system,    in 
which  were  conferred  a  number  of 
Christian  degrees.     This  order  was 
established  by  St.  Helena,  the  mother 
of  Constantiue,  A.  n.  326,  when  on 
her  visit  to  Jerusalem. 

38.  Rosaic  Rite  was  instituted  in 
Germany,  during  the  last  century. 
It  was  for  a  short  time  exceedingly 
popular,  but  was  superceded  by  the 
Rite  of  Strict  Observance. 

39.  Bahrdt's  Rite  was  established 
at  Halle,  Germany,  about  the  close 
of  the  eighteenth  century,    Its  pros- 
perity was  of  short  duration. 

40.  Knights  and  Ladies  of  the  Dove. 
An   organization  founded   at   Ver- 
sailles, France,  in  1784,  into  which 
ladies   were    introduced.      It   soon 
ceased  tc  exist. 

41.  Eclectic  Rite.  This  system  was 
established  at  Frankfort,  Germany, 
by  Baron  de  Knigge,  having  for  its 
object   the   abolition   of    the   high 
grades,    or  philosophical    degrees, 
which  had,  at  that  period,  increased 
to  an  extraordinary  number.     It  is 
clear  the  Baron  did  not  succeed  in 
his  endeavors,  as  many  of  the  de- 
grees he  attempted  to  destroy  are 
still   flourishing,  while  his   rite   is 
very  little  known. 

42.  Grand  Chapter  of  Harodim,  an 
institution  revived,  (it  is  supposed, 
by  Bro.  Win.  Preston, )  in  London, 


in  1787.  It  was  a  school  of  instruc- 
tion, organized  upon  a  peculiar  plan, 
and  the  lectures  were  divided  into 
sections,  and  the  sections  into 
clauses.  Its  teaching  embodied  the 
whole  art  of  Masonry. 

43.  Knight   of  the   Mediterranean 
Pass,  an  independent  and  honor- 
ary   degree,    established    in    13G7, 
and    conferred    only    on    Knights 
Templar  as  Knights  of  Malta. 

44.  Knight  of  Constantine,  like  the 
preceding,  is  an  honorary,  or  tide 
degree,  and  only  occasionally  con- 
ferred. 

45.  Knights   and    XyrnpJis   nf  the 
Rose.     This  was  an  order  of  Adopt- 
ive Masonry,  invented   toward   the 
close  of  the  eighteenth  century,  by 
M.  de  Chaumont,  at  Paris.    It  had  a 
brief  existence. 

46.  Order  of  the  Roman  Engle  was 
established  at  Edinburgh,  in  1784. 
Its  ritual  was  in  Latin. 

47.  Adoptive  Rite,  or,  as  it  is  some- 
times called,  Androgynous  Masonry, 
for  the  initiation  of  males  and  fe- 
males,    was     first    established    in 
France  about  1730,  under  the  title 
of  Lodges  of  Adoption,  which  were, 
in  consequence  of  their  great  popu- 
larity,   recognized  by   and  placed 
under  the   control    of    the   Grand 
Orient  in  1774.     In  America,  there 
are   several   androgynous    degrcvs, 
such  as  the  Good  Samaritan,   the 
Heroine   of   Jericho,    the   Mason's 
Daughter,    and   the    Order   of    the 
Eastern  Star,  the  last  of  which  is 
extensively  propagated  throughout 
the  United  States. 

48.  Order  of  the  llluminati.    A  secret 
society,    instituted   in   Bavaria,   by 
Adam    Weishaupt,   in    conjunction 
with  several  other  men  of  high  in- 
tellectual attainments,  in  1776.     It 
flourished  for  a  brief  period,  and 
was  suppressed  in  1784,  by  order 
of  the  Bavarian  Government. 


ROSAIC  RITE.  One  of  the  numerous  Masonic  forms 
which  arose  in  Germany  during  the  last  century.  Its 
author  was  a  clergyman  by  the  name  of  Rosa.  Through 
the  influence  of  Baron  de  Prinzen,  it  was  extensively  propa- 
gated, and  continued  to  flourish  until  the  superior  popularity 
of  the  rite  of  Strict  Observance  threw  it  into  the  shade. 
28 


330  EOS. 

ROSE.  Harpocrates,  the  god  of  silence,  was  sometimes 
represented  with  a  crown  of  roses;  consequently,  the  rose 
is  properly  regarded  as  a  symbol  of  silence  and  secrecy. 
The  rose,  cross,  and  pelican  are  the  emblems  of  the  Rose 
Croix  degree.  Ragon  says,  respecting  the  first  two,  that 
they  were  Egyptian  symbols,  the  cross  signifying  immor- 
tality, and  the  rose  secrecy,  and  hence  they  together  mean  the 
"secret  of  immortality."  The  rose  has  no  reference  to 
Christ.  The  theory  that  the  Book  of  Canticles,  in  which 
the  phrase  "Rose  of  Sharon"  is  found,  is  an  allegorical 
description  of  Christ  and  his  Church,  has  long  since  been 
rejected  by  all  well-instructed  divines. 

ROSE  CROIX  RECTIFIE.  In  the  articles  "Herodem" 
and  "  Prince  of  Rose  Croix,"  the  reader  will  find  the  tra- 
ditions which  profess  to  give  the  history  and  origin  of  the 
degree  of  Rose  Croix,  which  is  the  eighteenth  of  the 
series  known  as  the  Scotch  Rite,  Ancient  and  Accepted. 
It  is  an  instructive  and  interesting  grade,  in  many  respects 
resembling  the  degree  of  the  Royal  Arch,  of  the  York  rite. 
But  the  form  and  dogma  of  this  degree  are  such  that  it 
must  be  confined  to  those  who  profess  the  Christian  religion. 
The  Rose  Croix  revised  (rectifie),  on  the  contrary,  is  more 
comprehensive,  and  while  it  is  overflowing  with  the  positive 
spirit  of  Christianity,  it  is  so  constructed  that  men  of  all 
beliefs  can  receive  it.  As  practiced  in  France,  the  cere- 
monies of  reception  are  divided  into  three  parts. 

ROSY  CROSS,  BROTHERS  OF.  A  secret  society  bearing  this 
name  became  known  in  Europe  at  the  beginning  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  Its  object  was  the  reformation  of 
state,  church,  and  individuals,  and  the  study  of  philosophy 
and  science.  At  that  time  alchemy  occupied,  in  a  large 
degree,  the  attention  of  the  learned,  and  it  is  not  strange 
that  the  Rosicrucians  should  follow  the  fashion  of  the  age. 
It  was  pretended  that  the  order  was  founded  in  the  four- 
teenth century  by  a  person  named  Christian  Rosenkreuz, 
who  was  said  to  have  lived  long  among  the  Brahmins,  in 
Egypt,  etc. ;  but  the  real  founder  is  believed  to  have  been 
Andrea,  a  German  scholar,  of  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  whose  object  was  to  purify  religion,  which  had  been 
degraded  by  the  scholastic  philosophy.  Others  think  that 
he  only  gave  a  new  character  to  a  society  founded  before 
him,  by  Agrippa  von  Neltesheim.  Krause  says  that  Andrea 
occupied  himself  from  early  youth  with  the  plan  of  a  secret 
society  for  the  improvement  of  mankind.  In  1  614  he  pub- 
lished his  famous  "Reformation  of  the  Whole  Wide  World," 
and  "Fama  Fraiernilatis."  Christian  enthusiasts  and  alche- 


ROS.  331 

mists  considered  tbe  society,  poetically  described  in  those 
books,  as  one  really  existing;  and  thus  Andrei}  became  the 
author  of  the  later  Rosicrucian  fraternities,  which  extended 
over  Europe  and  were  even  brought  into  connection  with 
Freemasonry.  Bailey,  in  his  Dictionary,  inclines  to  the 
opinion  that  Rosenkreuz  was  the  real  founder  of  the  order. 
He  says:  "A  German  gentleman,  educated  in  a  monastery, 
having  learned  the  languages,  traveled  to  the  Holy  Land 
A.  D.  1378,  and  being  at  Damascus,  and  falling  sick,  he  had 
heard  the  conversation  of  some  Arabs  and  other  Oriental 
philosophers,  by  whom  he  is  supposed  to  have  been  initiated 
into  this  mysterious  art.  At  his  return  into  Germany  he 
formed  a  society,  and  communicated  to  its  members  the 
secrets  he  had  brought  with  him  out  of  the  East,  and  died  in 
1484.  They  were  a  sect  or  cabal  of  hermetical  philosophers, 
who  bound  themselves  together  by  a  solemn  secret  which 
they  swore  inviolably  to  observe,  and  obliged  themselves,  at 
their  admission  into  the  order,  to  a  strict  observance  of 
certain  established  rules.  They  pretended  to  know  all 
sciences,  and  especially  medicine,  of  which  they  published 
themselves  the  restorers;  they  also  claimed  to  be  masters  of 
important  secrets,  and,  among  others,  that  of  the  philosopher's 
stone ;  all  which  they  affirmed  they  had  received  by  tradition 
from  the  ancient  Egyptians,  Chaldeans,  Magi  and  Gymnoso- 
phists.  They  pretended  to  protract  the  period  of  human  life, 
by  means  of  certain  nostrums,  and  even  to  restore  youth. 
They  are  also  called  the  Invisible  Brothers,  because  they 
have  made  no  appearance,  but  have  kept  themselves  incog. 
for  several  years."  Notwithstanding  the  flippant  descrip- 
tion of  Bailey,  and  the  vile  calumniations  of  Barruel,  the 
Order  of  the  Rosy  Cross  was  eminently  respectable,  and  its 
purposes  praiseworthy.  Its  ideas,  like  those  of  the  Illuminati 
were  in  advance  of  the  age,  and,  however  objectionable  tc 
such  advocates  of  political  and  religious  despotism,  as  Rob- 
ison,  Barruel,  et  aL,  are  precisely  those  principles  which 
we,  as  a  nation,  have  embodied  in  our  institutions  and  laws, 
and  of  which  we  are  justly  proud.  The  Rosicrucians  did 
fraternize  with  the  Freemasons,  and  it  was  a  very  respect- 
able companionship.  The  twenty-eighth  degree  of  Free- 
masonry must  have  been  composed  by  Freemasons  who 
were  also  members  of  the  Order  of  the  Rosy  Cross.  The 
ritual  of  the  Rosicrucians  had  nine  degrees:  1.  Zelator; 
2.  Thericus;  3.  Practicus;  4.  Philosophus;  5.  Adeptus  Junior; 
6.  Adeptus  Major ;  7.  Adeptus  Exemptus  :  8.  Magister ; 
9.  Magus.  From  this  Order  originated  the  "  German," 
"  Gold  Rose-Croix,"  and  also  the  "  Asiatic  Brothers."  The 
Masonic  degree  of  "Sovereign  Prince  of  Rose-Croix"  has  no 
connection  with  the  Rosicrucians. 


332  ROT. 

ROYAL  ARCH.  Sometimes,  and  more  properly,  called 
the  HOLY  ROYAL  AUCH.  The  fourth  of  the  series  oi  degrees 
conferred  in  a  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  and  the  seventh  in  grade 
known  as  the  York  rite,  as  practiced  in  the  order  wherever 
that  rite  is  established.  Dr.  Oliver  says  that  it  is  "  a  degree 
indescribably  more  august,  sublime  and  important  than  any 
which  precede  it;  and  is,  in  fact,  the  summit  and  perfection 
of  ancient  Masonry.  It  impresses  on  our  minds  a  belief  in 
the  being  of  God,  without  beginning  of  days  or  end  of  years, 
the  great  and  incomprehensible  Alpha  and  Omega,  and 
reminds  us  of  the  reverence  which  is  due  to  his  Holy  Name." 
The  late  distinguished  brother,  Salem  Town,  has  left  on 
record  a  brief  summary  of  the  symbolism  inculcated  in 
Capitular  Masonry.  "  In  advancing  to  the  fourth  degree," 
he  says,  "the  good  man  is  greatly  encouraged  to  persevere 
in  the  ways  of  well-doing  even  to  the  end.  He  has  a  name 
which  no  man  knoweth  save  he  that  receiveth  it.  if,  there- 
fore, he  be  rejected,  and  cast  forth  among  the  rubbish  of 
the  world,  he  knows  full  well  the  Great  Master  Builder  of 
the  universe,  having  chosen  and  prepared  him  as  a  lively 
stone  in  that  spii'itual  building  in  the  heavens,  will  bring 
him  forth  with  triumph,  while  shouting  grace,  grace  to  his 
divine  Redeemer.  Hence  opens  the  fifth  degree,  where  he 
discovers  his  election  to,  and  his  glorified  station  in,  the 
kingdom  of  his  Father.  Here  he  is  taught  how  much  the 
chosen  ones  are  honored  and  esteemed  by  those  on  earth, 
who  discover  and  appreciate  the  image  of  their  common 
Lord.  This  image  being  engraven  on  his  heart,  he  may  look 
forward  to  those  mansions  above,  where  a  higher  and  most 
exalted  seat  has  been  prepared  for  the  faithful,  from  the 
foundation  of  the  world.  With  these  views  the  sixth  degree 
is  conferred,  where  the  riches  of  divine  grace  are  opened  in 
boundless  prospect.  Every  substantial  good  is  clearly  seen 
to  be  conferred  through  the  great  atoning  sacrifice.  In  the 
seventh  degree  the  good  man  is  truly  filled  with  heartfelt 
gratitude  to  his  heavenly  benefactor,  for  all  those  wonderful 
deliverances  wrought  out  for  him  while  journeying  through 
the  rugged  paths  of  human  life.  Great  has  been  his  re- 
demption from  the  Egypt  and  Babylon  of  this  world.  *  *  * 
Such  is  the  moral  and  religious  instruction  derived  from  the 
order  of  the  Masonic  degrees."  This  degree  brings  to  light 
many  important  matters  of  great  interest  to  the  Craft,  which 
were,  for' the  space  of  four  hundred  and  seventy  years,  buried 
in  darkness,  and  without  a  knowledge  of  which  the  Masonic 
character  cannot  be  complete.  The  incidents  on  which  the 
degree  is  founded,  may,  in  part,  be  understood  from  the 
following  brief  statement:  Soon  after  the  close  of  Solomon's 


ROY.  333 

glorious  reign,  the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem — the  house  ol 
David,  was  divided.  Ten  of  the  tribes  separated  themselves, 
and  took  the  name  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel,  leaving  the 
tribes  of  Judah  and  Benjamin  to  constitute  the  kingdom  of 
Judah.  Each  of  these  two  kingdoms  suffered  a  distinct 
captivity.  That  of  Israel  is  called  the  Assyrian,  and  that  of 
Judah  the  Babylonish  captivity;  only  in  the  latter  captivity 
is  our  subject  interested.  The  Jews  being  thus  divided,  in 
the  reigns  of  Jehoiachin  and  Zedekiah,  Nebuchadnezzar, 
king  of  the  Chaldees,  then  reigning  at  Babylon,  with  a  large 
army,  laid  seige  to  Jerusalem,  and  after  a  severe  struggle 
reduced  it.  He  caused  the  city  to  be  leveled  to  the  ground, 
the  royal  palace  to  be  burned,  the  temple  pillaged,  and  the 
inhabitants  carried  captive  to  Babylon.*  They  remained  in 
captivity  for  seventy  years,  or  until  the  time  of  Cyrus,  king 
of  Persia,  who,  in  the  first  year  of  his  reign,  issued  his 
proclamation,  which  liberated  the  Hebrew  captives,  and  per- 
mitted them  to  return  to  Jerusalem,  lo  "  rebuild  the  city  and 
house  of  the  Lord."  The  circumstances  connected  with  the 
captivity  of  the  Jews,  its  termination,  their  liberation,  and 
their  return  over  the  rough  and  rugged  roads  to  the  ancient 
city  of  their  fathers,  the  holy  cause  in  which  they  were 
engaged — that  of  rebuilding  the  temple — the  labors  per- 
formed, and  the  valuable  discoveries  brought  to  light  by 
the  zealous  workmen,  with  many  other  equally  interesting 
incidents  are  rehearsed  in  the  degrees  of  the  Royal  Arch, 
Knights  of  the  Red  Cross,  and  Knights  of  the  East  and 
West.  The  children  of  Judah,  after  their  arrival  at 
Jerusalem,  erected  a  tabernacle,  similar  in  form  to  that  of 
Moses.  Tradition,  however,  informs  us  that  the  tabernacle 
of  Zerubbabel  differed  from  that  of  Moses  in  many  par- 
ticulars. The  most  Holy  Place  of  the  original  tabernacle 
contained  the  ark  of  the  covenant,  the  table  of  shew-bread 
and  the  golden  candlestick,  and  the  whole  structiire  was 
designed  for  the  worship  of  God.  That  of  Zerubbabel  was 
used  as  a  temporary  place  of  worship,  and  the  sanctuary  was 
also  used  for  the  meetings  of  the  Grand  Council,  consisting 
of  Joshua,  Zerubbabel  and  Haggai.  This  tabernacle,  accord- 
ing to  the  Masonic  tradition,  was  divided  into  apartments 
by  cross  vails  of  blue,  purple,  scarlet  and  white,  at  which 
guards  were  stationed.  The  ostensible  object  of  the  degree 
is  to  recover  the  lost  word — the  Master  Mason  being 

*A  Masonic  tradition  informs  \is  that  the  captive  Jews  were  bound  by 
their  conquerors  with  triangular  chains,  and  that  this  was  done  by  the 
Chaldeans  as  an  additional  insult,  because  the  Jewish  Masons  were 
known  to  esteem  the  triangle  as  an  emblem  of  the  sacred  name  of  God, 
and  must  have  considered  its  appropriation  to  the  form  of  their  fetters 
as  a  desecratior.  of  the  Tetragraininaton. 


ROY.  335 

in  a  secret  vault,  which  for  a  period  of  nearly  five  centuries 
was  unknown,  it  being  beneath  the  first  temple,  and  brought 
to  light  by  the  workmen  who  were  sent  to  prepare  the 
foundation  for  the  second  temple.  The  degrees  conferred 
and  composing  the  system  of  Royal  Arch  Masonry  are: 
I.  Mark  Master;  2.  Past  Master;  3.  Most  Excellent  Master; 
4.  Royal  Arch.  The  officers  are :  1.  The  High-Priest,  whose 
title  is  Most  Excellent,  who  represents  Joshua,  the  first  High- 
Priest  of  the  Jews,  after  their  return  from  the  Babylonian 
captivity;  2.  The  King,  whose  title  is  Excellent,  represents 
Zerubbabel,  a  Prince  of  Judah,  who  was  the  leader  of  the 
first  colony  of  Jews  that  returned  from  the  captivity  to  rebuild 
the  temple;  3.  The  Scribe,  whose  title  is,  also,  Excellent,  repre- 
sents Haggai,  the  prophet;  4.  The  Captain  of  the  Host,  who 
represents  the  general  of  the  troops;  5.  The  Principal 
Sojourner,  represents  the  leader  of  a  party  of  Jews,  who 
sojourned  in  Babylon  for  a  time  after  the  departure  of  Zerub- 
babel with  the  main  body,  and  who  subsequently  came  up 
to  Jerusalem  to  assist  in  rebuilding  the  temple;  (>.  The 
Royal  Arch  Captain,  represents  the  captain  of  the  king's 
guards  ;  7.  Grand  Master  of  the  Third  Vail;  8.  Grand 
Master  of  the  Second  Vail ;  9.  Grand  Master  of  the  First 
Vail ;  10.  Treasurer  ;  11.  Secretary  ;  12.  Sentinel ;  and  a 
Chaplain  may  be  appointed.  The  jewels  of  a  Chapter  are 
of  gold  or  yellow  metal,  within  a  triangle,  and  suspended 
from  a  collar.  The  symbolic  color  of  the  Royal  Arch  degree 
is  scarlet.  Candidates  receiving  the  degree  are  said  to  be 
"exalted  to  the  most  sublime  degree  of  the  Royal  Arch." 
A  Royal  Arch  Chapter  represents  the  Tabernacle  erected  by 
our  ancient  brethren  near  the  ruins  of  King  Solomon's 
Temple.  Chapters  are  dedicated  to  Zerubbabel.  The 
appropriate  badge  and  clothing  of  a  Royal  Arch  Mason, 
are  a  jewel,  an  apron  and  a  sash.  The  jewel,  worn  on 
the  left  breast,  suspended  from  a  scarlet  ribbon,  is  a 
double  triangle  within  a  circle;  in  the  center  of  the  two 
triangles  a  sun  with  diverging  rays,  within  a  triangle, 
and  underneath,  or  suspended  to  this,  the  triple  tau.  On 
,the  intersecting  triangles  and  outer  circle  the  following 
Words  are  engraved — on  the  obverse — on  the  circle,  "Si 
talia  jungere  possis  sit  tibi  scire  satis" — If  you  are  able  to 
unite  these  things  your  knowledge  is  sufficient.  On  the  tri- 
angles—  " E&p^Ka/zev,"  " Invenimus "  —  We  have  found  it; 
"  Cultor  Dei" —  JJ  WW<//>  of  God;  " Civis  Mundi" —  Citizen  of  the 
world.  On  the  ribbon  undor  the  circle,  "Nil  nisi  clavis  deest" 
— Nothing  is  wanting  except  *he  key.  Reverse — on  the  circle: 
"Deo,  Civitati,  Fratribus,  Honor,  Fidelitas,  Benevolentia"— 
For  God*  for  the  State,  for  the  Brethren,  Honor,  Fidelity,  Benev- 


336 


BOY. 


olence.  On  the  triangles— Wisdom,  Peace,  Strength,  Concord, 
Truth,  Beauty.  On  the  ribbon  under  the  circle — Exalted, 
(with  date).  The  intersecting  triangles  denote  the  elements 


of  fire  and  water,  the  circle,  infinity  and  eternity,  and  the  sun 
within  the  triangle  is  an  emblem  of  Deity.  So  important  is 
the  triple  tau  considered,  that  it  is  called  "the  emblem  of 
all  emblems,  and  the  grand  emblem  of  Royal  Arch  Ma- 
sonry." The  apron  is  of  white  lambskin  (13x15  inches,  or 


nearly  square,)  lined  and  bound  with  scarlet,  or  lined  with 
scarlet  and  bound  with  blue  and  scarlet  tesselated;  on  the 
flap  the  triple  tau  within  a  triangle,  and  all  within  a  circle, 
as  delineated  in  the  engraving.  The  sash,  worn  from  right 
to  left,  is  the  tesselated  blue  and  scarlet  ribbon,  four  inches 
wide,  with  no  ornament  except  a  metal  or  embroidered 
triple  tau,  triangle  and  circle,  at  the  crossing.  "The  true 


ROY.  337 

origin  of  the  Eoyal  Arch  is  an  important  question  that  has 
lately  engaged  the  attention  of  Masonic  writers.  Seme  have 
asserted  that  it  was  brought  by  the  Templars  from  the  Holy 
Land;  others  say  that  it  was  established  as  a  part  of  Templar 
Masonry  in  the  sixteenth  century;  and  others  again  assert 
that  it  was  unknown  before  the  year  1780.  Dr.  Oliver,  in  a 
work  of  profound  research  on  this  subject,  says  that  'there 
exists  sufficient  evidence  to  disprove  all  their  conjectures, 
and  to  fix  the  era  of  its  introduction  to  a  period  which 
is  coeval  with  the  memorable  schism  among  the  English 
Masons  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.'*  It  seems  to 
me  as  the  result  of  a  careful  examination  of  the  evidence 
adduced,  that,  before  the  year  1740,  the  essential  element  of 
the  Royal  Arch  constituted  a  part  of  the  third  degree,  and 
that  about  that  year  it  was  severed  from  that  degree  and 
transferred  to  another,  by  the  schismatic  body  calling  itself 
'the  Grand  Lodge  of  England  according  to  the  old  Consti- 
tutions.'"f  It  may  now  be  said  that  never  before  since  the 
existence  of  the  order  was  there  so  general  a  demand  among 
intelligent  Masons  for  veritable  and  substantial  information 
on  the  history  of  Freemasonry,  particularly  in  regard  to 
this  branch  of  the  order.  For  more  reliable  information 
the  reader  is  referred  to  the  most  valuable  work  on  the 
subject  of  Royal  Arch  Masonry  that  has  ever  been  published 
in  this  country.J 

*"  Some  Account  of  the  Schism  which  took  place  during  the  last 
century  among  the  Free  and  Accepted  Masons  in  England,  showing  the 
Presumed  Origin  of  the  Eoyal  Arch  Degree." 

f  MACKEY'S  Lexicon  of  Freemasonry. 

"  The  date  of  the  organization  ot  this  body  has  been  variously  stated. 
Dr.  MACKEY  gives  the  date  as  1739.  PIERSON,  in  his  '  Traditions,'  gives 
it  as  having  occurred  about  1753.  PRESTON  asserts  that  the  secedera 
continued  to  hold  their  meetings  without  acknowledging  a  superior  luitil 
the  year  1771,  when  they  chose  for  their  Grand  Master  the  Duke  of 
Athol,  then  Grand  Muster  elect  of  Scotland.  SANDYS,  in  his  'Short 
View,'  says  they  (.the  ancieuts)  established  their  Grand  Lodge  in  London 
in  1757.  In  certain  testimony  taken  by  a  commission  in  England,  for  use 
in  the  New  York  Masonic  difficulty  some  years  since,  Bro.  WHITE,  at 
that  time  the  Venerable  Grand  Secretary  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England, 
says,  under  oath,  in  answer  to  a  question,  that  the  Athol  or  Awtittit 
Grand  Lodge  was  formed  in  1752.  This  ought  to  settle  the  question."-  — 
GOULD. 

t  Guide  to  the  Royal  Arch  Chapter:  a  complete  Monitor  for  Royal 
Arch  Masonry;  with  full  instructions  in  the  degrees  of  Mark  Master, 
Past  Master,  Most  Excellent  Master  and  Royal  Arch,  according  to  the 
text  of  the  Manual  of  the  Chapter.  By  JOHN  SHEVILLE,  P.  G.  H.  P. ,  and 
JAMES  L.  GOULD,  G.  H.  P.  Together  with  a  Historical  Introduction, 
Explanatory  Notes  and  Critical  Emendations.  To  which  are  a^.ded 
Monitorial  Instructions  in  the  Holy  Order  of  High  Priesthood  in  Royal 
Arch  AiAsourv.  with  the  Ceremonies  of  the  Order. 


338  EOT. 

ROYAL  AECH  CAPTAIN.  An  officer  in  a  Chapter  of  the 
Royal  Arch  degree.  He  represents  the  Captain  of  the  King's 
Guards.  His  station  is  in  front  of  the  Council,  and  at  the 
entrance  of  the  fourth  vail.  His  duties,  in  some  respects,  are 
similar  to  those  of  the  Junior  Deacon  in  the  Symbolic  Lodge. 

ROYAL  ARCH  OF  ENOCH.  The  same  as  the  degree  of 
Knights  of  the  Ninth  Arch. 

ROYAL  MASTER,  The  first  of  the  degrees  in  the  Council, 
or  Cryptic  system.  It  is  immediately  associated  with  the 
degree  of  Select  Master,  and,  with  it,  is  explanatory  of  the 
Royal  Arch  degree,  and  was  originally  conferred  in  a  Chap- 
ter of  Royal  Arch  Masons.  Its  ritual  is  highly  interesting. 

ROYAL  ORDER  OF  SCOTLAND.  This  is  an  order  com- 

?osed  of  two  parts,  viz:  that  of  H.-R.-M.  and  R.-S.-Y.  C.-S. 
he  former  took  its  rise  in  the  reign  of  David  L,  King  of 
Scotland,  and  the  latter  in  that  of  King  Robert  the  Bruce. 
The  last  is  believed  to  have  been  originally  the  same  as  the 
Most  Ancient  Order  of  the  Thistle,  and  to  contain  the  cere- 
monial of  admission  formerly  practiced  in  it.  The  Order  of 
H.-R.-M.  had  formerly  its  chief  seat  at  Kil winning;  and 
there  is  reason  to  suppose  that  it  and  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
St.  John's  Masonry  were  governed  by  the  same  Grand 
Master.  The  introduction  of  this  order  into  Kilwinning 
appears  to  have  taken  place  about  the  same,  or  nearly  the 
same  period  as  the  introduction  of  Freemasonry  itself  into 
Scotland.  The  Culdees,  as  is  well  known,  introduced 
Christianity  into  Scotland,  and,  from  their  known  habits, 
there  were  good  grounds  for  believing  that  they  preserved 
among  them  a  knowledge  of  the  ceremonies  and  precautions 
adopted  for  their  protection  in  Judea.  In  establishing  this 
degree  in  Scotland,  it  is  more  than  probable  that  it  was 
done  with  the  view  to  explain,  in  a  correct  Christian  manner, 
the  symbols  and  rites  employed  by  the  Christian  Architects 
and  Builders;  and  this  will  also  explain  how  the  Royal  Order 
is  purely  catholic, — not  Roman  Catholic,  but  adapted  to  all 
who  acknowledge  the  great  truths  of  Christianity,  in  the 
eame  way  that  Craft  or  Symbolic  Masonry  is  intended  for 
all,  whether  Jew  or  Gentile,  who  acknowledge  a  Supreme 
God.  The  second  part,  or  R.-S.-Y.  C.-S.,  is  an  order  of 
knighthood,  and  perhaps  the  only  genuine  one  in  connec- 
tion with  Masonry,  there  being  in  it  an  intimate  connection 
between  the  sword  and  the  trowel.  The  lecture  consists  of 
a  figurative  description  of  the  ceremonial  both  of  H.-R.-M. 
and  R.-S.-Y.  C.-S.,  in  simple  rhyme,  modernized,  of  course, 
by  oral  tradition,  and  breathing  tbo,  purest  spirit  of  Chris- 


CUYPT. — UOYA1,   MASTER. 


RUL— SAL  341 

tianity.  These  two  degrees  constitute,  as  has  been  already 
said,  the  Royal  Order  of  Scotland.  Lodges  or  Chapters 
cannot  legally  meet  elsewhere,  unless  possessed  of  a  charter 
from  it,  or  by  dispensation  from  the  Grand  Master  or  his 
Deputy.  The  office  of  Grand  Master  is  vested  in  the  person 
of  the  King  of  Scotland,  (now  of  Great  Britain,)  and  one  seat 
is  invariably  kept  vacant  for  him,  in  whatever  country  a  Chap- 
ter is  open,  and  cannot  be  occupied  by  any  other  member. 

RULE.  A  well-known  instrument  by  which  measurements 
are  made  or  straight  lines  are  drawn.  It  is  employed  as  an 
important  emblem  in  the  degree  of  Past  Master,  admonish- 
ing the  newly-elected  Master  to  punctually  observe  his  duty, 
press  forward  in  the  path  of  virtue,  and,  neither  inclining  to 
the  right  nor  to  the  left,  in  all  his  actions  to  have  eternity 
in  view. 

8. 

SAINT  JOHN  THE  ALMONER,  born  at  Cypress,  A.  D. 
550,  was  made  patriarch  of  Alexandria,  A.  D.  606,  and  died 
Nov.  11,  616.  He  has  no  connection  with  Freemasonry,  and 
is  mentioned  here  merely  because  Commanderies  of  Knights 
Templar  and  the  30th  degree  (Kadosh),  Ancient  and  Ac- 
cepted rite,  claim  that  it  is  to  him,  and  not  to  St.  John  the 
Baptist  and  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  that  Masonic  bodies 
are  dedicated.  "  Celui  a  qui  elles  sont  dediees  est  St.  Jean 
I'aumonier,  qui  etait  le  Grand  Maitre  des  chevaliers  de  St.  Jean 
de  Jerusalem,  au  xiii  e  siede,  et  qui  a  toujours  ete  le  plus  bel 
ornement  de  I'Ordre,  et  le  patron  des  Templiers."*  It  requires 
no  little  credulity,  and  some  imagination,  to  believe  that  a 
man  who  died  A.  r>.  616  was  Grand  Master  of  the  Knights  of 
St.  John  A.D.  1250! 

SAINT  JOHN  THE  BAPTIST,  DISCIPLES  OF.  A  society 
which  has  existed  in  Asia  for  many  hundred  years,  but  the 
exact  date  of  its  origin  is  unknown.  Tradition  asserts  that  it 
was  founded  by  the  immediate  disciple  of  John  the  Baptist, 
who  fled  from  Judea  directly  after  the  latter  was  beheaded. 
Their  religious  and  philosophical  doctrines  have  a  mystical 
character.  Their  moral  system  is  pure  and  elevated,  and 
the  highest  virtues  are  inculcated  and  rigidly  practiced. 
Their  priests  are  divided  into  three  degrees.  They  have 
some  peculiarities  which  remind  one  of  the  early  Christian 
Brotherhood,  especially  their  "Agape,"  or  love-feast,  which 
is  the  prototype  of  the  Masonic  Table-lodge. 

*  "He  to  whom  they  are  dedicated  is  St.  John  the  Aimoner,  who  wae 
the  Grand  Master  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  in  the  I3tb 
century,  and  who  was  always  the  greatest  ornament  of  the  order  knd 
patron  of  the  Templars." 

29 


SAI— SCA. 

SAINT  JOHN  THE  BAPTIST,  KNIGHT  OF.  A  division  of 
ffemplar  Masonry  which,  toward  the  end  of  the  last  century 
flrose  in  Ireland,  flourished  for  a  brief  period,  and  then 
became  extinct.  ^ 

SAINT  JOHN,  FAVORITE  OF.  The  7th  degree  of  the  Swedish 
rite,  and  also  of  the  imperial  Grand  Lodge  of  Prussia.  Oliver 
calls  it  the  6th  in  the  series  comprised  in  the  degrees  of  the 
Knights  of  the  East  and  West. 

SAINT  JOHN,  or  HOLY  SAINT  JOHN  OF  JERUSALEM.  This 
expression,  so  common  in  our  Lodges,  is,  by  its  needless 
tautology,  offensive  alike  to  the  ear  and  to  a  refined  literary 
taste.  Holy  and  Saint  are  the  same  word,  both  signifying 
the  same  thing.  The  French  Masons  do  not  say  "Saint 
Saint  Jean,"  nor  in  the  German  Lodges  do  we  hear  the  phrase, 
"Heiligen  Saint,  i.  e.,  Heiligen  Johann,"  but  simply  "Saint 
Jean,"  and  "Heiligen  Johann." 

SAINTS  JOHN,  FESTIVALS  OF.  The  24th  of  June  is  conse- 
crated to  Saint  John  the  Baptist,  and  the  27th  of  December 
to  Saint  John  the  Evangelist.  It  is  the  duty  of  Masons  to 
assemble  on  these  days,  and  by  a  solemn  invocation  of  the 
past,  renew  the  ties  and  strengthen  the  fraternal  bonds  that 
bind  the  present  to  the  brotherhood  of  the  olden  time. 

SAMAKITAN,  GOOD.  An  androgynous  degree  in  Masonry. 
It  is  an  impressive  and  interesting  degree,  founded  on  the 
well-known  parable.  It  is  communicated  to  the  wives  of 
Royal  Arch  Masons. 

SANCTUARY.  That  part  of  the  Temple  at  Jerusalem 
which  was  the  most  secret  and  most  retired;  in  which  was 
the  ark  of  the  covenant,  and  wherein  none  but  the  High- 
Priest  might  enter,  and  he  only  once  a  year,  on  the  day  of 
holy  expiation.  The  same  name  was  also  given  to  the  most 
sacred  part  of  the  Tabernacle,  set  up  in  the  wilderness, 
which  remained  until  some  time  after  the  building  of  the 
Temple. 

SCANDINAVIAN  MYSTERIES.  These  rites  were  intro- 
duced into  the  north  of  Europe,  near  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era,  by  Sigge,  a  Sythian  priest  and  chieftain,  who 
is  known  in  the  Northern  mythology  by  the  name  of  Odin. 
The  principal  feature  of  the  initiation  seems  to  have  been  a 
modified  form  of  the  Isianic  rite.  Balder  was  slain  by  Loke, 
with  a  branch  of  mistletoe,  and  the  initiation  represented  a 
search  for  his  body.  The  myth  preserved  in  the  "  Ancient 
Edda,"  which  describes  the  descent  of  Odin  into  the  regions 
of  Hela,  seeking  for  his  murdered  son,  conveys  a  very  clear 


SCH— SCO.  343 

idea  of  the  ceremony.  The  candidate  meets  with  difficulties 
and  troubles  of  the  most  appalling  kind,  but  finally  reaches 
the  palace  "roofed  with  golden  shields,"  which  resounds 
with  songs  of  triumph.  Balder,  physically,  represents  the 
sun,  and,  morally,  the  truth,  and  Loke  is  a  symbol  of  winter, 
and  also  of  evil.  Thus  here,  again,  is  seen  an  attempt  to 
illustrate  the  everlasting  conflict  between  Truth  and  Error, 
Good  and  Evil,  in  which,  after  divers  defeats,  Truth  and 
Goodness  gain  the  empire  of  the  universe. 

SCHRODER'S  KITE.  In  1766,  a  person  bearing  this 
name  established  at  Marburgh  a  Chapter  of  "True  and 
Ancient  Rose-Croix  Masons,"  which  met  with  so  much 
success  that  he  was  encouraged  to  introduce  into  a  Lodge 
at  Sarrebourg  certain  mystical  and  alchemistical  degrees. 
This  system  recognized  the  three  symbolical  degrees  as  the 
foundation  of  Masonry,  and,  at  one  time,  was  considerably 
disseminated.  The  rite  is  still  acknowledged  as  legitimate 
Masonry  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Hamburg,  under  which,  it 
is  said,  there  are  several  Lodges  now  at  work.* 

SCOTCH  MASON.  In  the  French,  or  modern  rite,  the 
fifth  degree.  It  is  intended  to  throw  light  on  the  events 
which  are  the  subject  of  the  Royal  Arch  degree,  and,  iu 
substance,  is  nearly  identical  with  the  degree  of  Select 
Master. 

SCOTCH  RITE,  more  familiarly  known  as  the  Ancient 
and  Accepted  Scottish  rite.  The  degrees  of  this  rite  are,  for 
the  most  part,  elaborated  from  the  system  invented  by 
Ramsay,  who  claimed  that  he  found  them  in  Scotland,  where 

*"  Louis  Schroder,  of  Hamburg,  with  Ignace  Fessler,  of  Berlin,  took 
up  the  old  English  rituals,  toward  the  end  of  the  18th  century,  and  they 
together  determined  to  introduce  them  into  the  German  Lodges,  wherein 
the  higher  degrees  had  become  so  dangerous.  In  their  place  they 
do 'sired  to  introduce  the  Masonic  degrees  of  Symbolism  and  Light.  A  pro- 
found investigation  as  to  the  origin,  genius  and  history  of  Freemasonry. 
and  an  exposition  of  the  different  systems  of  the  Lodges  and  of  theii 
higher  degrees,  necessarily  awakened  in  the  brethren  a  more  general 
desire  to*eimplify  the  object  and  constitution  of  the  society,  and  tc 
guard  for  the  future  against  the  invasions  of  a  mystical  and  dangerous 
reverse.  Schroder  introduced  these  degrees  without  any  ceremony  ol 
reception,  so  that  they  might  not  have  even  the  appearance  of  the  higher 
degrees.  Fessler  preserved  particular  ceremonies.  The  latter,  though 
beautiful  and  solemn,  resembled  those  of  the  Roman  Catholic  worship; 
their  founder,  who  probably  retained  a  secret  liking  for  it,  being,  perhaps, 
unconscious  of  the  Fast.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  Hamburg  constitiited 
itself,  according  to  the  system  of  Schroder,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century;  and  many  Lodges  have  since  followed  its  example;  as 
also  the  Grand  Lodge  Royal  York,  of  Friendship,  at  Berlin,  has.  since 
1800,  made  great  progress  in  propagating  the  system  of  Schroder  with 
the  improvements  of  Fessler." — BOBBICK.  Hist,  de  la  Fr.  May. 


,-544 


SCO. 


they  had  been  planted  by  Knights  of  the  Temple  and  of 
Malta,  on  their  return  from  Palestine.  It  is  needless  to  say 
that  these  pretensions  have  no  foundation  in  truth.  The 
Councils  and  Lodges  of  this  rite  are  governed  by  Supreme 


f  Grand  Inspectors  General,  of  which  there  are 
two  in  tl!e  United  States,  one  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  and  the 
other  at  Boston,  Mass.  This  rite  is,  next  to  the  York,  the 
most  extensively  diffused  throughout  the  Masonfc  world. 
It  consists  of  thirty-three  degrees,  divided  as  follows: 

7.  ProTOst  and  Judge. 

8.  Intendant  of  the  Building. 

1).  Elected  Knights  of  the  Nine. 

10.  Illustrious  Elect  of  the  Fifteen. 

11.  Sublime   Knights  Elected  ol 
the  Twelve. 

12.  Grand  Master  Architect. 

13.  Knights  of    the   Ninth  Arch, 
or  Royal  Arch  of  Solomon. 


Symbolic  Lodge. 

1.  Entered  Apprentice. 

2.  Fellow-Craft. 

3.  Master  Mason. 

Lodge  of  Perfection. 

4.  Secret  Master. 

5.  Perfect  Master. 

6.  Intimate  Secretary. 


SCK— SEC. 


345 


14.  Grand    Elect, 
Sublime  Mason. 


Perfect,    and 


Council  of  Princes  of  Jerusalem. 

15.  Knights  of  the  Sword,  of  the 
East,  or  of  the  Eagle. 

16.  Prince  of  Jerusalem. 

Chapter  of  Rose-Oroix. 

17.  Knight  of  the  East  and  West. 

18.  Knight  of  the  Eagle,  Knight 
of  the  Pelican ;  or,  Sovereign  Prince 
Rose-Croix. 

Consistory  of  Princes  of  the  Royal 
Secret. 

19.  Grand  Pontiff;  or,  Sublime 
Ecossais. 

20.  Venerable   Grand  Master  of 
all  Symbolic  Lodges. 

21.  Noachite;  or,  Prussian  Knight. 


22.  Knight  Royal  Axe;  or,  Prince 
of  Libanus. 

23.  Chief  of  the  Tabernacle. 

24.  Prince  of  the  Tabernacle. 

25.  Knight  of  the  Brazen  Serpent 

26.  Prince  of  Mercy;  or,  Scottish 
Trinitarian. 

27.  Sovereign  Commander  of  the 
Temple. 

28.  Knight  of  the  Sun  ;  or,  Princ* 
Adept. 

29lfcrand  Scottish  Kn't  of  St.  An 
drew;  or,  Patriarch  of  the  Crusades. 

30.  Knight  Kadosch. 

31.  Grand  Inquiring  Commander. 

32.  Sublime  Prince  of  the  Royal 
Secret. 

Supreme  Council. 

33.  Sovereign  Grand   Inspector 
General. 


SCRIBE.  Among  the  Jews,  Scribes  were  officers  of  the 
law.  There  were  civil  and  ecclesiastical  scribes.  The  former 
were  employed  about  any  kind  of  civil  writings  or  records. 
The  latter  transcribed,  studied  and  explained  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures. In  the  traditions  of  the  Eoyal  Arch  degree,  Haggai, 
the  scribe,  occupies  an  important  place  in  the  Council  of  the 
Chapter,  and  should  be  regarded  as  the  secretary  of  the  king. 

SECRECY.  Freemasonry,  in  laying  its  foundations  in 
secrecy,  follows  the  Divine  order  of  Nature,  where  all  that 
is  grand  and  beautiful  and  useful  is  born  of  night  and 
mystery.  The  mighty  labors  which  clothe  the  earth  with 
fruits  and  foliage  and  flowers  are  "  wrought  in  darkness." 
The  bosom  of  Nature  is  a  vast  laboratory,  where  the  mys- 
terious work  of  transmutation  of  substances  is  perpetually 
going  forward.  There  is  not  a  point  in  the  universe,  the 
edges  of  which  do  not  touch  the  realms  of  night  and  silence. 
God  himself  is  environed  with  shadows,  and  "  clouds  and 
darkness  are  round  about  his  throne ;"  yet  his  beneficence  is 
felt,  and  his  loving  Spirit  makes  itself  visible  through  all 
worlds.  So  Freemasonry  works  in  secrecy,  but  its  benignant 
fruits  are  visible  in  all  lands.  Besides,  this  principle  oi 
secrecy  furnishes  a  mysterious  bond  of  unity  and  strength, 
which  can  be  found  nowhere  else.  The  objection  often 
urged  against  the  Order  on  account  of  this  peculiar  feature 
is  too  puerile  to  be  considered. 

SECRET  SOCIETIES.  All  the  great  associations  of  an- 
tiquity, the  objects  of  which  were  to  civilize  and  improve 
the  condition  of  mankind,  were  secret  societies.  They  werf. 
sailed  "MYSTERIES."  The  mysteries  of  India,  Egypt* Greece. 


346  SEC. 

etc.,  we- re  secret  orders  —  great  educational  institutions, 
established  for  the  advancement  of  men  in  wisdom  and  vir- 
tue. The  wide  extension  of  the  secret  principle  at  the 
present  time,  and  the  immense  number  of  secret  philan- 
thropic societies  which  cover  all  lands,  prove  that  there  must 
be  some  wants,  universally  felt,  to  which  political  institutions 
do  not  respond;  some  elements  of  human  nature  not  repre- 
sented therein,  wrhich  are  the  cause  and  groundwork  of  these 
secret  orders.  When  society  and  governments  are  oppress- 
ive or  imperfect — and  all  are  imperfect,  when  they  do  not 
provide  for  all  the  moral,  intellectual,  and  physical  needs  of 
men, — the  earnest,  the  loving,  the  hoping,  who,  dissatisfied 
with  the  present,  invoke  the  future;  and  the  weak,  who  are 
crushed  to  the  earth  by  the  oppressive  laws  which  govern  all 
industrial  arrangements,  become  disgusted  with  these  con- 
ditions, and  fly  to  the  embrace  of  some  secret  order,  where  a 
higher  ideal  is  revealed,  and  the  prophecy  of  a  better  state  is 
announced.  We  conclude,  then,  that  secret  societies  have 
their  origin  in  the  deepest  and  most  pressing  wants  of  hu- 
manity. They  grow  out  of  a  social  arrangement  which  is 
unjust  and  unequal,  and  point  forward  to  a  time  when  justice 
and  love  shall  possess  and  govern  the  earth. 

SECKET  MASTER  The  4th  degree  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite,  and  the  first  of  the  Ineffable  degrees,  conferred 
in  the  Lodge  of  Perfection.  The  body  is  styled  a  Lodge. 
The  hangings  are  black,  strewed  with  white  tears.  The 
Lodge  is  illuminated  with  eighty-one  lights,  the  square  of 
nine.  On  the  altar  the  Book  of  Constitutions,  closed;  and 
on  that  lies  a  key  of  ivory.  No  working-tools  are  used,  for 
the  reason  that  the  labors  on  the  Temple  are  suspended 

after  the   death  of The  Master  represents  King 

Solomon,  and  is  styled  Puissant  Master.  The  East  repre- 
sents the  Holy  of  Holies  of  the  first  Temple  at  Jerusalem, 
with  its  appropriate  decorations  and  furniture.  The  sash 
is  a  broad  blue  watered  ribbon,  worn  from  right  to  left. 
The  apron  is  white,  edged  with  black;  the  flap  is  blue, 
with  an  open  eye  embroidered  or  painted  on  it.  Two 
branches,  one  of  laurel  and  the  other  of  olive,  cross  each 
uther  in  the  middle  of  the  apron,  and  at  the  crossing  is  the 
letter  Z,  embroidered  in  gold.  The  gloves  are  white,  turned 
over,  with  black  at  the  wrists.  The  jewel  of  the  degree  is  an 
ivory  key,  on  which  is  engraved  the  letter  Z,  referring  to 
Zadoc,  who  was  the  High-Priest  in  the  reigns  of  David  and 
Solomon.  The  duty  of  a  Secret  Master  is  to  keep  a  careful 
watch  over  the  conduct  of  the  Craft  in  general;  to  practice 
virtiie,  sbun  vice,  and  remain  in  silence. 


jg~f  /     fc&f,£:-:      \  \      -_    ._! 

SANCTUARY    OF   THE   TEMPTS 
SECRET    MASTER. 


SEC-SIG. 

SECRET  MONITOR  An  interesting  and  useful  side  de- 
gree, founded  on  the  history  of  the  covenant  of  friendship 
which  was  entered  into  by  David  and  Jonathan,  an  account 
of  which  is  given  in  the  1st  book  of  Samuel,  20th  chapter. 

SELECT  MASTER.  The  second  degree  in  the  Council 
known  as  the  Cryptical  branch  of  Masonry.  It  accounts  for 
the  concealment  of  important  mysteries  at  the  building  of 
the  first  Temple,  which  were  preserved  and  brought  to  light 
at  the  erection  of  the  second  Temple,  and  furnishes  th«j 
history  which  connects  the  incidents  of  Ancient  Craft  Ma- 
sonry with  those  of  the  Royal  Arch. 

SENSES.  Man  is  brought  into  communication  with  the 
external  world  by  means  of  five  senses,  or  organs  of  percep- 
tion. Seeing,  Hearing  and  Feeling  are  often  referred  to  in 
Masonic  instructions.  They  are  explained  in  the  degree  of 
Fellow-Craft. 

SENTINEL.  In  Chapters  of  Royal  Arch  Masons,  and 
Councils  of  some  other  degrees,  the  Tiler,  or.  guardian  of  the 
door,  bears  this  name. 


SHIBBOLETH.  The  Hebrew  word  Ji^tC  signifies  an  ear 
of  corn  and  a  stream  or  flood  of  water.  The  name  given  to  a 
test  or  criterion  by  which  the  ancient  Jews  sought  to  dis- 
tinguish true  persons  or  things  from  false.  The  term 
originated  thus:  After  the  battle  gained  by  Jephthah  over 
the  Ephraimites,  (Judges  xii.,)  the  Gileadites,  commanded 
by  the  former,  secured  all  the  passes  of  the  river;  and,  on  an 
Ephraimite  attempting  to  cross,  they  asked  him  if  he  was  of 
Ephraim.  If  he  said  no,  they  bade  him  pronounce  the 
word  Shibboleth,  which  the  Ephraimites,  from  inability  to 
give  the  aspirate,  gave  Sibboleth.  By  this  means  he  was  de- 
tected as  an  enemy,  and  immediately  slain.  In  modern 
times  this  word  has  been  adopted  into  political  and  other 
organizations  as  a  pass  or  watchword. 

SIDE  DEGREES.  Certain  degrees  having  no  real  con- 
nection with  Freemasonry,  invented  by  enthusiastic  brethren, 
are  thus  designated.  Some  of  them  are  conferred  for  their 
supposed  utility,  and  others  for  the  harmless  amusement 
they  afford.  The  degree  of  Secret  Monitor  belongs  to  the 
first  class,  and  that  of  the  Knight  of  Constantinople  to  the 
second. 

SIGNET.  A  sign,  token,  or  seal.     Formerly,  rulers  had 
seals  or  signets  with  which  they  invested  their  ministers,  as 
that  they  acted   by  royal  authority.     The  signet  oi 


350  SIX— SOL 

King  Solomon,  or  rather  of  Hiram,  kncwiv  among  Masons, 
is  said  to  have  been  a  token  of  friendship  which  the  King  of 
Tyre  sent  to  the  Hebrew  monarch. 

SIX  PERIODS,  THE  GRAND  ARCHITECT'S.  God  is  said  to 
have  created  the  earth  in  six  days,  and  rested  on  the  seventh. 
The  "Grand  Architect's  Six  Periods"  refer  to  that  event. 
Hence  Masons  are  instructed  to  labor  during  the  six  days  of 
the  week,  and  devote  the  seventh  to  rest,  devotion  and  medi- 
tation. These  important  periods  in  the  world's  history,  and 
the  manifestation  of  the  Almighty's  power  and  goodness  are 
often  and  eloquently  portrayed  during  the  ceremonies  of  the 
Fellow-Craft's  degree. 

SKIRBET.  In  the  English  ritual,  one  of  the 
working-tools  of  a  Master  Mason.  It  is  an  instru- 
ment usually  made  of  wood,  shaped  like  a  letter  T, 
and  acts  on  a  center  pin,  from  which  a  line  is  drawn, 
chalked  and  struck,  to  mark  out  the  ground  for  the 
intended  edifice.  In  a  speculative  sense,  it  points 
out  that  straight  and  undeviating  line  of  conduct 
laid  down  in  the  sacred  volume. 

SOLOMON.  This  celebrated  monarch  was  the  son  of 
David  by  Bathsheba,  tnrotujn  whose  influence  he  inherited 
,he  Jewish  throne,  in  preference  to  his  elder  brothers. 
During  his  long  and  peaceful  reign — from  B.  c.  1015  to  975 — 
the  Hebrews  enjoyed  their  golden  age.  His  remarkable 
judicial  decisions,  and  his  completion  of  the  political  insti- 
tutions of  David,  show<M  a  superiority  of  genius  which 
gained  him  the  respecl  t  the  people.  By  building  the 
Temple,  which  plays  so  jii.->ortant  a  role  in  the  symbolism  of 
Freemasonry,  exceeding  as  it  did,  in  splendor  and  beauty, 
all  former  works  of  architecture,  he  gave  to  the  Hebrew 
worship  a  magnificence  that  bound  the  people  more  closely 
to  the  national  rites.  He  was  truly  a  great  ruler;  but,  while 
the  Jews  were  naturally  proud,  of  the  glory  which  his  great 
qualities  reflected  on  the  nation,  his  enlarged  and  liberal 
views  with  regard  to  intercourse  with  foreign  peoples 
deeply  offended  the  national  bigotry.  The  decorations  of 
the  Temple  were  thought  by  many  to  be  pagan  emblems, 
and,  finally,  they  accused  him  openly  of  idolatry.  Solo- 
mon is  often  styled  "the  first  Grand  Master  of  Masons."' 
This  cannot  be  true.  He  might  have  been,  and  probably 
was,  the  first  Grand  Master  of  Masons  in  Judea;  for  Masonry 
was  not  known  in  that  country  until  it  was  introduced  by 
the  Masons  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  who  built  the  Temple.  Solo- 
mon must  have  been  made  a  Mason  at  that  time,  unless  he 


SOU  353 

had  been  previously  admitted  into  the  society  at  Tyre  or 
Sidon.  To  Solomon,  however,  belongs  the  honor  of  having 
brought  the  Masonic  institution  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
Hebrews,  through  the  agency  of  the  Tyrian  architects.  Yet 
the  society  seems  not  to  have  made  much  progress  among 
that  people,  and  even  Solomon's  great  name  and  patronage 
could  not  secure  it  from  misrepresentation  and  persecution. 
And  this  is  not  strange.  A  Jew  of  that  age  could  not  com- 
prehend, much  less  appreciate,  the  cosmopolitan  character 
and  liberal  spirit  of  such  an  institution.  Consequently,  the 
Masons — called,  in  the  Scriptures,  Sidonians — were  often 
the  objects  of  bitter  persecution.  Of  the  writings  ascribed 
to  Solomon,  the  "  Proverbs,"  and  the  book  entitled  the 
"  Wisdom  of  Solomon,"  are  the  best.  The  latter  Protestants 
have  unwisely  pronounced  apocryphal;  for,  in  a  purely  reli- 
gious point  of  view,  it  is  the  most  instructive  and  valuable 
book  in  the  Old  Testament  series. 

SORROW  LODGES.  In  this  country  Lodges  of  Sorrow 
are  somewhat  rare.  They  are,  however,  of  very  frequent 
occurrence  in  Europe,  particularly  in  Germany,  where, 
shortly  after  the  death  of  a  worthy  brother,  the  "  Trauer 
Loge"  is  held,  when  the  virtues,  memory,  and  intellectual 
qualifications  are  commemorated,  and  the  funereal  rites  of 
an  impressive  character  ai-e  performed.  The  custom  is  emi- 
nently proper,  and  strictly  in  accordance  with  the  fraternal 
principles  of  Freemasonry,  and  one  which  should  be  as  uni- 
versal as  the  extent  of  the  institution  itself.  On  these  occa- 
sions the  Lodge-room  should  be  appropriately  draped  in 
black,  and  the  several  stations  covered  with  emblems  of 
mourning.  On  the  Master's  pedestal  is  a  skull  and  lighted 
taper.  In  the  center  of  the  room  is  placed  a  catafalque, 
which  consists  of  a  rectangular  platform,  about  six  feet  long 
by  four  wide,  on  which  are  two  smaller  platforms,  so  that 
three  steps  are  represented.  On  the  third  one  should  be  au 
elevation  of  convenient  height,  on  which  is  placed  an  urn. 
The  platform  should  be  draped  in  black,  and  a  canopy  of 
black  drapery  may  be  raised  over  the  urn.  (See  engraving.) 
At  each  corner  of  the  platform  will  be  placed  a  candlestick, 
bearing  a  lighted  taper,  and  near  it,  facing  the  East,  will  be 
aeated  a  brother,  provided  with  an  extinguisher,  to  be  used 
at  the  proper  time.  During  the  first  part  of  the  ceremonies 
the  lights  in  the  room  should  burn  dimly.  Arrangements 
should  be  made  to  enable  the  lights  to  be  increased  to  bril- 
liancy at  the  appropriate  point  in  the  ceremony.  On  the 
catafalque  will  be  laid  a  pair  of  white  gloves,  a  plain  lamb- 
skin apron,  and,  if  the  deceased  brother  had  been  an  officer, 
tbe  appropriate  insignia  of  his  office.  When  the  Lodge  in 
oO 


354 


SOV. 


held  in  memory  of  several  brethren,  shields  bearing  then 
names  are  placed  around  the  catafalque.  Vocal  and  instru- 
mental music  are  indispensable  to  the  proper  effect  of  the 
ceremonies.  Brethren  should  wear  dark  clothing1,  and  no 
insignia  but  the  white  lambskin  apron  and  white  gloves. 

SOVEREIGN  COMMANDER  OF  THE  TEMPLE,  some- 
times called  KNIGHT  COMMANDER  OF  THE  TEMPLE,  is  the  27th 
degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  The  assemblage 
is  called  a  Chapter.  The  degree  is  entirely  chivalric.  The 
presiding  officer  is  styled  Commander-in  Chief;  the  Wardens 
are  called  Marshal  and  Turcopilier;  the  members  are  desig- 
nated Knights  Commanders.  The  hangings  are  scarlet,  with 
black  columns  at  intervals,  on  each  of  which  is  a  branch 
holding  a  light.  The  hangings  and  columns  are  so  arranged 
as  to  give  the  room  the  form  of  a  circle;  in  the  center  of 
which  is  a  large  round  table,  covered  with  the  emblems  of 

the  degree;  around  the  table  the  members  sit. 

In  front  of  the  East  is  a  candelabrum,  with 

three  circles  of  lights,  one  above  the  other. 

In  the  upper  circle  are  six  lights;  in  the  second 

nine,  and  the  third  twelve.      The  jewel  is  :\ 

golden   triangle,   on  which 

is  engraved  the  letters  I.  N. 

R.  I.;  it  is  suspended  from 

the  collar,  which  is  of  white 

watered  ribbon,  edged  with 

red;  embroidered  on  each 
side  in  black  and  gold,  is  the  Teutonic 
cross.  This  order  was  founded  in  1190,  in 
Palestine,  and  on  the  23d  of  February,  1192, 
it  was  solemnly  approved  and  confirmed  by 
Pope  Celestine  III.  This  was  the  origin  of 
the  once  famous  military  order  of  Teutonic  Knights.  All 
the  French  writers  who  have  investigated  the  history  of  this 
degree  concur  in  connecting  it  with  the  Knights  Templars, 
and  it  certainly  has  much  of  the  character  of  that  order, 
Vassal  expresses  the  following  opinion  of  the  degree:  "The 
27th  degree  does  not  deserve  to  be  classed  in  the  Scotch 
rite  as  a  degree,  since  it  contains  neither  symbols  or  allego 
ries  that  connect  it  with  initiation.  It  deserves  still  less  to 
be  ranked  among  tne  philosophical  degrees.  I  imagine  that 
it  has  been  intercalated  only  to  supply  an  hiatus,  and  as  a 
memorial  of  an  order  once  justly  celebrated." 

SOVEREIGN  GRAND  INSPECTOR  GENERAL.   The 

33d  and  ultimate  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite. 
It  is  aot  certainly  known  when  or  where  this  grade  originated. 


SPH— STA. 


355 


The  theory  which  ascribes  it  to  the  King  of  Prussia  has  long 
since  been  discarded  by  intelligent  Masons.  The  number 
of  Inspectors  in  a  kingdom  or 
republic  must  not  exceed  nine. 
These  organized  in  a  body,  consti- 
tute the  Supreme  Council,  which 
claims  jurisdiction  over  all  the 
Ineffable  and  Sublime  degrees. 
The  presiding  officer  is  styled 
Sovereign  Grand  Commander. 
The  sash  is  white,  edged  with 
gold,  and  suspended  from  the 
right  shoulder  to  the  left  hip. 
At  the  bottom  is  a  red  and  white 
rose,  and  on  the  part  crossing  the 
breast  is  a  delta,  with  rays  trans- 
versed  by  a  poniard,  and  in  the 
center  the  number  33.  The  jewel 
is  a  black,  double-headed  eagle, 
crowned,  and  holding  a  sword  in  his  claws.  The  beak, 
claws,  crown  and  sword  are  of  gold.  The  motto  of  the 
degree  is  " Deus  meumque jus,"  "God  and  my  right." 

SPHINX.  In  antiquity,  an  emblematical  figure,  composed 
of  the  head  and  breasts  of  a  woman,  and  the  body  of  a  lion, 
and  said  to  be  the  Egyptian  symbol  of  mystery.  This  sup- 
position arises  most  naturally  from  the 
fact  that  these  symbols  are  always  found 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Egyptian  temples. 
Also,  a  fabulous  monster,  said  to  have 
infested  the  country  around  Thebes.  Ac- 
cording to  mythological  history,  its  father 
was  Typhon,  the  gigantic  son  of  Terra, 
and  it  was  sent  by  Juno  to  afflict  the 
Thebans,  which  it  did  by  proposing  enig- 
matical questions  to  persons,  whom  it  killed  if  they  could  not 
expound  them.  The  Egyptian  Sphinx  had  no  wings;  these 
appendages  were  added  by  the  Greeks.  As  a  symbol  of 
mystery,  silence  and  antiquity,  it  has  been  adopted  as  a 
Vlasonic  emblem. 

STANDARD.  A  staff  with  a  flag  or  colors,  under  which 
men  are  united  or  bound  for  some  common  purpose.  From 
the  earliest  antiquity  all  nations  have  been  in  the  habit  of 
using  peculiar  standards  or  banners,  by  which  they  were 
distinguished  from  each  other  in  peace,  and  rallied  to  action 
in  war.  The  ancient  Egyptians  were,  probably,  the  first  to 
adopt  the  use  of  the  standard  to  distinguish  their  people  or 
a  particular  tribe  during  their  wars,  or  wh^n  performing 


856 


STA. 


STANDARD  OF  SYMBOLIC  MASONRT. 


their  ceremonies  publicly.     They  are  frequently  mentioned 
in  the  Old  Testament.     The  earliest  Eoman  standard  waa 

a  bundle  of  straw  fixed  to  the 
top  of  a  spear.  This  was  suc- 
ceeded by  figures  of  animals — 
the  horse,  the  boar,  etc. — all  of 
which  soon  gave  place  to  the  ea- 
gle, which  continued  to  be  the 
Boman  ensign,  and  was  after- 
ward assumed  by  the  German, 
and  since  by  the  French  empe- 
rors of  the  Napoleonic  dynasty. 
Standards  are  frequently  car- 
ried in  Masonic  processions, 
with  appropriate  devices  paint- 
ed or  embroidered  thereon. 
The  standard  appropriate  to 
the  Order,  and  that  which  is 
designated  as  the  principal  or 
general  standard  of  symbolic 
Masonry,  is  described  as  follows: 
"The  escutcheon,  or  shield  on 
the  banner,  is  divided  into  four 
compartments,  or  quarters,  by  a  green  cross,  over  which  a 
narrower  one  of  the  same  length  of  limb,  and  of  a  yellow 
color,  is  placed,  forming  what  is  called  a  cross  vert  voided  or; 

each  of  the  compartments  formed 
by  the  limits  of  the  cross  is 
occupied  by  a  different  device. 
In  the  first  quarter  is  placed  a 
golden  lion,  on  a  field  of  blue, 
to  represent  the  standard  of  the 
tribe  of  Judah;  in  the  second, 
a  black  ox,  on  a  field  of  gold,  to 
represent  Ephraim ;  in  the  third, 
a  man,  on  a  field  of  gold,  to 
represent  Reuben;  and,  in  the 
fourth,  a  golden  eagle,  on  a 
blue  ground,  to  represent  Dan. 
Over  all  is  placed,  as  the  crest, 
an  ark  of  the  covenant,  and  the 
motto  is '  Holiness  to  the  Lord.' " 
Besides  this,  there  are  six  other 
standards  proper  to  be  borne  in 
processions,  the  material  oi 
which  must  be  white,  bordered  with  blue  fringe  or  ribbon, 
and  on  each  of  which  is  inscribed  one  of  the  following  words 


BOTAL  ARCH  STANDARD. 


STA. 


357 


3RAND  STANDARD  OF  KNIGHTS  TEMPLAB. 


FAITH,  HOPE,  CHARITY,  WISDOM,  STRENGTH,  BEAUTY.  In  the 
Royal  Arch  degree,  as  recognized  in  this  country,  there  are 
five  standards.  The  Royal  Arch  Captain  carries  a  white  stand- 
-,  ard,  which  is  emblematic  of  a 

purity  of  heart,  and  rectitude  of 
conduct.  The  standard  of  the 
Grand  Master  of  the  third  rail 
is  scarlet,  emblematic  of  ferven- 
cy and  zeal,  and  is  the  appro- 
priate color  of  the  Royal  Arch 
degree.  The  standard  of  the 
Grand  Master  of  the  second  vail 
is  purple,  which  is  emblematic 
of  union,  being  a  due  mixture 
of  blue  and  scarlet,  the  appro- 
priate colors  of  the  Symbolic 
and  Royal  Arch  degrees;  and 
this  teaches  us  to  cultivate  the 
spirit  of  harmony  and  love  be- 
tween brethren  of  the  Symbolic, 
and  companions  of  the  Sublime 
degrees,  which  should  ever  dis- 
tinguish the  members  of  a  soci- 
ety founded  upon  the  principles 
of  everlasting  truth,  and  universal  philanthropy.  The  stand- 
ard of  the  Grand  Master  of  the  first  vail  is  blue,  the  peculiar 

color  of  the  Ancient  Craft,  or 
Symbolic  degrees,  which  is  em- 
blematic of  universal  friendship 
and  benevolence.  In  the  Royal 
Arch  degree,  as  practiced  in  the 
Chapters  of  England,  twelve 
standards  are  used,  illustrating 
the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  which 
are  as  follows:  Judah,  scarlet,  a 
lion  couchant;  Issachar,  blue, 
an  ass  crouching  beneath  its 

IV  ^    H      burden;  Zebulon,  purple,  a  ship; 

\\  Reuben,  red,   a   man;*  Simeon, 

•yellow,  a  sword;  Gad,  white,  a 
troop  of  horsemen;  Ephraim, 
green,  an  ox;  Manassah,  flesh- 
colored,  a  vine  by  the  side  of  a 
wall;  Benjamin,  green,  a  wolf; 
Dan,  green,  an  eagle;  Asher, 
purple,  a  cup;  Naphtali,  blue,  a 
hind.  The  banner  or  grand  standard  of  the  Order  of  Masonic 
knighthood  is  of  white  silk,  six  feet  in  height  and  five  feet 


358 


STA. 


in  width,  made  tripartite  at  the  bottom,  fastened  at  the  top 
to  the  cross-bar  by  nine  rings;  in  the  center  of  the  standard, 
a  blood-red  Passion  Cross,  edged  with  gold,  over  which  is  the 
motto,  "In  hoc  signo  vinces,"  and  under,  "Non  nobis  Domine, 
non  nobis,  sed  Nomini  tuo  da  Gloriam!"  The  cross  to  be 

four  feet  high,  and  the  upright 
and  bar  to  be  seven  inches  wide. 
On  the  top  of  the  staff,  a  gilded 
globe  or  ball,  four  inches  in 
diameter,  surmounted  by  the 
Patriarchal  Cross,  twelve  inches 
in  height.  The  Beauseant,  or 
the  battle-flag  of  the  Ancient 
Knights  Templar,  is  of  woolen  or 
silk  stuff,  six  feet  in  height,  and 
five  feet  in  width,  made  tripar- 
tite at  the  bottom,  fastened  at 
the  top  to  the  cross-bar  by  nine 
rings.  The  upper  half  of  the 
standard  is  black,  and  the  lower 
half  white.  The  grand  standard 
of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted 
rite  is  of  white  silk,  three-and-a- 
half  feet  long,  by  two-and-a-half 
feet  wide,  edged  with  gold,  gold 
fringe  and  tassels.  In  the  cen- 


gCOTTISH   BITE. 


ter,  the  double-headed  eagle,  under  which,  on  a  blue  scroll, 
the  motto,  in  letters  of  gold,  "Deus  Meumque  Jus."  On  the 
upper  part  of  a  triangle,  irradiated,  the  figures  33  in  the 
center. 

STATISTICS  OF  FREEMASONRY.  AJ  though,  strictly 
speaking,  this  word  "  statistics "  has  reference  to  the  present 
condition,  resources  and  influence  of  whatever  nation  or 
society  one  may  have  under  consideration,  we  shall  depart  a 
little  from  these  limits,  and  introduce  a  few  items  which  we 
deem  important,  that  belong  more  properly  to  the  history  of 
the  institution.  Masonry  now  has  gained  a  foothold  and 
influence  in  nearly  every  country  on*the  face  of  the  earth. 
It  exists  to-day,  and  exercises  an  immense  power  in  every 
country  of  Europe;  its  Lodges  cover  the  American  continent, 
are  found  in  Northern  and  Southern  Africa,  in  the  East  and 
West  indies;  indeed,  the  Freemason  can  hardly  travel  into 
any  part  of  the  world  but  he  will  find  Lodges  to  receive 
him,  and  fraternal  sympathy  and  assistance,  if  he  is  sick  or 
in  distress.  In  no  country,  however,  excepting  England  and 
Germany,  has  the  Order  a  connected  history  reaching  be- 
yond the  year  of  the  revival,  A.  D.  1717.  In  the 


STA— STK.  S69 

kingdom  the  records  of  the  Fraternity  have  been  so  well 
preserved  that  we  gather  from  them  a  pretty  correct  view 
of  its  administration  and  condition  through  a  long  period  of 
years. 

STANDARD-BEARER.  An  officer  in  Grand  Lodge;  also 
in  a  Commandery  of  Knights  Templar.  His  duty  is  to  have 
charge  of  the  banner  of  the  order  in  processions. 

STEWARDS'  LODGE.  The  Grand  Stewards'  Lodge,  in 
some  jurisdictions,  is  a  kind  of  court  of  adjudication  for 
hearing  complaints — considering  applications  for  charity — 
and,  in  some  instances,  trying  and  punishing  Masonic 
offenses.  The  Stewards'  Lodge  was  founded  in  England, 
1735,  under  the  Grand  Mastership  of  Lord  Weymouth.  It 
was  entitled  to  twelve  representatives  in  the  Grand  Lodge. 

^  STRICT  OBSERVANCE,  RITE  OF.  This  was  the  third 
attempt  at  innovation  upon  the  purer  systems  of  Freema- 
sonry by  the  Jesuits.  It  encouraged  in  its  adepts  the  hope 
of  coming  into  possession  of  the  wealth  of  the  ancient 
Templars.  The  chronological  history  of  its  Grand  Masters 
is  nothing  more  than  the  history  of  the  generals  of  the 
Jesuits.  It  was  established  in  Germany,  in  1754,  by  Baron 
von  Hund  (Charles  Gotthelf),  and  a  few  of  his  associates. 
Six  degrees  only  were  conferred.  They  were,  1.  Apprentice; 
2.  Fellow  Craft;  3.  Master  Mason;  4.  Scotch  Master;  on 
the  trestle-board  of  this  degree  were  represented  a  lion, 
emblem  of  fearlessness,  courage  and  calm  fortitude;  a  fox, 
the  symbol  of  prudence;  an  ape,  signifying  the  faculty  of 
imitation,  and  a  sparrow-hawk,  typical  of  swiftness.  The 
Scotch  Master,  having  been  found  worthy  of  advancement, 
was  then  received  in  the  fifth  degree  as  a  Novice;  and  in  the 
sixth  was  created  a  Knight  Templar.  This  latter  degree 
was  divided  into  three  branches,  viz  :  Armiger,  those  who 
were  not  of  noble  birth  or  rank ;  Socii  et  Amid,  or  those  who 
were  already  Knights  of  some  order,  and  Equites,  or  Knights. 
Each  Armiger,  Socius  or  Eques,  received  on  his  initiation  a 
knightly  name,  coat  of  arms  and  motto.  Von  Hund  after- 
ward instituted  a  seventh  degree,  styled  Eques  Prqfessus, 
which  he  surrounded  with  an  unusual  amount  of  mystery, 
and  conferred  the  degree  on  those  only  who  could  be  of  the 
greatest  service  to  him  or  his  schemes.  The  whole  of  Europe 
was  apportioned  into  nine  "Provinces,"  the  seventh  of  which 
included  the  northern  part  of  Germany,  between  the  Elbe 
and  Oder,  The  order  was  subordinate  to  a  Grand  Master, 
who  was  supposed  to  be  unknown  to  all,  except  a  few  of  the 
privileged  knights,  Von  Hund  being  in  reality  the  head  of 


860  STB. 

the  order.  The  superior  officer  of  each  Province  -rc  as  termed 
"  Heermeister"  Von  Hund  assuming  command  of  the  seventh 
Province,  under  the  distinctive  title  of  Carolus  Eques  ab  Ense, 
The  Lodges  were  called  Comnianderies,  the  Masters  being 
styled,  "  Commendatur  domus."  The  Masters  were  subordinate 
to  the  Prefects,  and  these  again  to  Sub-priors  and  Priors. 
The  seats  of  these  officers  were  called  by  names  taken  from 
the  rolls  of  the  old  Knights  Templar  and  Knights  of  Malta. 
The  Preceptory  of  Hamburg  was  termed  Foenack;  Copen- 
hagen, Eydendorp;  Brunswick,  Brunopolis,  etc.  Many  plans 
were  concocted  and  attempted,  in  order  to  furnish  a  revenue 
to  these  office-holders.  While  Von  Hund  was  in  Paris,  he 
actually  contemplated  the  establishment  of  colonies  in  North 
America  and  on  the  coast  of  Labrador,  and  afterward  in 
Russia.  In  1768,  he  endeavored  to  dispose  of  his  property 
to  the  order,  at  a  very  low  price,  in  order  to  furnish  dwellings 
for  the  officers,  but,  owing  to  the  mistrust  of  the  brethren, 
the  arrangement  fell  through,  and  this  plan  cost  him  more 
than  one-half  his  wealth.  In  1766  a  brother,  by  the  name 
of  Schubarth,  proposed  a  so-called  "Economical  Plan,"  by 
which  he  proposed  a  regular  system  of  graduated  assess- 
ments upon  the  Lodges,  a  sort  of  sliding-scale  of  fees,  which, 
on  paper,  presented  a  beautiful  design  and  an  enormous 
result.  The  plan,  however,  failed,  a  large  majority  of  the 
brethren  not  being  sufficiently  credulous  to  embark  in  the 
speculation.  Some  Lodges,  however,  who  had,  in  accordance 
with  the  plan,  commenced  the  collection  of  a  fund  for  the 
above  purpose,  soon  found  themselves  enabled  to  erect 
handsome  halls  for  their  accommodation,  and  thus  laid  the 
foundation  for  acquiring  considerable  property.  Von  Hund, 
as  "  Heermeister"  of  the  seventh  Province,  dwelt  at  Sonnen- 
burg,  on  his  own  estates,  from  whence  he  governed  Ins 
Province  and  issued  his  decrees.  This  order  was  well 
organized,  gave  proof  of  great  strength  and  exercised  a 
powerful  influence  over  all  similar  organizations  during  ite 
existence  throughout  Europe.  The  Provincial  Grand  Lodge 
of  Hamburg,  which  had  been  constituted  by  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England  in  1740,  went  over  to  the  Strict  Observ- 
ance in  1765,  and  each  of  its  members  was  obliged  to  sign 
an  act  of  obedience,  abjuring  its  former  system  of  York 
Masonry,  and  vowing  implicit  obedience  and  allegiance  to 
the  superiors  of  the  order.  The  latter,  fearing  lest  they 
might  be  persecuted  in  some  way,  as  being  the  successors 
of  an  order  which  had  been  abolished  by  royal  command, 
and  desirous  of  insuring  the  existence  of  their  order,  began 
now  to  look  around  for  some  noble  patron.  The  first  reign- 
ing prince  who  acceded  to  their  wishes  was  the  Margrave 


STB.  361 

Charles  Alexander,  of  Bayreuth,  who  was  received  as  Equea 
a  Munimento  in  1766,  and  appointed  as  Protector  Ordinis  in 
Franconia.  He  arranged  elegant  rooms  in  his  chateau  at 
Anspach  for  the  accommodation  of  the  chapters,  and  had  in 
contemplation  the  restoration  of  the  Order  of  the  Swan,  (an 
order  which  flourished  in  the  fifteenth  century,)  as  a  cloak 
beneath  which  should  be  concealed  the  actual  Order  of 
Templars.  This  plan  was,  however,  suddenly  abandoned, 
for  what  reason  is  not  known.  In  the  year  1767,  a  certain 
Dr.  Stark,  rejoicing  in  the  cognomen  of  Frater  Archidemides 
ab  aquilafulva,  made  his  appearance  at  Wismar,  and  pretended 
that  he  and  some  of  his  friends  belonged  to  another  branch 
of  the  Templar  order,  viz:  the  Clerical  or  ecclesiastical  branch, 
who  alone  possessed  the  true  secrets  of  the  order,  and  that 
he  had  been  invested  with  full  powers  by  his  superiors  to 
take  charge  of  the  secular  brethren.  He  exhibited  a  patent, 
in  which  he  was  styled  "fils  etfrere  des  peres  de  lafamille  des 
Sgavans  I'Ordre  des  Sages  par  tous  les  generations  de  I'univers," 
and  which  empowered  him  to  initiate  those  whom  he  deemed 
worthy.  The  clerks,  as  they  styled  themselves,  pretended  to 
be  descendants  of  the  pious  Essenes,  who  employed  them- 
selves in  the  study  of  the  secrets  of  nature,  and  who  had 
attained  the  highest  perfection  in  this  secret  knowledge. 
After  the  institution  of  the  Order  of  the  Temple  in  the  Holy 
Land,  they  became  acquainted  with  some  of  the  members 
of  that  order,  among  whom  was  a  nephew  of  St.  Bernard, 
by  name  Andreas  Montisbarrensis.  They  then  united  with 
this  order,  obtained  a  rule  from  St.  Bernard,  and  chose 
Andreas  as>  their  first  ecclesiastical  Prior.  These  clerical 
brethren  became  the  guardians  of  the  laws  and  mysteries 
-of  the  order,  and  to  them  mainly  was  due  its  future  im- 
portance and  wealth.  At  the  dissolution  of  the  order,  their 
most  secret  documents  and  treasures  were  rescued  by  the 
Knight  John  Eures,  and  a  part  of  these  were  still  in  their 
possession.  Stark  brought  with  him  rituals,  instructions, 
and  other  manuscripts,  interlarded  with  Latin  and  old 
French  sentences,  which  he  pretended  to  have  received  in 
Auvergne,  and  which  contained  the  forma  and  ceremonies  of 
initiation  of  the  Novices  and  Knights,  as  practiced  in  the 
French  and  Italian  provinces.  At  that  date,  however, 
(1765-73,)  no  trace  of  the  Strict  Observance  was  to  be  found 
in  those  countries.  It  is  most  likely  that  Stark  received  his 
knowledge  of  the  higher  degrees  in  St.  Petersburg,  (1763- 
65,)  and  manufactured  the  rituals  to  suit  himself.  Toward 
the  end  of  the  year  1770,  Duke  Ferdinand,  of  Brunswick, 
was  initiated  as  sodi  et  amid  into  the  Strict  Observance,  or 
so-called  Order  of  Templars  ;  and,  in  the  following  year. 


362  SUB. 

his  brother,  the  reigning  Duke  Charles,  was  likewise  initiated. 
These  initiations  reanimated  the  spirit  of  the  whole  order, 
which  had  for  some  time  shown  signs  of  being  about  to  fall 
to  pieces.  In  May,  1772,  a  general  convention  of  the  officers 
and  deputies  of  the  seventh  Province  was  held  at  Kohlo,  at 
which  the  clerical  branch  was  also  represented.  Von  Hund, 
by  request,  presented  his  patent,  which,  although  no  one  was 
able  to  decipher,  was  pronounced  genuine.  The  clerical 
branch  was  acknowledged  by  an  act  of  union,  signed  on 
either  part,  and  Duke  Ferdinand  was  chosen  Magnus  Superior 
Ordinis  and  Grand  Master  of  all  the  United  Scottish  Lodges. 
The  ritual  of  the  first  four  degrees,  as  practiced  in  the 
united  Lodges,  was  adopted,  the  explanation  of  the  same 
being  made  to  conform  with  the  actual  object  of  the  order. 
A  directory,  under  the  title  of  a  capitular  government,  was 
also  established  at  Dresden,  in  order  to  lighten  the  labors 
of  the  Heermeister,  Von  Hund.  The  seventh  Province  was 
now  fully  organized;  up  to  this  time  it  had  been  the  only 
one.  In  1773,  Major  Von  Weiler,  a  spica  aurea,  went  to 
France,  and  instituted  at  Strasburgh.  the  fifth  province, 
Burgundy;  at  Lyons,  the  province  Auvergne;  and  at  Mont- 
pelier,  the  third  Province,  Occitania;  the  principal  seat, 
however,  remained  at  Bordeaux.  All  these  provinces  recog- 
nized the  Duke  Ferdinand  as  Grand  Master.  In  1776,  Von 
Hund  instituted  the  eighth  Province  of  Southern  Germany, 
and  constituted  several  Prefectures.  In  1775,  a  convention 
was  held  at  Brunswick,  at  which  Prince  Charles  of  Hesse 
was  acknowledged  as  Protector  Ordinis,  and  the  capitulary 
government  was  transferred  to  Brunswick  for  three  years. 
Von  Hund,  having  a  presentiment  of  his  approaching  end, 
confided  to  the  Duke  Ferdinand  all  his  papers,  correspond- 
ence, and  the  rolls  and  registers  of  the  order,  and  on  the 
7th  November,  1776,  he  died. 

SUBLIME.  The  Master  Mason's  degree  is  thus  styled  on 
account  of  the  grand  and  sublime  doctrines  it  teaches. 

SUBLIME  GKAND  LODGE.  A  term  applied  to  the 
Lodge  of  Perfection. 

SUBLIME  KNIGHT  ELECT,  sometimes  called  TWELVE 
ILLUSTIIIOUS  KNIGHTS.  The  llth  degree  of  the  Ancient  and 
Accepted  rite.  This  degree  completes  the  series  of  Elect 
degrees,  viz:  Elect  of  Nine,  Elect  of  Fifteen  and  Sublime 
Knight  Elect.  The  legend  of  this  degree  specifies  that 
after  vengeance  had  been  taken  on  the  traitors,  Solomon,  to 
reward  those  wh:>  had  remained  faithful  to  their  trust,  as 
well  as  to  make  room  for  the  exaltation  of  others  to  the 


SUB. 


degree  of  Elect  of  Fifteen,  appointed  twelve  of  these  latter, 
chosen  by  their  companions,  to  constitute  a  new  degree,  on 
which  he  bestowed  the  title  of  Sublime  Elect,  and  endowed 
them  with  a  certain  command  to  provide  supplies  for  the 
king  and  his  household;  to  see  that  the  taxes  were  fairly 
assessed;  to  superintend  the  collection  of  the  revenue;  and 
to  protect  the  people  against  rapacity  and  extortion  of  the 
tax-gatherers.  In  this  degree  is  shadowed  forth  the  great 
principle — free  constitutions,  without  which  liberty  would 
often  be  but  a  name — the  trial  by  jury  of  twelve  men,  whose 
unanimous  verdict  is  necessary  to  convict  of  crime.  The 
assembly  is  called  a  Chapter.  It  is  lighted  with  twelve 
lights,  by  threes,  in  the  East,  "West,  North,  and  South;  each 
three  forming  an  equilateral  triangle.  The  presiding  officer 
represents  King  Solomon,  and  is  styled  Thrice  Illustrious 
Sovereign;  the  two  Wardens  are  styled  Inspectors;  the 
Chapter  consists  of  twelve  members  only.  The  apron  is 
white,  lined,  edged  and  fringed  with  black,  and  the  flap  is 
black.  In  the  middle  of  the  apron  is  painted  or  em- 
broidered a  flaming  heart.  The  sash  is  a  black  ribbon, 
worn  from  right  to  left,  and  on  which,  over  the  breast,  ia 
painted  or.  embroidered,  a  flaming  heart;  and  over  that 
the  words,  Vincere  aut  Mori.  The  jewel  is  a  sword,  worn 
suspended  to  the  sash. 


SUBLIME  PRINCE  OF  THE  ROYAL  SECRET.  The 
32 d  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite,  and  for  many 
years,  or  until  the  institution  of  the  33d  degree,  this  was  the 
highest  degree,  or  ne  plus  ultra  of  Masonry.  The  body  18 
styled  a  Consistory,  and  should  be  held  in  a  building  of  two 
stories.  The  officers  are,  a  Thrice  Illustrious  Commander, 
First  and  Second  Lieutenants,  a  Minister  of  State,  a  Grand 
Chancellor,  a  Grand  Treasurer,  a  Grand  Secretary,  ard  a 
Grand  Captain  of  the  Guard.  In  the  East  is  a  throne. 


364 


SUP. 


elevated  on  seven  steps,  which  is  the  seat  of  the  Thrice 
Illustrious  Commander,  who  wears  a  robe  of  royal  purple, 
and  he  and  the  Lieutenants,  wear  swords.  The  collar  of 
this  degree  is  black,  lined  with  scarlet,  and  in  the  center,  at 
the  point,  a  double-headed  eagle,  of  silver  or  gold,  on  a  red 
Teutonic  cross.  The  apron  is  of  white  satin,  with  a  border  of 
gold  lace,  one  inch  wide,  lined  with  scarlet;  on  the  flap  is  a 
double-headed  eagle,  on  each  side  of  which  is  the  flag  of  the 
country  in  which  the  body  is  located,  the  flag  of  Prussia  and 
the  Beauseant  of  the  Kadosh  degree;  on  the  apron  is  the 
camp  of  the  Crusaders,  which  is  thus  explained;  it  is  com- 
~osed  of  an  enneagon,  within  which  is  inscribed  a  heptagon, 
within  that  a  pentagon,  and  in  the  center  an  equilateral 
triangle,  within  which  is  a  circle.  Between  the  heptagon 
and  pentagon  are  placed  five  standards,  in  the  designs  of 
which  are  five  letters,  which  form  a  particular  word.  The 
first  standard  is  purple,  on  which  is  emblazoned  the  ark  of 
the  covenant,  with  a  palm  tree  on  each  side;  the  ark  has  the 
motto  Laus  Deo.  The  second  is  blue,  on  which  is  a  lion,  of 
gold,  couchant,  holding  in  his  mouth  a  golden  key,  with  a 
collar  of  the  same  metal  on  his  neck,  and  on  it  is  the  device, 
Ad  mqjorem  Dei  gloriam.  The  third  is  white,  and  displays  a 
heart  in  flames,  with  two  wings;  it  is  surmounted  by  a  crown 
of  laurels.  '  The  fourth  is  green,  and  bears  a  double-headed 
black  eagle,  crowned,  holding  a  sword  in  his  right  claw,  and 
a  bleeding  heart  in  his  left.  The  fifth  bears  a  black  ox,  on  a 
field  of  gold.  On  the  sides  of  the  enneagon  are  nine  tents, 
with  flags,  representing  the  divisions 
of  the  Masonic  army;  on  the  angles 
are  nine  pinions,  of  the  same  color 
as  the  flag  of  the  tent  that  precedes 
it.  The  hall  of  the  Consistory  is 
hung  with  black,  strewed  with  tears, 
of  silver.  The  jewel  is  a  double- 
headed  white  and  black  eagle,  rest- 
ing on  a  Teutonic  cross,  of  gold, 
worn  attached  to  the  collar  or  rib- 
bon. The  members  are  called  Sub- 
lime Princes  of  the  Royal  Secret. 
The  moral  of  the  degree  teaches 
opposition  to  bigotry,  superstition,  JEWEL. 

and  all  the  passions  and  vices  which  disgrace  human  nature. 


EXCELLENT    MASTER.    A  degree   formerly 
in  councils  of  Royal   and   Select   Masters.     Its 


SUPER 

conferred 

legend  is  associated  with  circumstances  that  occurred  at  the 

destruction  of  the  first  temple.    Its  presiding  officer  is  styled 


SWE.  365 

Most  Excellent  King,  and  represents  Zedekiah,  the  last  King 
of  Israel.  It  is  occasionally  conferred  in  a  Koyal  Arch 
Chapter  as  an  honorary  degree. 

SWEDENBORG,  BITE  OF.  This  rite  was  established  by 
Emanuel  Swedenborg,  the  eminent  philosopher,  who  was 
born  at  Stockholm,-  January  29,  1688,  and  died  at  London, 
March  29,  1772.*  His  rite  was  composed  of  eight  degrees, 
divided  into  two  Temples.  The  first  Temple  contained  the 
degrees  of  Apprentice,  Fellow-Craft,  Master  and  Elect.  The 
doctrines  of  these  degrees  related  to  the  creation  of  man, 
his  disobedience  and  punishment,  and  the  penalties  inflicted 
on  the  body  and  soul;  all  of  which  is  represented  in  the 
initiation.  The  second  Temple  comprises  the  degrees  of 
Companion  Cohen,  Master  Cohen,  Grand  Architect  and 
Knight  Commander,  and  Kadosh.  The  enlightened  Mason 

*  SWEDENBOBG  was  well  versed  in  the  ancient  languages ;  philosophy, 
metaphysics,  mineralogy  and  astronomy  were  equally  familiar  to  him. 
He  devoted  himself  to  profound  researches  in  regard  to  the  mysteries  of 
Freemasonry,  wherein  he  had  been  initiated;  and  in  what  he  wrote 
respecting  it,  he  established  that  the  doctrines  of  the  institution  came 
from  those  of  the  Egyptians,  Persians,  Jews  and  Greeks.  He  endeavored  to 
reform  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  and  his  doctrines  were  adopted  by  a 
great  number  of  persons  in  Sweden,  England,  Holland,  Kussia,  Germany, 
and  lastty,  in  the  United  States.  His  religious  system  is  expounded 
in  the  book  entitled  "  The  Celestial  Jerusalem,  or  the  Spiritual  World." 
If  we  are  to  believe  him,  he  wrote  it  from  the  dictation  of  angels,  who, 
for  that  purpose,  appeared  to  him  at  fixed  periods.  Swedenborg  divided 
the  Spiritual  World,  or  the  Heavenly  Jerusalem,  into  three  Heavens;  the 
upper,  or  third  Heaven ;  the  Spiritual,  or  second,  which  is  in  the  middle, 
and  the  lower  or  first,  relatively  to  our  world.  The  dwellers  in  the 
third  Heaven  are  the  most  perfect  among- the  angels;  they  receive  the 
chief  portion  of  the  divine  influences  immediately  from  God,  whom  they 
see  face  to  face.  God  is  the  sun  of  the  invisible  world.  From  him  flow 
Love  and  Truth,  of  which  heat  and  light  are  but  emblems.  The  angels 
of  the  second  Heaven  enjoy,  through  the  upper  Heaven,  the  divine 
influence.  They  see  God  distinctly,  but  not  in  all  his  splendor;  he  is  to 
them  a  star  without  rays,  such  as  the  moon  appears  to  us,  which  gives 
more  light  than  heat.  The  dwellers  in  the  lower  Heaven  receive  the  divine 
influence  mediately  through  the  other  two  Heavens.  The  attributes  of 
the  two  latter  classes  are  Love  and  Intelligence.  Each  of  these  celes- 
tial kingdoms  is  inhabited  by  innumerable  societies;  the  angels  which 
compose  them  are  male  and  female.  They  contract  marriages  that  are 
eternal,  because  it  is  similarity  of  inclinations  and  sympathy  that  attract 
thorn  to  each  other.  Each  pair  dwell  in  a  splendid  palace,  surround, 
by  delicious  gardens.  Below  the  celestial  regions  is  the  realm  of  spirit* 
Thither  all  mankind  go  immediately  upon  their  death.  The  divinb 
influence,  which  their  material  envelope  had  prevented  them  from  feeling 
is  revealed  to  them  by  degrees,  and  effects  their  transformation  into 
angels,  if  they  are  predestined  to  that.  The  remembrance  of  the 
world  which  they  have  left  is  insensibly  effaced  from  their  memory; 
their  proper  instincts  are  unrestrainedly  developed,  and  prepare  them 
for  heaven  or  hell.  So  full  as  heaven  is  of  splendor,  love  and  delight,  so 
full  is  hell  of  darkness  and  misery,  despair  and  hate.  Such  were  the 
reveries  on  which  Pernetti  and  (Jabrianca  founded  their  Illuminism. 

31 


866  SWE— SYM. 

will  find  much  of  the  elements  of  Freemasonry  in  tho 
writings  of  Swedenborg,  who,  for  forty-eight  years  of  his 
life,  devoted  himself  to  the  cultivation  of  science,  and  pro- 
duced a  great  number  of  works,  in  which  he  broached  many 
novel  and  ingenious  theories  in  theology,  which  obtained 
for  him  a  remarkable  celebrity  in  several  parts  of  the  world. 
The  Marquis  de  Thome,  in  1783,  taking  up  the  system  that 
had  been  adopted  in  the  Lodge  of  Avignon,  in  1760,  modi- 
fied it  to  suit  his  own  views,  and  instituted  what  afterward 
became  known  as  the  Rite  of  Swedenborg. 

SWEDISH  RITE.    This  rite  was  composed  in  1767,  for 

the   Grand    Lodge    at   Stockholm,   by   Count    Zinnendorf, 

who  had  created  a  similar   rite  for  the   National   Grand 

Lodge  of  Germany,  at  Berlin;   he  preserving,  however,  in 

the  Swedish  rite  something  of  the  religious  system  of  the 

philosophic  Mason,  Swedenborg.     It  is  composed  of  twelve 

degrees:  1.  Apprentice;  2.  Fellow-Craft;  3.  Master;  4.  Elect 

Master,  forming,  in  the  system  of  Zinnendorf,  the  Scottish 

Apprentice  and  Scottish  Fellow-Craft,  called  also  Apprentice 

and  Fellow-Craft  of  St.  Andrew;  5.  Scottish  Master,  called 

also  Master  of  St.  Andrew,  or  Grand  Scottish  Elect,  and 

conferring  the  rank  of  civil   nobility  in  the  kingdom;   6. 

Knight  of  the  East,  or  Novice,  called  by  Zinnendorf,  the 

Favorite  of  St.  John,  and  composed  of  the  Knights  of  the 

East,  and  a  part  of  the  Knights  of  the  West,  called  by  Thory, 

the  Brothers  Stuart,  and  said  by  him  to  be  composed  of  the 

degrees  of  Knight  of  the  East  and  Prince  of  Jerusalem; 

7.  Knight  of  the  West,  or  True  Templar,  or  the  Favorite 

Brother  of  Solomon,  in  the  system  of  Zinnendorf  called  the 

Perfect   Elect,    and   also   styled   True  Capitulate,  Templar 

Master  of  the  Key;    8.  Knight  of  the  South,  Commander, 

Master  Templar,  Grand  Dignitary,  Elect,  called  also  Favorite 

Brother  of  St.  John,  or  of  the  Blue  Cordon ;  9.  Favorite  Brother 

of  St.  Andrew,  or  the  Violet  Cordon,  called  also  Knight  of 

the  Purple  Cordon;  10, 11  and  12,  Brother  of  the  Red  Cross, 

divided  into  three  classes,  thus:  10.  Dignitary  Member  of 

the  Chapter;  11.  Grand  Dignitary  of  the  Chapter,  held  by  the 

Prince  Royal;  12.  The  Master  Regnant,  which  can  be  held  by 

the  King  of  Sweden  only,  whose  title  is  "The  Stadtholder," 

or   Vicar   of    Solomon.     This   rite  was   never,  we   believe. 

practiced  out  of  Sweden. 

SYMBOL.  Latin,  Symbolum.  A  word  derived  from  the 
Greek  mmfefon,  from  sumballein,  to  suspect,  divine,  compare; 
a  word  of  various  meaning,  even  with  the  ancients,  who  used 
it  to  denote  a  sign,  a  mark,  watchword,  signal,  token,  seal- 
ring,  etc.  Its  meaning  is  still  more  various  in  modern  times. 


TAB. 


367 


Symbol  is  generally  used  as  synonymous  with  emblem.  It  is 
not  confined,  however,  to  visible  figures,  but  embraces  every 
representation  of  an  idea  by  an  image,  whether  the  latter 
is  presented  immediately  to  the  senses,  or  merely  brought 
before  the  mind  by  words.  Men,  in  the  infancy  of  society, 
were  incapable  of  abstract  thought,  and  could  convey  truths 
only  by  means  of  sensible  images.  In  fact,  man,  at  all  times, 
has  a  strong  propensity  to  clothe  thoughts  and  feelings  in 
images,  to  make  them  more  striking  and  living;  and  in  the 
early  periods  of  our  race,  when  man  lived  in  intimate  com- 
munion with  nature,  he  readily  found,  in  natural  objects, 
forms  and  images  for  the  expression  of  moral  truths;  and 
even  his  conceptions  of  the  Deity  were  derived  directly  from 
natural  objects.  Freemasonry  is  a  complete  system  of  sym- 
bolic teaching,  and  cannot  be  known,  understood  or  appreci- 
ated only  by  those  who  study  its  symbolism,  and  make 
themselves  thoroughly  acquainted  with  its  occult  meaning. 
To  such,  Freemasonry  has  a  grand  and  sublime  significance. 
Its  symbols  are  moral,  philosophical  and  religious,  and  all 
these  are  pregnant  with  great  thoughts,  and  reveal  to  the 
intelligent  Mason  the  awful  mystery  of  life,  and  the  still 
more  awful  mysterv  of  death. 


T. 

TABEKNACLE.  The  Hebrew  word  properly  signifies 
handsome  tent.  There  were  three  public  tabernacles 
among  the  Jews  previous  to  the  building  of  Solomon's 


Temple.     The  first,  which  Moses  erected,  was  called  "the 
Tabernacle  of  the  Congregation."    In  this  he  gave  audience, 


368  TAL. 

heard  eauses,  and  inquired  of  God.  The  second  was  that 
which  Moses  built  for  God,  by  his  express  command.  The 
third  public  tabernacle  was  that  which  David  erected  in 
Jerusalem  for  the  reception  of  the  ark  when  he  received  it 
from  the  house  of  Obed-edom.  But  it  is  the  second  of  these, 
called  the  Tabernacle,  by  way  of  distinction,  that  we  have 
more  particularly  to  notice.  This  tabernacle  was  of  an  ob- 
long, rectangular  form,  30  cubits  long,  10  broad,  an  1  10 
in  height,  which  is  equivalent  to  55  feet  long,  18  broad,  and 
18  high.  The  two  sides  and  the  western  end  were  formed  of 
boards  of  shittim  wood,  overlaid  with  thin  plates  of  gold, 
and  fixed  in  solid  sockets  or  vases  of  silver.  It  was  so  con- 
trived as  to  be  taken  to  pieces  and  put  together  again  at 
pleasure.  It  was  covered  with  four  different  kinds  of  cur- 
tains. The  first  and  inner  curtain  was  composed  of  fine 
linen,  magnificently  embroidered  with  figures  of  cherubim, 
in  shades  of  blue,  purple  and  scarlet;  this  formed  the  beau- 
tiful ceiling.  The  next  covering  was  made  of  goat's  hair; 
the  third  of  rams'  skins  died  red;  and  the  fourth,  and  outward 
covering,  was  made  of  other  animals'  skins,  colored  red. 
The  east  end  of  the  tabernacle  was  ornamented  with  five 
pillars,  from  which  richly-embroidered  curtains  were  sus- 
pended. The  inside  was  divided,  by  a  richly-embroidered 
vail  of  linen,  into  two  parts,  the  holy  place  and  the  holy  of 
holies;  in  the  first  of  which  were  placed  the  altar  of  incense, 
the  table  with  the  shew-bread,  and  the  seven-branched  can- 
dlestick; in  the  latter  place  were  the  ark,  the  mercy-seat,  and 
the  cherubim.  Besides  this  vail  of  fine  linen  which  sepa- 
rated the  most  holy  place,  the  tabernacle  was  furnished  with 
other  vails  of  divers  colors,  viz:  of  blue,  purple,  scarlet,  and 
fine-twined  linen,  (white,)  from  which  are  derived  the  em- 
blematic colors  of  the  several  degrees  of  Masonry.  Within 
the  chamber  of  a  Royal  Arch  chapter,  a  temporary  structure, 
after  the  plan  of  the  one  built  by  Moses,  may  be  erected,  as  a 
representation  of  the  tabernacle  constructed  by  Zerubbabel, 
near  the  ruins  of  the  first  temple,  after  the  return  of  the 
captives  from  Babylon,  while  the  people  were  building  the 
second  temple. 

TALMUD.  A  word  derived  from  the  Hebrew  verb  lainad, 
ho  has  learned.  It  means  doctrine.  Among  the  modern 
Jews,  it  signifies  an  immense  collection  of  traditions,  illus- 
trative of  their  laws  and  usages,  forming  twelve  folio  volumes 
It  consists  of  two  parts— tke  Mishua  and  the  Gemara.  The 
Mishua  is  a  collection  of  Rabbinical  rules  and  precepts,  made 
in  the  second  century  of  the  Christian  era.  The  whole  civil 
constitution  and  mode  of  thinking,  as  well  as  language  oi 
the  Jews,  had  gradually  undergone  a  complete  revolution, 


TAS— TAT.  369 

and  were  entirely  different,  in  the  time  of  our  Savior,  from 
what  they  had  been  in  the  early  periods  of  the  Hebrew  com- 
monwealth. The  Mosaic  books  contained  rules  no  longer 
adapted  to  the  situation;  and  its  new  political  relations,  con- 
nected with  the  change  which  had  taken  place  in  the  religious 
views  of  the  people,  led  to  many  difficult  questions,  for  which 
no  satisfactory  solution  could  be  found  in  their  law.  The 
rabbins  undertook  to  supply  this  defect,  partly  by  commen- 
taries on  the  Mosaic  precepts,  and  partly  by  the  composition 
of  new  rules,  which  were  looked  upon  as  almost  equally 
binding  with  the  former.  These  comments  and  additions 
were  called  the  oral  traditions  in  contradistinction  to  the  old 
law  or  written  code.  The  rabbi  Juda — surnamed  the  Holy — 
was  particularly  active  in  making  this  collection — 150  B.  c. — 
which  received  the  name  of  Mishna,  or  second  law.  The 
later  rabbins  busied  themselves  in  a  similar  manner  in  the 
composition  of  commentaries  and  explanations  of  the  Mishna. 
Among  these  works  that  of  the  rabbi  Jachanan  (composed 
about  230  A.  D.  )  acquired  the  most  celebrity,  under  the  name 
of  G-emara  —  Chaldaic  for  completion  or  doctrine.  This 
Mishna  and  Gemara,  together,  formed  the  Jerusalem  Tal- 
mud, relating  chiefly  to  the  Jews  of  Palestine.  But  after  the 
Jews  had  mostly  removed  to  Babylon,  and  the  synagogue  of 
Palestine  had  almost  entirely  disappeared,  the  Babylonian 
rabbins  gradually  composed  new  commentaries  on  the  Mishna, 
which,  about  500  A.  D.,  were  completed,  and  thus  formed  the 
Babylonian  Talmud.  Many  Masonic  traditions  are  drawn 
from  the  Talmud;  and  it  contains  a  more  comprehensive 
description  of  Solomon's  Temple  than  can  be  found  any- 
where else. 

TASTING.  One  of  the  five  human  senses.  The  sense  by 
which  we  perceive  or  distinguish  savors;  or  the  perception 
of  outward  objects  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  tongue 
or  the  organs  of  taste.  This  sense  is  fully  explained  in  the 
Fellow-Craft's  degree. 

TATNAI  AND  SHETHAR-BOZNAI.  Words  used  in  a 
Masonic  degree.  They  are  the  names  of  two  Persian  officeis 
who  bore  a  peculiar  enmity  to  the  Jews,  and  endeavored  to 
interrupt  the  building  of  the  second  temple,  which  had  been 
commenced  by  Zerubbabel.  Reports  of  their  interference 
having  been  made  to  Darius,  the  Persian  king,  that  monarch 
issued  a  decree  commanding  the  above-mentioned  officers 
not  only  to  desist  from  interrupting  that  labor,  but  also  to 
render  such  assistance  in  the  work  as  he  should,  from  tim* 
to  time,  prescribe.  Vide  Ezra  v.,  3. 


370 


TEA. 


TEACHINGS,  SYMBOLIC,  OF  THE  DEGREES.  Freemasonry 
teaches  by  symbols  and  symbolical  ceremonies,  and  hence 
each  degree,  through  these  agencies,  illustrates  and  inculcates 
some  particular  virtue,  or  commemorates  some  important 
event.  The  following  is  an  analytical  summary  of  the  ideas, 
which  the  several  degrees  of  the  Order  seek  to  enforce;  thus 
in  Ancient  Craft  Masonry: 


1.  Dependence;    the   weak    aud 
helpless   condition  of    the   human 
family  on   their   entrance  into  the 
world;  the  ignorance  and  darkness 
that  surround  man  until  the  moral 
r.nd  intellectual  light  of  reason  and 
revelation  breaks  in  upon  his  mind; 
obedience,    secrecy  and    humility, 
aud  the  practice  of  charity. 

2.  The   struggle  for  knowledge 
after  the  release  of  the  mind  from 
the  bondage  of  darkness  and  igno- 
rance; its  attainment,  and  the  reward 
due  to  industry  and  perseverance. 

3.  Progress  in  the  great  duties  of 
aiding  humanity  from  the  thraldom 
of  vice  and  error;  man's  regenera- 
tion;  higher  sphere  of  happiness; 
integrity;    mortality   of   the   body, 
and  the  immortality  of  the  soul. 

4.  Order,  regularity,  and  a  proper 
system  of  discrimination  between 
the  worthy  and  the  unworthy;  the 
just  reward  to  the  industrious  and 
faithful. 

5.  Virtue    and    talent    the   only 
proper  distinctions  of  position.    All 
associations  of  men  must,  for  the 


sake   of    harmony  and    order,    be 
governed  by  well  regulated  laws. 

6.  The  completion  and  dedication 
of  the  temple;  the  spiritual  edifice 
which  man  must  erect  in  his  soul — 
that  "house  not  made  with  hands, 
eternal  in  the  heavens; '"  an  acknowl- 
edgement that  the  labors  of  man  s 
earthly  toil    are  over,    and    he  is 
received  into  the  abode  of  the  just 
and  perfect. 

7.  The  revelation  of  the  divine 
law;  an  exhibition  of  the  toils  and 
vicissitudes    of    man's    pilgrimage 
through   life;    a  realization  of  the 
sublime  truths  promised,  when  the 
vails    which    obscure    the    mental 
vision  are  drawn  aside,  and  man, 
raised  and  regenerated,  shall  enjoy 
the  blessings  of  peace  and  joy  in 
the  heavenly  temple. 

8.  The  mysteries  revealed;   man 
rewarded   according   to   his   work; 
the  Alpha  and  Omega — the  first  and 
the  last. 

9.  Skill  and  ingenuity  appreciated; 
justice  and  mercy  accorded  to  the 
faithful  and  worthy. 


In  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  Scottish  rite,  which  is  now 
widely  diffused  throughout  the  world,  the  principles  and 
teachings  are: 


1.  Development  of  Freemasonry; 
instructions  regarding  its  laws  and 
uses. 

2.  Labor,  wisdom,  and  virtue,  the 
true  means  of   securing  enduring 
happiness. 

3.  Homage  rendeied  to  inflexible 
honor  which   esteemed  duty  more 
than  life. 

4.  Discretion  of  the  wise;  watch- 
fulness of  the  good  workman. 

5.  Perfection    of   the   mind   and 
heart;  knowledge  of  sublime  truths, 
and  the  tribute  of  respect  due  to 
the  viituous. 


6.  Necessity  of  knowing  the  foun- 
tain of  so  many  precious  discoveries, 
and  the  danger  of  a  vain  curiosity. 

7.  Equity,  in  judging  both   th* 
actions  of  others  and  our  own. 

8.  A  spirit  of  order  and  analysis. 

9.  Zeal  and  talent;  gocd  example; 
generous    efforts    to    advance    the 
cause  of  truth  and  destroy  error. 

10.  Extinctic  n  of  wicked  passions 
and  perverse  inclinations. 

11.  Reformation  of  manners,  and 
the  dissemination  of  true  and  use- 
ful knowledge. 


TEM. 


12  Persevering  courage. 

13.  Tribute  to  the  memory  of  some 
of  the  first  instructors  of  men. 

14.  Adoration  of  the  Grand  Archi- 
tect of  the  Universe. 

15.  The  honor  due  to  the  libera- 
tors of  their  country. 

16.  Joyfulness    inspired   by   the 
heroism  of  the  Knight-liberators  of 
the  East. 

17.  Advantages  promised  by  Free- 
masonry. 

18.  The  triumph   of   light  over 
darkness. 

19.  Pontificate  of   the  universal 
and  regenerated  religion. 

20.  On  the  duties  of  the  Masters 
of  Masonic  Lodges. 

21.  The  dangers  of  selfish  ambi- 
tion, and  the  necessity  of  sincere 
repentance  therefor. 

22.  Ancient  chivalry  propagative 
of  generous  sentiments.     Devotion 
to  the  Order. 


23.  Oversight  of  the  conservators 
of  Freemasonry. 

24.  Preservation  of  the  doctrineb 
of  the  Order. 

25.  Emulation  \*  hich  creates  use- 
ful plans. 

26.  Esteem  and  rewards  due  to 
genius. 

27.  Superiority  and  independence 
given  by  talents  and  virtue. 

28.  Truth   harmonized   and  un- 
vailed   with   respect  to   all   things 
which   concern   the   happiness    of 
man. 

29.  A  degree  consecrated  to  An- 
cient Scotch  Masonry. 

30.  The  purpose  and  aim  of  Free- 
masonry in  all  its  degrees. 

31.  The   exalted  justice  of  the 
Order. 

32.  Military  government  of    the 
Order. 

33.  Administration  of  the  Supreme 
rite.     ' '  Ne  plus  uliru. " 


TEMPLARISM,  SCOTTISH.  This  is  a  form  of  the  Knight- 
Templar  system  which  does  not  recognize  the  three  sym- 
bolical degrees  as  its  foundation,  and,  consequently,  does  not 
require  its  members  to  be  Freemasons.  It  is  constituted 
in  two  divisions:  1.  Novice  and  Esquire;  2.  Knight  Templar. 
The  latter  is  composed  of  three  degrees:  1.  Knights  of 
Priories;  2.  Knights  Commanders,  elected  from  the  Knights; 
3.  Knights  Grand  Crosses,  nominated  by  the  Grand  Master. 
The  Grand  Conclave  assembles  four  times  a  year,  and  the 
Grand  Officers  are  elected  at  the  March  session.  They  con- 
sist of  Grand  Master,  Past  Grand  Masters,  Grand  Seneschal, 
Preceptor  and  Grand  Prior  of  Scotland,  Grand  Constable 
and  Mareschal,  Grand  Admiral,  Grand  Almoner,  Grand 
Chancellor,  Grand  Treasurer,  Grand  Secretary,  Grand  Pre- 
late, Grand  Provost,  Grand  Beaucennifer,  or  Standard  Bearer, 
Grand  Bearer  of  the  Vexillum  Belli,  Grand  Chamberlain, 
Grand  Steward,  and  two  Grand  Aids-de-Camp.  "  With  the 
exception  of  some  slight  resemblance  to  our  Templar  system, 
it  has  no  Masonic  character  whatever,  and  can  scarcely  be 
classed  as  a  Masonic  society. 

TEMPLE.  An  edifice  erected  for  religious  purposes.  As 
the  grand  symbols  of  Freemasonry  are  a  temple  and  its 
ornaments,  and  to  construct  temples  was  the  business  of  the 
original  Masons,  some  remarks  upon  these  structures  cannot 


372  TEM. 

but  be  instructive.  The  word  temple  is  derived  from  the 
Latin  Templum,  and  this  word  templum  seems  to  have  been 
derived  from  the  old  Latin  verb,  Templari,  to  contemplate. 
The  ancient  augurs  undoubtedly  applied  the  name  templa  to 
those  parts  of  the  heavens  which  were  marked  out  for  obser- 
vation of  the  flight  of  birds.  Temples,  originally,  were  all 
open;  and  hence  most  likely  came  their  name.  These 
structures  are  among  the  most  ancient  monuments.  They 
were  the  first  built,  and  the  most  noticeable  of  public  edifices. 
As  soon  as  a  nation  had  acquired  any  degree  of  civilization 
the  people  consecrated  particular  spots  to  the  worship  of 
their  duties.  In  the  earliest  instances  they  contented  them- 
selves with  erecting  altars  of  earth  or  ashes  in  the  open  air, 
and  sometimes  resorted,  for  the  purposes  of  worship,  to  the 
depths  of  solitary  woods.  At  length  they  acquired  the 
practice  of  building  cells  or  chapels  within  the  enclosure  of 
which  they  placed  the  image  of  their  divinities,  and  assem- 
bled to  ofl'er  up  their  supplications,  thanksgivings,  and  sacri- 
fices. These  were  chiefly  formed  like  their  own  dwellings. 
The  Troglodytes  adored  their  gods  in  grottoes;  the  people 
who  lived  in  cabins,  erected  temples  like  cabins  in  shape. 
Clemens,  Alexandrinus,  and  Eusebius  refer  the  origin  oi 
temples  to  sepulchers;  and  this  notion  has  been  illustrated 
and  confirmed  from  a  variety  of  testimonies.*  At  the  time 
when  the  Greeks  suspassed  all  other  people  in  the  arts 
introduced  among  them  from  Phoenicia,  Syria,  and  Egypt, 
they  devoted  much  time,  care  and  expense  to  the  building 
of  temples.  No  country  has  surpassed,  or  perhaps  equaled, 
them  in  this  respect;  the  Romans  alone  successfully  rivaled 
them,  and  they  took  the  Greek  structures  for  models.  Ac- 
cording to  Vitruvius,  the  situations  of  the  temples  were 
regulated  chiefly  by  the  nature  and  characteristics  of  the 
various  divinities.  Thus  the  temples  of  Jupiter,  Juno,  and 
Minerva,  who  were  considered  by  the  inhabitants  of  many 
cities  as  their  protecting  deities,  were  erected  on  spots 
sufficiently  elevated  to  enable  them  to  overlook  the  whole 
town,  or,  at  least  the  principal  part  of  it.  Minerva,  the 
tutelary  deity  of  Athens,  had  her  seat  on  the  Acropolis. 
In  like  manner  the  temple  of  Solomon  was  built  on  Mount 
Moriah. 

TEMPLE  BAR.  A  gate  between  Fleet  street  and  the 
Strand,  London.  This  handsome  piece  of  Masonry,  demon- 
strating the  architectural  skill  of  the  Craft,  was  erected  after 
the  great  fire,  under  the  Grand  Mastership  of  Sir  Christo- 
pher Wren.  It  is  composed  of  Portland  stcne,  of  rustic 
work  below,  and  of  the  Corinthian  order. 

'  Vide  ' '  Treatise  on  the  Worship  of  Human  Spirits, "  by  Farmer,  p.  373. 


TEM.  373 

TEMPLE  OF  HEEOD  THE  GREAT.  This  temple  far 
exceeded  both  of  its  predecessors  in  magnificence  and  per- 
fection. It  was  surrounded  with  four  courts,  rising  above 
each  other  like  terraces.  The  lower  court  was  500  cubits 
square,  on  three  sides  surrounded  by  a  double,  and  on  the 
fourth  by  a  triple  row  of  columns,  and  was  called  the  "  Court 
of  the  Gentiles,"  because  individuals  of  all  nations  were  ad- 
mitted into  it  indiscriminately.  A  high  wall  separated  the 
court  of  the  women,  135  cubits  square,  in  which  the  Jewish 
females  assembled  to  perform  their  devotions,  from  the  court 
of  the  Gentiles.  From  the  court  of  the  women  fifteen  steps 
led  to  the  court  of  the  temple,  which  was  enclosed  by  a 
colonnade,  and  divided  by  trellis-work,  into  the  court  of 
Jewish  men  and  the  court  of  the  priests.  In  the  middle  of 
this  enclosure  stood  the  temple,  of  white  marble,  richly  gilt, 
100  cubits  long  and  wide,  and  60  cubits  high,  with  a  porch 
100  cubits  wide,  and  three  galleries,  like  the  first  temple, 
which  it  resembled  in  the  interior,  except  that  the  most  holy 
place  was  empty,  and  the  height  of  Herod's  Temple  was 
double  the  height  of  Solomon's.  The  fame  of  this  magnifi- 
cent temple,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Romans,  and  its 
religious  significance  with  Jews  and  Christians,  render  it 
more  interesting  to  us  than  any  other  building  of  antiquity. 
Each  of  these  temples  holds  an  important  place  in  the  sym- 
bolism and  instructions  of  Freemasonry,  and  furnishes  the 
traditions  for  a  large  number  of  degrees. 

TEMPLE  OF  SOLOMON.  When  Solomon  had  matured 
his  design  of  a  temple  to  bo  consecrated  to  the  Most  High, 
he  found  it  impossible  to  carry  that  design  into  execution 
withoiat  foreign  assistance.  The  Hebrew  nation,  constantly 
struggling  for  its  material  existence,  and  just  rising  to  the 
condition  of  a  civilized  people,  had  made  little  proficiency  in 
science  and  architecture,  and  especially  the  ornamental  arts. 
There  were  few  artificers  and  no  architects  in  Judea.  Solo- 
mon, consequently,  applied  to  Hiram,  King  of  Tyre,  for  assist- 
ance, and  that  monarch  sent  him  a  company  of  Tyrian  archi- 
tects, under  the  superintendence  of  Hiram  Abif,  by  whom  the 
temple  was  erected.  It  was  an  oblong  stone  building,  150  feet 
in  length,  and  105  in  width.  On  three  sides  were  corridors, 
rising  above  each  other  to  the  height  of  three  stories,  and  con- 
taining rooms,  in  which  were  preserved  the  holy  utensils 
aiid  treasures.  The  fourth,  or  front  side,  was  open,  and  was 
ornamented  with  a  portico  ten  cubits  in  width,  supported  by 
two  brazen  pillars — Jachin  and  Boaz.  The  interior  was 
divided  into  the  most  holy  place,  or  oracle,  20  cubits  long, 
which  contained  the  aik  of  the  covenant,  and  was  separated 
by  a  curtain,  or  vail,  from  the  sanctuary  or  holy  plaoo,  in 


374  TEM— TES. 

which  were  the  golden  candlestick,  the  table  of  the  s2iew« 
bread,  and  the  altar  of  incense.  The"  walls  of  both  apart- 
ments, and  the  roof  and  ceiling  of  the  most  holy  place,  were 
overlaid  with  wood-work,  skilfully  carved.  None  but  the 
High-Priest  was  permitted  to  enter  the  latter,  and  only  the 
priests,  devoted  to  the  temple  service,  the  former.  The 
temple  was  surrounded  by  an  inner  court,  which  contained 
the  altar  of  burnt  offering,  the  brazen  sea  and  lavers,  and 
such  instruments  and  utensils  as  were  used  in  the  sacrifices, 
which,  as  well  as  the  prayers,  were  offered  here.  Colonnades, 
with  brazen  gates,  separated  this  court  of  the  priests  from 
the  outer  court,  which  was  likewise  surrounded  by  a  wall. 
This  celebrated  temple  certainly  reflected  honor  on  the 
builders  of  that  age.  It  was  begun  on  the  2d  day  of  the 
month  Zif,  corresponding  with  the  21st  of  April,  in  the  year 
of  the  world  2992,  or  1012  years  before  the  Christian  era, 
and  was  completed  in  little  more  than  seven  years,  on  the 
8th  day  of  the  month  Bui,  or  the  23d  of  October,  in  the  year 
2999,  during  which  period  no  sound  of  axe,  hammer,  or  other 
metallic  tool,  was  heard,  everything  having  been  cut  and 
prepared  in  the  quarries  or  on  Mount  Lebanon,  and  brought, 
properly  carved,  marked  and  numbered,  to  Jerusalem,  where 
they  were  fitted  in  by  means  of  wooden  mauls.  So  of  Free- 
masonry, it  has  always  been  the  boast  that  its  members  per- 
fect the  work  of  edification  by  quiet  and  orderly  methods, 
"  without  the  hammer  of  contention,  the  axe  of  division,  or 
any  tool  of  mischief."  The  excellency  of  the  Craft  in  the 
days  of  our  Grand  Master  Solomon  was  so  great,  that, 
although  the  materials  were  prepared  so  far  off,  when  they 
were  put  together  at  Jerusalem,  each  piece  fitted  with  such 
exactness  that  it  appeared  more  like  the  work  of  the  Great 
Architect  of  the  Universe  than  of  human  hands.  The  temple 
retained  its  pristine  splendor  but  thirty-three  years,  when  it 
was  plundered  by  Shishak,  King  of  Egypt.  After  this  period 
it  underwent  sundry  profanations  and  pillages,  and  was  at 
length  utterly  destroyed  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  King  of  Baby- 
lon, A.  M.  3416,  B.  c.  588,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Jerusalem 
carried  as  captives  to  Babylon. 

TEMPLE  OF  ZERTJBBABEL.  This  edifice  was  built  on 
the  site  of  the  first  temple,  under  the  direction  of  Zerub- 
babel,  B.  c.  536-15.  It  was  considerably  larger  than  the 
former  one,  but  very  inferior  to  it  in  beauty  and  splendor. 

TESSELATED  PAVEMENT.  The  word  tesselated  is  de- 
rived from  the  word  tessela,  diminutive  of  tessera.  The 
pavement  which  is  thus  designated  is  of  rich  Mosaic  work, 
made  of  curious  square  marbles,  bricks  or  tiles,  in  shape  and 


B  I 

I  « 

bd  — 

§  3 

5  * 


O       H 


TET— TEU.  377 

disposition  resembling  dice.  Various  ancient  specimens  of 
these  have  been,  from  time  to  time,  exhumed  in  Italy,  and 
other  countries  of  Europe.  The  tesselated  pavement,  in  the 
symbolism  of  Freemasonry,  is  significant  of  the  varied 
experiences  and  vicissitudes  of  human  life. 

TETEACTYS.  A  Greek  word— tetraktus— meaning  four. 
It  was  a  Pythagorean  symbol  represented  by  a  delta  formed 
by  points,  so  arranged  that  each  of  the  three  sides 
consisted  of  four.  The  one  point,  or  Monad,  repre- 
sented  God;  the  two  points,  or  duad,  matter;  the 
i  /  three,  the  worlds  which  were  formed  by  the  action 
of  the  one,  or  Monad,  upon  the  duad;  and  the  four 
points  referred  to  the  divine  reason  and  those  sciences  which 
are  the  revelations  of  it.*  On  this  symbol  the  initiate  into 
the  Pythagorean  mysteries  was  sworn.  According  to  Jam- 
blichus,  the  oath  was  as  follows: 

"Ou  ma  ametere  genee,  paradonta  tetraktun, 

Pagan  aeenaou  phuseos  rizomd*  V  echousan." 
"On  the  sacred  tetraktus,  eternal  fountain  of  Nature,  I  swear  to  thee." 

This  word  is  nearly  related  to  the  Hebrew  Tetragram- 
inaton;  probably  derived  from  it. 

TEUTONIC  ORDER.  A  religious  order  of  knights,  founded 
in  1190,  by  Frederick,  Duke  of  Suabia,  during  a  crusade  in 
the  Holy  Land,  at  the  time  of  the  siege  of  Acre,  and  intended 
to  be  confined  to  Germans  of  noble  rank;  hence  its  name. 
The  rule  of  the  order  was  similar  to  that  of  the  Templars. 
The  original  object  of  the  association  was  to  defend  the 
Christian  religion  against  the  infidels,  and  to  take  care  of 
the  sick  in  the  Holy  Land.  As  the  order  was  dedicated  to  the 
Virgin  Mary,  the  knights  called  themselves  also  "  Brethren 
of  the  German  house  ox  bur  Lady  of  Jerusalem."  The  dress 
of  the  members  was  black,  with  a  white  cloak,  upon  which 
was  worn  a  black  cross  with  a  silver  edging.  The  Grand 
Master  lived  first  at  Jerusalem,  but  afterward,  when  the 
Holy  Laud  fell  again  under  the  power  of  the  Turks,  at 
Venice,  and,  from  1297,  at  Marburg.  The  order  was  abol- 
ished by  Napoleon,  April  24th,  1809.  The  Teutonic  cross 
forms  a  part  of  the  decorations  of  the  27th  degree  of  the 
Ancient  Scotch  rite. 

*  The  sum  of  all  the  principles  of  Pythagoras  is  this: — "The  Monad  ia 
the  principle  of  all  things.  From  the  Monad  came  the  indeterminate 
Duad,  as  matter  subjected  to  the  cause  of  Monad;  from  the  Monad  and 
the  indeterminate  Duad,  numbers  ;from  numbers,  points;  from  points,  lines; 
from  lines,  superficies;  from  superficies,  solids;  from  these  solid  bodies, 
whose  elements  are  four — Fire,  Water,  Air,  and  Earth—of  all  which 
transmuted,  and  totally  changed,  the  WORLD  consists." 

3-2 


378  THE. 

THEOLOGICAL  VIRTUES.  Faith,  Hope  and  Charity 
are  thus  named,  and  are  said  to  constitute  the  chief  rounds 
of  the  Masonic  ladder,  by  the  aid  of  which  the  good  Mason 
expects  at  last  to  ascend  to  the  perfect  Lodge  above.  These 
virtues  are  enforced  in  various  parts  of  the  rituals,  and  en- 
larged upon  in  the  first  lecture  of  Craft  Masonry.  The  great 
duties  of  man  to  God,  his  neighbor  and  himself,  are  the  pre- 
cepts most  strongly  enforced;  hence  the  points  to  direct  the 
steps  of  the  aspirant  to  higher  honors  are  Faith,  Hope  and 
Charity. 

THEOPHILANTHROPISTS.  Lovers  of  God  and  man— 
from  Theos,  God;  philos,  friend;  and  anthropos,  man.  This  was 
the  title  assumed  by  a  religious  society  formed  at  Paris 
during  the  French  He  volution.  The  object  of  its  founders 
was  to  revive  public  religious  ceremonies,  which  had  alto- 
gether ceased  during  the  reign  of  terror.  The  temples  were 
appropriately  fitted  up,  and  adorned  with  moral  and  religious 
inscriptions,  an  ancient  altar,  with  a  basket  containing  flowers, 
as  an  offering  to  the  Supreme  Being;  a  pulpit,  and  allegorica! 
paintings,  and  banners  with  inscriptions  and  emblematic  de- 
vices. The  assemblies  were  held  weekly,  on  Sunday;  the 
exercises  consisted  of  prayer,  moral  discourses,  and  singing. 
The  liturgy  of  the  Theophilanthropists  was  simple  and  touch- 
ing. The  festivals  of  nature,  love  of  country,  of  conjugal 
fidelity,  were  scrupulously  observed.  The  society  served  a 
very  useful  purpose  in  that  remarkable  period  of  French 
history,  but  soon  disappeared  on  the  reestablishment  of 
Christianity. 

THEOSOPHISTS.  Those  who  inquire  into  the  science  of 
divine  things.  Many  eminent  Freemasons  belonged  to  this 
class  during  the  last  century.  The  speculations  of  the  The- 
osophists,  however,  were  generally  of  a  mystical  character. 
Several  Masonic  systems  were  theosophical,  as,  for  example, 
the  rites  of  Swede nborg,  St  Martin,  Zinnendorff,  etc. 

THEURGY.  The  name  which  the  ancients  gave  to  that 
part  of  magic  which  we  call  white  magic,  or  the  white  art. 
The  word  is  formed  from  Theos,  God,  and  ergon,  work,  as 
denoting  the  art  of  doing  divine  things,  or  things  which  God 
alone  can  do.  It  is  the  power  of  working  extraordinary 
things,  by  invoking  the  names  of  God,  the  saints,  angels,  etc. 
Accordingly,  those  who  have  written  of  magic  in  general 
divide  it  into  three  parts:  theurgy,  which  operates  by  divine 
or  celestial  means;  natural  magic,  performed  by  the  powers 
of  nature;  and  necromancy,  which  proceeds  by  invoking 
demons.  Theurgy,  probably,  originated  with  the  Chaldeans 


THR-— TRA.  379 

or  Persians,  among  whom  the  magi  chiefly  occupied  them- 
selves with  it.  The  Egyptians  also  pretended  to  great  profi- 
ciency in  the  art.  The  former  considered  Zoroaster  its  author; 
the  latter,  Hermes  Trismegistus.  It  occupied  largely  the 
attention  of  the  Cabalists,  and,  in  the  last  century,  entered 
into  the  speculations  of  many  distinguished  Freemasons. 

THREE  GLOBES,  RITE  OF  THE  GRAND  LODGE  OF.  The 
Lodge  of  Three  Globes  was  founded  at  Berlin,  September 
23d,  1740.  On  the  24th  of  June,  1744,  it  assumed  the  title 
of  Grand  Royal  Mother  Lodge  of  the  Three  Globes;  and  on 
the  5th  of  July,  1772,  it  took  the  name  of  Grand  National 
Mother  Lodge  of  the  Prussian  States.  At  first  it  confined 
its  work  to  the  three  symbolical  degrees,  but  afterward 
added  the  French,  or  modern  rite.  The  rite  of  the  Three 
Globes  is  practiced  by  nearly  two  hundred  Lodges. 

THRESHING-FLOOR.  Oman,  the  Jebusite,  owned  a 
threshing-floor  on  Mount  Moriah,  which  David  purchased 
for  six  hundred  shekels  of  gold.  He  erected  there  an  altar, 
and  consecrated  it  to  the  service  of  God,  by  sacrifices  and 
prayers.  The  Temple  of  Solomon  was  afterward  built 
upon  it. 

TILER.  An  officer  of  the  Lodge,  whose  duty  is  to  guard 
and  keep  the  doors  of  the  Lodge.  The  name  is  derived 
from  operative  Masonry.  A  Tiler  is  one  who  covers  the  roof 
of  a  building  with  tiles.  So  the  guardian  or  sentinel  of  a 
Lodge  is  said  to  tile  or  cover  the  Lodge  from  all  inspection 
or  intrusion  on  the  part  of  the  uninitiated. 

TRANSIENT  BRETHREN.  No  stranger  should  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  Lodge  until  he  has  proved  himself  a  Free- 
mason. When  he  has  done  this  he  should  be  received  with 
cordiality  and  fraternal  courtesy.  A  traveling  brother,  away 
from  his  home  and  friends,  naturally  longs  for  companion- 
ship, and  expects  to  find  it  around  the  altars  of  Freemasonry. 
Hospitality  to  strangers  is,  always  and  everywhere,  a  sacred 
duty,  but  it  is  doubly  so  to  Freemasons.  The  brother  from 
abroad  should  be  greeted  with  such  warmth  and  brotherly 
kindness  and  interest  as  will  make  him  feel  at  home,  and 
that  he  is  surrounded  with  friends,  upon  whose  sympathy  he 
can  rely.  Lodges  are  sometimes  too  remiss  in  regard  to 
this  duty,  and  many  a  warm-hearted  brother,  when  visiting 
a  strange  Lodge,  has  been  chilled  and  grieved  by  the  iciness 
of  his  reception. 

TRAVELING  FREEMASONS.  As  early  as  the  lime  of 
Solomon  the  Tyrian  and  Sidonian  builders  traveled  to  foreign 


380  TEA. 

countries,  to  exercise  their  calling.  They  visited  Judea  and 
built  the  temple  at  Jerusalem.  They  went  to  Rome,  and 
furnished  the  idea  and  form  of  the  Colleges  of  Artists  and 
Builders,  whose  history  extended  through  the  whole  period 
of  the  Roman  empire.  These  Colleges  were  succeeded  by 
the  Building  Corporations  of  the  middle  ages.  All  of  these 
societies  seem  to  be  identical,  possessed  the  same  character- 
istics, especially  the  practice  of  traveling  from  place  to  place, 
to  erect  public  buildings,  as  their  services  might  be  needed. 
They  traveled  through  all  the  countries  of  Europe;  the 
numerous  Gothic  churches,  monasteries,  and  cathedrals 
which  are  there  found  are  the  monuments  of  their  skill. 
Protected  by  the  charters  of  the  clerical  and  secular 
powers,  and  united  in  one  great  society  for  the  construction 
of  each  great  building,  as  the  cathedrals,  etc.,  these  societies 
erected  those  gigantic  monuments — many  of  them  larger 
than  the  temple  of  Solomon — generally  termed  Gothic, 
which  excite  our  amazement.  We  find  these  traveling 
societies  everywhere.  They  were  composed  of  members 
from  Italy,  Germany,  the  Netherlands,  France,  England, 
Scotland,  and  other  countries,  and  united  under  very  similar 
constitutions;  for  instance,  at  the  erection  of  the  convent  of 
Batalha,  in  Portugal,  about  A.  D.  1400;  of  the  minster  of 
Strasburg,  1015  to  1439;  that  of  Cologne,  950  and  1211  to 
1365;  of  the  cathedral  of  Meissen,  in  the  tenth  century;  of 
the  cathedral  of  Milan,  the  convent  of  Monte  Cassino,  and  of 
the  most  remarkable  buildings  of  the  British  isles.  That 
these  societies  of  traveling  builders  at  last  gave  rise  to  one, 
not  occupied  with  actual  building — that  is  to  say  specula!  Lve 
Masonry,  is  demonstrated  beyond  a  doubt.  Among  their 
symbols  were  the  square,  the  plumb,  the  compasses,  which 
are  among  the  most  important  emblems  of  modern  Free- 
masonry. They  held  a  convention  at  Ratisbon  in  1459, 
where  it  was  resolved  to  constitute  a  Grand  Lodge  at  Stras- 
burg, of  which  the  architect  of  that  cathedral,  for  the  time 
being,  should  be,  ex-officio,  the  Grand  Master.  We  have  a 
copy  of  the  constitutions,  charges,  rules,  etc.,  of  this  Frater- 
nity in  Latin,  and  some  of  them  are  almost,  verbatim  et 
literatim,  the  same  as  many  of  our  own  which  we  designate 
"the  Ancient  Charges."  An  intelligent  Freemason  who 
visited  Cologne,  in  1847,  thus  writes:  "During  the  interval 
between  1248  and  1323,  there  were  not  only  fifty  Masters,  and 
three  times  as  many  Fellow-Crafts,  daily  employed,  but  a 
large  number  of  Entered  Apprentices  from  all  parts  of 
Christendom,  who  had  come  to  study  the  operative  and 
speculative  branches  of  the  art,  and  who  carried  away  with 
them  the  principles  which  directed  the  erection  c  f  almost 


^- 


TJDELITAS  MQRIBIrS  UNICA 


TRESTLE   BOARD   OP   THE    18TH   CENTUKt. 


TRE.  3S3 

every  Gothic  monument  of  the  age.  After  the  secession  of 
the  Masons  from  the  church,  the  works  were  suspended, 
leaving  only  the  choir,  with  its  side  aisle,  completed."  This 
structure,  commenced  by  the  traveling  Masons  six  centuries 
ago,  has,  within  a  few  years,  been  finished  after  the  original 
plans.  Another  writer,*  remarking  on  the  same  class  of 
builders,  says:  "The  architects  of  all  the  sacred  edifices  of 
the  Latin  church,  whenever  such  arose — North,  South,  East, 
and  West — thus  derived  their  science  from  the  same  central 
school;  obeyed  in  their  designs  the  same  hierarchy;  were 
directed  in  their  constructions  by  the  same  principles  of 
propriety  and  taste;  kept  up  with  each  other,  in  the  most 
distant  parts,  to  which  they  might  be  sent,  the  most  constant 
correspondence;  and  rendered  every  minute  improvement 
the  property  of  the  whole  body,  and  a  new  conquest  of  the 
art.  The  result  of  this  unanimity  was  that,  at  each  succes- 
sive period  of  the  monastic  dynasty,  on  whatever  point  a 
new  monastry  or  church  might  be  erected,  it  resembled  all 
those  raised  at  the  same  period  in  every  other  place,  however 
distant  from  it,  as  if  both  had  been  built  in  the  same  place 
by  the  same  artist.-  For  instance,  we  find,  at  particular 
epochs,  churches  as  far  distant  from  each  other  as  the  north 
of  Scotland  and  the  south  of  Italy  to  be  minutely  similar 
in  all  the  essential  characteristics.'' 

TRESTLE-BOARD.  "As  the  operative  Mason  erects  his 
temporal  building  in  accordance  with  the  designs  laid  down 
upon  the  Trestle-Board  by  the  master-workman,  so  should 
we,  both  operative  and  speculative,  endeavor  to  erect  our 
spiritual  building  in  accordance  with  the  designs  laid  down 
by  the  Supreme  Architect."  What  is  here  masonically 
designated  the  "  Trestle- Board"  artists,  pcets,  and  philoso- 
phers denominate  the  Ideal.  All  things  thai  exist,  save  God, 
are  created  by  the  ideal,  or  are  reflections  of  it.  The  visible 
creation  is  God's  ideal,  wrought  out  in  material  forms;  and 
all  the  works  of  man  are  copies  of  ideal  types  which  he  dis- 
covers traced  on  the  Trestle-Board  of  his  soul.  Every  nation 
exists  according  to  an  ideal  which  is  reflected  in  its  life,  its 
institutions,  and  manners;  and  the  life  of  man,  as  an  indi- 
vidual, is  high  or  low,  as  his  ideals  of  life  are  high  or  low; 
or,  in  other  words,  it  is  fashioned  after  the  designs  that  are 
traced  on  the  moral  Trestle-Board.  Societies,  also,  are  con- 
structed from  the  ideal.  If  a  society  have  no  ideal,  it  can 
have  no  influence,  and  can  exist  but  for  a  brief  period, 
because  it  has  no  ability  to  arouse  the  enthusiasm,  or  com- 
mand the  respect  and  allegiance  of  men.  The  Masonic 

'  Hope    "History  of  Architecture,"  p.  239. 


384  TRI. 

society  has  been  able  to  adapt  its-elf  to  various  and  changing 
circumstances  of  mankind,  with  facility,  because  its  ideals  of 
society,  of  benevolence  and  virtue,  rose  higher,  and  shone 
brighter,  as  the  ages  rolled  away.  It  is  a  part  of  its  mission 
to  keep  the  minds  of  its  adepts  fixed  intently  upon  the 
designs  pictured  upon  the  Trestle-Board,  or,  to  speak  more 
correctly,  to  establish  a  perpetual  communion  between  man 
and  the  world  of  glorious  ideals. 

TEIAD.  Three-  in  one.  An  important  symbol  in  Free- 
masonry. The  number  three  was  thought  holy  in  the  earliest 
antiquity.  Numbers,  xix.  12,  furnishes  an  instance.  This 
must  have  its  reason  in  the  nature  of  the  number.  It  repre- 
sents to  us  unity  and  opposition,  the  principle  and  its 
development  or  opposition,  and  the  connecting  unity — syn- 
thesis. It  is  the  first  uneven  number  in  which  the  first  even 
one  is  found :  herein  lie  its  peculiar  signification  and  perfec- 
tion. Even  in  antiquity  it  could  not  escape  attention,  that 
this  number  is  to  be  found  wherever  variety  is  developed. 
Hence  we  have  beginning,  middle,  end,  represented  in  the 
heavenly  rise,  point  of  culmination  and  setting;  morning, 
noon,  evening,  and  evening,  midnight,  morning;  and  in 
general,  in  the  great  divisions  of  time,  the  past,  the  present, 
and  the  future.  In  space,  also,  this  number  three  occurs, 
as  in  above,  midst,  and  below;  right  midst,  and  left;  and 
in  general,  in  the  dimensions  of  space,  as  length,  breadth, 
and  thickness,  or  depth.  To  the  eye,  the  number  is  repre- 
sented in  the  regular  figure  of  the  triangle,  which  has  been 
applied  to  numberless  symbolical  representations;  the  ear 
perceives  it  most  perfectly  in  the  harmonic  triad.  As  the 
triple  is  also  the  basis  of  symmetry,  that  three-figured  form 
is  found  in  architecture,  and  in  simple  utensils,  without  any 
particular  reference  to  symbolical  or  other  significations. 
Of  this  kind  are  the  triglyphs  in  architecture,  the  tripod, 
trident,  the  three  thunderbolts  of  Jupiter,  the  ancient  three- 
stringed-lyre,  though  the  number  has  in  these  objects,  as 
well  as  in  the  three-headed  Cerberus,  other  more  symbolical 
relations.  The  Triad,  represented  by  the  delta,  is  a  signifi- 
cant emblem  in  a  large  number  of  Masonic  degrees. 

TKINOSOPHISTS,  LODGE  or.  A  body  of  Masons  once, 
if  not  at  present,  very  popular  and  influential  in  Paris.  It 
was  at  one  time  the  most  intelligent  society  of  Freemasons 
<iver  known.  It  adhered  to  the  ancient  Landmarks,  but  gave 
clearer  and  more  satisfactory  interpretations  of  the  symbols 
of  Freemasonry  than  are  afforded  in  the  symbolical  Lodges 
It  practiced  five  degrees  as  follows:  1.  Apprentice;  2.  Fel 
low-Craft;  3.  Master;  4.  Rose  Croix,  reformed — rectifie— 


TEL  385 

5.  Grand  Elect  Knight  K.'.  S.'.  We  have  elsewhere  given 
an  account  of  the  Rose  Croix  degree  as  it  is  practiced  in  this 
Lodge.  The  following  extracts  from  the  preliminary  instruc- 
tions to  a  candidate  for  initiation  into  the  third  degree  will 
be  found  interesting,  and  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  way  in 
which  these  Trinosophical  Masons  explain  the  ceremonies 
and  symbols  of  Freemasonry.  "  Man,  cast,  as  it  were,  by 
accident,  upon  the  earth,  feeling  that  he  is  born  free,  and 
yet  seeing  himself  a  slave,  seeking  the  good,  and  yet  often 
finding  the  bad,  and  not  being  able  to  attribute  to  the  same 
author  both  good  and  evil,  imagined  that  there  were  two 
principles — distinct  and  separate,  eternally  antagonistic  to 
each  other.  It  is  thus  that  the  ancient  Persians  recognized 
Orornazdes,  the  good  principle,  and  Arimanius,  the  principle 
of  evil;  the  Jews,  Jehovah  and  the  serpent,  and  the  Egyp- 
tians Osiris  and  Typhon.  Masons  who  form  an  elect  family 
in  the  social  order,  who  study  and  seek  the  true  and  the  good, 
also  have  their  traditions  and  allegories.  They  have  the 
history  of  the  death  and  resurrection  of  H.'.  A.'.,  the  perfect 
workman,  assassinated  by  three  wicked  fellows,  notwithstand- 
ing the  efforts  of  the  nine  good  F.' .  C's.'.  to  save  him.  This 
legend,  it  is  true,  has  been  mutilated,  and  made  insignificant 
and  often  ridiculous  by  ignorant  expounders  of  the  Masonic 
mysteries;  but  all  enlightened  Masters  know  that  this 
Perfect  Master  is  the  genius  of  beneficence  and  truth  both  in  the 
physical  and  moral  order.  In  the  physical  order  he  is  the 
sun,  that  glorious  luminary  which  gives  life  to  all  nature, 
and  which  makes  his  revolution  in  the  regular  space  of 
twelve  months,  which  become,  so  to  speak,  his  eternal  and 
inseparable  companions.  These  twelve  months  form  the 
spring,  the  summer,  the  autumn,  and  winter.  The  first  nine 
of  these  give  the  flowers,  the  fruits,  warmth  and  light.  They 
are  the  nine  good  F.'.  C's.'.  who  love  and  wish  to  preserve  their 
master.  The  three  last  are  the  authors  of  the  rains,  the 
frosts,  and  darkness.  It  may  be  said  that  they  kill  nature 
and  the  sun  himself.  They  are  the  three  bad  F.'.  C's.'.  In 
the  moral  and  spiritual  order,  H.* .  M.' .  is  the  Eternal  Reason 
by  which  all  things  are  weighed,  governed,  and  preserved. 
He  is  also  Knowledge,  Justice,  and  Truth,  by  which  the 
Eternal  Reason  is  manifested.  The  <jood  F.'.  C's.'.  are  the 
virtues  that  honor  and  bless  humanity;  the  wicked  F.' .  C's*' 
are  the  vices  which  degrade  and  kill  it." 

TRIYTUM.  The  name  given,  in  the  middle  ages,  to  the 
first  three  of  the  seven  liberal  arts:  grammar,  rhetoric,  and 
logic.  The  other  four,  consisting  of  arithmetic,  music, 
geometry,  and  astronomy,  were  called  the  quadriuwm. 


386  TRO— TRU. 

TROWEL  AND  SWORD.  Emblems  in  the  degree  of 
Knights  of  the  East.  They  are  borrowed  evidently  from  a 
religious  and  mechanical  society,  called  the  Brethren  of  the 
Bridge,  which  was  founded  at  an  early  period  in  France, 
when  a  state  of  anarchy  existed,  and  there  was  little  security 
for  travelers,  particularly  in  passing  rivers,  on  which  they 
were  subject  to  the  rapacity  of  banditti.  The  object  of  this 
society  was  to  put  a  stop  to  these  outrages  by  forming 
fraternities  for  the  purpose  of  building  bridges  and  estab- 
lishing ferries  and  caravansaries  on  their  banks.  Always 
prepared  for  an  attack  from  the  marauders,  they  carried 
a  sword  in  one  hand  and  a  trowel  or  hammer  in  the  other. 
Ramsay  says  that  they  adopted  this  custom  in  imitation  of 
the  Jews  at  the  building  of  the  second  temple;  and  he 
endeavors  to  establish  some  connection  between  them  and 
the  Knights  of  the  Temple,  and  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem. 

TROWEL,  OBDEB  OF.  A  Berlin  periodical  of  April,  1791, 
gives  the  following  account  of  the  formation  of  this  society: 
"Vasari,  in  his  'Life  of  the  Painters,'  makes  mention  of  a 
society  of  artists,  called  the  'Brotherhood  of  the  Trowel,' 
which  arose  as  follows.  In  the  course  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury several  artists  were  supping  one  night  in  a  garden  at 
Florence.  By  accident  their  table  was  placed  near  a  heap 
of  lime,  in  which  a  trowel  was  sticking.  One  of  the  guests 
seized  the  trowel,  and  threw,  sportively,  some  lime  into  the 
mouth  of  another  guest,  exclaiming,  at  the  same  time :  '  The 
trowel!  the  trowel!'  This  circumstance  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  a  fraternity  which  chose  a  trowel  for  its  emblem, 
and  St.  Andrew  for  its  patron  Saint."  It  is  possible,  as 
Clavel  conjectures,  that  this  society  might  have  borne  some 
relationship  to  the  Traveling  Masons. 

TRUE  MASONS,  ORDER  OF.  Baileau,  a  Masonic  mystic, 
founded,  1778,  a  Lodge  of  Hermetic  Masonry  at  Montpelier, 
and  gave  it  this  name.  It  practiced  six  degrees:  1.  The 
True  Mason;  2.  The  True  Mason  in  the  Right  Way;  3.  Knight 
of  the  Golden  Key;  4.  Knight  of  the  Rainbow;  5.  Knight  oi 
the  Argonauts;  6.  Knight  of  the  Golden  Fleece. 

TRUE  PATRIOTS,  SOCIETY  OF.  In  the  Latin  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  patriota  signified  a  native,  in  contradistinction  to  pere- 
grinus,  a  foreigner  who  did  not  enjoy  the  rights  of  citizen- 
ship. As  the  native,  i.  e.,  citizen,  was  considered  to  be 
attached  by  his  interests  to  the  commonwealth,  the  word 
gradually  received  the  meaning  of  a  citizen  who  loves  his 
country.  Here,  however,  it  has  a  wider  sense  still — the 


TKU— TWE.  387 

True  Patriots  style  themselves  the  friends  of  mankind. 
This  brotherhood  appeared  at  Frankfort  in  the  year  1787. 
Its  object  was  to  unite  all  classes  of  men  together,  "  through 
the  agency  of  the  learned — the  society  of  Freemasons,  and 
other  closely-allied  fraternities,  for  the  promotion  of  their 
mutual  interests."  The  order  conferred  several  degrees, 
and  appears  to  have  had  some  connection  with  the  Order  of 
Jerusalem,  or  the  Order  of  Freemasonry,  aprioin. 

TRUTH.  One  of  the  great  tenets  of  a  Freemason's  pro- 
fession. It  is  the  foundation  of  all  Masonic  virtues;  it  is 
one  of  our  grand  principles;  for  to  be  good  men  and  true 
is  a  part  of  the  first  lesson  we  are  taught;  and  at  the 
commencement  of  our  freedom  we  are  exhorted  to  be  fervent 
and  zealous  in  the  pursuit  of  truth  and  goodness.  It  is  not 
sufficient  that  we  walk  in  the  light,  unless  we  do  so  in  the 
truth  also.  All  hypocrisy  and  deceit  must  be  banished  from 
among  us.  Sincerity  and  plain  dealing  complete  the 
harmony  of  a  Lodge,  and  render  us  acceptable  in  the  sight 
of  him  unto  whom  all  hearts  are  open,  all  desires  known, 
and  from  whom  no  secrets  are  hid.  There  is  a  charm  in 
truth,  which  draws  and  attracts  the  mind  continually  toward 
it.  The  more  we  discover,  the  more  we  desire;  and  the 
great  reward  is  wisdom,  virtue,  and  happiness.  This  is  an 
edifice  founded  on  a  rock,  which  malice  cannot  shake  or 
time  destroy.  In  the  ancient  mythology  of  Rome,  Truth 
was  called  the  mother  of  Virtue,  and  was  depicted  with 
white  and  flowing  garments.  Her  looks  were  cheerful  and 
pleasant,  though  modest  and  serene.  She  was  the  protectress 
of  honor  and  honesty,  and  the  light  and  joy  of  human  society. 

TWELVE  GRAND  POINTS  OF  MASONRY.  "There 
are  in  Masonry,"  say  the  ancient  lectures,  "  twelve  original 
points  which  form  the  basis  of  the  system,  and  comprehend 
the  whole  ceremony  of  initiation.  Without  the  existence  of 
these  points,  no  man  ever  was,  or  can  be,  legally  and  essen- 
tially received  into  the  Order.  Every  person  who  is  made  a 
Mason  must  go  through  all  these  twelve  forms  and  cere- 
monies, not  only  in  the  first  degree,  but  in  every  subsequent 
one."  Esteeming  these  points  of  the  highest  importance  in 
the  ceremonies  of  the  Order,  our  ancient  brethren  exercised 
great  ingenuity  in  giving  them  symbolical  explanations,  and 
refer  the  twelve  parts  of  the  ceremony  of  initiation  to  the 
twelve  tribes  of  Israel.  Notwithstanding  the  value  and  im- 
portance our  ancient  brethren  deemed  these  points  to 
possess,  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England  thought  proper,  at 
the  union  in  1813,  to  strike  them  from  its  rituals,  and 
substitute  three  "  new "  points.  Neither  of  these  systems 


3»8 


TWE. 


have  ever  been  practiced  in  this  country;  the  "four  perfect 
points"  constitute  an  adequate  substitute  for  either.  The 
symbolism  embraced  in  the  explanation  of  the  "Twelve 
Grand  Points  "  may  not  be  uninteresting  or  unacceptable  to 
the  reader: 


1.  The  opening  of  the  Lodge  was 
symbolized  by  the  tribe  of  Reuben, 
because  Keuben.was  the  first-born 
of  his  father  Jacob,  who  called  him 
"the  beginning  of  his   strength," 
the  door,  as  it  were,  by  which  the 
children  of  Israel  entered  the  world. 
He    was,    therefore,    appropriately 
adopted    as    the  emblem   of   that 
ceremony  which  is  essentially  the 
beginning  of  every  initiation. 

2.  The  preparation  of  the  candi- 
date was  symbolized  by  the  tribe  of 
Simeon,  because  Simeon  prepared 
the  instruments  for  the  slaughter  of 
the  Shecliemites,  which  excited  the 
heavy   displeasure  of   his    parent; 
and,  therefore,  to  perpetuate  abhor- 
rence   of    his   cruelty,    candidates 
for    initiation    were     deprived    of 
all    weapons,   both    offensive    and 
defensive. 

3.  The  report  of  the  Senior  Deacon 
referred  to  the  tribe   of  Levi,   in 
commemoration  of   the   signal   or 
report  which  Levi  was  supposed  to 
have  given  to  his  brother  Simeon 
when    they  assailed    the    men    of 
Shechem  at  a  time  when  they  were 
incapable  of  defending  themselves, 
and  put    them   all   to   the   sword, 
because  of  the  affront  which  Dimth, 
their    sister,    had    received    from 
Shechem,  the  son  of  Hamor. 

4.  The  entrance  of  the  candidate 
into  the  Lodge  was  symbolized  by 
the  tribe  of   Judah,  because  they 
•yere  the  first  to  cross  the  Jordan 
and  enter  the  promised  land,  coming 
from  the  darkness  and  servitude,  as 
it  were,  of  the  wilderness  by  many 
dangerous  and  wearisome  journeys 
into  the  light  and  liberty  of  Canaan. 

5.  The  prayer  was  symbolized  by 
Zebulun,  because  the  blessing  and 

Krayer  of  Jacob  were  given  tc  Zebu- 
in,  in  preference   to  his  brother 
Issachar. 

6.  The  circumambulation  referred 
to  the  tribe  ot  Issachar,  because,  as 


a  thriftless  and  indolent  tribe,  they 
required  a  leader  to  advance  them 
to  an  equal  elevation  with  the  other 
tribes. 

7.  The  advancing  to  the  altar  was 
symbolized  by  the  tribe  of  Dan,  that 
the  candidate  might  be  taught  by 
contrast  to  advance  in  the  way  of 
truth  and  holiness  as  rapidly  as  this 
tribe   advanced  to  idolatry,   for  it 
was  among  the  tribe  of  Dan  that 
the    serpent  was  first  set  up   for 
adoration. 

8.  The  obligation  referred  to  the 
tribe   of   Gad,    in  allusion  to   the 
solemn  vow  which  was  made  by 
Jephthah,  Judge  of  Israel,  who  was 
of  that  tribe. 

9.  The  intrusting  of  the  candidate 
with  the  mysteries  was  symbolized 
by  the  tribe  of  Asher,  because  he 
was  then  presented  with  the  rich 
fruits   of   Masonic    knowledge,   as 
Asher  was  said  to  be  the  inheritor 
of  fatness  and  royal  dainties. 

10.  The  investure  of  the  lambskin, 
by  which  the  candidate  is  declared 
free,  referred  to  the  tribe  of  Naph- 
tali,  which  was  invested  by  Moses 
with  a  peculiar  freedom,  when  he 
said,    "O,   Naphtali,  satisfied    with 
favor  and  full  with  the  blessing  of 
the   Lord,  possess  thou  the  West 
and  the  South." 

11.  The  ceremony  of  the  northea&t 
corner  of  the  Lodge  referred  to  Jo- 
seph,  because    as    this    ceremony 
reminds  us  of  the  most  superficial 
part  of  Masonry,  so  the  two  half 
tribes  of  Ephraim  and  Manasseh, 
of  which  the  tribe  of  Joseph  was 
composed,   were  accounted   to  be 
more  superficial  than  the  rest,  as 
they  were  the  descendants  of  the 
grandsons  only  of  Jacob. 

12.  The  closing  of  the  Lodge  was 
symbolized  by  the  tribe  of  Benjamin, 
who  was  the  youngest  of  the  sons 
of  Jacob,  and  thus  closed  his  Ikthor's 
strength. 


TTP— UNL  389 

TYPHON.  In  the  Egyptian  mythology,  a  deity,  the  brother 
of  Osiris.  He  was  considered  the  author  of  all  the  evil  in 
the  world.  He  aspired  to  the  sovereignty  of  Egypt,  possessed 
by  his  brother  Osiris.  His  designs  were,  for  a  long  time, 
frustrated  by  Isis,  the  wife  of  Osiris;  but  the  latter,  while  on 
his  return  from  a  tour  round  the  world,  was  killed  by 
Typhon,  who  cut  his  body  to  pieces,  and  concealed  it.  The 
ceremonies  in  the  Egyptian  mysteries  were  symbolical 
representations  of  the  various  events  attending  the  struggles 
between  Typhon — evil,  and  Osiris — goodness;  their  alternate 
victories  and  defeats  ;  the  destruction  of  Osiris,  and  the 
search  for  and  restoration  of  his  body;  the  final  annihilation 
of  Typhon — evil,  and  the  spread  of  peace,  happiness  and 
virtue  over  all  the  world.  Typhon  is  the  analogue  of  the 
three  evil  principles  personified  in  the  Master's  degree. 
— Vide  articles  "Isis,"  and  "Osiris." 


u. 

UNANIMOUSLY.  In  order  to  secure  and  perpetuate  the 
peace  and  harmony  of  the  Craft,  it  has  long  been  the  settled 
policy  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity  to  receive  no  person  to 
membership,  only  by  the  consent  of  all  the  brethren  who 
may  be  present  at  the  time  the  ballot  is  taken.  Among  the 
regulations  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England  we  find  the 
following  in  regard  to  this  subject:  "  No  man  can  be  entered 
a  brother  in  any  particular  Lodge,  or  admitted  a  member 
thereof,  without  the  unanimous  consent  of  all  the  members 
of  the  Lodge  then  present,  when  the  candidate  is  proposed, 
and  when  their  consent  is  formally  asked  by  the  Master. 
They  are  to  give  their  consent  in -their  own  prudent  way, 
either  virtually  or  in  form,  but  with  unanimity.  Nor  is  this 
inherent  privilege  subject  to  a  dispensation  ;  because  the 
members  of  a  particular  Lodge  are  the  best  judges  of  it; 
and  because,  if  a  turbulent  member  should  be  imposed 
upon  them,  it  might  spoil  their  harmony,  or  hinder  the 
freedom  of  their  communications,  or  even  break  up  and. 
disperse  the  Lodges,  which  ought  to  be  avoided  by  all  true 
and  faithful  brothers." 

UNIVERSI  TERRARUM  ORBIS  ARCHITECTONIb 
AD  GLORIAM  INGENTIS.  The  introduction  to  all  the 
decrees  and  official  documents  of  the  Supreme  Council  of 
the  33d  degree  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted  rite.  It  is  the 
Latin  for  the  Engli sh  phrase :  "  .To  the  Glory  of  the  Grand 
Architect  of  the  Universe." 
33 


390  UPRr— VA1 

UPRIGHT.  Every  Freemason  remembers  the  instructions 
given  him  in  the  Lodge  at  the  time  of  his  reception,  in 
regard  to  the  "  upright  posture."  "  God  created  man  to  be 
upright"  i.  e.,  to  stand  erect.  This  is  the  peculiar  prerogative 
of  man.  All  the  outward  forms  and  features  of  the  sentient 
world,  whether  human  or  brutal,  are  created  by  the  nature, 
disposition  or  spirit  of  each  race  and  each  individual.  The 
nature  of  beasts  and  reptiles  is  earthly.  Prone  to  the  earth, 
they  move  horizontally,  with  downward  gaze,  or  crawl  in  the 
dust.  To  them  the  ideal  world  is  closed.  The  glory  of  the 
heavens,  the  grandeur  of  nature,  the  beauty  of  flowers,  the 
wonderful  harmonies  of  sight  and  sound,  which  so  inspire 
and  elevate  man,  are  unknown  to  them.  Their  gaze  is 
downward,  and  their  life  is  extinguished  in  the  dust,  Man, 
on  the  contrary,  stands  erect,  and  his  eyes  sweep  through 
the  immense  regions  of  space  which  stretch  above  his  head. 
His  mind,  endowed  with  a  divine  ernergy,  reaches  to  the 
most  distant  star,  and  measures  it,  in  weight  and  size,  as 
accurately  as  one  measures  the  apple  that  is  held  in  the 
palm  of  the  hand?  The  "upright  posture"  also  has  an 
important  moral  significance  for  the  intelligent  Mason.  As 
it  reminds  him  of  his  relationship  to  the  celestial  powers, 
and  that  he  is  endowed  with  some  of  the  attributes  of  the 
Divinity,  and  with  a  life  which  will  endure  forever,  he  is 
admonished  thereby,  that  he  should  live  in  a  manner 
worthy  of  so  illustrious  an  origin,  and  so  glorious  a  destiny. 

URIM  AND  THUMMIM.  Hebrew  words,  signifying 
light  and  perfection  or  truth.  They  were  a  kind  of  ornament 
placed  in  the  breast-plate  of  the  High-Priest,  by  means  of 
which  he  gave  oracular  answers  to  the  people.*  Critics  and 
commentators  are  not  agpeed  as  to  what  these  attributes  of 
the  breast-plate  were,  or  the  mode  in  which  the  divine  Avill 
was  communicated  to  the  High-Priest  by  means  of  them-. 
Some  exegetical  writers  have  given  positive  explanations  of 
them,  but  they  are  not  satisfactory.  The  breast-plate  was 
undoubtedly  of  Egyptian  origin. 


V. 

VAILS.  Attributes  of  the  decorations  and  furniture  of  a 
Chapter  of  Royal  Arch  Masons,  which  is  intended  to  be  a 
copy  of  the  ancient  Jewish  Tabernacle.  The  Tabernacle  had 

*  "And  thou  shalt  put  in  the  breast-plate  of  judgment  the  Urim  and  tho 
Thummim  ;  and  they  shall  be  upon  Aaron's  heart  when  he  goeth  in 
before  the  Lord:  and  Aaron  shall  bear  the  judgment  of  the  children  at 
Idrael  upon  his  heart  before  the  Lord  continually. " — Exodus  xxviii.  30. 


VAI— VIS.  391 

rails  of  purple,  scarlet  blue  and  white — colors  adopted  by 
Freemasoiiry;  each  one  having  its  symbolical  signification. 

VAILS,  MASTERS  OF.  In  a  Koyal  Arch  Chapter  there  are  three 
officers  who  bear  this  title.  Their  duty  is  to  guard  the  blue, 
purple  and  scarlet  vails,  and  each  one  is  armed  with  a  sword, 
and  carries  a  banner  of  a  color  corresponding  to  that  of  the 
vail  before  which  he  is  stationed.  The  Royal  Arch  Captain 
acts  as  Master  of  the  white  vail. 

VENERABLE.  The  title  of  the  Master  in  French  Lodges, 
equivalent  to  Worshipful  in  English  and  American  Lodges. 

VENERABLE  BROTHER.  A  title  given  to  each  officer  of 
the  Grand  Orient  of  France. 

VERGER.  An  official  in  cathedrals  and  churches  in  former 
times.  In  Freemasonry,  Verger  is  the  name  of  an  officer 
who  discharges  important  duties  in  a  Council  of  Knights  of 
the  Holy  Sepulcher.  His  office  is  analogous  to  that  of  the 
Senior  Deacon  of  a  Master's  Lodge. 

VISITATION.  Masonic  usage  requires  that  the  Grand 
Master  and  other  officers  of  the  Grand  Lodge  should  peri- 
odically visit  the  Subordinate  Lodges,  to  examine  their 
books  and  work,  and  make  a  general  inspection  of  their 
affairs.  This  formal  visit  is  called  a  visitation.  When  such 
an  event  occurs,  the  Grand  Officers,  after  being  received 
with  the  usual  honors,  take  charge  of  the  Lodge.  According 
to  the  English  Constitutions,  "the  Grand  Master  has  full 
authority  to  preside  in  any  Lodge,  and  to  order  his  Grand 
Officers  to  attend  him;  his  Deputy  is  to  be  placed  on  his 
right  hand,  and  the  Master  of  the  Lodge  on  his  left  hand. 
His  Wardens  are  also  to  act  as  Wardens  of  that  particular 
Lodge  during  his  presence."  "  The  Deputy  Grand  Master 
has  full  authority,  unless  the  Grand  Master  or  Pro-Grand 
Master  be  present,  to  preside,  with  the  Master  of  the  Lodge 
on  his  right  hand.  The  Grand  Wardens,  if  present,  are  to 
act  as  Wardens." 

VISIT,  RIGHT  OF.  While  the  right  of  a  Mason  to  visit  any 
Lodge,  where  he  may  happen  to  be,  is  generally  conceded, 
•various  regulations,  limiting  this  right,  have  been  made  at 
different  times,  and  in  divers  jurisdictions,  concerning  the 
propriety  and  necessity  of  which  intelligent  Masons  enter- 
tain quite  different  opinions.  By  the  most  ancient  charges 
it  is  ordered,  "That  every  Mason  receive  and  cherish  strange 
fellowes  when  they  come  over  the  countrie,  and  sett  them 
ou  worke,  if  they  will  worke,  as  the  manner  is;  that  is  to  «.ay. 


392  VIS— VOY. 

if  the  Mason  have  any  mould-stone  in  his  place,  he  shall  give 
him  a  mould-stone,  and  sett  him  on  worke;  and  if  he  have 
none,  the  Mason  shall  refresh  him  with  money  unto  the 
next  Lodge."  This  regulation  recognizes  the  right  of  a 
traveling  brother  as  absolute.  But,  as  early  as  1GG3,  it  was 
ordered  by  a  General  Assembly  held  on  the  27th  of  Decem- 
ber of  that  year,  "That  no  person  hereafter,  who  shall  be 
accepted  a  Freemason,  shall  be  admitted  into  any  Lodge  or 
assembly,  until  he  has  brought  a  certificate  of  the  time 
and  place  of  his  acceptation,  from  the  Lodge  that  accepted 
him,  unto  the  Master  of  that  limit  or  division  where  such  a 
Lodge  is  kept."  In  1772,  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England 
renewed  this  statute,  and  some  Grand  Lodges  in  this  country 
have  adopted  it.  Of  course,  no  stranger  can  be  admitted 
to  a  Lodge  without  "due  trial  and  examination,"  or  unless  he 
is  vouched  for  by  a  known  brother  present.  The  Grand 
Lodge  of  England  also  has  the  following  regulation,  which 
has  been  adopted  in  many  other  jurisdictions:  "A  brother 
who  is  not  a  subscribing  member  to  some  Lodge  shall  not 
be  permitted  to  visit  any  one  Lodge  in  the  town  or  place 
where  he  resides,  more  than  once  during  his  secession  from 
the  Craft."  The  object  of  the  above  rule  is  to  exclude  all 
drones  from  the  hive  of  Masonry.  Whoever  partakes  of  the 
advantages  of  Freemasonry  should  contribute  something  to 
its  support. 

VISITOR.  A  Freemason  who  presents  himself  to  a  Lodge 
of  which  he  is  not  a  member. 

VIVAT.  A  word  of  acclamation,  used  in  connection  with 
the  battery  in  the  French  rite. 

VOUCH,  VOUCHER,  VOUCHING.  To  vouch  is  to  bear  witness, 
or  give  testimony,  and  a  voucher  accordingly  is  a  witness. 
When  a  person  applios  for  admission  to  the  Masonic  society, 
his  application  should  bear  the  signatures  of  two  brethren, 
one  of  whom  is  called  the  voucher,  because  he  thus  testifies 
that  the  petitioner  possesses  the  required  qualifications.  So 
a  stranger  can  visit  a  Lodge  without  trial  or  examination, 
if  a  brother  present  knows  him  to  be  a  Mason  and  vouches 
for  him. 

VOYAGE.  A  name  given,  in  some  countries,  to  a  part  of 
the  trials  and  labors  to  which  the  neophyte  is  subjected. 
The  symbolical  pilgrimage  was  common  to  all  the  ancient 
mysteries,  and  has,  to-day,  in  Freemasonry,  the  same  signifi- 
cance as  in  the  old  rites.  This  voyage  around  the  altar, 
from  East  to  West,  has  a  triple  sense — 1.  Physical;  2.  Social; 


WAG.  39* 

and.  3.  Moral.  In  the  first,  it  refers  to  the  apparent  coarse 
of  the  sui-  and  stars  front  East  to  West;  in  the  second,  it 
represents  the  progress  of  society  through  toil  and  suffering 
and  darkness,  from  the  savage  to  the  civilized  state,  and 
still  onward,  from  one  degree  of  perfection  to  another;  and, 
in  the  third,  the  advancement  of  man,  as  an  individual,  and 
his  unceasing  progress  in  virtue  and  intelligence. 


w. 

WAGES  OF  A  MASON.  The  operative  Mason,  in  ancient 
times,  received,  as  compensation  for  his  labor,  corn,  wine 
and  oil — the  products  of  the  earth — or  whatever  would 
contribute  to  his  physical  comfort  and  support.  His  labor 
being  material,  his  wages  were  outward  and  material.  The 
Free  and  Accepted  Mason,  on  the  other  hand,  performs  a 
moral  work,  and  hence  his  reward  is  interior  and  spiritual. 
The  enlightened  brother  finds  his  reward  in  the  grand  and 
gratifying  results  of  his  studies,  and  in  the  joyful  fruits  of 
his  Masonic  deeds.  He  sees  the  glory  of  the  Divinity 
permeating  all  worlds,  and  all  parts  of  the  universe  reveal 
to  his  soul  celestial  meanings.  All  nature  overflows  with 
beauty,  love,  melody  and  song,  and  unspeakably  rich  are  the 
delights  he  derives  from  communion  with  her  spirit.  If  he 
be  a  child  of  fortune,  and  raised  above  the  necessity  of  labor, 
he  finds  the  purest  pleasure  in  the  practice  of  charity  and 
the  exercise  of  benevolence;  for  charity,  like  mercy,  brings 
its  own  recompense. 

"  It  droppeth,  as  the  gentle  rain  from  heaven, 

Upon  the  place  beneath:  it  is  twice  bless'd; 

It  blesseth  him  that  gives,  and  him  that  takes." 

If,  like  our  ancient  brethren,  he  is  a  laborer,  his  wages  are 
still  ample  and  enduring.  Thus,  while  the  ignorant  man 
toils  on,  drearily,  cheered  by  no  bright  and  living  thoughts, 
his  mind  destitute  of  all  ideas,  and  his  heart  moved  by  no 
glad  inspiration,  the  Masonic  laborer  welcomes  his  toil 
with  joy,  because  Freemasonry  has  taught  him  that  labor  is 
a  divine  vocation,  "  Labor  are  est  orare."  He  goes  forth  in 
the  morning,  and  the  world  on  which  he  looks,  swimming 
in  sunbeams,  and  glittering  with  dewey  diamonds,  is  less 
bright  and  fair  than  the  world  that  lays  in  his  heart,  and 
which  science  has  illuminated  with  her  everlasting  light. 
The  mountains,  barren,  rocky  and  storm-blackened,  or 
crowned  with  sylvan  splendors  ;  the  valleys,  flower-robed 
and  ribboned  with  meandering  streams;  the  rivers,  hastening 
to  the  sea,  and  making  music  as  they  go;  the  trees,  and 


394  WAG— WOE. 

rocks,  and  flowers  ;  all  the  activities  of  nature,  and  the  great 
enterprises  of  man,  speak  with  eloquence  to  his  soul,  and 
reveal  to  his  enlightened  spirit  the  glad  secrets  of  Nature 
and  of  Nature's  God.  These  noble,  ample  and  enduring 
enjoyments  are  the  wages  of  the  true  Mason. 

WAGES   OF   THE   WOKKMEN  ON  THE  TEMPLE. 

Masonic  writers  have  wasted  much  time  in  useless  and 
puerile  conjectures  in  regard  to  the  wages  paid  to  the  artists 
and  artisans  who  were  employed  in  the  construction  of 
Solomon's  temple.  English  writers  place  the  sum  at  about 
$15,000,000,  and  Dr.  A.  G-.  Mackey  thinks  that  not  far  from 
$4,000,000,000 !  were  expended  for  labor  and  material.  A 
little  reflection  will  show  the  unreasonableness  of  these 
estimates.  A  structure  like  that  of  the  temple  could  not 
have  cost  $4,000,000!  All  the  monarchies  of  that  age, 
together,  could  not  have  raised,  by  the  severest  system  of 
taxation,  one-tenth  part  of  $4,000,000,000.  And  how  could 
the  Jewish  people,  a  poor  and  feeble  race  of  shepherds  and 
rude  agriculturists,  raise  such  an  enormous  sum  to  expend 
on  one  public  work  ?  The  richest  modern  nation  could  not 
do  it;  and  it  may  be  doubted  whether  all  modern  nations, 
united,  could.  So  far  as  Freemasonry  is  concerned  this 
subject  is  of  no  consequence  whatever. 

WARDER.  In  the  middle  ages, -a  beadle  or  staff-man, 
who  kept  guard  at  the  gate  of  a  tower  or  palace,  to  take 
account  of  all  persons  who  entered.  An  officer  in  a  Com- 
mandery  of  Knights  Templar;  his  position  is  in  the  West, 
and  on  the  left  of  the  second  division,  when  formed  in  line, 
and  is  guard  of  the  inner  door  of  the  asylum. 

WOMAN.  As  Masonry,  at  its  origin,  and  through  many 
centuries,  was  occupied  solely  with  physical  labors,  in  which 
females  do  not  participate,  the  instructions  of  ancient 
Masonry  are  only  suited  to  the  male  sex;  consequently 
women  would  not  find  themselves  interested  in  our  sym- 
bolical Lodges.  But  there  are  Masonic  rites  which  unite 
the  wives,  sisters,  and  daughters  of  Freemasons,  who  may 
desire  it,  to  our  venerable  Order.  The  rite  practiced  by  the 
Grand  Orient  of  France,  and  the  American  Adoptive  rite,  or 
Order  of  the  Eastern  Star,  are  extremely  interesting  forms  oi 
Masonic  instruction,  and  adapted  to  the  circumstance  of  tho 
female  sex.  Vide  art.  "Adoptive  Masonry" 

WORSHIP  OF  GOD.  The  highest  duty  of  a  Freemason 
is  expressed  by  these  words.  The  expression  of  veneration 
for  the  Supren.e  Being,  of  submission  to  his  will,  and  of 
thankfulness  fcr  his  goodness,  though  it  may  be  offered  in 


YOR— ZER.  395 

the  secret  stillness  of  the  heart,  will  often  be  conveyed  by 
exte  rnal  visible  signs,  through  which  the  feelings  of  awe  and 
love  endeavor  to  manifest  themselves  in  the  most  favorable 
and  lively  manner.  These  acts  of  homage  to  a  superior 
power  will  be  characterized  by  more  or  less  of  rudeness  or 
elevation,  as  the  conceptions  of  the  object  of  worship  are 
more  or  less  gross  or  spiritual.  Prayer  or  sacrifice,  accom- 
panied with  various  ceremonies,  are  the  most  general 
external  acts  by  which  the  feelings  of  religious  veneration 
are  expressed;  and  while  some  nations  and  sects  are  eager 
to  surround  these  acts  with  all  the  splendor  of  earthly  pomp, 
others  think  to  render  them  more  worthy  of  the  Being  to 
whom  they  are  addressed,  by  reducing  them  to  the  simplest 
form.  Freemasonry,  through  all  its  degrees,  and  in  every 
part  of  its  ritual,  earnestly  inculcates  this  duty  of  worship. 


Y. 

YORK  RITE.  The  York  rite  is  the  basis  of  all  rites  that 
claim  a  Masonic  character.  It  derives  its  name  from  the 
city  of  York,  hi  the  north  of  England,  where  the  Annual 
and  General  Assemblies  of  Masons  were  reestablished,  A.  D. 
926,  and  from  which  the  first  Grand  Lodge  was  formed  by 
Prince  Edwin,  the  brother  of  King  Athelstane ;  hence  the 
title  "Ancient  York  Mltsons"  is  applied  to  those  who  are 
descendants  of  that  branch  of  the  Fraternity.  At  first  there 
were  but  three  degrees;  but,  as  at  present  practiced  in  the 
United  States,  there  are  seven:  1.  Apprentice;  2.  Fellow- 
Craft;  3.  Master;  4.  Mark  Master;  5.  Past  Master;  6.  Most 
Excellent  Master;  7.  Holy  Royal  Arch.  There  are  three 
other  degrees— appendages  to  this  rite — viz:  the  Order  of 
High-Priesthood — an  honorary  degree  conferred  on  the 
first  officer  of  a  Chapter — and  the  degrees  of  Royal  and 
Select  Master. 

z. 

ZENITH.  An  Arabic  word,  used  in  astronomy  to  denote 
the  vertical  point  of  the  heavens,  or  that  point  directly  over 
the  head  of  the  observer.  The  missives  and  decrees  of 
the  Supreme  Council  of  the  33d  degree  are  dated  from  the 
Zenith,  as  well  as  from  the  Orient  or  East  as  other  Masonic 
organizations. 

ZERUBBABEL,  (sown  in  Babylon,)  a  Prince  of  Judah, 
son  of  Shealtiel,  of  the  royal  house  of  David,  was  the  leader 
of  the  first  colony  of  Jews  that  returned  frc  m  captivity  U» 


396  ZIN. 

their  native  land  under  the  permission  of  Cyras,  carrying 
with  them  the  precious  vessels  belonging  to  the  temple  for 
the  service  of  (rod.  With  the  aid  of  Joshua  and  his  body 
of  priests,  Zerubbabel  proceeded,  on  his  arrival  in  Jerusalem, 
to  rebuild  the  fallen  city,  beginning  with  the  altar  of  burnt- 
offerings,  in  order  that  the  daily  services  might  be  restored 
The  Samaritans,  however,  having  been  offended  at  being 
expressly  excluded  from  a  share  in  the  land,  threw  obstacles 
in  the  way  to  hinder  the  work,  and  even  procured  from  the 
Persian  court  an  order  that  it  should  be  stopped.  Accord- 
ingly, everything  remained  suspended  until  the  second  year 
of  Darius  Hystaspis  (B.  c.  521),  when  the  restoration  was 
resumed  and  carried  to  completion,  through  the  influence 
of  Zerubbabel  with  the  Persian  monarch.  This  subject  is 
beautifully  exemplified  in  the  degrees  of  the  East  and  Sword 
and  the  Knight  of  the  Bed  Cross. 

ZINNENDOBF,  BITE  OF.  This  rite  was  established  in  the 
year  1766,  by  John  William  Ellenberger,  otherwise  known 
as  Count  Zinnendorf.  He  was  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Strict  Observance,  Director  of  the  Lodges  in  Prussia,  mem- 
ber of  the  Lodge  of  the  Three  Globes,  and  Prior  in  the 
Order  of  the  Templars,  with  the  characteristic  of  Eques  a 
lapide  nigro;  was  born  at  Halle,  Aug.  10,  1731,  and  died 
June  6, 1782.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  talents,  but  unscrupulous 
in  his  dealings  with  the  Fraternity.  In  1768  he  founded  the 
Lodge  Minerva,  at  Potsdam;  and  the  next  year  the  Lodge 
the  Three  Golden  Keys,  at  Berlin,  over  which  he  presided 
for  many  years.  In  1770  he  had  twelve  Lodges  in  operation 
in  various  parts  of  Germany,  and  on  the  24th  of  June  of  the 
same  year  they  erected  a  Grand  Lodge  under  the  title  ol 
Grand  Lodge  of  all  the  Freemasons  of  Germany,  "according 
to  the  precepts  of  Freemasonry  in  general,  and  after  the 
pattern  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England."  In  creating  this 
rite  Zinnendorf  pretended  to  have  powers,  rituals  and 
instructions  from  the  Duke  of  Slidermania,  and  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Sweden;  but  the  Duke  and  Grand  Lodge  repudi- 
ated him.  His  rite  was  based  on  the  reveries  of  Swedenborg, 
and  in  many  respects  coincided  with  the  Swedish  rite.  II 
consisted  of  seven  degrees,  in  three  divisions,  viz:  Blue 
Masonry — 1.  Apprentice;  2.  Fellovv-Craft;  3.  Master.  Bed 
Masonry — 4.  Scotch  Apprentice  and  Fellow-Craft;  5.  Scot- 
tish Master.  Capitular  Masonry — 6.  Clerk,  or  Favorite  01 
St.  John;  7.  Brother  Elected.  Clavel  says  this  is  the  rite 
of  the  National  Grand  Lodge  of  Germany,  at  Berlin. 


A  DICTIONARY 


OP 


SYMBOLICAL   MASONRT 


BY  GEOEGE  OLIVEE,  D.D., 

ADTHOB  OT  "  HT8TOBICAL   LANDMARKS,"  "  SIGNS  AND    SYMBOLS,"  "  HIOTOHY    OF 
IKITIATIOH,"   "  REVELATIONS  OF  A  nQOABE,"  STC.,  BTC. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  DICTIONARY. 


IT  will  be  unnecessary  to  detain  the  reader  for  a  single 
moment,  by  expatiating  on  the  value  of  a  work  like  the 
present.  Its  utility  cannot  fail  to  be  universally  admitted, 
and  the  only  wonder  is,  that  amidst  the  endless  variety  of 
dictionaries,  lexicons,  encyclopedias,  and  glossaries,  with 
which  the  present  age  abounds,  Symbolical  Masonry,  as 
practiced  in  this  country,  should  have  remained  so  long 
without  an  appropriate  book  of  reference,  constructed  in 
the  comprehensive  and  accessible  form  of  a  Dictionary. 

An  idea  of  tKe"  absolute  benefit  arising  from  such  a 
publication,  appears  to  have  been  entertained  on  the  Con- 
tinent nearly  a  century  ago,  when  M.  FLEURY  published  his 
"  Dictionnaire  de  I'Ordre  de  la  Felicite"  for  the  use  of  the 
Androgyne  Lodges,  as  they  were  then  denominated,  or 
Lodges  which  admitted,  indiscriminately,  candidates  and 
members  of  either  sex. 

A  few  years  later,  PERNETTI  published  a  "Dictionnaire 
Mytho-Hermetique  ;"  and  there  the  matter  rested  for  the 
remainder  of  the  century.  It  is  highly  probable  that  the 
speculation  was  not  remunerative,  or  it  would  doubtless 
have  been  followed  up  by  similar  publications  on  other 
branches  of  the  science. 

In  1805  the  attempt  was  renewed  by  CHOMEL,  who  gave  to 
the  world  an  imperfect  "  Vocabulaire  des  Francs-Masons," 
which  was  translated  into  Italian,  by  VIGNOZZI.  This  was 
succeeded  by  a  more  compendious  work,  edited  under 
the  superintendence  of  M.  QUANTIN,  which  he  called  a 
"  Dictionnaire  Magonnique,  ou  Eecueil  de*>  Equisaes  des  toutes 
les  parties,  de  I' Edifice  connu  sous  le  nom  de  Maqonnerie,  etc. ;" 
and  in  Germany,  about  the  same  period,  Bro.  Or. 


4:00  PREFACE. 

published  his  "  Encyclopadie  der  Freimaurerei."  We  find 
also  the  germ  of  a  dictionary  in  the  "  Nomenclature  par  Ordre 
A'phab?tique,  des  Principaux  Rites,  Coteries,  Societies,  Secrets 
el  Grades  Maqonniques,  repandu  en  France  ou  dans  I'Etranger," 
by  THOEY  in  the  first  volume  of  the  "Ada  Latomorum." 

The  two  most  perfect  productions  of  this  class  are  the 
" Freimaurer  Lexicon,"  of  GADICKE,  and  the  "Lexicon  ot 
Freemasonry,"  by  Dr.  ALBEBT  G.  MACKEY,  Grand  Secretary 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  South  Carolina,  U.  S.  But  although 
these  publications  are  exceedingly  well  executed,  yet  their 
peculiar  characteristics  serve  to  render  them  only  partially 
interesting  to  the  English  Fraternity.  They  dwell  too  largely 
on  consistorial,  capitular,  ineSable,  and  spurious  Freema- 
sonry, to  be  adapted  to  the  taste  of  an  Ancient  Craft  Mason; 
and  it  is,  therefore,  believed  'that  a  vocabulary  of  terms, 
peculiar  to  Symbolical  Masonry,  and  arranged  in  alphabetical 
order,  for  the  convenience  of  expeditious  reference,  will  prove 
an  acceptable  boon  to  the  British  Freemason. 

It  will  be  apparent  at  a  single  glanc-  j  the  plan  I  have 
adopted,  is  to  give  the  best  definitions  from  the  best  writers, 
with  the  name  of  the  author  attached  to  each  article.  This 
method  has  been  preferred,  as  it  was  thought  questionable 
whether  the  Fraternity  would  have  considered  the  explana- 
tions of  an  individual  brother  to  possess  that  undoubted 
authority,  with  which  every  book  of  reference  ought  to  be 
invested. 

On  an  attentivfl  perusal  of  the  work  the  reader  will  find 
that  the  definiSxws  have  been  studiously  contracted  into  as 
brief  a  space  as  jDOSsible  consistently  with  perspicuity,  in 
order  to  increa^  'the  number  of  words,  and  make  the  book 
more  generally-usefuL 

My  closing  advice  shall  be — he  who  is  ambitious  of 
becoming  a  good  Mason  must  work,  as  our  ancient  brethren 
worked,  with  FREEDOM,  FERVENCY,  and  ZEAL. 

GEO.  OLIVER. 


A  DICTIONARY 


SYMBOLICAL  MASONRY. 


AARON'S  ROD.  This  symbol  was  introduced  into 
Royal  Arch  Masonry  because  it  constituted  one  of  the 
three  holy  things  which  were  preserved  in  the  Most  Holy 
place  of  the  Tabernacle.  It  refers  to  the  rebellion  of 
Korah  and  his  accomplices.  Moses  directed  that  twelve 
rods  should  be  brought  in,  one  for  each  tribe.  The  princes 
brought  them  in,  some  of  them  perhaps  fondly  expecting 
that  the  choice  would  fall  upon  them,  and  all  of  them 
thinking  it  honor  enough  to  be  competitors  with  Aaron, 
and  to  stand  candidates  even  for  the  priesthood;  and 
Moses  laid  them  up  before  the  Lord.  On  the  next  day 
the  rods,  or  staves,  were  brought  out  of  the  Most  Holy 
place,  where  they  were  laid  up,  and  publicly  produced 
before  the  people;  and  while  all  the  rest  of  the  rods 
remained  as  they  were,  Aaron's  rod  only,  of  a  dry  stick, 
became  a  living  branch — budded,  and  blossomed,  and 
yielded  fruit.  In  some  places  there  were  buds,  in  others 
blossoms,  in  others  fruit,  at  the  same  time;  this  was 
miraculous,  and  took  away  all  suspicion  of  a  fraud,  as  if 
in  the  night  Moses  had  taken  away  Aaron's  rod,  and  put 
a  living  branch  of  an  almond  tree  in  the  room  of  it ;  for 
no  ordinary  branch  would  have  had  buds,  blossoms,  and 
fruits  upon  it  all  at  once. 

ABRAXAS.  This  word  occurs  in  a  Masonic  manuscript 
of  the  fifteenth  century.     Abraxas  is  a  Basilidean  Intelli- 
gence, derived  from  the  name  of  Abraham,  and  given  to 
Mithras  or  the  Sun,  as  the  representative  of  the  Supreme 
34 


4:02  ACA. 

Deity,  or,  in  other  words,  the  Sun  of  Righteousness.  Basi- 
lides  was  a  Pythagorean  of  Alexandria.  The  word,  being 
composed  of  seven  letters,  referred  equally  to  the  seven 
heavens  and  the  same  number  of  subordinate  intelligences, 
as  their  governors;  for  the  Basilideans  considered  the 
seven  planets  to  constitute  the  entire  universe,  and  conse- 
quently to  be  God. 

ACACIA.  There  is  some  difficulty  attending  the  ex- 
planation of  the  sprig  of  cassia,  and  in  assigning  the  true 
reason  why  it  was  introduced  into  the  system  of  Free- 
masonry. Some  say  it  originated  in  the  Jewish  custom 
of  planting  a  branch  of  acacia  vera  (gum  arabic  plant)  on 
the  grave  of  a  departed  relative ;  others  in  the  custom  of 
mourners  bearing  a  branch  of  it  in  their  hands  at  funerals. 
The  cassia  is  not  indigenous  to  the  soil  of  Palestine,  and 
is  only  mentioned  in  Scripture  as  a  fragrant  herb  or  spice, 
the  bark  being  used  in  ungents,  and  sometimes  employed 
for  embalming ;  and,  therefore,  if  the  legend  refer  to  the 
branch  of  a  real  tree,  it  could  be  neither  the  cassia  nor 
acacia ;  and  this  has  given  rise  to  an  opinion  that  the 
branch  or  sprig  is  analogous  to  that  alluded  to  by  Virgil, 
in  his  description  of  the  mysteries ;  and  consequently  was 
the  olive.  Others  again  doubt  whether  our  acacia  has  any 
reference  to  a  tree  or  shrub  at  all,  but  means  the  texture 
and  color  of  the  Masonic  apron  which  those  brethren  wore 

which  were  deputed  by  Solomon  to  search  for ,  and 

simply  refers  to  their  innocence.  If  this  conjecture  be 
correct,  they  add,  it  corroborates  the  accuracy  of  the 
legend  which  says — "  they  took  a  sprig  of  cassia  in  their 
hands  (with  them)."  I  am  rather  inclined  to  think  that 
the  choice  of  cassia,  which  is  a  kind  of  laurel,  was  founded 
on  some  mysterious  reference  which  it  was  supposed  to 
possess,  either  mythological  or  symbolical.  There  are, 
however,  great  difficulties  to  be  surmounted  before  the 
truth  can  be  ascertained. 

ACACIAN.  Masons,  describing  the  deplorable  estate  oi 
religion  under  the  Jewish  law,  speak  in  figures.  "  Her  tomb 
was  in  the  rubbish  and  filth  cast  forth  of  the  temple,  and 
acacia  wove  its  branches  over  her  monument; "  aicatcia  being 
the  Greek  word  for  innocence ;  implying  that  the  sins  and 
corruptions  of  the  old  law  and  devotees  of  the  Jewish  altar 
had  hidden  religion  from  those  who  sought  her,  and  she 
wag  only  to  be  found  where  innocence  survived,  and  under 


ACC— ACH.  403 

fhe  banner  of  the  divine  Lamb,  and  as  to  oui  selves  pro- 
fessing that  we  were  to  be  distinguished  by  our  acacy, 
or  as  true  acacians  in  our  religious  faith  and  tenets. — 
Hutchinson. 

ACCEPTED.  According  to  masonic  tradition  tint 
Masons  are  said  to  have  acquired  the  name  of  Accepted 
at  the  building  of  the  second  Temple  ;  for  the  Fraternity 
were  declared  Free  by  King  Solomon  ;  and  the  brethren, 
when  the  first  Temple  was  completed,  were  furnished 
with  an  honorary  jewel  or  gold  medal,  with  the  word 
FREE  inscribed  upon  it.  The  posterity  of  some  of  tht 
Masons  who  assisted  at  the  erection  of  Solomon's  Tem- 
ple having  settled  on  the  confines  of  Judea,  were  carried 
into  captivity  with  the  Jews,  and  preserving  a  knowledge 
of  the  sciences  of  geometry  and  architecture,  even  in 
their  fallen  fortunes,  were  liberated  by  Cyrus,  and  sub- 
sequently declared  Free  and  Accepted,  exonerated  from 
all  imposts,  duties,  and  taxes,  and  invested  with  the  privi- 
lege of  bearing  arms  by  Darius  and  Artaxerxes,  who 
commanded  the  governors  of  the  surrounding  provinces 
that  they  should  require  no  tax  or  other  imposition  from 
any  of  the  priests,  Levites,  porters,  or  any  that  were  con- 
cerned about  the  Temple  ;  and  that  no  man  should  have 
authority  to  impose  anything  upon  them. 

ACCOUNTS.  All  monies  received  or  paid  on  account 
of  the  lodge,  ought  to  be  entered  in  proper  books.  The 
fees  or  dues  received  on  account  of,  and  payable  to,  the 
Grand  Lodge,  or  Provincial  Grand  Lodge,  should  be  kept 
separate  and  distinct  from  the  monies  belonging  to  the 
private  fund  of  the  lodge,  and  be  deposited  in  the  hands 
of  the  Master  instead  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  Lodge,  to 
be  transmitted  to  the  Grand  Lodge  at  such  times  as  the 
laws  of  the  Craft  require.  The  accounts  of  the  lodge 
are  to  be  audited,  at  least  once  in  every  year,  by  a  com 
mittee  to  be  appointed  by  the  lodge. 

ACHILLES.   Perhaps  some  worthy  people  may  stai 
when  we  point  out  Achilles  as  a  Freemason.     What . 
we  hear  them  exclaim,  is  it  possible  that  that  fierce  and 
ferocious  man-slayer,  nay,  man-eater  at  heart,  for  he  ex 


404  ACK— ACT. 

hibited  a  strong  propensity  to  cannibalism  in  longing  to 
have  devoured  the  dead  body  of  Hector, — is  it  possible 
that  he  could  have  been  one  of  our  philanthropic  society  ? 
Yes,  we  reply,  such  is  the  actual  fact ;  and  Bonaparte 
was  one  too,  in  the  highest  degree.  But  if  you  will  not 
believe  Homer  or  us,  believe  your  own  eyes,  if  indeed 
you  are  a  Mason.  Ecce  signum  !  Behold  Achilles  giving 
rriam  THE  HAND  when  the  latter  is  supplicating  for  the 
body  of  his  slain  son. 

•'  Thus  having  spoken,  the  old  man's  right  hand  at  the  wrist 

He  grasped,  that  he  might  not  in  any  respect  be  alarmed  in  mind." 

Such  is  the  masonic  and  literal  translation  of  the  text  by 
that  illustrious  Grecian  and  brother,  Christopher  North  ; 
and  who  will  say  now  that  Achilles  was  not  a  Mason  ?— 
Freemasons'  Quarterly  Review. 

ACKNOWLEDGED.  In  the  first  degree  the  candidate 
is  said  to  be  entered ;  in  the  second  he  is  passed  ;  in  the 
third  he  is  raised;  in  the  fourth  he  is  advanced;  in  the 
fifth  he  is  inducted;  in  the  sixth  or  Most  Excellent  Mas- 
ter's degree  he  is  said  to  be  "  received  and  acknowledged" 
Because  the  possession  of  the  latter  degree  is  a  recog- 
nization  of  higher  attainments  and  greater  knowledge  of 
the  science  of  Masonry. 

ACROSTIC. 

M.  Magnitude,  moderation,  and  magnanimity. 

A.  Affability,  affection,  and  attention. 

S.  Silence,  secrecy,  and  sincerity. 

O.  Obedience,  order,  oeconomy. 

N.  Noble,  natural,  and  neighbourly. 

R.  Rational,  reciprocal,  and  receptive. 

Yielding,  yearning,  and  Yare. 
The  elucidation  of  this  acrostic  having  been  published 

many  masonic  works,  and  consequently  being  well 
known,  it  is  unnecessary  to  introduce  it  here. 


in  "i7'i7  MASTER.  It  was  the  custom  and 
pra<  the  old  Masons,  that  kings  and  princes,  beins 

Masons  are  considered  Grand  Masters  by  preroS 
during  hfe;  and  in  that  case  they  had  the  privE  of 
appointing  a  deputy  to  preside  over  the  FrateraHv  wi 


ACT— ADD.  405 

the  tit.e  aud  honours  of  Grand  Master.  And  in  the  year 
1782  a  motion  was  made  in  Grand  Lodge  that  whenever 
a  prince  of  the  blood  honoured  the  society  by  accepting 
the  office  of  Grand  Master,  he  should  be  at  liberty  to 
nominate  any  peer  of  the  realm  to  the  office  of  Acting 
Grand  Master. 

ACTIVE.  A  lodge  is  called  active  when  it  assemble 
egularly  ;  and  a  brother  when  he  is  a  working  member 
of  such  a  lodge.  Many  brethren  visit  a  lodge  who  never 
or  very  seldom  take  part  in  lodge  work,  either  because 
they  live  too  far  distant  from  the  lodge,  or  that  the 
labour  is  not  sufficiently  interesting.  Every  lodge  and 
every  officer  ought  to  strive  diligently  to  avoid  the  last 
imputation,  but  if  they  find  their  endeavours  in  vain,  and 
that  there  is  any  brother  who  will  not  pay  due  attention 
to  the  work,  they  ought  to  endeavour  to  reclaim  him, 
first  by  fraternal  remonstrances  ;  if  those  do  not  avail,  by 
punishment.  By  the  death  or  removal  of  the  members, 
a  lodge  may  become  inactive  for  a  time,  and  it  is  bettei 
that  it  should  be  so  than  that  the  continuing  of  the  work 
should  be  entrusted  to  inexperienced  officers. — Gadicke. 

ADAM.  That  the  first  parents  of  mankind  were 
instructed  by  the  Almighty  as  to  his  existence  and  attri 
butes,  and  after  their  fall,  were  further  informed  of  the 
Redemption  which  was  to  be  perfected  by  Christ,  and  as 
a  sign  of  their  belief,  were  commanded  to  offer  sacrifices 
to  God,  I  fully  assent  to  the  creed  of  Masonry  in  believ- 
ing. It  is  also  highly  probable  that  symbolical  actions 
should  have  been  instituted  by  them  in  memory  of  their 
penitence,  reverence,  sympathy,  fatigue,  and  faith,  and  that 
these  might  be  transmitted  to  posterity. — Archdeacon 
Mant. 

ADDRESS.  Those  who  accept  offices  and  exercise 
authority  in  the  lodge,  ought  to  be  men  of  prudence  aud 
address,  enjoying  the  advantages  of  a  well-cultivated 
mind  and  retentive  memory.  All  men  are  not  blessed 
with  the  same  powers  and  talents ;  all  men,  therefore, 
are  not  equally  qualified  to  govern.  He  who  wishes  to 
teach  must  submit  to  learn :  and  no  one  can  be  qualified 


406  ADD— ADO. 

to  support  the  higher  offices  of  the  todge  who  has  not 
previously  discharged  the  duties  of  those  which  are  sub- 
ordinate.   Experience  is  the  best  preceptor.    Every  mar 
may  rise  by  gradation,  but  merit  and  industry  are  th 
first  steps  to  preferment. — Preston. 

ADDRESSING.  No  brother  shall  speak  twice  to  the 
same  question,  unless  in  explanation,  or  the  mover  in 
reply.  Every  one  who  speaks  shall  rise,  and  remain 
standing,  addressing  himself  to  the  Master,  nor  shall  any 
brother  presume  to  interrupt  him,  unless  he  shall  be 
wandering  from  the  point,  or  the  Master  shall  think  fit 
to  call  him  to  order ;  but,  after  he  has  been  set  right,  he 
may  proceed,  if  he  observe  due  order  and  decorum. — 
Constititiions. 

ADMISSION.  Not  more  than  five  new  brothers  shall 
be  made  in  any  one  lodge  on  the  same  day,  nor  any  man 
under  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  unless  by  dispensa- 
tion from  the  Grand  Master  or  Provincial  Grand  Master. 
Every  candidate  for  admission  must  be  a  freeman,  and 
his  own  master,  and,  at  the  time  of  initiation,  be  known 
to  be  in  reputable  circumstances.  He  should  be  a  lover 
of  the  liberal  arts  and  sciences,  and  have  made  some  pro- 
gress in  one  or  another  of  them. — Constitutions. 

ADMONITION.  If  a  brother  grossly  misconduct  him- 
self, let  him  be  admonished  privately  by  the  W.  M. ;  try 
every  gentle  means  to  convince  him  of  his  errors ;  probe 
the  wound  with  a  delicate  hand ;  and  use  every  mild 
expedient  to  work  his  reform.  Perhaps  he  may  save  his 
brother,  and  give  to  societv  a  renewed  and  valuable 
member. 

ADONA1.  The  Jews  are  said  to  have  substituted  the 
\*ord  Adouai  for  the  uncommunicable  name;  but  this 
admits  of  some  qualification.  St.  Jerome,  and  after  him 
Bellarmine,  doubted  the  fact,  because  Jehovah  and 
Adonai  were  two  several  names  of  God,  and  equally 
legitimate;  and  in  some  instances  were  appoirted  to  be 
used  in  conjunction,  as  Jehovah  Adonai ;  and  the  Sep- 
tuagmt  uses  the  word  Kurios. 


ADO— ADY.  407 

ADONIRAM.  This  prince  was  appointed  by  King 
Solomon  to  superintend  the  contributions  towards  build- 
ing the  temple,  as  well  as  the  levy  of  30,000  Israelites 
to  work  by  monthly  courses  in  the  forest  of  Lebanon. 
For  this  purpose,  and  to  insure  the  utmost  regularity,  an 
old  masonic  tradition  informs  us  that  'he  divided  them 
into  lodges,  placing  three  hundred  in  each,  under  a 
Master  and  Wardens,  himself  being  G.  M.  over  all.  He 
was  also  constituted  by  the  king  one  of  the  seven  Grand 
Superintendents,  and  Chief  of  the  Provosts  and  Judges. 

ADVANCED.  In  a  Lodge  of  Mark  Masters,  this  term 
is  appropriately  applied  to  the  candidate  when  he  is 
invested  with  the  degree  of  Mark  Master,  that  being  the 
first  step  in  his  progress  to  higher  attainments  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  science  of  Masonry,  and  of  his  advance- 
ment toward  the  Royal  Arch  degree. 

ADVENT.  We  are  well  assured  of  the  existence  of 
Masonry  at  the  time  of  the  advent  of  our  Lord  upon 
earth,  when  it  received  the  assistance  of  those  two  great 
lights,  who  are  to  this  day  commemorated  in  our  lodges 
in  gratitude  for  the  kindness  received  from  them.  We 
have  reason  to  believe  that  the  secrecy  of  our  Order  was 
often  useful  to  conceal,  and  its  universal  benevolence  to 
preserve,  Christian  professors,  in  the  early  ages  of  the 
church,  from  the  malice  of  their  bitter  enemies  ;  and  it  is 
certain  that  there  are  to  be  found  in  the  writings  of  the 
fathers  many  allusions  of  an  undoubtedly  masonic  cha- 
racter.— Archdeacon  Mant. 

ADYTUM.  In  the  British  and  other  Mysteries  the 
three  pillars  of  Wisdom,  Strength,  and  Beauty  repre- 
sented the  great  emblematical  Triad  of  Deity,  as  with  us 
they  refer  to  the  three  principal  officers  of  the  lodge. 
We  shall  find,  however,  that  the  symbolical  meaning 
was  the  same  in  both.  It  is  a  fact  that  in  Britain  the 
Adytum  or  lodge  was  actually  supported  by  three  stones 
or  pillars,  which  were  supposed  to  convey  a  regenerating 
purity  to  the  aspirant,  after  having  endured  the  cere- 
mony of  initiation  in  all  its  accustomed  formalities.  The 
delivery  from  between  them  was  termed  a  new  birth. 


408  AFF— AGE. 

The  corresponding  pillars  of  the  Hindu  Mythology  were 
also  known  by  the  names  of  Wisdom  Strength,  and 
Beauty,  and  placed  in  the  east,  west,  and  south,  crowned 
with  three  human  heads.  They  jointly  referred  to  the 
Creator,  who  was  said  to  have  planned  the  Great  Work 
bv  his  infinite  Wisdom;  executed  by  his  Strength;  and  to 
have  adorned  it  with  all  its  Beauty  and  usefulness  for  the 
benefit  of  man. 

AFFABILITY.  The  ancient  lodges  were  so  many 
schools  or  academies  for  teaching  and  improving  the  arts 
of  designing,  especially  architecture ;  and  the  present 
lodges  are  often  employed  that  way  in  lodge  hours,  or 
else  in  agreeable  TonveVsation,  though  without  politics 
or  party  feeling ;  and  none  of  them  are  ill  employed ; 
have 'no  transaction  unworthy  of  an  honest  man  or  a 
gentleman ;  no  personal  piques,  no  quarrels,  no  cursing 
and  swearing,  no  cruel  mockings,  no  obscene  talk,  or  ill 
manners,  for  the  noble  and  eminent  brethren  are  affable 
to  the  meanest ;  and  these  are  duly  respectful  to  their 
betters  in  harmony  and  proportion  ;  and  though  on  the 
level,  yet  always  within  compass,  and  according  to  the 
square  and  plumb. — Euclid. 

AGE.  It  is  men  of  mature  age  and  sound  judgment 
alone  who  can  preserve  the  Order  in  its  native  purity ; 
and  those  lodges  whose  officers  are  careful  to  act  in  strict 
accordance  to  the  laws  and  to  the  spirit  of  Freemasonry 
will  always  have  a  supply  of  men  of  mature  age  as  can- 
didates. In  the  lectures  the  question  of  age  occurs,  but 
that  refers  merely  to  the  degree  wrought  upon.  In  the 
ancient  mysteries  the  mystical  age  of  1, 3,  5,  and  7,  refer 
to  so  many  years  of  probation. — Gadicke.  The  symbolic 
ge  of  an  Entered  Apprentice  is  3  years,  of  a  Fellow- 
;raft  5,  and  a  Master  Mason  7  ;  a  Petit  Architect  21,  and 
a  Grand  Architect  27 ;  that  of  a  Knight  of  the  East  is 
70 ;  a  Prince  of  Jerusalem  5  x  15  =  75  ;  a  Secret  Master, 
a  Maitre  Ecossais,  and  a  Prince  of  Mercy,  81 ;  and  a 
Scotch  Knight  500  years.  It  was  by  this  figurative  way 
of  reasoning  that  the  celebrated  impostor  the  Count  St 
Germain,  boasted  that  he  was  500  years  old 

AGLA.     One  of  the  twelve  Cabalistic  names  of  God 


AGL— AHO.  409 

The  other  eleven  were:  Ehje,  Jehovah,  Elohim,  El, 
Gibbor,  Eloah,  Sabaoth,  Isebaoth,  Schaddai,  Adonai,  and 
Makom.  It  is  introduced  here  because  some  of  'our 
brethren  of  the  last  century  used  the  word  as  an  inscrip- 
tion in  Hebrew  characters  for  "  tho  lodge  "  represented 
on  the  floor-cloth. 

AH^MAN  REZON.    Dr.Mackey  says  these  words  ar 
derived  from  the  Hebrew  ahim,  brothers,  manah,  to  pre 
pare,  and  ratzon,  the  will  or  law  ;  and  signifies,  therefore 
literally,  "  the  law  of  prepared  brothers."     Others  con- 
tend that  the  derivation  is  from  achi  man  ratzon,  "  the 
opinions  of  a  true  and  faithful  brother."     It  was  the 
title  adopted  for  their  Book  of  Constitutions  by  the 
section  which  split  off  from  our  Grand  Lodge  about 
the  year  1740,  and  denominated  themselves,  by  way  of 
distinction,  Ancient  Masons. 

AIR.  Every  human  being  at  his  birth  becomes  sub 
ject  to  the  action  of  three  elements.  He  comes  out  o' 
water,  passes  through  the  air,  and  when  he  arrives  at 
maturity,  he  is  under  the  influence  of  fire.  It  is  only  at  his 
death  that  he  can  participate  of  the  fourth  element  (the. 
earth).  When  he  is  initiated  into  the  mysteries  of  Masonry, 
he  is  proved  by  the  three  elements  of  water ;  air,  and  fire 
— Rosenberg. 

AHOLIAB.  Of  the  tribe  of  Dan.  It  is  observed  by 
R.  Bechai,  that  God  chose  one  out  of  the  lowest  tribe 
(for  so  they  accounted  that  of  Dan),  as  well  as  one  out 
of  the  chief,  which  was  Judah  ;  that  Bezaleel  might  not 
be  lifted  up  with  vain  conceit ;  for  great  and  small  are 
equal  before  God.  And  he  truly  observes,  that  one  of 
the  same  tribe  of  Dan,  by  the  mother's  side,  was  the 
most  skilful  person  that  could  be  found  for  the  building 
of  the  Temple  by  Solomon.  There  were  several,  no 
doubt,  who  had  a  natural  genius  to  such  arts  as  were 
necessary  in  this  work,  but  they  could  not,  by  their  own 
industry,  have  attained  such  skill  as  God  bestowed  on 
Aholiab  and  Bezaleel ;  at  least  not  e>?>  soon,  as  to  go 
immediately  about  the  building  of  the  Tabernacle,  and 
all  things  belonging  to  it. — Bishop  Patrick. 


410  AKI— ALL. 

AKIROK  The  name  of  an  assassin  at  the  building 
of  King  Solomon's  Temple. 

ALERT.  As  everything  in  Freemasonry  ought  to  be 
performed  with  the  precision  of  perfect  discipline,  it 
behoves  all  the  officers  of  a  lodge  to  be  ever  on  the  alert 
in  the  discharge  of  their  respective  duties,  that  the  breth- 
ren may  have  continually  before  them  an  example  of 
order  and  regularity  worthy  of  imitation ;  for  it  is  only 
by  the  correct  demeanour  of  the  rulers  and  governors  of 
the  Craft,  that  the  machinery  of  a  lodge  can  be  bene- 
ficially worked,  and  its  labours  conducted  with  such 
effect  as  to-  produce  the  blessings  of  peace,  harmony,  and 
brotherly  love. 

ALEXANDRIA.  The  inundations  of  the  Nile  caused 
the  inhabitants  great  rejoicings.  But  it  usually  happened 
that  when  the  waters  had  subsided,  and  they  returned  to 
their  agricultural  pursuits,  the  sediment  which  had  been 
deposited  by  the  retreating  river  had  obliterated  their 
temporary  laud-marks,  which  originated  violent  disputes 
respecting  their  several  localities.  Being  at  length  tired 
of  these  annual  contentions,  and  hearing  that  a  lodge  of 
Masons  was  in  existence  at  Alexandria,  over  which 
Euclid  presided,  the  Egyptians  resolved  to  refer  all  liti- 
gated matters  to  this  Grand  Lodge.  Euclid  undertook 
the  task,  and  with  the  assistance  of  his  Grand  Warden, 
Straton  the  philosopher,  collected  the  scattered  elements 
of  geometry,  and  formed  them  into  a  regular  system,  by 
which  means  the  people  were  instructed  how  to  measure 
and  apportion  their  lands,  and  renew  their  boundary 
marks,  without  any  infringement  of  each  others  rights 
or  property. 

ALLEGORY.  The  two  sons  of  Abraham,  Ishmael, 
born  of  Agar  his  handmaid,  and  Isaac,  born  of  Sarah  the 
free-woman,  contain  an  allegory  in  which  the  name  iu 
put  for  the  thing  signified  or  represented  by  it ;  for  these 
two  women  and  their  children  are,  by  representation,  the 
two  covenants ;  the  one  covenant  being  that  from  Mount 
Smai,  gendering  to  bondage,  which  is,  by  representation, 
Agar  the  bond-woman,  and  so  bearing  a  child  which  also 


ALL— ALP.  411 

was  in  bondage,  for  that  which  is  signified  by  Agar,  from 
whom  Ishraael  descended,  is  Mount  Sinai  in  Arabia, 
whence  the  law  was  given;  and  this  Agar  answers  to 
Jerusalem  that  now  is,  and  is  in  bondage  with  her  child- 
ren to  the  law,  as  the  bond-woman  and  her  child  were  to 
Abraham  ;  but  the  Jerusalem  which  is  above,  is  by  repre- 
sentation Sarah  the  free-woman,  whose  son  was  born,  not 
according  to  the  flesh,  but  "  according  to  the  promise." 
"  Lo  then,  brethren,  we  are  not  the  children  of  the  bond- 
woman, but  the  free." — Whitbij. 

ALL-SEEING-  EYE.  Whom  the  Sun,  Moon,  and  Stars 
obey,  and  under  whose  watchful  care  even  comets  per- 
form their  stupendous  revolutions,  beholds  the  inmost 
recesses  of  the  human  heart,  and  will  reward  us  accord- 
ing to  our  works. — Lectures.' 

ALLUREMENTS.  Masonry  is  one  of  the  most  sub 
lime  and  perfect  institutions  that  ever  was  formed  for 
the  advancement  of  happiness  and  general  good  of  man- 
kind ;  creating,  in  all  its  varieties,  universal  benevolence 
and  brotherly  love.  It  holds  out  allurements  so  capti- 
vating as  to  inspire  the  brotherhood  with  emulation  to 
deeds  of  glory,  such  as  must  command,  throughout  the 
world,  veneration  and  applause,  and  such  as  must  entitle 
those  who  perform  them  to  dignity  and  respect.  It 
teaches  us  those  useful,  wise,  and  instructive  doctrines, 
upon  which  alone  true  happiness  is  founded ;  and  at  the 
same  time  affords  those  easy  paths  by  which  we  attain 
the  rewards  of  virtue  ;  it  teaches  us  the  duties  which  we 
owe  to  our  neighbour,  never  to  injure  him  in  any  one 
situation,  but  to  conduct  ourselves  with  justice  and 
impartiality  ;  it  bids  us  not  to  divulge  the  mystery  tc  the 
public,  and  it  orders  us  to  be  true  to  our  trust,  and  above 
all  meanness  and  dissimulation,  and  in  all  our  vocations 
to  perform  religiously  that  which  we  ought  to  do. — Duke 
of  Sussex. 

ALPHA  and  OMEGrA.  From  eternity  to  eternity 
This  mode  of  speech  is  borrowed  from  the  Jews,  who 
express  the  whole  compass  of  things  by  x  aleph  and  n  tau, 
the  first  and  last  letters  of  the  Hebrew  alphabets  ;  but  aa 


412  ALT— AME. 

St.  John  was  writing  in  Greek,  he  accommodates  tlie 
whole  to  the  Greek  alphabet,  of  which  A  alpha  and  Q  omega 
are  the  first  and  last  letters.  With  the  rabbins  in  iy\  ixn 
mealeph  vcad  tau,  "from  aleph  to  tau"  expressed  the  whole 
of  a  matter  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  ;  as  Adam  trans- 
gressed the  whole  law  from  aleph  to  tau,  i.  e.  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end. — Adam  Clarke. 

ALTAR.  An  altar  must  be  a  most  holy  place  to 
every  Christian,  and  more  especially  to  every  true  wor- 
shipper of  God.  It  was  so  to  the  first  nations  who 
conceived  the  idea  of  a  Most  High  being.  High  above 
all  the  stars  they  conjectured  was  his  most  elevated  seat. 
They  fell  upon  their  knees  when  they  worshipped  Him, 
as  more  emblematical  of  the  immense  distance  they  were 
removed  from  Him  ;  and  they  built  altars,  upon  which 
they  offered  fruits  and  other  things,  that  the  smoke  might 
arise  towards  Him,  as  a  proof  of  their  gratitude.  We, 
as  enlightened  Christians  and  Freemasons,  make  no 
offerings  of  fruits  upon  our  altars,  neither  are  they  any 
more  to  be  found  upon  the  tops  of  mountains,  or  in  the 
depths  of  the  caverns,  but  under  a  cloudy  canopy,  as 
emblematical  of  the  heavens,  and  our  offerings  are  the 
hallowed  obligations  of  a  grateful  and  pious  heart. — 

/~»        7 '     7  ^ 

(jraaicfce. 

AMERICA.  The  Americans  appear  to  be  more  gene 
rally  versed  in  the  principles  of  the  Order  than  the 
brethren  of  this  country ;  which  is  owing,  I  conceive,  to 
the  genial  operation  of  its  local  Grand  Lodges.  Every 
brother  may  become  a  ruler  of  the  Craft,  and  a  Master  in 
Israel,  by  his  own  meritorious  exertions.  The  offices  oi 
Grand  Lodge  are  open  to  industrious  and  worthy  brethren 
who  have  given  proof  of  their  excellence  in  the  art ;  an 
this  facility  of  promotion  excites  a  spirit  of  friendly  emu- 
lation which  operates  favourably  For  society  at  large. 
The  several  Grand  Lodges  also  are  engaged  in  an 
amicable  contest  which  shall  carry  out  the  best  interests 
ot  Masonry  most  effectually;  and  hencs  we  find  no- 
img  in  Masonry  as  it  is  practised  there  to  condemn, 

it  everything  to  commend.  They  do  not  waste  their 
time  in  talking— debates  upon  all  speculative  questions 


AMB— AMP.  413 

being  left  to  the  several  committees  or  boards.  The 
Grand  Lodges  have  to  determine  merely  upon  their 
reports,  which  are  usually  found  to  be  drawn  up  with  so 
much  judgment  and  discrimination  as  not  to  be  sus- 
ceptible of  any  hostile  opinion ;  and  hence  their  members 
are  seldom  in  collision  with  each  other. 

AMBITION.  The  possession  and  exercise  of  authority 
is  a  matter  of  honourable  and  proper  ambition  in  every 
brother  who  really  prizes  the  institution  into  which  he 
has  been  initiated,  and  who  wishes  to  render  his  Masonry 
productive  of  its  legitimate  fruits — the  moral  improve- 
ment of  his  mental  faculties.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  how- 
ever, that  this  ambition,  so  praiseworthy  when  exercised 
within  its  due  bounds,  is  too  frequently  indulged,  even 
to  an  unlimited  extent,  by  brethren  who,  though  in  other 
respects  worthy,  do  not  possess  the  requisite  talent  or 
industry  to  confer  distinction.  Or,  in  other  words,  the 
ambition  is  more  frequently  for  the  office,  than  for  the 
qualification  to  execute  it  with  credit  to  themselves  or 
benefit  to  the  community  over  which  they  have  been 
called  on  to  preside. 

AMMI.  Say  ye  unto  your  brethren,  Ammi ;  and  to 
your  sisters,  Ruhamah.  Although  the  Israelites,  in  the 
days  of  Hosea,  were  in  general  corrupt,  and  addicted  to 
idolatry,  yet  there  were  among  them  in  the  worst  times 
some  who  had  not  bowed  down  the  knee  to  Baal.  These 
were  always  Ammi  and  Ruhamah ;  God's  own  people 
and  a  darling  daughter.  It  is  probable  that  God  here 
commissions  these  faithful  few  to  admonish  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  land  in  general  of  the  dreadful  judgments 
that  would  be  brought  upon  them  by  the  gross  idolatry 
of  the  Jewish  church  and  nation.  Speak  to  your  brethren, 
0  Ammi  (O  my  people),  and  to  your  sisters,  O  Ruhamah 
(O  darling  daughter). — Bishop  Horsley. 

AMPLE  FOEM.  When  the  Grand  Master  performs  any 
Masonic  ceremony  in  person  it  is  said  to  be  in  "  ample 
form  ; "  if  by  the  Deputy  Grand  Master  it  is  in  "  due  form ; " 
and  if  by  any  other  person  it  is  "  in  form."  "  Due  and 
ancient  form"  is  often  applied  in  place  of  the  above  terms. 
35 


4M  ANC. 

ANCIENT  CHARGES.  To  define  the  authority  of 
Masons  in  the  clearest  and  most  simple  manner,  our 
ancient  brethren  made  them  the  subjects  of  a  series  of 
exhortations ;  which  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  legacies 
that  in  their  wisdom  they  have  bequeathed  to  us. 
allude  to  the  Ancient  Charges,  which  have  been  so 
iudiciously  incorporated  into  our  Book  of  Constitutions 
and  which  every  Mason  would  do  well  to  study  with 
attention,  that  they  may  be  reduced  to  practice  whenever 
their  assistance  is  needed.  These  charges  are  sufficiently 
comprehensive,  and  embrace  an  epitome  of  every  duty 
which  the  Mason  is  enjoined  to  perform.  And  as  a 
commentary  on  them,  the  Grand  Lodge  has  thought 
proper,  in  its  Constitutions,  to  enumerate  these  various 
duties  more  minutely,  and  to  make  the  breaches  of  them 
penal,  whilst  honours  and  rewards  are  held  out  to  those 
worthy  brothers  who  have  been  distinguished  by  regu- 
larity and  decorous  conduct. 

ANCIENT  MASONS.  In  the  year  1739  a  few  breth- 
ren, having  violated  the  laws  of  Masonry,  were  expelled 
from  the  Grand  Lodge,  and  adopted  the  bold  measure, 
under  the  fictitious  name  of  the  Ancient  York  Constitu- 
tion, of  constituting  lodges,  which  were  pronounced 
independent  of  the  Grand  Lodge.  And  the  latter,  for  the 
purpose  of  producing  a  marked  distinction  between  the 
two  systems,  resolved  at  length  to  adopt  the  expedient, 
apparently  rendered  necessary  by  the  emergency,  but 
extremely  ill-judged,  of  introducing  a  slight  alteration 
into  the  system,  which  might  have  the  effect  of  detect- 
ing the  schismatics,  and  thus  excluding  them  from  the 
orthodox  lodges.  The  resolution  was  unfortunate,  and 
produced  the  very  evil  it  was  intended  to  avert.  It 
proved  a  source  of  exultation  and  triumph  to  the  seced- 
ing brethren.  They  loudly  exclaimed  against  what  they 
called  an  alteration  of  the  landmarks,  as  an  unprece- 
dented and  unconstitutional  proceeding;  accused  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  having  deviated  from  ancient  usage,  and  confer- 
red upon  all  its  members  and  adherents  the  invidious 
epithet  of  Modern  Masons,  while  they  appropriated  to  them- 
selves the  exclusive  and  honourable  title  of  "Ancient 
Maaons,  acting  under  the  old  York  Constitutions,  cement- 


ANC— AND. 

ed  and  conseciated  by  immemorial  observance."  Taking 
advantage  of  this  popular  cry,  they  proceeded  to  the  for- 
mation of  an  independent  Grand  Lodge,  drew  up  a  code 
of  laws  for  its  government,  issued  warrants  for  the  con- 
stitution of  new  lodges  "  under  the  true  ancient  system 
of  Freemasonry ;"  and  from  the  fees  arising  out  of  these 
proceedings,  they  succeeded  in  establishing  a  fund  of 
benevolence,  besides  defraying  the  current  expenses  ol 
*~he  institution. 

ANCHOR.  The  hope  of  glory,  or  of  the  fulfilment 
of  all  God's  promises  to  our  souls,  is  the  golden  or  pre- 
cious anchor,  by  which  we  must  be  kept  steadfast  in  the 
faith,  and  encouraged  to  abide  in  our  proper  station, 
amidst  the  storms  of  temptation,  affliction,  and  persecu- 
tion.— Scott. 

ANCHOR  AND  ARK.  The  ark  and  anchor  are 
emblems  of  a  well-grounded  hope  and  a  well-spent  life. 
They  are  emblematical  of  that  divine  ark  which  triumph- 
antly bears  us  over  this  tempestuous  sea  of  troubles; 
and  that  anchor  which  shall  safely  moor  us  in  a  peaceful 
harbour,  where  the  wicked  cease  from  troubling  and  the 
weary  are  at  rest. 

ANDERSON.  Dr.  Anderson  lived  in  the  beginning  of 
the  18th  century,  and  it  is  from  him  that  we  have  the 
so  deservedly  celebrated  Book  of  Constitutions  of  the 
Ancient  and  Honourable  Fraternity  of  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons.  The  first  part  contains  the  history  of  the  Order, 
and  the  second  contains  the  charges,  rules,  laws,  duties, 
&c.,  together  with  an  historical  account  of  the  origin  oi 
the  Order.  Anderson,  in  the  dedication  to  the  then 
Prince  of  Wales,  calls  himself  Secretary  to  the  Grand 
Lodge  in  London,  and  states  that  the  work  was  composed 
by  the  command  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  from  its  archives, 
traditions,  and  lodge-books.  The  first  edition  appeared 
in  1723,  a  second  in  1738 ;  since  then  various  editions 
have  been  published,  viz.,  one  by  Entick,  in  1758,  one  in 
1776,  one  in  1784,  by  Noorthouck,  and  in  1S06  the  latest- 
To  the  second  edition  a  superior  privilege  was  attached 
ly  the  Grand  Lodge  in  London,  no  other  constitution 


416  ANG. 

book  being  allowed  in  the  lodges  but  that  of  Anderson, 
and  no  alteration  being  allowed  to  be  made  in  ]t.  Al- 
though in  this  work  the  history  of  Freemasonry  is  carried 
back  to  the  creation,  yet  the  information  it  has  been  the 
means  of  preserving  with  regard  to  the  duties  of  a  1  ree 
mason,  the  constitutions  of  the  Order,  and  the  history  ot 
the  English  lodges,  make  it  a  valuable  work,  and  cause 
it  to  be  highly  prized  by  every  lodge  and  every  brother 
In  the  first  edition  no  mention  is  made  of  the  formation 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  in  London  in  1717,  but  is  added  to 
the  second  edition.  There  is  a  German  translation  pub- 
lished at  Frankfort-on-the-Maine,  and  various  French 
editions. — GadicTce. 

ANGEL  OF -JEHOVAH.  The  Angel  of  Jehovah 
who  appeared  at  the  B.  B.  has  been  conjectured  to  be 
Michael,  the  leader  of  the  Host  of  Heaven,  who  appeared 
also  to  Joshua  and  Daniel ;  but  he  was  really  and 
truly  the  captain  of  our  salvation,  or  Jehovah  himself 
the  Creator  of  the  world,  or  Jesus  Christ,  called  by 
Masons  the  Grand  Architect  of  the  Universe,  who  only 
hath  immortality,  dwelling  in  the  Light  which  no  man 
can  approach  unto.  This  divine  Being  called  to  Moses 
by  his  name,  and  commanded  him  to  approach  with 
naked  feet,  because  the  ground  on  which  he  stood  was 
holy,  or  consecrated  by  the  divine  Presence.  And  there- 
fore Moses  took  off  his  shoes  in  obedience  to  the  divine 
command,  and  prostrated  himself  before  the  Deity. 

ANGERONA.  The  goddess  of  silence.  Both  the 
Romans  and  Egyptians  worshipped  the  gods  and  god- 
desses of  Silence.  The  Latins  particularly  worshipped 
Angerona  and  Tacita,  whose  image  stood  upon  the  altai 
of  the  goddess  Volupia,  with  its  mouth  tied  up  and  sealed 
because  they  who  endure  their  cares  with  silence  and 
patience,  do,  by  that  means,  procure  to  themselves  the 
greatest  pleasure.  There  is  a  beautiful  female  statue. 
executed  in  the  finest  style  of  Grecian  art,  in  the  Town- 
ley  Gallery,  room  iii.,  No.  22,  which  some  think  to  be  a 
figure  of  this  goddess. 

ANGLES.      Geometrical    figures,   as=    lines,    angles. 


ANG— ANO.  417 

squares,  anJ  perpendiculars,  were  ranked  amongst  the 
symbols  01  Druidism,  as  well  as  Freemasonry.  As  the 
Druids  had  no  enclosed  temples,  thinking  them  inconsist- 
ent with  the  majesty  of  the  gods,  so  neither  had  thev 
any  carved  images  to  represent  them,  and  for  the  sami 
reason ;  but  instead  thereof  rude  stones  were  erected  ii 
their  places  of  worship  at  some  mystic  significant  dis 
tance,  and  in  some  emblematical  number,  situation,  anc 
plan  ;  sometimes  in  right  lines,  sometimes  in  squares,  some- 
times in  triangles,  sometimes  in  both ;  now  single,  ana 
fifty  paces  distant  or  more  from  the  circles  ;  or  eminently 
taller  than  the  rest  in  the  circular  line,  and  making  a 
part  of  it  like  portals,  not  only  to  shape  the  entrance, 
but  to  hallow  those  that  entered;  it  appearing,  by  many 
monuments,  that  the  Druids  attributed  great  virtue  to 
these  angular  passages  between  rocks. 

ANGULAR  TRIAD.  At  the  establishment  of  the 
Royal  Arch  degree,  the  angular  triad  bore  a  reference  to 
the  three  great  lights,  which  at  that  period  were  inter- 
preted to  symbolize  the  light  of  the  Gospel  and  the 
sublime  Mystery  of  the  Trinity. 

ANNIYEBSAKIES,  MASONIC.  For  Ancient  Craft  or 
Symbolic  Masonry  the  festivals  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
24th  of  June,  and  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  27th  of  De- 
cember. 

ANNUITIES.  Annuities  are  granted  by  many  lodges 
to  aged  and  distressed  Freemasons,  and  also  to  the  poor 
widows  of  deceased  brethren :  and  this  description  of 
charity  is  certainly  the  most  useful  which  any  lodge  can 
exercise.  The  silent  gratitude  of  the  recipient  is  a  suffi- 
cient reward  to  the  Order,  but  it  also  reaps  this  benefit, 
that  the  widow  will  encourage  her  sons,  if  she  has  any 
and  God  may  bless  and  prosper  them  when  grown  up,  to 
assist  in  giving  similar  assistance  to  other  suffering  breth 
ren  and  widows. 

ANOMALY.  Freemasonry  is  mysterious  because  ii 
is  an  admitted  anouaaly  in  the  history  of  the  earth. 
Without  territorial  possessions — without  any  othe* 


418  ANT 

coercing  power  than  that  of  morality  and  virtue,  it  has 
survived  the  wreck  of  mighty  empires,  and  resisted  the 
destroying  hand  of  Time.     Contrast  the  histt  ry  of  Free- 
masonry with  the  history  of  the  nations  of  the  worM, 
and  what  is  the  result  ?     The  Jews,  God's  favored  people 
nto  whose  custody  Masonry  was  first  entrusted  by  it 
divine  Author,  where  are  they  now  ? — A  race  of  wander 
ere,   scattered   over   the   face  of  the   globe.     And  th 
stupendous  and  magnificent  structure — the  Temple — a 
once  their  glory  and  the  wonder  of  the  world,  where  is 
it  now  ? — Not  one  stone  left  upon  another.     Babylon,  in 
her  day  the  queen  of  nations,  has  fallen,  never  to  rise 
again.     Egypt,  with  her  kings  and  philosophers ;  classic 
Greece,  and  Imperial  Rome,  we  now  find  but  occupying 
their  page  in  the  history  of  the  world.     But  Masonry  at 
this  moment  shines  throughout  the  world  with  as  bright 
and  undiminished  a  lustre  as  when  first  revealed  by  God 
to  man. — Alexander  Grant. 

ANTEDILUVIANS.  Having  been  forewarned  by 
Adam  of  an  universal  deluge  and  conflagration,  the  ante- 
diluvians erected  two  pillars,  one  of  brick  and  the  other 
of  stone,  which  they  were  of  opinion  would,  one  or  the 
other  or  them,  be  proof  against  every  attack  either  of 
fire  or  water.  They  engraved  upon  these  pillars  their 
discoveries  and  inventions,  lest,  in  a  series  of  ages,  the 
knowledge  of  science  itself  should  become  extinct. 
Their  precaution  was  not  in  vain ;  for,  to  this  day,  the 
stone  pillar  is  to  be  seen  in  Syria. — Josephus. 

ANTI-MASONKY.  Anti-masonry  was  converted 
into  a  watch- word  about  the  year  1830,  for  political  pur- 
poses, and  to  render  the  cry  more  imposing,  and  more 
successful,  it  was  alleged  that  the  Fraternity  had  mur- 
dereda  man  of  the  name  of  Morgan  in  1826  for  disclosing 
the  secret.  The  excitement  was  kept  up  with  unceasing 
pertinacity  until  it  numbered  nearly  100,000  free  and 
intelligent  electors  of  the  State  of  New  York;  almost 
divided  the  vote  of  Pennsylvania. ;  planted  itself  deeply 
in  the  soil  of  Massachusetts ;  spread  itself  in  others  of 
the  New  England  states  in  Ohio  and  elsewhere ;  while  in 
t,  like  the  rod  of  Asron,  it  so  far  swallowed  up 


APO— APP.  419 

both  of  the  former  parties,  as  to  have  obtained  the  con- 
trol of  the  state  government.  Nor  was  it  of  factitious 
partisans  or  disappointed  men  that  this  party  was 
composed.  It  comprised  among  its  members  as  great  a 
portion  of  wealth  and  character — of  talents  and  respect- 
ability— as  any  party  that  was  ever  formed  of  equal 
numbers  in  this  or  any  other  country.  And  where  is  this 
great  anti-masonic  party  now  ?  The  excitement  contin- 
ued a  few  years,  the  hollowness  of  its  principles  became 
apparent,  and  it  suddenly  disappeared  like  a  passing 
cloud,  leaving  behind  it  nothing  but  public  shame  and 
contempt. 

APOSTACY.  In  the  masonic  system  we  are  not  only 
taught  something  of  the  history  of  the  material  world, 
but  numerous  facts  pertaining  to  the  moral,  which  are 
infinitely  more  important.  Such  is  the  apostacy  of  our 
first  parents.  This  melancholy  event  is  explicitly  brought 
to  view  in  so  many  words,  and  so  strikingly  represented, 
as  seldom  to  fail  of  making  deep  and  lasting  impressions 
on  the  heart.  The  wretched,  and  destitute,  anoLdeplora- 
ble  situation  of  Adam,  which  was  the  fruit  of  his  dis- 
obedience, are  affectingly  exhibited  by  the  most  lively 
masonic  representations. —  Town. 

APOSTATE  MASONS.  It  would  be  equally  useless 
and  vain  to  deny  that  we  have  occasionally  found  amongst 
ourselves  individuals  who  have  violated  their  solemn 
pledges,  and  sinned  against  the  rites  of  masonic  faith. 
However  we  may  lament  the  consequences,  we  cannot 
impugn  the  fact.  Still  it  does  not  detract  from  the  merit 
of  the  institution,  any  more  than  the  apostates,  from 
Judas  Iscariot  downwards,  who  have  failed  to  sully  the 
intrinsic  purity  of  the  Christian  religion. 

APPEAL.  As  the  Grand  Lodge,  when  congregated, 
is  a  representation  of  every  individual  member  of  the 
Fraternity,  it  necessarily  possesses  a  supreme  superin- 
tending authority,  and  the  power  of  finally  deciding  on 
every  case  which  concerns  the  interest  of  the  Craft 
Any  lodge  or  brother,  therefore,  v  ho  may  feel  aggrieved 
by  the  decision  of  any  other  masonic  authority  or  juris- 


420  APP— ARC. 

diction,  may  appeal  to  the  Grand  Lodge  against  such 
decision.  The  appeal  must  be  made  in  writing,  specify- 
ing the  particular  grievance  complained  of,  and  be  trans- 
mitted to  the  Grand  Secretary.  A  notice  and  copy  ol  the 
appeal  must  also  be  sent  by  the  appellant  to  the  party 
against  whose  decision  the  appeal  is  made.  All  appeals 
must  be  made  in  proper  and  decent  language ;  no  others 
will  be  received.  — Constitutions. 

APPRENTICE,  or  first  degree  in  the  Order.  An 
apprentice  is  respected  in  every  lodge  as  u  brother  equally 
as  much  as  an  older  member,  and  he  has  not,  as  might 
be  supposed,  any  especially  derogatory  work  to  do.  He 
learns  masonic  wisdom  as  far  as  it  can  be  taught  in  the 
first  degree,  and  he  is,  therefore,  called  an  Apprentice. 
His  clothing  in  the  lodge  is  very  little  different  from  that 
of  the  others ;  and  the  older  brethren  dare  not  place  much 
value  in  their  being  able  to  wear  an  ornament  or  two 
more  than  he  does. — Gadicke. 

APRON.  An  apron  is  given  to  an  operative  Mason 
as  a  real  necessary  article ;  to  a  Freemason  only  as  a 
symbol.  If  the  apron  of  an  operative  mason  becomes 
dirty,  this  is  mostly  a  sign  of  his  praiseworthy  industry ; 
but  when  the  Freemason  does  not  keep  himself  morally 
pure  in  all  his  actions,  he  stains  the  pure  white  of  his 
apron  to  his  own  disgrace.  A  masonic  apron  is  made  of 
common  white  leather,  and  no  brother  is  allowed  to 
appear  in  a  lodge  without  one ;  it  is  intended  to  remind 
him  of  purity  of  mind  and  morals;  white  amongst  the 
ancients  being  considered  as  an  emblem  of  purity  of  soul. 
It  is  well  known  that  formerly  none  but  those  of  mature 
age  were  baptized,  and  they  had  to  be  dressed  in  white, 
to  show  that  they  had  laid  aside  the  lusts  of  the  flesh. 
Those  brethren  who  prove  by  their  active  benevolence 
and  industry  that  they  are  worthy,  receive  promotion  in 
the  Order,  and  their  aprons  have  proper  decorations  for 
each  degree. — Gadicke. 

ARCANA.  In  the  secret  arcana  of  our  mysteries,  a 
leries  of  valuable  truths  are  preserved,  which  correspond 
with  the  teaching  of  Christianity,  and  point  to  the 


ARC!  423 

appearance  of  a  Saviour  in  the  world,  to  atone  for  human 
transgression,  and  carry  us  from  earth  to  heaven.  And 
being  the  conservator  of  such  valuable  mysteries,  it  is 
not  surprising  that  in  these  days  of  superior  piety  and 
intelligence,  it  should  so  rapidly  increase  in  public 
estimation,  and  be  practised  by  the  wise  and  good,  not 
merely  as  a  source  of  rational  amusement,  but  as  a 
means  of  promoting  the  blessings  of  morality  and  virtue 
amongst  mankind,  and  augmenting  a  respect  for  the 
institution  of  religion. 

ARCH  OF  HEAVEN.  Job  compares  heaven  to  an 
arch  supported  by  pillars.  "The  pillars  of  heaven  trem- 
ble and  are  astonished  at  his  reproof."  Dr.  Cutbush  on 
this  passage  remarks — "  The  arch  in  this  instance  is 
allegorical,  not  only  of  heaven,  but  of  the  higher  degree 
of  Masonry,  commonly  called  the  Holy  Royal  Arch. 
The  pillars  which  support  the  arch  are  emblematical  ol 
Wisdom  and  Strength  ;  the  former  denoting  the  wisdom 
of  the  Supreme  Architect,  and  the  latter  the  stability  of 
the  universe." — Brewster. 

ARCHITECTURE.  Architecture  is  one  of  the  first 
occupations  in  which  man  employed  himself,  and  reflec- 
tion is  the  first  step  towards  improving  the  mind.  How 
astonishingly  has  the  science  of  architecture  improved 
and  how  honoured  and  how  respected  is  an  experienced 
architect !  The  science  commenced  with  miserable  huts  ; 
the  next  step  was  to  erect  altars  on  which  to  offer  sacri- 
fices to  the  gods ;  of  their  own  imaginations  regular 
dwellings  followed  next  in  rotation,  after  which,  in  rapid 
succession,  came  palaces  for  their  princes,  bridges  over 
the  most  rapid  streams  to  facilitate  their  commune  with 
^ach  other  ;  pyramids  and  towers,  proudly  pointing  to  the 
heavens ;  catacombs  of  nearly  immeasurable  dimensions 
for  the  interment  of  their  dead,  and  the  most  gorgeous 
temples  in  honour  of  the  Great  Architect  of  heaven 
and  earth.  Thus  we  have  adopted  the  title  of  Masons 
from  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  most  honourable  occu- 
pations of  mankind,  in  allusion  to  the  antiquity  of  our 
Order.  The  working  tools  of  an  operative  mason  have 
become  our  symbols,  because  we  can  find  no  better  ot 


424  ARC— ARK. 

more  expressive  ones.  No  occupation  is  so  widely 
extended,  and  in  close  connexion  with  others,  as  that  of 
a  Mason ;  and  the  various  paths  by  which  mankind  strive 
to  gain  an  entrance  into  the  imperishable  temple  are 
innumerable. — Gadirkf.. 

ARCHIVES.  Our  traditions  state  that  the  hollow  or 
the  cylinder  of  these  pillars  (J.  &  B.)  was  used  as  archives 
of  Masonry,  and  contained  the  sacred  rolls  which  com- 
prised the  history  of  the  Hebrew  nation,  their  civil  and 
religious  polity,  the  works  of  the  prophetical  and 
inspired  writers,  and  the  complete  system  of  universal 
science. — Hemming. 

ARITHMETIC.  The  science  of  arithmetic  is  indis 
pensable  to  the  architect,  and  highly  prized  by  him.  It 
is  a  very  ancient  science,  and  was  perfected  in  ancient 
Greece.  Far  be  it  from  every  Mason  to  give  himself  up 
to  the  superstitious  practice  of  foretelling  human  events 
by  the  science  of  arithmetic ;  but  he  knows  that  it  is  by 
the  assistance  of  arithmetic  that  we  have  discovered  the 
courses  of  the  heavenly  bodies ;  that  without  its  assist- 
ance we  could  not  know  when  the  moon  would  shine, 
when  it  would  be  ebb  or  flood,  when  summer  or  winter 
would  c  ommence. — Gadicke. 

ARK  AND  ANCHOR.     [See  ANCHOR  AND  ARK.] 

ARK.  The  ark  of  the  covenant  was  a  kind  of  chest 
or  coffer,  placed  in  the  sanctum  sanctorum,  with  the 
two  tables  of  stone  containing  the  decalogue,  written 
with  the  finger  of  God,  and  containing  the  most  sacred 
monument  of  the  Jewish  or  any  other  religion.  Along 
with  the  ark  were  deposited  the  rod  of  Aaron  anH  the 
pot  of  manna.  The  ark  was  a  symbol  of  the  divine 
presence  and  protection  of  the  Israelites,  and  a  pledge 
of  the  stability  of  the  theocracy,  so  long  as  the  people 
adhered  to  the  articles  of  the  covenant  which  the  ark 
contained.  This  sacred  chest  was  made  of  shittim  wood, 
or  the  timber  of  a  thorny  shrub  which  grew  in  great 
profusion  in  many  parts  of  the  wilderness  where  the 
Israelites  were  directed  to  encamp,  and  gave  its  name  to 


ARll— ART.  425 

a  particular  piace,  which  was  hence  called  Abel  Shittira 
It  is  supposed  to   have  been  the  wood  of  the  burning 
bush,  which  was  once  held  in   such  veneration   in  our 
Royal  Arch  Chapters.     This  timber  had  a  close  grain 
and  consequently  was  capable  of  receiving  a  beautifu 
polish,   and,  like  the  cedar,  from  its  fragrance  exemp 
from  the  attacks  of  worms  and  rottenness.     Hence  th 
ark  endured,  without  losing  any  of  its  specific  virtues 
from  the  time  of  its  construction  in  the  wilderness  to  th 
demolition  of  the  Temple  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  a  perioi 
of  nine  hundred  years.     It  was  made  by   Aholiab  and 
Bezaleel,  under  the  direction  of  Moses,  and  according  to 
the  pattern  which  Jehovah  had  shown  him  on  the  Holy 
Mountain;  and  appropriated  to  such  a  sublime  office, 
that  all  persons  were  forbidden  to  look  upon  or  touch  it 
under  pain  of  death. 

ARRANGEMENT.  The  appointment  and  arrange- 
ment of  a  masonic  lodge-room  in  the  18th  century  were 
very  different  to  our  present  practice.  A  long  table  was 
extended  from  one  end  of  the  room  to  the  other,  covered 
with  a  green  cloth,  on  which  were  placed  duplicates  of 
the  ornaments,  furniture  and  jewels,  intermixed  with 
masonic  glasses  for  refreshment.  At  one  end  of  this 
table  was  placed  the  Master's  pedestal,  and  at  the  other 
that  of  the  Senior  Warden,  while  about  the  middle  of 
the  table,  in  the  south,  the  Junior  Warden  was  placed, 
and  the  brethren  sat  round  as  at  a  common  ordinary. 
When  there  was  a  candidate  to  be  initiated,  the  candidate 
was  paraded  outside  the  whole;  and,  on  such  occasions, 
after  he  had  been  safely  deposited  at  the  north-east  angle 
of  the  lodge,  a  very  short  explanation  of  the  design  of 
Freemasonry,  or  a  brief  portion  of  the  lecture,  was  con- 
sidered sufficientsbefore  the  lodge  was  called  from  labour 
to  refreshment.  The  song,  the  toast,  the  sentiment,  went 
merrily  round,  and  it  was  not  until  the  brethren  were 
tolerably  satiated  that  the  lodge  was  resumed,  and  the 
routine  business  transacted  before  closing. 

ARTS,  LIBERAL.  The  seven  liberal  arts  and  sciences 
are  Grammar,  Rhetoric,  Arithmetic,  Logic,  Music,  Ge- 


42fl  ASC-AST. 

netry  and  Astronomy.     They  are  beautifully  explained 
hi  the  second,  or  Fellow-Craft's,  degree. 

ASCENT    The  ascent  of  a  Fellowcraft,  when  Tie  goes 
to  receive  his  wages,  is  by  a  staircase  of  five  divisions 
referring  to  the  five  noble  orders  of  architecture,  and  the 
five  external  senses  or  organs  which  regulate  the  severa 
modes  of  that  sensation  which  we  derive  from  extern* 
objects.     These  are  the  several  links  of  that  powerful 
chain  which  binds  us  to  the  works  of  the  creation,  where- 
with we  can  have  no  connection,  exclusive  of  those  feel- 
ings which  result  from  the  delicate  mechanism  ot  the 
ear,  the  eye,  the  smell,  the  palate,  and  the  touch. 

ASHLAR.     [See  ROUGH  and  PERFECT.] 

ASTRE  A.  The  Goddess  of  Justice  dwelt  with  mot 
tals,  but  their  vices  and  crimes,  which  she  could  not 
restrain,  disgusted  her  so  much,  that  she  was  compelled 
to  return  to  heaven,  from  whence  this  charming  goddess 
has  never  again  revisited  the  earth  to  preside  over  the 
tribunals  of  mortals,  for  which  reason  she  is  generally 
represented  as  hoodwinked.  Mythology  informs  us,  that 
while  she  was  a  dweller  on  this  earth,  she  was  so  satis 
fied  with  the  justice  of  the  spirit  of  Freemasonry,  that 
she  took  it  with  her  into  her  sanctuary,  where  she  awaits 
the  brethren  of  the  Order,  to  bless  them  with  all  the 
pleasures  she  is  able  to  communicate. 

ASTRONOMY  is  an  art  by  which  we  are  taught  to  read 
the  wonderful  works  of  God  in  those  sacred  pages,  the 
Celestial  Hemisphere.  While  we  are  employed  in  the 
study  of  this  science,  we  must  perceive  unparalleled 
instances  of  wisdom  and  goodness,  and  through  the  whole 
of  the  creation  trace  the  glorious  Author  by  his  works. 

ASTRONOMICAL.  Some  of  our  brethren  are  in- 
clined to  think  that  our  rites  are  astronomical,  and 
explain  the  pillars  of  the  lodge  thus:  Wisdom  is  the  first 
Person  of  the  Egyptian  Trinity;  Osiris,  the  sun,  is  the 
second  person,  being  the  Demiurgus,  or  supposed  maker 
of  the  world,  personating  Strength  ,  and  Isis,  the  moon. 


ASY— ATH.  427 

the  Beauty  of  Masonry,  is  the  third.  But  as  the  first 
person  is  not  revealed  to  the  initiates  of  the  minor 
degrees,  the  trinity  for  these  grades  is  made  up  wholly  of 
visible  physical  powers,  adapted  to  the  gross  conceptions 
of  the  unenlightened;  viz.,  Osiris,  Isis,  and  Orus ;  that 
is,  the  Sun,  Moon,  and  Orion.  The  cabalistic  Jews  had 
some  such  fancies  respecting  their  patriarchs.  Abraham 
was  likened  to  the  sun,  as  rising  in  the  east ;  Isaac  tc 
the  moon,  as  receiving  his  light  from  him  ;  and  Jacob  to 
the  Zodiac,  from  his  sons  constituting  so  many  stars. 
Therefore,  in  "  Barmidmar  Raba,"  these  appellations  are 
given  to  them.  Descending  from  the  heavens  to  the 
firmament,  the  seven  planets  come  after  the  orbs ;  these 
correspond  to  the  seven  pre-eminent  men  until  Jacob  ; 
i.  e.,  Adam,  Seth,  Noah,  Shem,  Abraham,  Isaac,  and 
Jacob ;  or,  according  to  others,  commencing  with  Jacob, 
Levy,  Kohath,  Amram,  Aaron,  David,  and  Solomon  ;  or 
Abraham,  Isaac,  Jacob,  Moses,  Aaron,  David,  and  Solo- 
mon. In  either  way  this  number  is  mystical ;  for  as  the 
sun  has  three  planets  above  his  orb — Mars,  Jupiter,  and 
Saturn,  and  three  below  it — the  Moon,  Venus,  and  Mer- 
cury, so  Moses  is  compared  to  the  sun  from  being  in  the 
centre  of  these  last  enumerations  of  patriarchs.  There- 
fore, the  sages  say — "  The  face  of  Moses  shone  like  the 
sun." 

ASYLUM.  The  Asylum  for  Worthy,  Aged  and  De- 
cayed Freemasons  is  a  magnificent  edifice  at  Croydon  in 
Surrey.  The  charity  was  established  by  Dr.  Crucefix, 
after  sixteen  years  of  herculean  toil,  such  as  few  men  but 
himself  could  have  sustained.  He  did  not  live  to  see  it 
in  full  operation,  but  breathed  his  last  at  the  very  time 
when  the  cope-stone  was  placed  on  the  building.  Since 
the  death  of  Dr.  Crucefix,  it  has  been  amalgamated  with 
the  Provident  Annuity  and  Benevolent  Association  ol 
the  Grand  Lodge. 

ATHEIST.  One  who  denies  the  existence  of  a  God, 
or,  supreme  intelligent  being.  The  old  charges  declare 
that  a  Mason  is  obliged  by  his  tenure  to  obey  the  moral 
law,  and  if  he  rightly  understands  the  art,  he  will  never 
be  a  stupid  atheist.  A  belief  in  God  is  one  of  tho  un- 


ATT— AUG. 

written  landmarks  of  the  Order.  The  very  nature  of  the 
institution  is  set  forth  in  its  rituals  as  one  of  the  tost  pre- 
requisites to  the  ceremony  of  initiation. 

ATTENDANCE.  Every  brother  ought  to  belong  to 
gome  regular  lodge,  and  should  always  appear  therein 
properly  clothed,  truly  subjecting  himself  to  all  its 
by-laws  and  the  general  regulations.  He  must  attend  all 
meetings,  when  duly  summoned,  unless  he  can  offer  to 
the  Master  and  Wardens  such  plea  of  necessity  for  his 
absence  as  the  said  laws  and  regulations  may  admit.  By 
the  ancient  rules  and  usages  of  Masonry,  which  are 
generally  adopted  among  the  by-laws  of  every  lodge,  no 
plea  was  judged  sufficient  to  excuse  any  absentee,  unless 
he  could  satisfy  the  lodge  that  he  was  detained  by  some 
extraordinary  and  unforeseen  necessity. 

ATTRIBUTES.  The  principal  design  of  the  laws  of 
Masonry  is  to  promote  the  harmony  of  its  members,  and 
by  that  means  create  a  marked  line  of  distinction  be- 
tween Freemasonry  and  every  other  existing  society. 
The  attributes  of  the  several  degrees  were  therefore 
distinctly  characterized,  that  no  mistake  might  occur  in 
their  application  to  the  business  of  the  Craft.  The 
orethren  of  the  first  degree  were  expected  to  distinguish 
themselves  by  honour  and  probity ;  the  Fellowcraft  by 
diligence,  assiduity,  and  a  sincere  love  of  scientific 
pursuits ;  while  the  few  who  by  their  superior  virtues 
attained  to  the  third  degree,  recommended  themselves 
to  notice  by  their  truth,  fidelity,  and  experience  in  the 
details  and  landmarks  of  the  Order. 

AUDIT.  A  committee,  consisting  of  the  Grand  Offi- 
cers of  the  year,  and  twenty-four  Masters  of  lodges  in 
London  district,  to  be  taken  by  rotation,  shall  meet 
between  the  quarterly  communications  in  December  and 
March,  for  the  purpose  of  examining  and  auditing  the 
Grand  Treasurer's  accounts  for  the  preceding  year,  and 
making  a  report  thereon  to  the  Grand  Lodge.— Consti- 
tutions. 

AUGUSTAN  STYLE.     It  was  during  the  reign   », 


AUT— BAB.  129 

Augustus  that  the  learned  Vitruvius  became  the  father 
jf  true  architecture  by  his  admirable  writings.  This 
imperial  patron  first  employed  his  Fellowcrafts  in  repair- 
ing or  rebuilding  all  the  public  edifices,  much  neglected, 
if  not  injured,  during  the  civil  wars.  In  those  golden 
days  of  Augustus,  the  patricians,  following  his  example, 
built  above  a  hundred  marble  palaces  at  Rome,  fit  for 
princes  ;  and  every  substantial  citizen  rebuilt  their  houses 
in  marble  ;  all  uniting  in  the  same  disposition  of  adorn- 
ing Rome  ;  whereby  many  lodges  arose  and  flourished  of 
the  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  so  that  Augustus,  when 
dying,  justly  said,  "  I  found  Rome  built  of  brick  but  I 
leave  it  built  of  marble !  "  Hence  it  is,  that  in  the 
remains  of  ancient  Rome,  those  of  his  time,  and  of  some 
following  emperors,  are  the  best  patterns  of  true  masonry 
extant,  the  epitome  of  old  Grecian  architecture,  now 
commonly  expressed  by  the  Augustan  style,  in  which 
are  united  wisdom,  strength,  and  beauty. — Anderson. 

AUTHORITY.     [See  ANCIENT  CHARGES.] 

AXE.  In  the  construction  of  King  Solomon's  Tem- 
ple, every  piece  of  it,  whether  timber,  stone,  or  metal, 
was  brought  ready  cut,  framed,  and  polished,  to  Jerusa- 
lem ;  so  that  no  other  tools  we're  wanted  or  heard  than 
were  necessary  to  join  the  several  parts  together.  All 
the  noise  of  axe,  hammer,  and  saw,  was  confined  to  Leba- 
non, the  quarries  and  the  plains  of  Zeredatha,  that 
nothing  might  be  heard  among  the  masons  of  Sion  save 
harmony  and  peace. — Anderson. 


B. 

BABEL,  in  the  Hebrew  language  means  confusion.  The 
name  of  a  lofty  tower,  began  to  be  built  by  the  descendants 
of  Noah,  among  whom  Nimrod  was  a  leader,  on  the  plains 
of  Shinar,  about  120  years  after  the  flood.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  special  interposition  of  the  Almighty. 

BABYLON.  One  of  the  oldest  and  greatest  cities  of  the 
ancient  world,  of  which  Niinrod  was  the  founder.  It  was 
situated  in  the  very  heart  of  the  old  world.  Under  Nebu- 
chadnezzar Babylon  reached  the  summit  of  her  greatness. 


430  BAB— BAD. 

This  king,  in  the  year  of  the  world  3394,  destroyed  the 
city  of  Jerusalem,  including  Solomon's  temple,  and  car- 
ried into  captivity  nearly  all  the  people  of  Judea,  who 
were  retained  in  Babylon  for  seventy  years,  and  until 
Cyrus,  King  of  Persia,  issued  a  proclamation  restoring 
them  to  liberty,  with  permission  to  rebuild  their  temple, 
under  the  superintendence  of  Zerubbabel,  a  prince  of 
Judea ;  Jeshua,  the  high-priest,  and  Haggai,  the  scribe. 

BABYLONISH  CAPTIVITY.  The  Jews  had  fallen 
under  the  displeasure  of  the  Almighty  by  deviating  from 
true  masonic  principles ;  and  hence  they  not  only  fell 
into  great  errors  and  corruptions,  but  were  guilty  of  the 
most  abominable  sins ;  wherefore  Jehovah,  in  his  wrath, 
denounced  heavy  judgments  against  them  by  Jeremiah 
and  other  prophets,  declaring  that  their  fruitful  laud 
should  be  spoiled,  their  city  became  desolate  and  an 
abomination,  and  themselves  and  their  descendants  feel 
the  effects  of  his  displeasure  for  the  space  of  seventy 
years,  which  commenced  in  the  fourth  year  of  the  reign 
of  Jehoiachim,  A.  L.  3398. —  Old  Lectures. 

BACK.  It  is  a  duty  incumbent  on  every  Free  and 
Accepted  Mason  to  support  a  brother's  character  in  his 
absence  equally  as  though  he  were  present ;  not  to  revile 
him  behind  his  back,  nor  suffer  it  to  be  done  by  others 
without  using  every  necessary  attempt  to  prevent  it. 

BADGE.  Johnson  defines  a  badge  as  "a  mark  of 
cognizance  worn  to  show  the  relation  of  the  wearer  to 
any  person  or  thing."  The  badge  of  a  Mason  is  his 
apron — an  emblem  of  innocence  and  purity.  It  was 
originally  a  skin  of  plain  white  leather.  In  1730  it  was 
regulated  in  Grand  Lodge  that  the  Grand  Officers  should 
"  wear  white  leather  aprons  with  blue  silk  ;  and  that  the 
Masters  and  Wardens  of  particular  lodges  may  line  their 
white  leather  aprons  with  white  silk,  and  may  hang  their 
jewels  at  white  ribbons  about  their  necks."  At  present 
a  Master  Mason  wears  a  lamb-skin  apron  with  sky-blue 
lining  and  edging,  one  inch  and  a  half  deep,  with  a 
rosette  on  the  fall  or  flap.  No  other  colour  or  ornament 
is  allowed,  except  to  officers  or  past  officers  of  lodges. 


BAL— BAN.  431 

wfio  may  have  the  emblems  of  their  office  in  silver  01 
white  in  the  centre  of  their  apron.  The  Masters  am] 
Past  iuasters  of  lodges  wear,  in  lieu  of,  and  in  the  place 
of,  the  three  rosettes  on  the  Master  Mason's  apron, 
perpendicular  lines  upon  horizontal  lines,  thereby  form- 
ing three  several  sets  of  two  right  angles,  to  be  made  of 
ribbon  of  the  same  colour  as  the  edging  of  the  apron. 
The  Grand  Stewards'  aprons  are  distinguished  by  crim- 
son and  silver,  and  other  grand  and  provincial  grand 
officers  by  purple  and  gold. 

BALLOT.  Ballotting  frequently  takes  place  in  a 
Freemasons'  lodge,  more  particularly  in  admitting  a  can- 
didate, which  is  never  allowed  to  take  place  unless  he 
has  a  majority  of  votes  in  his  favour,  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  lodge ;  some  lodges  requiring  perfect  una- 
nimity, others  admitting  the  candidate  when  there  are  not 
more  than  three  black  balls  against  him.  In  exercising 
this  privilege,  every  member  ought  to  give  his  vote  per- 
fectly free  from  any  influence  from  either  the  officers  of 
the  lodge,  or  from  personal  or  private  motives :  he  ought, 
at  all  times  to  remember  that  this  privilege  is  given  fcc 
men  who  ought  to  think  and  act  for  themselves  with  this 
one  sole  object  in  view,  viz.,  the  credit,  honour,  and 
welfare  of  the  Craft  in  general,  and  of  his  own  lodge  in 
particular. — Gadicke. 

BANNERS.  When  the  Israelites  marched  through 
the  wilderness,  we  find  that  the  twelve  tribes  had  be- 
tween them  four  principal  banners,  or  standards,  every 
one  of  which  had  its  particular  motto  ;  and  each  standard 
had  also  a  distinct  sign  described  upon  it.  They  en- 
camped round  about  the  tabernacle,  and  on  the  east  side 
were  three  tribes  under  the  standard  of  Judah  ;  on  the 
west  were  three  tribes  under  the  standard  of  Ephraim 
on  the  south  were  three  tribes  under  the  standard  of 
Reuben ;  and  on  the  north  were  three  tribes  under  the 
standard  of  Dan.  The  standard  of  Judah  was  a  lion; 
that  of  Ephraim  an  ox;  that  of  Reuben  a  man,  and  that 
of  Dun  an  eagle;  whence  were  formed  the  hieroglyphics 
of  cherubim  and  seraphim,  to  represent  the  children  of 
Israel. — Ashe. 


432  BAR— BEA. 

BARE  FEET.  Nakedness  of  feet  was  a  sign  of  mourn- 
ing. God  says  to  Ezekiel,  "  Make  no  mourning  for  the 
dead,  and  put  on  thy  shoes  upon  thy  feet,"  £c.  It  was 
likewise  a  mark  of  respect.  Moses  put  off*  his  shoes  to 
approach  the  burning  bush  ;  the  priests  served  in  the 
Tabernacle  with  their  feet  naked,  as  they  did  afterwards 
n  the  Temple.  The  Talmudists  teach  that  if  they  had 
but  stepped  with  their  feet  upon  a  cloth,  a  skin,  or  even 
upon  the  foot  of  one  of  their  companions,  their  service 
would  have  been  unlawful. 

BANQUET.  After  the  closing  of  some  lodges  for 
initiations  or  festival,  a  banquet  is  held,  that  is  to  say, 
the  brethren  as«emble  for  recreation  and  refreshment  at 
a  supper.  But  if  the  brethren  merely  meet  to  eat  and 
drink,  then  the  appellation  masonic  banquet  would  not 
be  appropriate.  Eating,  or,  more  properly  speaking, 
drinking  toasts,  and  earnest  masonic  discourses  or  appeals 
for  charitable  purposes  to  the  brethren,  are  so  blended 
together  as  to  produce  one  beautiful  and  harmonious 
whole  evening's  amusement ;  for  this  reason  the  officers 
of  the  lodge,  at  least  the  Worshipful  Master,  Wardens, 
and  Master  of  the  Ceremonies,  or  his  substitute,  must  be 
present.  The  opening  and  closing  of  a  masonic  banquet, 
at  which  the  brethren  are  clothed,  is  commonly  regulated 
by  a  ritual  for  that  purpose. — Gudlckc. 

BEAUTY.  The  Freemason  is  a  true  admirer  of  afl 
the  liberal  arts  and  sciences,  but  he  much  more  admires 
a  beauty  of  his  own,  which  stands  as  fast  as  the  pillars  oi 
the  earth — is  immovable  and  immortal.  All  our  working 
tools  are  given  to  us  to  find  out  symmetry,  proportion, 
and  applicability.  We  are  conducted  by  every  step  in 
our  Order  to  order  and  harmony,  the  very  being  of  beauty 
We  do  not  crawl  in  loathsome  caverns,  but  our  places  01 
meeting  are  beautiful  halls.  The  outward  tokens  and 
clothing  of  our  Order  are  composed  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful colours.  We  refuse  neither  silk  nor  metal  in  our 
jewels,  we  rejoice  in  the  purity  of  the  clothing  of  our 
Order;  out  more  especially  we  endeavour  to  make  the 
spirit  of  true  beauty  shine  in  our  assemblies,  and  not  to 
allow  it  to  degenerate  into  a  lifeless  appearance. — Ga- 
dickc. 


BEA— BEL.  433 

BEAUTY  AND  BANDS.     The  app  ication  of  beauty 
and  bands  to  the  science  of  Freemasonry  was  in  much 
esteem  with  our  brethren  at  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century;  but  at  the  reunion,  being  pronounced  inconsist- 
ent with  the  general  plan  of  the  Order,  it  was  expunged, 
and  is  now  nearly  forgotten,  except  by  a  few  old  Masons, 
who  may,  perhaps,  recollect  the  illustration  as  an  inci 
dental  subject  of  remark  amongst  the  Fraternity  of  tha 
period. 

BEEHIVE.  The  beehive  is  an  emblem  of  industry, 
and  recommends  the  practice  of  that  virtue  to  all  created 
beings,  from  the  highest  seraph  in  heaven  to  the  lowest 
reptile  in  the  dust.  It  teaches  us  that  as  we  came  into 
the  world  rational  and  intelligent  beings,  so  we  should 
ever  be  industrious  ones;  never  sitting  down  contented 
while  our  fellow-creatures  around  us  are  in  want,  when 
it  is  in  our  power  to  relieve  them  without  inconvenience 
to  ourselves. 

BEHAVIOUR.  A  Mason  should  be  always  cautious 
in  his  words  and  carriage,  that  the  most  penetrating 
stranger  may  not  be  able  to  discover  or  find  out  what  is 
not  proper  to  be  intimated  ;  and  sometimes  he  should 
divert  a  discourse,  and  manage  it  prudently  for  the 
honour  of  the  worshipful  Fraternity. 

BELIEF.  The  most  prominent  facts  which  Freema- 
sonry inculcates  directly  or  by  implication  in  its  lectures 
are  these  :  that  there  is  a  God  ;  th?-'  V^e  created  man,  and 
placed  him  in  a  state  of  perfect  happiness  in  Paradise; 
that  he  forfeited  this  supreme  felicity  by  disobedience  to 
die  divine  commands  at  the  suggestion  of  a  serpent 
tempter;  that,  to  alleviate  his  repentant  contrition,  a 
divine  revelation  was  communicated  to  him,  that  in  pro- 
cess of  time  a  Saviour  should  appear  in  the  world  to 
atone  for  their  sin,  and  place  their  posterity  in  a  condi- 
tion of  restoration  to  his  favor ;  that  for  the  increasing 
wickedness  of  man,  God  sent  a  deluge  to  purge  the  earth 
of  its  corruptions;  and  when  it  was  again  repeopled.  he 
renewed  his  gracious  covenant  with  several  of  the  patri- 
archs;  delivered  his  people  from  Egypt;  led  them  in  th.3 


434  BEN. 

wilderness ;  and  in  the  Mosaic  dispensation  gave  more  cleai 
indications  of  the  Messiah  by  a  succession  of  prophets, 
extending  throughout  the  entire  theocracy  and  monarchy  , 
that  he  instituted  a  tabernacle  and  temple  worship, 
which  contained  the  most  indisputable  types  of  the 
religion  which  the  Messiah  should  reveal  and  promulgate ; 
and  that  when  the  appointed  time  arrived,  God  sent  his 
only  begotten  Son  to  instruct  them,  who  was  born  at 
Bethlehem,  as  the  prophets  had  foretold,  in  the  reign  o* 
Herod,  (who  was  not  of  the  Jewish  royal  line,  nor  eveii 
a  Jew,)  of  a  pure  virgin  of  the  family  of  David. 

BENAI.  The  Benai  were  setters,  layers,  or  builders 
at  the  erection  of  King  Solomon's  Temple,  being  able 
and  ingenious  Fellowcrafts,  who  were  distributed  by 
Solomon  into  separate  lodges,  with  a  Master  and  Warden 
in  each,  that  they  might  receive  commands  in  a  regular 
manner,  take  care  of  their  tools  and  jewels,  be  paid  every 
week,  and  be  duly  fed  and  clothed,  that  the  work  might 
proceed  with  harmony  and  order. 

BENEFITS.  The  society  expends  thousands  of 
pounds  sterling  every  year  in  the  relief  of  the  virtuous 
distressed.  Nor  can  the  existence  of  these  benefits  be 
denied,  for  they  are  open  and  undisguised.  The  relief 
of  widows  and  orphans,  and  of  aged  Masons  in  want; 
youth  of  both  sexes  educated  and  trained  to  a  life  of  use- 
fulness and  virtue ;  the  stream  of  charity  disseminated 
through  every  class  of  wretchedness  and  misery,  are 
indeed  so  evident,  that  none  can  doubt  the  benefits  of  the 
institution  ;  and  therefore  those  who  decry  it  are  fighting 
against  truth,  and  condemn  by  their  writings  what  their 
conscience  secretly  approves. 

BENEVOLENCE,  FUND  OF.  The  distribution  and 
application  of  this  charitable  fund  shall  be  monthly ;  for 
which  purpose  a  committee  or  lodge  of  Benevolence 
shall  be  holden  on  the  last  Wednesday  of  every  month. 
This  lodge  shall  consist  of  all  the  present  and  past  Grand 
Officers,  all  actual  Masters  of  lodges,  and  twelve  Past 
Masters.  The  brother  presiding  shall  be  bound  strictly 
to  enforce  all  the  regulations  of  the  Craft  respecting  the 


BET— BEZ.  435 

distribution  of  this  fund,  and  shall  be  satisfied,  before  any 
petition  be  read,  that  all  the  required  formalities  have 
been  complied  with.  To  every  petition  must  be  added 
a  recommendation,  signed  in  open  lodge  by  the  Master, 
Wardens,  and  a  majority  of  the  members  then  present, 
to  which  the  petitioner  does  or  did  belong,  or  from  some 
other  contributing  lodge,  certifying  that  they  have  known 
him  to  have  been  in  reputable,  or  at  least  tolerable,  cir- 
cumstances, and  that  he  has  been  not  less  than  two  years 
a  subscribing  member  to  a  regular  lodge. 

BETRAYING.  By  a  full  and  fair  exposition  of  our 
great  leading  principles,  we  betray  no  masonic  secrets ; 
these  are  safely  locked  up  in  the  heart  of  every  Mason, 
and  are  never  to  be  imparted  except  in  a  constitutional 
manner.  But  our  leading  tenets,  are  no  secrets.  It  is  no 
secret  that  Masonry  is  of  divine  origin ;  it  is  no  secret 
that  the  system  embraces  and  inculcates  evangelical 
truth  ;  it  is  no  secret  that  there  is  no  duty  enjoined  nor 
a  virtue  required  in  the  volume  of  inspiration,  but  wrhat 
is  found  in,  and  taught  by,  Speculative  Freemasonry ;  it 
is  no  secret  that  the  appropriate  name  of  God  has  been 
preserved  in  this  institution  in  every  country  where 
Masonry  existed,  while  the  rest  of  the  world  was  literally 
sunk  in  heathenism  ;  and  above  all,  it  is  not,  neither  can 
it  be,  a  secret,  that  a  good  Mason  is,  of  necessity,  truly 
and  emphatically  a  Christian. —  Town. 

BEZALEEL.  Bezaleel  and  Aholiab  were  not  only 
the  most  skilful  at  the  building  of  the  Tabernacle,  but 
the  most  zealous  for  the  work.  We  are  therefore  not 
prepared  to  see  a  miracle  in  this  particular ;  but  we  are 
prepared  to  see  something  greater,  which  is,  that  God 
claims  his  own — vis  his  gift,  as  the  wisdom  which  he  had 
put  into  them — that  we  might  call  the  '  natural"  genius 
or  talent  whereby  they  had  been  enabled  to  acquire  that 
master  skill  in  arts  which  they  were  now  required  to 
exercise  in  his  service.  We  believe  that  these  endowments 
were  given  to  them  originally  by  God,  and  that  the  cir- 
cumstances of  life  which  gave  them  the  opportunity  of 
making  these  acquirements  in  Egypt,  were  determined 
ay  Him  with  a  view  to  this  ultimate  employment  in  his 


436  BIB— BLA. 

service.  We  see  that  the  services  of  other  persons  simi- 
larly qualified  were  required  in  the  same  manner,  and 
on  the  same  ground,  although  Bezaleei  and  Aholiab  were 
the  chief. — Kitto. 

BIBLE.  Amongst  the  great  lights  of  Freemasonry 
the  Holy  Bible  is  the  greatest.  By  it  we  are  taught  to 
rule  and  govern  our  faith.  Without  this  sacred  light  we 
find  no  masonic  altar.  Without  it  no  lodge  is  perfect; 
neither  can  any  one  be  legally  initiated  into  the  Order 
unless  he  believes  in  the  grand  truths  which  are  therein 
contained  ;  unless  he  supports  and  is  supported  by  that 
blessed  book.  The  square  and  the  compasses  stimulate 
us  to  investigate  into  the  truths  which  are  therein  con- 
tained ;  for  truth,  justice,  and  mercy,  are  best  supported 
by  true  religion.  By  it  -we  are  taught  "  In  the  beginning 
was  the  WORD."  The  sacred  writings  are  a  symbolical 
chain,  by  which  we  are  all  united  in  the  bonds  of  brother- 
ly love  and  universal  philanthropy,  as  John,  the  meek 
and  lowly  disciple  of  Jesus,  says  in  his  gospel.  In  this 
blessed  book  is  to  be  found  the  true  rule  by  which  every 
real  Christian  will  endeavour  to  regulate  his  conduct. — 
Gadicke. 

BIGOTRY.  There  are  some  bigots  in  their  opinions 
against  Freemasonry.  It  is,  they  cry,  a  bad  thing — an 
unlawful  thing — a  sinful  thing.  Why? — Because  we 
detest  it — abhor  it !  To  pity  such,  is  no  mean  part  oi 
Christian  love,  since,  I  am  persuaded,  that  even  in  good 
hearts  the  first  emotions  respecting  them  were  those  of 
scorn  and  contempt.  Of  what  use  is  it  to  reason  with 
bigots,  whether  in  religion,  morals,  or  politics? — Turner 

BLACK.  Among  the  Athenians,  black  was  the  colou. 
of  affliction,  and  white  of  innocence,  joy,  and  purity. — 
The  Arabs  and  blazonry  give  to  black  a  signification 
evidently  derived  from  traditions  of  initiation.  It  desig- 
nates among  the  Moors  grief,  despair,  obscurity,  and  con- 
stancy. Black,  in  blazon  named  sable,  signifies  pn.dence, 
wisdom,  and  constancy  in  adversity  and  woe.  Hence  the 
mosaic  work  of  a  Masons'  lodjie. — fttmMic  ( 


BLA— BOA.  437 

BLAZING  STAR.  The  blazing  star  must  not  be  con- 
sidered merely  as  the  creature  which  heralded  the  appear- 
ance of  T.  G.  A.  O.  T.  U.,  but  the  expressive  symbol  of 
that  Great  Being  himself,  who  is  described  by  the  mag 
nificent  appellations  of  the  Day  Spring,  or  Rising  Sun  ; 
the  Day  Star;  the  Morning  Star;  and  the  Bright,  or 
Blazing  Star.  This,  then,  is  the  supernal  reference  of  the 
Blazing  Star  of  Masonry,  attached  to  a  science  which, 
like  the  religion  it  embodies,  is  universal, and  applicable 
to  all  times  and  seasons,  and  to  every  people  that  ever 
did  or  ever  will  exist  on  our  ephemeral  globe  of  earth. 

BLUE.  This  durable  and  beautiful  color  was  adopted 
and  worn  by  our  ancient  brethren  of  the  three  symbolic 
degrees  as  the  peculiar  characteristic  of  an  institution 
which  has  stood  the  test  of  ages,  and  which  is  as  much 
distinguished  by  the  durability  of  its  materials  or  prin- 
ciples, as  by  the  beauty  of  its  superstructure.  It  is  an 
emblem  of  universal  friendship  and  benevolence ;  and 
instructs  us,  that  in  the  mind  of  a  Mason  those  virtues 
should  be  as  expansive  as  the  blue  arch  of  heaven  itself 

BLUE  MASONRY.  The  three  first  degrees  are 
clothed  in  or  ornamented  with  blue,  from  whence  this 
.iame  is  derived.  The  following  degrees  have  not  the 
same  uniformity  in  their  outward  appearance.  Blue  is 
the  colour  of  truth  or  fidelity ;  and  it  is  a  Remarkable  fact 
that  the  brethren  have  ever  remained  true  to  the  blue 
degrees,  while  the  authenticity  of  the  other  degrees  has 
often  been  disputed,  and  in  many  places  altogether 
denied.  Under  the  reign  of  William  III.  of  England 
blue  was  adopted  as  the  favourite  colour  of  the  Craft  - 
GadicTce. 

BOARD  OF  GENERAL  PURPOSES.  This  boar 
consists  of  a  president  and  twenty-four  other  members 
of  which  the  Grand  Master  annually  nominates  the  presi- 
dent and  ten  of  the  members,  at  the  Quarterly  Commu- 
nication in  June  ;  and  the  Grand  Lodge  on  the  same  day 
elects  the  other  fourteen  from  among  the  actual  masters 
and  past  masters  of  lodges ;  and  they,  together  with  the 
37 


438  BOA— BON. 

Grand  Master,  Deputy  Grand  Master,  and  the  Grand 
Wardens  of  the  year,  constitute  the  board. 

BOAZ.  One  of  the  rules  of  the  Jewish  Cabala  is 
called  Transposition,  and  is  used  by  finding  an  appro- 
priate meaning  to  a  word  formed  anagrammatically 
from  any  other  word.  Acting  on  this  rule,  Bro.  Rosen 
berg,  an  eminent  Jewish  Mason,  residing  in  Paris,  thus 
improves  the  names  of  the  two  pillars  : — "  In  the  first 
degree  the  candidate  receives  in  his  preparation  the 
elements  of  the  sciences ;  it  remains  for  him  to  instruct 
or  to  fortify  himself  by  means  of  the  higher  sciences. 
The  word  fortify  in  Hebrew  is  ZOAB.  At  the  moment 
when  the  young  neophite  is  about  to  receive  the  physical 
light  he  should  prepare  himself  to  receive  the  moral 
light.  The  word  prepared  in  Hebrew  is  NIKAJ.  This 
word  is  very  important  for  him  who  proposes  to  follow 
the  path  of  virtue." 

BOND  AND  FREE.  At  the  grand  festival  which 
Abraham  gave  at  the  weaning  of  his  son  Isaac,  Sarah 
detected  Ishmael,  the  son  of  Hagar  the  Egyptian  bond- 
woman, in  the  act  of  teazing  and  perplexing  her  son. 
She  therefore  remonstrated  with  Abraham,  saying,  Cast 
out  this  bondwoman  and  her  son,  for  the  son  of  the  bond- 
woman shall  not  be  heir  with  my  son,  even  with  Isaac.— 
E.  A.  P.  Lecthre. 

BOND-WOMAN.  Sarah  the  wife  of  Abraham  being 
about  eighty  years  of  age,  and  conceiving  herself  to  be 
past  child-bearing,  endeavoured  to  procure  a  son  whom 
she  might  adopt,  in  pursuance  of  the  custom  of  those 
times,  by  giving  to  her  husband,  as  her  substitute,  an 
Egyptian  slave  named  Hagar.  But  when  the  bond 
^oman  found  that  she  had  conceived  by  Abraham,  she 
conducted  herself  with  such  insolence  to  her  mistress,  that 
the  patriarch  was  compelled  to  give  her  up  to  Sarah's 
jorrection ;  and  she  exercised  it  so  sharply  that  Hagar 
fled  into  the  wilderness,  and  dwelt  by  a  fountain  oi 
water.  She  was,  however,  commanded  by  the  Divinity  to 
return,  and  for  her  comfort  a  predi  ition  was  vouchsafed 
which  promised  to  the  son  that  she  should  bear,  and  to 


BOO— BKA.  439 

his  posterity,  this  remarkable  privilege — that  his  name 
should  never  be  blotted  out. 

BOOK  OF  CONSTITUTIONS.  This  book  contains  the 
written  landmarks,  rules,  regulations,  ancient  charges,  and 
fundamental  principles  of  the  Order ;  a  detailed  exposition 
of  the  duties  of  officers  of  Grand  and  Subordinate  Lodges, 
and  the  rights  and  privileges  of  members.  In  all  proces- 
sions when  the  Grand  Master  appears  the  Book  of  Consti- 
tutions is  carried  before  him,  guarded  by  the  Tiler's  sword. 

BOOK  OF  THE  LAW.  The  Book  of  the  Law  is 
always  spread  open  upon  the  pedestal  during  lodge  hours 
at  some  important  passage  of  Scripture,  during  the 
continuance  of  the  solemn  ministrations  of  the  lodge. 
In  the  first  degree  it  is  usually  unfolded  at  Ruth  iv.  7; 
in  the  second  degree  at  Judges  xxii.  6;  and  in  the  third 
at  1  Kings  vii.  13,  14.  These  usages,  however,  it  may 
be  necessary  to  add,  are  arbitrary ;  for  we  find  at 
different  periods  during  the  last  century  that  Genesis 
vxii.  and  xxviii.  were  indifferently  used  for  the  first 
degree ;  1  Kings  vi.  7,  and  2  Chron.  iii.  17,  for  the 
second;  and  Amos  x.  25,  26,  and  2  Chron.  vi.  for  the 
chird.  In  the  United  States,  according  to  the  instruc- 
tions contained  in  '  Chart,  the  Bible  is  opened  in 
the  first  degree  at  Psalm  cxxxiii. ;  in  the  second  at  Araos 
vii.,  and  in  the  third  at  Ecclesiastes  xii. 

BRAZEN  SERPENT.  The  brazen  serpent  was  an 
image  of  polished  brass,  in  the  form  of  one  of  those  fiery 
serpents  which  were  sent  to  chastise  the  murmuring 
Israelites  in  the  wilderness,  and  whose  bite  caused  violent 
heat,  thirst,  and  inflammation.  By  Divine  command, 
Moses  made  a  serpent  of  brass  or  copper,  and  put  it  upon 
a  pole  ;  and  it  came  to  pass  that  if  a  serpent  had  bitten 
any  man,  when  he  beheld  the  serpent  of  brass  he  lived. 
This  brazen  serpent  was  preserved  as  a  monument  of 
divine  mercy,  but  in  process  of  time  became  an  instru- 
ment of  idolatry ;  for  it  being  written  in  the  law  of  Moses, 
whoever  looketh  upon  it  shall  live,  they  fancied  they 
might  obtain  blessings  by  its  mediation,  and  therefore 
thought  it  worthy  to  be  worshipped.  But  Hezekiab 


MO  BRA— BRE. 

thought  fit  to  take  it  quite  away  when  he  abolished 
other  idolatry  because  in  the  time  of  his  father  they 
adored  it  as  an  idol ;  and  though  pious  people  among 
them  accounted  it  only  as  a  memorial  of  a  wonderful 
work,  yet  he  judged  it  better  to  abolish  it,  though  the 
memory  of  the  miracle  should  happen  to  be  lost,  than 
suffer  it  to  remain,  and  leave  the  Israelites  in  danger  of 
committing  idolatry  hereafter  with  it. — Home. 

BRAZEN  PILLARS.  The  two  pillars  on  the  Tracing 
board  are  the  representations  of  those  which  stood  at 
the  entrance  of  the  porch  of  King  Solomon's  Temple, 
emblems  of  strength  and  stability.  They  are  particularly 
described  in  Scripture,  and  were  considered  of  such 
importance  as  to  be  put  for  the  Temple  itself  when  its 
destruction  was  threatened  by  the  Almighty.  They 
were  composed  of  cast  brass  and  were  manufactured  in 
the  clay  ground  between  Succoth  and  Zeredatha,  along 
with  the  holy  vessels  for  the  temple  worship.  They 
were  made  hollow  for  the  purpose  of  serving  as  archives 
of  Masonry,  and  to  hold  the  constitutional  records. 

BREADTH.  The  breadth  of  the  lodge  is  said  to  be 
between  the  north  and  the  south,  for  the  purpose  of 
demonstrating  the  universality  of  Masonry. 

BREAST.  A  Mason's  breast  should  be  a  safe  and 
sacred  repository  for  all  your  just  and  lawful  secrets.  A 
brother's  secrets,  delivered  to  me  as  such,  I  would  keep 
as  my  own,  as  to  betray  that  trust  might  be  doing  him 
the  greatest  injury  he  could  sustain  in  this  mortal  life ; 
nay,  it  would  be  like  the  villany  of  an  assassin  who  lurks 
in  dark  ness  to  stab  his  adversary  when  unarmed  and  least 
prepared  to  meet  an  enemy. — Old  Lectures. 

BREAST-PLATE.  The  breast-plate  of  the  high 
uriest  was  a  square  of  nine  inches,  made  of  the  same 
hiaterial  as  the  ephod,  and  set  with  twelve  precious 
stones,  three  in  each  row,  on  which  were  also  engraved 
the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes.  The  colours  of  the 
banners  were  identified  by  these  stones,  each  tribe  bear- 
ing the  same  colour  as  the  precious  stone  by  which  it 
was  represented  in  the  breast-plat** 


BRI— BRO.  441 

BRIGHT  MASON.  If  any  brothers  doubt  whether  it 
be  really  necessary  that  their  masonic  teaching  should 
be  reduced  to  practice;  if  they  doubt  whether  they 
ought  to  be  peculiarly  cautious  in  their  words  and 
actions;  or  whether,  as  Masons,  they  ought  to  possess 
a  listening  ear,  a  silent  tongue,  and  a  faithful  heart  ;  they 
cannot  be  bright  Masons,  for  the  complicated  system  of 
Freemasonry  is  not  to  be  received  or  rejected  as  may  sui 

their  pleasure  or  convenience. 

\ 

BROACHED  THURNEL.  This  was  the  name  of 
one  of  the  original  immoveable  jewels,  and  was  used  for 
the  E.  A.  P.  to  learn  to  work  upon.  It  was  subsequently 
called  the  Brute  Stone,  or  rough  Ashlar. 

BROTHER.  In  the  lodge,  Masons  always  call  each 
other  brother;  and  the  poorest  among  them,  even  the 
serving  brethren,  dare  not  address  them  by  any  other 
title,  although  they  may  fill  the  highest  offices  in  the 
state,  or  even  be  monarchs.  Out  of  the  lodge,  in  the 
presence  of  strangers,  the  word  brother  may  be  dropped  ; 
but  when  a  brother  meets  a  brother,  even  out  of  the 
lodge,  and  no  other  person  is  present,  then  the  title  of 
brother  must  not  be  omitted.  It  must  be  much  more 
agreeable  to  every  brother  to  be  called  by  that  endearing 
name  than  to  be  addressed  by  the  title  of  your  excellency 
or  Mr.,  as  well  in  the  lodge  as  out  of  it  when  no  strangers 
are  present.  No  one  hath  a  brother  except  he  be  a  bro- 
ther himself. — Gadicke. 

BROTHERLY  LOVE.  This  can  be  manifested  in 
innumerable  opportunities  not  only  in  the  Lodge  but 
also  out  of  it.  It  is  acknowledged  by  the  nearly  imper- 
ceptible pressure  of  the  hand  as  much  as  by  the  vindica- 
tion of  an  innocently  accused  absent  Brother  from  the 
throne.  It  is  an  essential  element  to  bind  the  Brethren 
unto  each  other ;  we  have  pledged  ourselves  to  exercise 
it,  and  it  is  one  of  the  greatest  duties  of  a  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Mason  to  deny  it  unto  no  man,  more  especially 
to  a  Brother  M&son.  To  exercise  brotherly  1  i»ve,  or  to 
feel  deeply  interested  in  the  welfare  of  others  is  a  source 
of  the  greatest  happiness  in  every  situation  in  life.  The 
king  upon  hi*  throne  would  find  his  sit.uat 


442  BUI— BUL. 

able  if  his  subjects  showed  their  regard  unto  him  through 
fear  alone  and  not  through  love,  and  so  would  those  also 
who  have  a  superabundance  of  worldly  possessions.  He 
who  does  not  find  his  heart  warmed  with  love  toward? 
all  mankind  should  never  strive  to  be  made  a  Freemason 
for  he  cannot  exercise  brotherly  love. — Gadicke. 

BUILDER  SMITTEN.     It  is  not  to  be  presumed 
that  we  are  a  set  of  men  professing  religious  principle 
contrary  to  the  revelations  and  doctrines  of  the  Son  of 
God.  reverencing  a  Deity  by  the  denomination  of  the 
God  of  Nature,  and  denying  that  mediation  which  is 
graciously  offered  to  all  true  believers.     The  members  of 
our  Society  at  this  day,  in  the  third  stage  of  Masonry  con- 
fess themselves  to  be  Christians,  "  The  veil  of  the  temple 
is  rent,  the  builder  is  smitten,  and  we  are  raised  from  the 
tomb  of  transgression." — Hutchinson.. 

BUILDING.  It  scarcely  need  to  be  intimated  that 
operative  Masonry  was  the  sole  object  of  the  earliest 
builders ;  for  the  scientifical  and  moral  refinements  that 
grew  from  the  profession,  and  are  now  implied  under  the 
term  Freemasonry,  could  not  have  taken  root  until  the 
art  and  the  artists,  as  well  as  the  institutions  of  civil 
society  had  attained  some  degree  of  maturity. — Anderson. 

BUL.  The  compounds  of  this  divine  name  Bel,  are  of 
great  variety.  Bel-us  was  used  by  the  Chaldeans ;  and 
the  deity  was  known  amongst  the  ancient  Celtae  by  the 
name  of  Bel  or  Belenus,  which  title,  by  modern  authors, 
is  identified  with  Apollo.  The  primitive  name  of  Britain 
was  Vel-ynys,  the  island  of  Bel ;  and  the  fires  lighted  up 
on  May-day  were  in  honour  of  this  deity,  and  called  Bel's 
fire.  The  inhabitants  made  use  of  a  word,  known  only 
to  themselves,  to  express  the  unutterable  name  of  the 
Deity,  of  which  the  letters  0.  I.  W.  were  a  sacred  sym- 
bol. In  this  they  resembled  the  Jews,  who  always  said 
Adonai,  when  the  name  of  Jehovah  occurred.  Baal  was 
the  most  ancient  god  of  the  Canaanites,  and  was  referred 
to  the  sun.  Manasseh  raised  altars  to  this  deity,  and 
worshipped  him  in  all  the  pomp  of  heathen  superstition; 
and  when  these  altars  were  destroyed  by  Josiah,  tha 
worship  of  Baal  was  identified  with  that  of  the  Sun. 


BURIAL  PLACE. -TIME  AND  THE  VIRGIN. 


BUR— CAB.  445 

BURIAL  PLACE.  The  burial  place  of  a  Master 
Mason  is  under  the  Holy  of  Holies,  with  the  following 
legend  delineated  on  the  monument: — A  virgin  weeping 
over  a  broken  column,  with  a  book  open  before  her ;  in 
her  right  hand  a  sprig  of  cassia,  in  her  left  an  urn ;  Time 
standing  behind  her,  with  his  hands  enfolded  in  the  ring- 
lets of  her  hair.  The  weeping  virgin  denotes  the  unfin 
ished  state  of  the  temple  :  the  broken  column  that  one 
of  the  principal  supporters  of  Masonry  (H.  A.  B.)  had 
fallen ;  the  open  book  implies  that  his  memory  is  recorded 
in  every  Mason's  heart;  the  sprig  of  cassia  refers  to  the 
discovery  of  his  remains;  the  urn  shews  that  his  ashes 
have  been  carefully  collected,  and  Time  standing  behind 
her  implies  that  time,  patience,  and  perseverance  will 
accomplish  all  things. 

BURIED  TREASURES.  We  have  a  tradition  that 
King  Solomon  concealed  certain  treasures  beneath  the 
foundation  of  the  temple,  which  were  found  when  they 
were  opened  to  build  the  second  temple.  It  was  com- 
mon in  ancient  times  to  secrete  treasures  in  such  vaults 
and  caverns. 

BY-LAWS.  Every  lodge  has  the  power  of  framing 
by-laws  for  its  own  government,  provided  they  are  not 
contrary  to  or  inconsistent  with  the  general  regulations 
of  the  Grand  Lodge.  The  by-laws  must  therefore  be 
submitted  to  the  approbation  of  the  Grand  Master,  or 
the  Provincial  .Grand  Master;  and  when  approved,  a  fair 
copy  must  be  sent  to  the  .Grand  Secretary,  and  also  to 
the  Provincial  Grand  Master ;  and  when  any  material 
alteration  shall  be  made,  such  alteration  must  in  like 
manner  be  submitted.  The  by-laws  of  the  Lodge  shall 
be  delivered  to  the  master  o'n  the  day  of  his  install atioi , 
when  he  shall  solemnly  pledge  himself  to  observe  ami 
enforce  them  during  his  mastership.  Every  brother  shall 
also  sign  them  when  he  becomes  a  member  ot  the  Lodge, 
as  a  declaration  of  his  submission  to  them. — Constitu- 
tions. 

CABALA.  This  was  amongst  the  ancient  Jews  a 
mystical  philosophy,  inasmuch  as  they  professed  to  pos- 
sess cabalistical  secrets  from  the  earliest  ages,  even  froic 


4AQ  CAB— CAM. 

the  days  of  Adam.  There  was  also  a  philosophical  cabala 
which  had  its  origin  in  Egypt.  Modern  cabalists  have 
introduced  many  things  into  this  so  called  science,  and 
have  divided  it  into  symbolical  and  real  cabala.  In  the 
symbolical  cabala  the  secrets  of  numbers  is  taught,  and 
the  real  cabala  is  subdivided  into  theoretical  and  practi- 
cal. In  the  theoretical  the  sacred  writings  are  explained 
by  a  host  of  traditions,  arid  the  practical  is,  that  caba,a 
which  has  found  the  most  followers  as  it  professes  to 
teach  the  art  of  performing  miracles.  As  spiritual  errors 
are  frequently  the  subject  of  masonic  lectures,  we  could 
not  pass  the  word  cabala  without  notice. — Gadicke. 

CABLE-TOW.  According  to  the  ancient  laws  of 
Freemasonry,  every  Brother  must  attend  his  Lodge  if  he 
is  within  the  length  of  his  cable-tow.  The  length  of 
an  E.  A.  P.  cable-tow  is  three  English  miles,  or  15,840 
feet. — Gadicke. 

CALENDAR.  The  first  intimation  we  have  of  this 
periodical  was  in  the  year  1775,  when  the  Grand  Secre- 
tary informed  the  Grand  Lodge  that  a  Freemason's  calen- 
dar for  1775  and  1776  had  been  published  by  the  Com- 
pany of  Stationers  without  the  sanction  of  the  society, 
and  that  he  apprehended  a  publication  of  that  kind, 
properly  authorized,  would  be  acceptable  to  the  frater- 
nity, and  might  be  beneficial  to  the  charity.  He  moved 
that  a  Freemason's  calendar,  under  sanction  of  the 
Grand  Lodge,  be  published  in  opposition  to  that  pub- 
lished by  the  Stationer's  Company,  and  that  the  profits 
of  such  publication  be  appropriated  to  the  general  fund 
of  the  society.  This  motion  being  seconded,  th^  question 
was  put,  and  it  passed  in  the  affirmative.  This  calendar 
was  continued  till  after  the  union  in  1813,  but  the  form 
in  which  it  was  printed  being  at  length  found  incon- 
venient, H.  R.  H.  the  Duke  of  Sussex  G.  M.  directed 
that  in  future  it  should  be  published  in  the  form  of  a 
pocket  book,  and  it  continues  to  be  published  in  that 
form  to  the  present  day. 

CAMP  OF  ISRAEL.  For  so  large  a  multitude  of 
people,  and  for  so  numerous  an  army,  it  was  needful  that 
all  the  necessary  articles  of  life  should  be  prepared 


CAN. 

beforehand,  or  be  found  ready  to  purchase.  In  these 
respects  nothing  was  wanting  to  the  Israelites.  Their 
bread  came  down  to  them  from  heaven,  and  they  had 
besides  an  abundance  of  every  thing  that  could  contribute 
to  magnificence.  If  we  may  credit  Josephus,  they  had 
amongst  them  public  markets  and  a  variety  of  shops 
(Ant.  1.  iii.  c.  12,  sec.  5.)  The  tabernacle  being  erected 
it  was  placed  in  the  midst  of  the  camp,  each  of  the  three 
tribes  stretching  themselves  on  the  wings,  and  leaving 
between  them  a  sufficient  space  to  pass.  It  was,  says 
Josephus,  like  a  well  appointed  market,  where  every 
thing  was  ready  for  sale  in  due  order,  and  all  sorts  of 
artificers  kept  their  shops,  so  that  the  camp  inight  be 
considered  a  moveable  city. — Adam  Clarke. 

CANDIDATE.  A  candidate  for  initiation  into  Free- 
masonry, is  a  person  who  has  been  proposed  by  a  Brother 
and  whose  name  is  written  upon  the  tables  of  the  Lodge, 
that  the  brethren  may  be  reminded  to  make  the  necessary 
enquiries  into  his  moral  and  social  character ;  for  which 
purpose  four  weeks  is  generally  allowed. — Gadicke. 

CANDLES.  The  three  great  luminaries,  are  not  to 
be  confounded  with  the  three  great  lights.  They  are 
merely  candles  or  torches,  or  they  may  be  called  pillars 
with  torches. — Gadicke. 

CANDLESTICK.  The  candlestick  in  the  Taber- 
nacle was  manufactured  by  Bezaleel  and  Aholiab  of 
beaten  gold.  It  had  an  upright  shaft  which  stood  upon 
a  broad  foundation,  that  its  support  might  be  firm  and 
unmoveable,  without  danger  of  being  overthrown  during 
the  process  of  trimming  and  cleaning  its  lamps,  which 
were  seven  in  number,  one  in  the  centre,  and  three  on 
each  side,  on  so  many  branches  that  were  not  equal  iu 
length,  the  outer  branches  being  elongated,  that  the 
lights  might  be  all  of  the  same  height.  The  body  of  the 
shaft  had  four  bowls,  and  as  many  knobs  and  flowers. 
Some  think  that  the  seven  branches  symbolised  the 
seven  planets,  the  seven  days  of  the  week,  and  the  seven 
ages  of  man  j  but  in  truth  the  Christian  church  is  the 
candlestick,  and  the  light  is  Christ.  The  seven  lamps 
are  emblems  of  the  gift  of  the  Spirit ;  the  knobs  and 


448  CAN— CAP. 

flowers,  the  graces  and  ornaments  of  a  Christian,  life 
As  the  candlestick  gave  light  to  the  tabernacle,  so  we 
must  remain  in  darkness  unless  Christ  shall  enligh  ten  his 
chur(h.  Simeon  therefore  pronounced  it  to  be  "a  light 
to  lighten  the  Gentiles,  and  the  glory  of  Israel." 

CANOPY.  In  the  masonic  processions  of  the  Con 
tinent,  the  Grand  Master  walks  under  a  gorgeous  canopy 
of  blue,  purple,  and  crimson  silk,  with  gold  fringes  and 
tassels,  borne  upon  staves  painted  purple  and  ornamented 
with  gold,  by  eight  of  the  oldest  Master  Masons  present ; 
and  the  masters  of  private  lodges  walk  under  canopies 
of  light  blue  silk  with  silver  tassels  and  fringes,  borne  by 
four  members  of  their  own  respective  companies.  The 
canopies  are  in  the  form  of  an  oblong  square,  and  are  in 
length  six  feet,  in  breadth  and  height  three  feet,  having 
a  semicircular  covering.  The  framework  should  be  of 
cedar,  and  the  silken  covering  ought  to  hang  down  two 
feet  on  each  side. 

CAPITULAE  DEGKEES.  The  appellation,  in  France, 
of  certain  degrees  of  the  Scottish  rite,  from  the  fourth 
to  the  eighteenth,  inclusive,  and  which  the  French  rite 
has  contracted  to  four.  These  degrees  are  divided  into 
four  series,  or  independent  branches. 

CAPTIOUSNESS.  Cautiousness  is  apt  to  overset 
the  harmony  of  conversation.  And  it  is  so,  not  only 
because  it  often  produces  misbecoming  and  provoking 
expressions  and  behaviour  in  a  part  of  the  company,  but 
because  it  is  a  tacit  accusation  and  a  reproach  for  some- 
thing ill  taken  from  those  we  are  displeased  with.  Such 
an  intimation  or  even  suspicion  must  always  be  uneas\ 
to  society ;  and  as  one  angry  person  is  sufficient  to  dis- 
compose a  whole  company,  for  the  generali  ty ,  all  mutua 
happiness  cease  therein  on  any  such  jarring.  This  failing 
therefore,  should  be  guarded  against  with  the  same  care, 
as  either  boisterous  rusticity  and  insinuated  contempt,  or 
ill-natured  disposition  to  censure. — Martin  Clare. 

CAPTIVITY.  The  Jews  having  offended  the  Most 
High,  weie  delivered  over  to  the  Chaldeans  to  be  chas- 
tisfii ,  and  Nebuchadnezzar  let  loose  his  full  vengeance 


DESTRUCTION   OF   THE   TEMPLE. 
38  JEWISH  CAPTIVITY. 


CAE.  45] 

upon  them.  He  ravaged  the  whole  country  ;  and  the 
holy  city  of  God,  after  a  protracted  siege,  during  which 
many  traitors  went  over  to.  the  enemy,  was  abandoned  to 
pillage.  They  burned  the  temple,  broke  down  the  walls 
of  the  city,  set  fire  unto  her  towers,  and  carried  away 
the  consecrated  vessels  of  gold  and  silver,  the  brazen  sea 
and  altar,  and  the  two  pillars  of  Jachin  and  Boaz,  which 
stood  at  the  entrance  of  the  porch.  All  the  princes,  the 
nobility,  and  every  person  of  consequence,  according  to 
the  prediction  of  Jeremiah,  were  removed  into  the  land 
of  Chaldea ;  but  Nebuzaradan,  the  chief  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar's officers,  left  behind  many  families  of  the  lower 
classes  to  cultivate  the  vineyards,  and  other  servile  pur- 
poses, with  strict  injunctions  to  transfer  the  fruits  thereof 
to  Babylon  in  their  season,  as  luxuries  for  the  tables  of 
the  nobility. 

CARDINAL  POINTS.  The  cardinal  points  of  the 
compass  have  a  peculiar  signification  amongst  us,  and 
particularly  the  east,  west,  and  south.  The  east  is  a 
place  of  light,  and  there  stands  the  W.  M.,  a  pillar  of 
Wisdom,  as  a  representation  of  the  rising  sun ;  and  as 
that  luminary  opens  the  glorious  day  to  light  mankind  to 
their  labours,  so  the  W.  M.  occupies  this  station  to  open 
lodge,  and  to  employ  and  instruct  the  brethren  in  Mason- 
ry. The  south  is  a  station  of  another  important  officer, 
the  pillar  of  Beauty,  who  is  placed  in  that  quarter  that 
he  may  be  prepared  to  mark  the  sun  at  its  meridian,  to 
call  the  workmen  from  labour,  and  to  recruit  their 
strength  by  necessary  refreshment  and  rest,  that  their 
toils  may  be  resumed  with  renewed  vigour  and  alacrity, 
without  which  neither  pleasure  nor  profit  can  mutually 
result.  In  the  west  stands  the  pillar  of  Strength,  to 
mark  the  setting  sun,  and  close  the  labours  of  the  day 
by  command  of  the  presiding  officer;  because  the  declin- 
ing luminary  warns  mankind  of  the  necessity  of  repose, 
else  our  nature  would  sink  under  the  effects  of  incessant 
toil,  unrelieved  by  rest  and  recreation. 

CARDINAL  VIRTUES.  They  are  Fortitude,  by  which 
we  are  taught  to  resist  temptation  ;  Prudence,  by  which  we 
are  instructed  to  regulate  our  conduct  by  the  dictates  of 
Reason ;  Temperance,  by  which  we  learn  to  govern  the  pas- 
sions ;  Justice,  which  constitutes  the  cement  of  civil  society. 


452  CAS— CAU. 

CASSIA.  The  cassia  was  anciently  a  symbol  of 
honour,  triumph,  life,  and  resurrection,  according  to 
Pierius,  who  published  his  Hieroglyphica  in  1575,  which 
would  be  quite  sufficient  to  authorize  its  introduction 
into  our  symbolical  legend.  When  the  Master  Mason 
exclaims,  therefore,  "  My  name  is  Cassia,"  it  is  equiva- 
lent to  saying,  "  I  have  been  in  the  grave ;  I  have 
triumphed  over  it  by  raising  from  the  dead ;  and  being 
regenerated  in  the  process,  have  a  claim  to  life  (ever 
lasting)." 

CATECHISM.  This  is  the  most  important  document 
of  Freemasonry.  The  catechism  was  formerly  only  com- 
municated by  conference  from  one  lodge  to  another,  or 
from  one  brother  to  another ;  and  this  is  the  reason  why 
we  have  so  many  different  forms  of  the  catechism, 
although  in  spirit  there  is  no  material  difference  in  any 
of  them.  As  a  religious  catechism  contains  a  summary 
of  all  that  is  taught  by  that  religion,  so  our  catechism 
contains  the  essence  of  Freemasonry ;  but  it  is  not  to  be 
understood  without  the  teacher  taking  great  pains  in 
instructing  the  student,  nor  without  having  previously 
been  instructed  in  a  lodge,  and  being  able  to  reflect  upon 
and  remember  the  instructions  there  given.  Every  degree 
has  its  own  catechismus ;  and  in  many  lodges  it  is  custom- 
ary to  explain  part  of  it  at  every  meeting,  in  order  that 
the  members  may  become  intimately  acquainted  with  it. 

-Gadicke. 

CATENARIAN  ARCH.  This  constitutes  the  form 
of  a  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  and  is  constructed  on  the 
following  principles.  It  is  a  known  truth  that  a  semi- 
circular arch  will  not  sustain  its  own  weight,  the  crown 
crushing  out  the  sides;  it  depends,  therefore,  on  abut- 
ment for  support.  The  only  arch  the  bearing  of  which 
is  true  in  all  its  points  of  the  curve,  is  the  catenarian 
arch.  If  a  slack  chain  or  rope  be  supported  by  two 
hooks,  the  curve  it  falls  into  is  what  is  called  the  cate- 
narian curve  ;  and  this  inverted  is  the  mechanical  arch  of 
the  same  name.  Such  an  arch,  truly  constructed,  will 
stand  independent  of  any  collateral  aid  whatever. — 
Noorthouek. 

CAUTION.    The  Entered  Apprentice,  at  his  initiation 


CAU— OAV.  453 

Li  the  United  States,  is  presented  with  a  new  name, 
which  is  Caution,  to  teach  him  that  as  he  is  then  imper- 
fectly instructed  in  the  mysteries  of  Masonry,  he  ought 
to  be  cautious  overall  his  words  and  actions,  that  nothing 
may  escape  him  which  may  tend  to  afford  information  to 
the  opponents  of  Masonry  This  is  one  of  the  triad  of 
duties  recommended  in  the  first  degree. 

CAUTIOUS  SECRECY.  The  cautious  secrecy  of  the 
Craft  in  early  ages  was  used  to  prevent  the  great  prin- 
ciples of  science,  by  which  their  reputation  was  secured 
and  maintained,  from  being  publicly  known.  Even  the 
inferior  workmen  were  unacquainted  with  the  secret  and 
refined  mechanism  which  cemented  and  imparted  the 
treasure  of  wisdom.  They  were  profoundly  ignorant  of 
the  wisdom  which  planned,  the  beauty  which  designed, 
and  knew  only  the  strength  and  labour  which  executed 
the  work.  The  doctrine  of  the  pressure  and  counter- 
pressure  of  complicated  arches,  was  a  mystery  which 
they  never  attempted  to  penetrate.  They  were  blind 
instruments  in  the  hands  of  intelligent  Master  Masons, 
and  completed  the  most  sublime  undertakings  by  the 
effect  of  mere  mechanical  skill  and  physical  power, 
without  being  able  to  comprehend  the  secret  which  pro- 
duced them ;  without  understanding  the  nice  adjustment 
of  the  members  of  a  building  to  each  other,  so  necessary 
to  accomplish  a  striking  and  permanent  effect ;  or  without 
being  able  to  enter  into  the  science  exhibited  in  the 
complicated  details  which  were  necessary  to  form  a 
harmonious  and  proportionate  whole. 

CAVE.  Solomon  had  a  deep  cave  dug  underneath  the 
Sanctum  Sanctorum  of  the  Temple,  with  many  intrica- 
cies, over  which  he  fixed  a  stone,  wherein  he  put  the  ark 
and  cherubim.  They  say  they  did  this  because,  by  the 
Holy  Spirit  foreseeing  that  that  house  would  be  destroy- 
ed, he  therefore  made  a  secret  place  where  the  ark  might 
be  kept,  so  that  its  sanctity  might  not  be  profaned  by 
heathen  han  is ;  and  tWy  are  of  opinion  that  subsequently 
Jos  ah  secreted  therein  the  ark.  They  prove  it  firstly 
from  1  Kings  vi.  9 : — "  And  the  oracle  within  the  house 
[>=n]  he  prepared  to  place  there  the  ark,"  where,  by 
prepare,  they  understand  it  to  mean  a  preparation  for  the 


4o4  CED— CEN. 

future ;  as  we  see,  when  previously  treating  of  the  ark 
and  cherubim,  it  says,  "  And  they  were  there  until  this 
day,"  a  term  in  the  Holy  Scriptures  to  signify  "to  all 
eternity,"  as,  "  And  no  man  knoweth  of  his  sepulchre 
unto  this  day,"  that  is,  never. — Manasseh  Ben  Israel. 

CEDAR.  The  cedar  grows  on  the  most  elevated  part 
of  Lebanon,  is  taller  than  the  pine,  and  so  thick  that  five 
men  together  could  scarcely  fathom  one.  It  shoots  out 
its  branches  at  ten  or  twelve  feet  from  the  ground ;  they 
are  large  and  distant  from  each  other,  and  are  perpetu- 
ally green.  The  cedar  distils  a  kind  of  gum  to  which 
different  effects  are  attributed.  The  wood  is  of  a  brown 
color,  very  solid,  and  incorruptible  if  preserved  from  wet. 
It  bears  a  small  apple  like  to  that  of  the  pine.— Adam 
Clarke. 

CEMENT.  The  lodge  is  strongly  cemented  with  love 
and  friendship,  and  every  brother  is  duly  taught  secrecy 
and  prudence,  morality  and  good  fellowship. 

CENSER.  The  censer  is  a  representation  of  the  altar 
of  incense  which  was  made  of  the  acacia  covered  with 
beaten  gold.  In  form  it  was  a  double  cube,  and  had  a 
crown  or  rim  like  the  table  of  shewbread,  running  round 
its  upper  surface.  It  was  of  small  dimensions,  being 
only  one  foot  six  inches  square,  and  three  feet  high,  with 
elevations  at  each  corner  called  horns.  This  altar  or 
censer  was  placed  close  to  the  veil  which  separated  the 
holy  place ;  that  the  incense  might  penetrate  into  the 
latter ;  and  for  this  reason  perhaps  it  was  that  St.  Paul 
attributes  it  to  the  innermost  room.  It  was  an  emblem 
or  type  of  Christ,  through  whom  we  offer  the  incense  of 
our  prayers.  The  acacia  and  gold  of  which  the  altar 
was  composed,  referred  to  his  human  and  divine  nature  ; 
the  crown  to  his  regal  dignity ;  and  the  horns  to  his 
power.  As  no  incense  could  be  offered  but  upon  this 
altar,  so  no  prayers  will  be  accepted  but  those  offered 
through  Jesus  Christ.  The  incense  was  offered  every 
morning  and  evening,  and  our  prayers  ought  to  ascend  to 
the  throne  of  grace  at  the  same  periods. 

CENTENARY.     The  revolution  of  a  hundred  years 


CEN— CER.  455 

ft  is  usual  for  lodges  which  have  been  established  for 
that  ong  period  to  celebrate  the  anniversary  by  a  com- 
memorative festival. 

CENTRAL  POINT.  Masonry  is  truly  the  sister  of 
religion ;  for  she  boasts  her  efficacy  in  all  its  native 
influence,  and  is  continually  the  assistant  promoter  of  like 
principles  and  of  like  actions.  The  central  point  of  all 
her  innumerable  lines,  squares  and  circles,  is  the  love  o* 
God.  And  upon  this  central  point  she  builds  her  faith 
from  it  she  derives  her  hope  of  glory  here  and  hereafter, 
and  by  it  she  squares  her  conduct  in  strict  justice  and 
universal  charity.  The  central  point  of  all  true  Christi- 
anity and  of  all  true  Masonry  is  the  love  of  God.  "  Ma- 
sonry is  dedicated  only  to  the  Gospel." 

CENTRAL  STAR.  The  human  body  of  Jesus  Christ 
is  the  Ark  of  the  Christian  Covenant,  over  which  the 
Shekinah  appeared  in  the  cave  at  Bethlehem,  in  the  form 
of  a  supernatural  Star  in  the  East,  which  hence  is  placed 
in  the  centre  of  our  lodges. 

CENTRE.  The  labors  of  a  Freemason  must  pene- 
trate to  the  centre  of  the  earth,  and  his  spirit  inquire 
into  all  the  operations  of  nature,  and  either  be  able  satis- 
factorily to  explain  or  humbly  admire  them. — Gadicke. 

CEREMONIAL.  On  our  initiation  we  cannot  fail  to 
be  struck  with  the  ceremonials,  and  must  think  that 
there  is  more  conveyed  by  them  than  appears  to  the  vul- 
gar eye.  A  due  attention  to  the  matter  will  convince  us 
that  our  first  impressions  were  just ;  and  by  researches 
to  discover  their  implications,  a  competent  degree  of 
knowledge  may  be  acquired  touching  the  origin  of  Ma- 
sonry, the  reasons  which  support  its  several  institutions, 
the  meaning  and  import  of  its  various  symbols,  together 
with  the  progress  of  the  profession. — Hutchinson. 

CERTIFICATE.  Every  Brother  who  travels,  and 
who  wishes  to  visit  the  lodges  in  the  cities  he  comes  to, 
must  not  only  provide  himself  with  masonic  clothing 
but  with  a  certificate.  These  certificates  are  granted  by 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  England  to  every  one  who  has  been 


456  CER— CHA. 

regularly  initiated,  and  contain  an  account  of  when  and 
where  the  bearer  was  made,  and  a  recommendation  to  all 
lodges  to  admit  him  to  their  labours.  They  are  sealed 
with  the  seal  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  and  are  signed  by  the 
Grand  Secretary,  and  the  brother  to  whom  they  belong. 
—  GadicTce. 

CEREMONIES.  If  a  person  wishes  to  become  a  can 
didate  for  Masonry,  he  should  make  up  his  mind  to 
watch  the  progress  of  all  the  ceremonies  through  which 
he  may  pass,  with  attention,  and  search  into  their  pro- 
priety, tneir  origin,  and  their  symbolical  reference.  He 
may  be  quite  sure  that  men  of  sense  and  standing  in  the 
world — men  whose  reputation  for  wisdom  and  common 
prudence  is  of  some  value,  would  not  subject  him  to  any 
test  which  might  cast  an  imputation  upon  themselves. 

CHAIN.  All  the  Freemasons  upon  the  surface  of  the 
earth  form  one  chain,  every  member  is  a  link  of  it,  and 
should  ever  strive  with  the  true  hand  of  a  brother  to 
strengthen  it.  No  wavering  doubt  should  break  it.  None 
should  be  shut  out  from  it,  as  is  taught  in  every  lodge. 
What  an  encouraging  thought  it  is  for  the  newly  initia- 
ted brother  to  find  himself  at  once  surrounded  with  the 
light  arising  from  this  great  chain.  This  chain  can  be 
no  fetter  to  him,  for  the  hands  of  brethren  prove  the 
contrary. — GadicJce. 

CHALK.  Chalk,  charcoal  and  clay,  have  ever  been 
esteemed  the  emblems  of  freedom,  fervency,  and  zeal, 
because  nothing  is  more  free  for  the  use  of  man  than 
chalk,  which  seldom  touches  but  leaves  its  trace  behind ; 
nothing  more  fervent  than  charcoal,  for  when  well  lighted 
no  metal  is  able  to  resist  its  force ;  nothing  is  more  zeal- 
ous than  clay,  our  mother  earth,  who  will  open  her  arms 
to  receive  us  when  forsaken  by  all  our  friends. 

CHAMBER.  It  is  only  in  solitude  that  we  can  deeply 
reflect  upon  our  present  or  future  undertakings,  and 
blackness,  darkness,  or  solitariness,  is  ever  a  symbol  of 
death.  A  man  who  has  undertaken  a  thing  after  mature 
reflection  seldom  turns  back.  No  symbol  of  death  will 
terrify  him,  and  the  words  of  the  sacred  writings.  ''In 


CHA.  457 

the  beginning  was  the  light,"  charm  him  on  tc  seek  the 
ight  he  has  lost. — Gadicke. 

CHAPEL.  In  every  convenient  place  the  architect  of 
a  lodge  should  contrive  secret  cryptae  or  closets.  They 
»re  of  indispensable  utility,  but  in  practice  are  not  suffi- 
ciently attended  to  in  this  country.  On  the  continen 
they  are  numerous,  and  are  dignified  with  the  name  of 
chapels.  They  ought  to  be  seven  in  number ;  1,  a  room 
for  visitors ;  2,  the  Tyler's  room  ;  added  to  which  there 
ought  to  be  3,  a  vestry  where  the  ornaments,  furniture., 
jewels  and  other  regalia  are  deposited.  This  is  called 
the  Treasury  or  Tyler's  conclave,  because  these  things 
are  under  his  especial  charge,  and  a  communication  is 
generally  made  to  this  apartment  from  the  Tyler's 
room.  There  ought  to  be  4,  a  chapel  for  prepara- 
tions, hung  with  black,  and  having  only  one  small 
lamp  placed  high  up  near  the  ceiling;  5,  a  chapel 
for  the  dead  furnished  with  a  table,  on  which  are 
a  lamp,  and  emblems  of  mortality ;  6,  the  master's 
conclave,  where  the  records,  the  warrant,  the  minutes 
and  every  written  document  are  kept.  To  this  room  the 
W.  M.  retires  when  the  lodge  is  called  from  labour  to 
refreshment,  and  at  other  times  when  his  presence  in  the 
lodge  is  not  essential ;  and  here  he  examines  the  visitors, 
for  which  purpose  a  communication  is  formed  between 
his  conclave  and  the  visitor's  chapel.  It  is  furnished 
with  blue,  and  here  he  transacts  the  lodge  business  with 
his  secretary.  The  Ark  of  the  Covenant  is  also  deposited 
in  this  apartment.  None  of  these  closets  should  exceed 
12  feet  square,  and  may  be  of  smaller  dimensions  according 
to  circumstances.  In  the  middle  of  the  hall  there  should 
be  7,  a  moveable  trap-door  in  the  floor,  7  feet  long  and 
3  feet  in  depth,  the  use  of  which  is  known  to  none  but 
perfect  Masons,  who  have  passed  through  all  the  sym- 
bolical degrees. 

CHAPTER.  Upon  each  of  the  pillars  of  King  Solo- 
mon's temple  was  placed  a  chapiter  or  symbolical  orna- 
ment, five  cubits  in  height,  composed  of  network,  chains, 
pomegranates,  and  lily  work  or  opening  flowers  cast  in  the 
same  material  of  which  the  pillars  were  formed.  Like 
tb<3  Palladium  of  Troy  they  appear  to  have  been  essen- 


£58  CHA. 

tial  to  the  well-being  of  the  structure.  Thus,  at  the 
time  when  the  temple  was  abandoned  by  Jehovah  he  is 
represented  as  standing  magnificently  upon  the  altar, 
*ind  commanding  the  angel  of  destruction  to  strike  the 
heads  or  chapiters  of  these  two  pillars,  and  the  total  ruin 
not  only  of  the  temple  but  of  Jerusalem  and  the  entire 
system  of  Jewish  polity  should  ensue  (Amos,  ix.  1).  As 
their  destruction  was  thus  comprehensive  and  significant, 
so  was  their  erection  symbolical  of  the  magnitude  and 
splendour  of  the  Jewish  nation  under  Solomon.  And 
this  reference  was  embodied  in  their  names. 

CHAPLAIN.  The  Grand  Chaplain  is  appointed  by 
the  Grand  Master  on  the  day  of  his  installation.  He 
should  attend  all  the  quarterly  communications  and 
other  meetings  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  and  there  offer  up 
solemn  prayer  suitable  to  the  occasion,  as  established  by 
the  usages  of  the  fraternity. — Constitutions. 

CHAPTER.  A  convocation  of  Royal  Arch  Masons  is 
called  a  chapter.  The  presiding  officers  are  a  king,  a 
priest,  and  a  prophet,  who  are  representatives  of  Zerub- 
babel,  Jeshua,  and  Haggai.  These  officers  are  styled 
either  by  the  founders'  names  as  above,  or  as  first,  second, 
and  third  Principals.  All  chapters  are  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Supreme  Grand  Chapter  in  London. 

CHARACTER.  The  character  of  a  man  that  would 
become  a  Mason  must  undergo  the  strictest  scrutiny. 
He  must  be  a  man  of  strict  morality ;  he  must  be 
humane,  benevolent,  and  charitable  to  his  fellow-crea- 
tures ;  he  must  be  no  gambler,  tippler,  or  profane  swearer ; 
he  must  be  no  railer  against  the  religion  of  Christ,  or  the 
professors  thereof;  he  must  be  a  lover  of  decency  and 
order ;  and  he  must  be  strictly  honest,  industrious,  and 
upright  in  all  his  conduct ;  for  such  as  delight  in  the 
practice  of  vice  are  a  disgrace  to  civil  society,  and  are 
seldom  reformed  by  the  most  excellent  institutions 
Th  ;y  retain  their  vices  unchangeable  as  the  skin  of  the 
Ethiopian  or  the  spots  of  the  leopard.  Such  indeed 
wo/J  never  apply  for  admission  into  our  benign  institu- 
tion, were  they  acquainted  with  her  solemn  principles,  as 
^  not  lovers  of  decency  and  order. — Powers. 


CHA.  459 

CHARGES,  ANCIENT.  The  Charges  of  a  Freemason, 
as  they  were  collected  from  the  old  records  of  the  Frater- 
nity, under  the  superintendence  of  Bro.  Jas.  Anderson,  and 
the  learned  committee  who  acted  with  him,  and  given  to 
the  Craft,  through  the  press,  in  1723,  by  order  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England,  in  1721,  have  been,  wherever  promul- 
gated, accepted,  and  acknowledged  as  containing  the 
essence  of  the  fundamental  principles,  and  law  of  Freema- 
sonry. In  them  are  to  be  found  those  undisputed,  time- 
honored  principles  which  constitute  the  written  Land- 
marks of  our  Order.  They  are  divided  into  six  general 
heads,  viz :  1.  Of  God  and  Religion ;  2.  Of  the  Civil 
Magistrates,  supreme  and  subordinate ;  3.  Of  Lodges ; 
4.  Of  Masters,  "Wardens,  Fellows,  and  Appre  ntices ;  5.  Of 
the  management  of  the  Craft  in  working ;  6.  Of  behavior, 
which  last  is  subdivided  into  six  parts,  detailing  the 
several  duties  of  Masons  under  all  the  different  relations 
of  life,  as  a  subject  of  civil  government,  and  as  a  man. 

CHARITIES.  Our  general  charities  are  the  Schools 
for  Boys  and  Girls,  the  Fund  of  Benevolence  for  Widows 
and  Distressed  Brethren,  the  Annuity  Fund  for  Aged 
Brethren,  and  the  Asylum  for  Worthy  Aged  and  Decayed 
Freemasons  and  their  Widows,  and  they  are  all  amply 
supported.  In  the  schools  seventy  boys  and  sixty-five 
girls  are  educated  and  clothed.  The  funded  property  of 
the  Girls'  School  is  about  16,OOOZ.,  and  its  income  1600/. 
a  year,  including  150/.  annually  from  the  Grand  Lodge. 
The  funded  property  of  the  Boys'  School  is  not  so  much, 
it  amounts  only  to  S5.00/.  and  the  annual  income  of  about 
1150/.,  including  150/.  from  the  Grand  Lodge.  The 
funded  property  of  the  Royal  Masonic  Annuity  Fund  is 
3500^.,  and  the  annual  income  including  400/.  from  the 
Grand  Lodge,  is  1300/.  The  number  of  annuitants  at  20/. 
a  year  each  is  now  thirty.  The  funded  property  of  the 
Asylum  is  about  3450/.,  and  its  annual  income  from  other 
sources  400£.  The  two  latter  charities  are  now  united 
together.  The  sums  annually  voted  by  the  Board  of  Be- 
nevolonce  to  distressed  brethren  and  the  widows  of  Masons 
amount  to  about  750/.,  and  its  funded  property  is  1 2,000/., 
and  that  of  the  Board  of  General  Purposes  about  6000/. 

CHARITY.     This  is  the  brightest  ornament  of  our 


460  CflE. 

masonic  profession.  Happy  is  the  brother  who  hath 
sown  in  his  heart  the  seeds  of  benevolence,  the  produce 
of  which  will  be  charity  and  love.  He  envieth  not  hia 
neighbour,  he  believeth  not  a  tale  when  reported  by  a 
slanderer,  he  forgiveth  the  injuries  of  men,  and  blotteth 
them  out  from  his  recollection.  Whoever  would  emulate 
the  character  of  a  good  and  worthy  Mason  ought  ever  to 
be  ready  to  assist  the  needy  as  far  as  lies  in  his  power ; 
and  if,  in  the  most  pressing  time  of  necessity,  he  does 
not  withhold  a  liberal  hand,  the  most  heartfelt  pleasure 
will  reward  his  labours,  and  the  produce  of  love  and 
charity  will  most  assuredly  follow. —  Old  Lectures. 

CHEQUERED.  As  the  steps  of  man  tread  in  the 
various  and  uncertain  incidents  of  life,  as  our  days  are 
chequered  with  a  strange  contrariety  of  events,  and  our 
passage  through  this  existence,  though  sometimes  at- 
tended with  prosperous  circumstances,  is  often  beset 
by  a  multitude  of  evils ;  hence  is  the  lodge  furnished 
with  mosaic  work  to  remind  us  of  the  precariousness  of 
our  state  on  earth  ;  to  day  OUT  feet  tread  in  prosperity 
to  morrow  we  totter  on  the  uneven  paths  of  weakness, 
temptation,  and  adversity.  Whilst  this  emblem  is  before, 
us,  we  are  instructed  to  boast  of  nothing,  to  have  com* 
passion  and  give  aid  to  those  who  are  in  ^  adversity,  to 
walk  uprightly  and  with  humility ;  for  such  is  human 
existence,  that  there  is  no  station  in  which  pride  can  be 
stably  founded  ;  all  men,  in  birth  and  in  the  grave,  are 
on  the  level.  Whilst  we  tread  on  the  mosaic  work,  let 
our  ideas  turn  to  the  original  which  it  copies ;  and  let 
every  Mason  act  as  the  dictates  of  reason  prompt  him, 
to  live  in  brotherly  love. — Hutchinson. 

CHERUBIM.  There  were  four  cherubims  in  the 
most  holy  place  of  Solomon's  temple.  Two  lesser  mado 
by  Moses  of  massy  gold,  and  two  larger  made  by 
Solomon  overlaid  with  gold.  Those  made  by  Mose^ 
were  part  of  the  mercy  seat,  and  inseparable  from  it 
those  of  Solomon  seem  to  have  spread  their  wings  over 
it,  being  added  only  for  the  greater  ornament  and  glory 
of  God's  house. — Bisliop  Patrick.  See  "S;gns  and 
Symbols,"  Lect.  i. 


CHI— CHO.  461 

CHIEF  POINT.  The  chief  point  in  Masonry  is  to 
endeavour  to  be  happy  ourselves,  and  communicate  that 
happiness  to  others. 

CHILDREN  OF  LIGHT.   Remembering  the  wonders 
in  the  beginning,  we,  claiming  the  auspicious  counte 
nance  of  heaven  on  our  virtuous  deeds,  assume  the  figure 
of  the  sun  and  moon  as  emblematical  of  the  great  ligh 
of  truth  discovered  to  the  first  men,  and  thereby  imply 
ing  that  as  true  Masons  we  stand  redeemed  from  dark 
ness,  and  are  become  the  sons  of  light,  acknowledging 
in  our  profession  our  adoration  of  him  who  gave  light 
unto  his  works.     Let  us  then  by  our  practice  and  con- 
duct in  life,  show  that  we  carry  our  emblems  worthily  , 
and  as  the  children  of  light,  that  we  have  turned  our 
backs  on  works  of  darkness,  obscurity  and  drunkenness, 
hatred  and  malice,  Satan  and  his  dominions  ;  preferring 
charity,  benevolence,  justice,  temperance,  chastity  and 
brotherly  love,  as  the  acceptable  service  on  which  the 
Great  Master  of  all,  from  his  beatitude,  looks  down  with 
approbation. — Hutchiiisoji. 

CHISEL.  The  chisel,  though  a  small  instrument,  is 
calculated  to  make  a  permanent  impression  on  the 
hardest  substance,  and  the  mightiest  structures  are 
indebted  to  its  aid.  It  morally  demonstrates  the  advan- 
tages of  discipline  and  education.  The  mind,  like  the 
diamond  in  its  natural  state,  is  unpolished ;  but  as  the 
effects  of  the  chisel  on  the  external  coat  soon  presents 
its  latent  beauties  to  the  view,  so  education  discovers  the 
latent  virtues  of  the  mind,  in  order  to  display  the  summit 
of  human  knowledge,  our  duty  to  God  and  man. 

CHOICE  OF  OFFICERS.  This  is  a  matter  of  great 
concern,  for  the  officers  of  a  lodge  are  not  only  bound 
to  advance  the  welfare  of  their  own  particular  lodge,  but 
whatever  may  tend  to  the  good  of  the  Fraternity  in 
general.  Therefore  no  man  ought  to  be  put  in  such 
election,  but  such  as  by  his  own  skill  and  merit  is  deemed 
worthy  of  performance,  viz.,  he  must  be  well  acquainted 
with  all  the  private  and  public  rules  and  orders  of  the 
Craft ;  he  o  ight  to  be  strictly  honest,  naturally  humane 
patient  in  injuries,  discreet  in  conversation,  grave  in 
30 


*62  CHR— CIR. 

counsel,   constant  in  amity,  and  above  all,  faithful  ic 
secrecy. — Dcrmott. 

CHRISTIANITY.  Masonry  is  the  excellency  of 
Christianity,  and  every  Mason  is,  if  he  is  in  reality  a 
Mason,  a  true  Christian  ;  or  at  least  he  is  in  reality  truly 
religious  according  to  his  profession,  whether  he  be  Jew 
or  Christian. — Inwood. 

CIRCLE.  The  circle  has  ever  been  considered  sym- 
bolical of  the  Deity ;  for  as  a  circle  apj  ears  to  ha>f; 
neither  beginning  nor  end,  it  may  be  justly  considered  u 
type  of  God,  without  either  beginning  of  days  or  en'Jr.iij 
of  years.  It  also  reminds  us  of  a  future  state,  wnete 
we  hope  to  enjoy  everlasting  happiness  and  joy. — Oia 
Lectures. 

CIRCLE  AND  PARALLEL  LINES.  In  all  regulai 
and  well-formed  lodges  there  is  a  certain  point  within  a 
circle,  round  which  it  is  said  the  genuine  professors  ol 
our  science  cannot  err.  This  circle  is  bounded  north  and 
south  by  two  perpendicular  parallel  lines.  On  the 
upper  or  eastern  part  of  the  periphery  rests  the  Holy 
Bible,  supporting  Jacob's  ladder  extending  to  the 
heavens.  The  point  is  emblematic  of  the  Omniscient 
and  Omnipresent  Deity,  the  circle  represents  his  eternir) , 
and  the  two  perpendicular  parallel  lines  liis  equal  justice 
and  mercy.  It  necessarily  follows  therefore  that  in  tra- 
versing a  masonic  lodge,  we  must  touch  upon  these  two 
great  parallels,  as  well  as  upon  the  volume  of  the  sacred 
law;  and  whilst  a  Mason  keeps  himself  thus  circum- 
scribed, remembers  his  Creator,  doe?  justice  and  loves 
mercy,  he  may  hope  finally  to  arrive  at  that  immortal 
centre  whence  all  goodness  emanates. — Hemming. 

CIRCUMAMBULATION.  The  ancients  made  it 
constant  practice  to  turn  themselves  round  when  they 
worshipped  the  gods ;  and  Pythagoras  seems  to  recom- 
mend it  in  his  symbols.  By  this  circular  movement  says 
Plutarch,  some  imagine  that  he  intended  to  imitate  the 
motion  of  the  earth ;  but  I  am  rather  of  opinion,  that 
the  precept  is  grounded  on  another  notion,  that  as  all 
temples  are  built  fronting  the  east,  the  people  at  their 
entrance  turned  their  bucks  to  the  suu  ;  and  cwnsequfnily 


CLA— CLO.  463 

in  order  to  dace  the  sun,  they  were  obliged  to  make  & 
halt-turn  to  the  right,  arid  then  in  order  to  place  them- 
selves before  the  Deity,  they  completed  the  round  L. 
ottering  up  their  prayer. 

CLANDESTINE  LODGES.  Some  years  ago  there 
were  a  number  of  those  so  called  lodges,  but  there  are 
none  at  present.  Clandestine  lodges  are  such  as  have 
been  formed  by  avaricious  Freemasons,  who  take  money 
from  those  people  who  can  have  no  idea  of  the  difference 
between  warranted  and  unwarranted  lodges.  They  were 
not  warranted  by  any  Grand  Lodge,  and  endeavoured  as 
much  as  possible  to  conceal  their  existence  from  the 
Grand  Lodges ;  their  founders  formed  a  ritual  from  their 
memories,  and  by  this  ritual  they  made  so  called  Free- 
masons, but  as  they  could  not  legitimize  themselves  for 
want  of  certificates  and  proper  information,  they  were 
unable  to  gain  admission  into  any  worthy  and  warranted 
lodge.  Since  the  lodges  have  been  formed  into  unions, 
working  under  one  Grand  Lodge,  unwarranted  lodges 
have  less  chance  of  existing  than  formerly.  A  lodge 
which  is  held  without  the  knowledge  of  the  magistrates 
or  police  of  the  place  may  be  considered  as  an  unwar- 
ranted lodge. — Gadicke. 

CLASSES.  Ancient  masonic  tradition  informs  us  that 
the  speculative  and  operative  Masons  who  were  assembled 
at  the  building  of  the  temple,  were  arranged  in  nine 
classes,  under  their  respective  Grand  Masters;  viz. 
30,000  Entered  Apprentices,  under  their  Grand  Master 
Adoniram;  80,000  Fellowcrafts,  under  Hiram  Abift'; 
2000  Mark  Men,  under  Stolkyn ;  1000  Master  Masons, 
under  Mohabin ;  GOO  Mark  Masters,  under  Ghiblim; 
21  Architects,  under  Joabert ;  12  Grand  Architects,  under 
Adoniram  ;  4-3  Excellent  Masons,  under  Hiram  Abiff; 
9  Super-excellent  Masons,  under  Tito  Zadok ;  besidea 
the  Ish  Sabbal  or  labourers. 

CLOSING.  When  it  is  proper  time  to  close  the  lodge 
it  is  always  high  midnight,  and  the  brethren  then  go 
peaceably  home,  remembering  that  the  high  midnight 
of  life  may  overtake  them  without  a  moment's  warning. 


464  CLO— COE. 

CLOTHING.  It  was  ordered  by  the  regulations 
agreed  by  the  Grand  Lodge,  March  17th,  1771,  that  none 
but  the  Grand  Master,  his  Deputy  and  Wai  dens,  who 
were  the  only  grand  officers  then  in  existence,  shall  wear 
their  jewels  in  gold  pendant  to  blue  ribbons  about  their 
necks,  and  white  leather  aprons  with  blue  silk.  Masters 
and  Wardens  of  particular  lodges  may  line  their  white 
leather  aprons  with  white  silk,  and  many  hang  their 
jewels  by  white  ribbons  about  their  necks.  Master  Ma- 
sons now  are  clothed  in  white,  sky-blue,  and  silver ; 
Grand  and  Provincial  Grand  Stewards  in  white,  crimson 
and  silver ;  and  all  other  Grand  and  Provincial  Grand 
Officers  in  white,  purple  and  gold. 

CLOUDY  PILLAR.  When  the  Israelites  were  de- 
livered from  the  Bondage  of  Egypt,  and  had  arrived  on 
the  borders  of  the  Red  Sea,  the  Egyptians  thought  thej 
were  so  completely  ensnared  that  their  escape  was  im 
possible.  With  inaccessible  mountains  on  each  side,  the 
sea  in  front,  and  the  Egyptian  army  behind,  they 
appeared  to  be  completely  hemmed  in.  And  why  did 
Moses  place  them  in  this  situation  ?  The  road  to  Palestine 
was  open  by  the  Isthmus ;  but  he  declined  escaping  by 
that  avenue,  and  led  the  people  southward,  and  placed 
thus  at  the  apparent  mercy  of  their  enemies.  The  truth 
is,  Moses  had  no  option  in  the  matter ;  he  followed  the 
direction  of  the  Cloudy  Pillar,  because  he  had  full  con- 
fidence that  it  would  conduct  him  right. 

COCHLEUS.  A  staircase  contrived  as  a  screw  in  the 
inner  wall  of  the  temple. 

COERCION.  The  rules  of  the  Fraternity  imperatively 
declare  that  no  person  can  be  admitted  a  Mason  except 
by  his  own  free-will  and  accord.  That  the  candidate  is 
unbiased  by  the  improper  solicitation  of  friends,  and 
uninfluenced  by  mercenary  motives ;  that  he  is  prompted 
to  solicit  the  privileges  of  Freemasonry  by  a  favorable 
opinion  of  the  institution,  and  a  desire  of  knowledge; 
and  that  he  will  cheerfully  conform  to  all  the  ancient 
usages  and  customs  of  the  Fraternity.  Coercion  is. 
therefore,  not  tolerated,  but  is  an  offense  against  Ma- 
sonry. 


COF— COL.  465 

COFFIN.  In  all  the  ancient  mysteries,  before  an 
aspirant  could  claim  to  participate  in  the  higher  secrets  of 
the  institution,  he  was  placed  within  the  pastes,  or  coffin, 
or  in  other  words  was  subjected  to  a  solitary  confinement 
for  a  prescribed  period  of  time,  that  he  might  reflect 
seriously,  in  seclusion  and  darkness,  on  what  he  was 
about  to  undertake,  and  be  reduced  to  a  proper  state  Oi 
mind  for  the  reception  of  great  and  important  truths,  by 
a  course  of  fasting  and  mortification.  This  was  the  sym- 
bolical death  of  the  mysteries,  and  his  deliverance  from 
confinement  was  the  act  of  regeneration,  or  being  born 
again ;  or  as  it  was  also  termed,  being  raised  from  the 
dead. 

COLLAR.  An  ornament  worn  about  the  neck,  to 
which  is  suspended  a  jewel  appropriate  to  the  office 
which  the  wearer  occupies  in  a  lodge.  The  colour  varies 
according  to  rank. 

COLLEGIA  ARTIFICIUM.  The  "  Encyclopedia 
Americana,"  art.  Masonry,  derives  the  Order  from  the 
Collegia  Artificium  of  the  Romans ;  and  says  its  mem- 
bers were  introduced  into  this  country  by  the  kings 
Alfred  and  Athelstan,  to  build  castles  and  churches. 
They  then  united,  under  written  constitutions  of  the 
Roman  and  Greek  colleges,  and  the  provisions  of  the  civil 
law.  Their  religious  tenets  being  often  objects  of  suspi- 
cion to  the  orthodox  catholics,  and  often  differing  among 
themselves,  they  were  not  allowed  to  obtrude  in  frheir 
meetings,  and  of  course  they  were  kept  secret. 

COLONIAL.  It  being  necessary,  on  account  of  the 
distance  of  foreign  district  Grand  Lodges,  and  the  con- 
sequent delay  in  their  communications  with  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  England,  that  their  powers  should  be  more 
extensive,  the  Grand  Lodge  delegates  to  its  foreign 
district  Grand  Lodges,  meeting  under  a  Grand  Mnster 
duly  authorized  and  appointed  by  the  Grand  Master  01 
England,  in  addition  to  the  powers  before  specified,  that 
of  expelling  Masous,  and  erasing  lodges  within  the 
district,  subject,  however,  to  appeal  to  .  ;ie  Grand  Lodge 
of  England. —  Constitutions. 


±66  COL— COM 

COLOURS.  The  masonic  colours,  like  those  used  in 
the  Jewish  tabernacle,  are  intended  to  represent  the  four 
elements.  The  white  typifies  the  earth,  the  sea  is  repre- 
sented by  the  purple,  the  sky-blue  is  an  emblem  of  the 
air,  and  the  crimson  of  fire. 

COLUMN.  A  pillar,  usually  cylindrical,  used  for  the  sup- 
port of  a  building.  Its  construction  and  orn  amenta tiou 
varies  according  to  the  different  orders  of  architecture. 

COMMENTARIES.  Nothing  would  elevate  the  char 
acter  of  a  lodge  more  than  a  course  of  historical  and 
philosophical  commentaries  on  the  authorized  lectures, 
by  an  experienced  and  talented  master  of  the  work.  If 
a  full  and  regular  attendance  of  brethren  be  desirable, 
this  process  would  ensure  it.  If  the  improvement  of  the 
mind  and  the  promotion  of  moral  virtue  be  the  objects 
of  our  pursuit,  this  would  constitute  the  most  effectual 
means  of  recommending  them  to  notice.  Whatever  is 
good  and  valuable  in  the  masonic  system  would  be 
preserved  and  maintained  by  such  a  practice,  and  the 
science  would  become  so  unobjectionable  in  the  opinion 
of  the  world,  that  all  mankind,  if  they  did  not  join  our 
ranks,  would  at  least  respect  our  professions,  and  esteem 
the  motive  for  our  association  for  the'*6ake  of  its  visible 
results. 

COMMEMORATIVE.  Commemorative  festivals  are 
incidental  to  all  institutions  and  systems  of  religious 
worship,  and  are  used  by  Freemasons  for  the  purpose  of 
promoting  the  interests  and  increasing  the  popularity  of 
the  Order,  of  extending  the  personal  acquaintance  of  the 
brethren,  and  of  ensuring  harmony  amongst  the  members 
by  a  social  interchange  of  sentiment,  mutual  professions 
of  good  will  towards  each  other,  and  benevolence  to  the 
Craft  at  large.  % 

COMMITTEE.  It  being  essential  to  the  interests  of 
the  Craft,  that  all  matters  of  business  to  be  brought 
undor  the  consideration  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  should  be 
previously  known  to  the  Grand  Officers  and  Masters  of 
lodges,  that,  through  them,  all  the  representatives  of 
•lien  lodges  may  be  apprized  of  such  business,  ami  bp 


COM.  467 

prepared  to  decide  thereon,  without  being  taken  by 
surprise,  a  general  committee,  consisting  of  the  present 
and  past  Grand  Officers,  and  the  Master  of  every  regular 
lodge  shall  meet  on  the  Wednesday  immediately  preced- 
ing each  quarterly  communication ;  at  which  meeting, 
all  reports  or  representations  from  the  Most  Worshipful 
Grand  Master,  or  any  board  or  committee  appointed  by 
the  Grand  Lodge  shall  be  read ;  and  any  member  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  intonating  to  make  a  motion  therein,  or  to 
submit  any  matter  to  its  consideration,  shall,  at  such 
general  committee,  state,  in  writing,  the  nature  of  his 
intended  motion  or  business,  that  the  same  may  be  read. 
No  motion,  or  other  matter  shall  be  brought  into  discus- 
sion in  the  Grand  Lodge,  unless  it  shall  have  been 
previously  communicated  to  this  general  committee. — 

Constitutions. 

i 

COMMON  GAVEL  teaches  us  to  lop  off  excrescences, 
and  smooth  surfaces;  or,  in  other  words,  to  correct 
irregularities,  and  reduce  man  to  a  proper  level ;  so  that 
by  quiet  deportment,  he  may,  in  the  school  of  discipline, 
learn  to  be  content.  What  the  common  gavel  is  to  the 
workman,  enlightened  reason  is  to  the  passions ;  it  curbs 
ambition,  depresses  envy,  moderates  anger,  and  encour- 
ages good  dispositions. 

COMMUNICATIONS.  Four  lodges  shall  be  holden, 
for  quarterly  communication,  in  each  year,  viz.,  on  the 
first  Wednesday  in  the  months  of  March,  June,  September, 
and  December,  at  which  none  shall  be  present  but  the 
proper  members,  without  permission  of  the  Grand 
Master,  or  presiding  Grand  Officer.  No  visitor  shall 
speak  to  any  question  without  leave  of  the  Grand 
Master,  nor  shall  he,  on  any  occasion,  be  permitted  to 
vote. — Constitutions. 

COMPANION.  The  title  by  which  Eoyal  Arch  Masons 
address  each  other,  and  is  equivalent  to  the  word  Brother 
in  the  Lodge.  It  is  supposed  to  refer  to  the  companion- 
ship which  existed  among  the  ancient  Jews  while  in 
captivity,  from  the  destruction  of  the  first  temple  by 
Nebiiphadnezzar,  until  their  return  to  Jerusalem  with 
Zerubbabel,  by  permission  of  Cyrus,  King  of  .  Persia. 


468  COM— CON. 

COMPASSES.  The  compasses  ought  to  keep  m 
within  the  bonds  of  union  with  all  mankind,  but  more 
especially  with  our  brother  Masons ;  and  may  every  one 
whose  hands  have  lifted  this  great  light  continue  to  be 
guided  by  it  in  all  his  actions !  By  the  compasses  the 
kilful  architect  is  enabled  accurately  to  determine  the 
elative  proportions  of  all  parts  of  the  building  when  he 
is  laying  it  down  upon  the  tracing-board  for  the  use 
of  the  workmen.  Without  accurate  measurement,  and 
thereby  acquired  symmetry  and  eurythmy,  or  beautiful 
and  skilful  proportioning  of  all  its  parts  unto  the  whole, 
architectural  beauty  is  not  attainable.  Without  cultivat- 
ed and  amiable  conduct — without  benevolent  feelings  and 
charitable  actions  towards  each  other,  no  endearing  bond 
amongst  mankind  is  conceivable  ;  for  so  long  as  mankind 
confine  themselves  to  acts  of  justice  alone  to  each  other, 
so  long  must  they  be  kept  asunder  by  cold  civility.  It 
is  only  the  calm  affection  of  pure  philanthropy  which  can 
unite  them  in  the  closer  bonds  of  fraternal  affection.  A 
circle  or  line  drawn  by  the  compasses  is  also  an  emblem 
of  eternity,  and  commonly  represented  by  a  serpent  in 
the  form  of  a  circle. — Gadicke. 

COMPLAINT.  If  any  complaint  be  brought,  the 
brother  found  guilty  shall  stand  to  the  award  and  deter- 
mination of  the  lodge,  who  are  the  proper  and  competent 
judges  of  all  such  controversies  (unless  you  carry  them 
by  appeal  to  the  Grand  Lodge),  and  to  whom  they  ought 
to  be  referred,  unless  a  lord's  work  be  hindered  the 
meanwhile,  in  which  case  a  particular  reference  may  bt 
made ;  but  you  must  never  go  to  law  about  what  con- 
cerneth  Ma  sonry,  without  an  absolute  necessity  apparent 
to  the  lodge. 

COMPOSITE.  The  Composite  order  of  architecture 
li  so  called  from  being  composed  out  of  the  other  orders. 
It  is  also  called  the  Roman  or  Italic  order,  as  having 
been  invented  by  the  Romans,  conformably  to  the  rest, 
which  are  denominated  from  the  people  among  whom 
they  had  their  rise. 

CONCEALMENT.  Keep  the  door  of  thy  lips  nor 
ever  let  the  frantic  moments  of  revenge  wound  that 


CON.  469 

which,  in  sober  reflection,  perhaps  thou  wouldst  wish,  in 
vain,  to  spend  years  to  heal.  Think  the  best,  but  never 
speak  the  worst ;  reverence  and  imitate  the  good  quali- 
ties of  others,  but  to  all  their  defects,  whether  real  or 
imaginary,  be  a  Mason  in  secrecy,  and  thus  prove  to  the 
world — whose  eye  is  curious,  indeed,  over  Masons — that 
one  of  the  secrets  of  Masonry  is  the  concealment  of  our 
brother's  fault,  which,  by  discovery,  could  neither  b*1 
amended  nor  obliterated. 

CONCLUSION.  Let  us  hear  the  conclusion  of  the 
whole  matter.  Fear  God  and  keep  his  commandments, 
for  this  is  the  whole  duty  of  man.  For  God  shall  bring 
every  work  into  judgment,  with  every  secret  thing, 
whether  it  be  good  or  whether  it  be  evil. — Solomon. 

CONCORD.  The  Master  of  each  lodge  should  found 
his  government  in  concord  and  universal  love  ;  for  as  the 
Great  Architect  moves  the  system  with  his  finger,  and 
touches  the  spheres  with  harmony,  so  that  the  morning 
stars  together  sing  the  songs  of  gratitude,  and  the  floods 
clap  their  hands,  amidst  the  invariable  beauties  of  order  ; 
so  should  we,  rejoicing,  be  of  one  accord  and  of  one  law, 
in  unanimity,  in  charity,  and  in  affection,  moving  by  one 
unchanging  system,  and  actuated  by  one  principle,  recti- 
tude of  manners. — Hutchinson. 

CONFIDENCE.  What  the  ignorant  call  "the 
oath,"  is  simply  an  obligation,  covenant,  and  promise 
enacted  previously  to  the  divulging  of  the  specialities  of 
the  Order,  and  our  means  of  recognizing  each  other  ;  and 
that  they  shall  be  kept  from  the  knowledge  of  the  world, 
lest  their  original  intent  should  be  thwarted,  and  their 
benevolent  purport  prevented.  Now  pray  what  harm  is 
there  in  this  ?  Do  you  not  all,  when  you  have  anything 
of  a  private  nature  wh.ch  you  are  willing  to  confide  in  a 
particular  friend,  before  you  tell  him  what  it  is,  demand 
a  solemn  promise  of  secrecy  ?  And  is  there  not  the 
utmost  propriety  in  knowing  whether  your  friend  is 
determined  to  keep  your  secret  before  you  presume  tr 
reveal  it  ? — Harris. 

CONSECRATING.     The   day    of    consecration    was 


*70  CON. 

annually  held  as  a  festival  by  the  brethren  of  the  lodge  j 
and  as  it  is  frequently  the  ease  that  none  of  those  who 
laid  the  foundation  of'  the  building,  and  who  first  taught 
how  it  was  to  be  carried  on,  are  in  existence,  it  is  a  most 
solemn  festival.  On  this  occasion  the  building  must  be 
duly  surveyed,  and  those  parts  which  have  become 
decayed  by  age  must  be  repaired.  When  this  has  been 
properly  done — when  the  Great  Architect  of  the  Uni- 
verse has  been  thanked  for  the  blessings  he  has  conferred 
upon  the  lodge  and  its  members  during  the  year  which 
has  passed — when  His  assistance  has  been  earnestly 
implored  for  the  time  to  come,  and  when  the  members 
have  most  solemnly  pledged  themselves  zealously  to 
devote  themselves  to  His  service — then,  and  not  till 
then,  can  they  go  cheerfully  to  the  banquet ;  for,  by 
holding  a  masonic  banquet  alone,  no  lodge  can  duly 
celebrate  this  festival. — Gadicke. 

CONSTITUTING.  The  following  is  the  manner  of 
constituting  a  new  lodge.  A  lodge  is  duly  formed;  and, 
after  prayer,  an  ode  in  honour  of  Masonry  is  sung.  The 
Grand  Master  is  then  informed  by  the  Secretary  that  the 
brethren  present  desire  to  be  formed  into  a  new  lodge, 
&c.  The  petition,  the  dispensation,  and  the  warrant,  or 
charter  of  constitution,  are  now  read.  The  minutes  6f 
the  lodge  while  under  dispensation  are  likewise  read , 
and,  being  approved,  are  declared  regular  and  valid,  and 
signed  by  the  Grand  Master.  The  Grand  Master  inquires 
if  the  brethren  approve  of  the  officers  wrho  are  nominated 
in  the  warrant  to  preside  over  them.  This  being  signi- 
fied in  masonic  form,  an  oration  on  the  nature  and  design 
of  the  institution  is  delivered.  The  lodge  is  then  con- 
secrated according  to  ceremonies  proper  and  usual  on 
these  occasions,  but  not  proper  to  be  written,  and  the 
Grand  Master  constitutes  the  lodge  in  ancient  form. — 
Constitutions. 

CONSUMMATUM  EST.  The  ne  plus  ultra  of  Ma 
sonry  varies  in  different  systems.  With  some  it  is  one 
of  the  Kadoshes,  with  others  the  Rose  Croix ;  and  with 
the  Ancient  Accepte  it  is  the  thirty-third  degree.  With 
all,  however,  the  possession  of  it  is  considered  indispens- 
able to  those  who  emulate  masonic  perfection  ;  and  ne 


CON— COR.  471 

person  can  be  admitted  to  it  who  is  not  master  of  all  the 
previous  degrees.  It  concludes  with  the  words — <:on- 
summatum  est. 

CONTROVERSY.  Masonry  is  a  universal  system, 
and  teaches  the  relative  and  social  duties  of  man  on  the 
broad  and  extensive  basis  of  general  philanthropy.  A 
Jew,  a  Mahometan,  or  a  Pagan,  may  attend  our  lodges 
without  fear  of  hearing  hi*  peculiar  doctrines  or  mode  of 
faith  called  in  question  by  a  comparison  with  others 
which  are  repugnant  to  Ins  creed,  because  a  permanent 
and  unalterable  landmark  ot  Masonry  is,  the  total  absence 
and  exclusion  of  religious  or  political  controversy. 
Each  of  these  professors  practices  a  system  of  morality 
suited  to  the  sanctions  of  his  religion,  which,  as  it  ema- 
nated from  the  primitive  system  of  divine  worship,  bears 
some  resemblance  to  it ,  and  consequently  he  can  hear 
moral  precepts  inculcated  without  imputing  a  designed 
reference  to  any  peculiar  mode  of  faith. 

COPESTONE.  The  uppermost  and  last-laid  stone  of 
a  building.  Operative  Masons,  at  the  completion  of  the 
edifice,  stih1  observe  the  custom  of  celebrating  the  laying 
of  the  Copestone.  The  Most  Excellent  Master's  degree, 
as  conferred  in  Royal  Ardi  Chapters,  owes  much  of  its  im- 
pressive ceremonies  to  "  the  celebration  of  the  Copestone." 

CORINTHIAN.  The  Corinthian  is  the  noblest, 
richest,  and  most  delicate  of  all  the  orders  of  architec- 
ture. Villipandus  supposes  the  Corinthian  capitol  to 
have  taken  its  origin  from  an  ornament  in  King  Solo- 
mon's Temple,  the  leaves  whereof  were  those  of  the 
palm  tree. 

CORN.  Corn  was  a  symbol  of  the  resurrection,  whicb 
is  significantly  referred  to  in  the  third  degree  of  Masonry 
Jesus  Christ  compares  himself  to  a  corn  of  wheat  falling 
into  the  ground,  as  a  symbol  of  resurrection.  St.  Paul 
says,  the  sower  sows  a  simple  grain  of  corn,  no  matter 
of  what  kind,  which  at  its  proper  season  rises  to  light, 
clothed  in  verdure.  So  also  is  the  resurrection  of  the 
dead.  The  apostle  might,  says  Calmet,  have  instanced 
the  power  of  trod  in  the  progress  of  vivification ;  and 


i72  COR— COU. 

(night  have  inferred  that  the  same  power  which  could 
confer  life  originally,  would  certainly  restore  it  to  those 
particles  which  once  had  possessed  it.  It  is  possible  he 
nas  done  this  covertly,  having  chosen  to  mention  vegeta- 
ble seed,  that  being  most  obvious  to  common  notice ; 
and  yet  not  intending  to  terminate  his  reference  in  any 
quality  of  vegetation. 

CORNER-STONE.  The  principal  and  important  stone 
in  the  foundation  of  an  edifice.  This  stone  is  usually 
laid  in  the  north-east  corner,  and  unites  the  two  walls. 
It  is  generally  deposited  in  its  place  with  solemn  and 
appropriate  ceremonies,  and  is  the  depository  of  memen- 
tos of  the  times  in  which  it  is  laid,  for  the  use  and  benefit 
of  posterity.  Its  position  accounts,  in  a  rational  manner, 
for  the  general  disposition  of  a  newly-initiated  candidate, 
when  enlightened ;  but  uninstructed  he  is  accounted  to  be 
the  most  superficial  part  of  Masonry.  An  important 
symbol  in  the  Mark  Master's  degree. 

COUNTRY  LODGES.  Country  lodges  are  under  the 
immediate  superintendence  of  the  Grand  Master  of  their 
respective  provinces;  to  whom,  or  to  his  deputy,  they 
are  to  apply  in  all  cases  of  difficulty  or  doubt,  and  to 
whom  all  complaints  and  disputes  must  be  transmitted.  If 
those  officers  should  neglect  to  proceed  in  the  business, 
the  application  or  complaint  may  be  transmitted  to  the 
Board  of  General  Purposes ;  and  an  appeal  in  all  cases 
lies  to  the  Grand  Lodge  or  Grand  Master. — Constitutions. 

COURSE.  In  the  entire  course  of  lectures  attached  to 
the  three  degrees  of  Masonry,  including  the  fn&l  triumph 
of  the  Order  in  the  Royal  Arch,  such  events  are  held 
prominently  to  view  as  are  calculated  to  remind  us  of 
our  Christian  privileges,  emanating  from,  and  connected 
with,  the  great  promises  and  advantages  which  were 
enjoyed  by  holy  men  under  the  patriarchal  and  Mosaic 
dispensations.  The  creation  of  the  v/orl <i ;  the  expulsion 
of  our  first  parents  from  Paradise,  with  the  consoling 
promise  which  accompanied  that  terrible  punishment  of 
sin;  the  translation  of  Enoch;  the  deluge;  Abraham 
and  Sarah ;  Hagar  and  Ishmael ;  the  offering  of  Isaac ; 
the  peregrinations  of  Jacob  ;  the  deliverance  from  Egyp- 


COW— CRA.  473 

tian  captivity ;  the  wanderings  in  the  wilderness ,  the 
building  of  the  first  and  second  Temples  ,  the  captivities; 
the  revelation  of  the  cherubic  emblem  of  the  Deity  ;  and 
the  annunciation  of  the  Messiah  by  John  the  Baptist. 
The  disquisitions  on  these  important  points,  which 
embrace  also  many  collateral  subjects  of  equal  interest, 
tire  recommended  by  the  sublime  elucidations  of  symbol 

ical  machinery  with  which  they  are  accompanied. 

• 

COWAN.  From  the  affair  of  Jeptha,  an  Ephraimite 
was  termed  a  cowan  or  worthless  fellow.  In  Egypt  a 
cohen  was  the  title  of  a  priest  or  prince,  and  a  term  oi 
honour.  Bryant,  speaking  of  the  harpies,  says  they  were 
priests  of  the  sun  ;  and  as  cohen  was  the  name  of  a  dog 
as  well  as  a  priest,  they  are  termed  by  Appollonius — 
"the  dogs  of  Jove."  Now  St.  John  cautions  the  Christian 
brethren  that  "  without  are  dogs,"  (xwsg)  cowans  or  lis- 
teners ;  and  St.  Paul  exhorts  the  Christians  to  "  beware 
of  dogs,  because  they  are  evil  workers."  Now  *vu>r  a 
dog,  or  evil  worker,  is  the  masonic  cowan.  The  above 
priests  or  metaphorical  dogs,  were  also  called  cercyoni- 
ans  or  cer-cowans,  because  they  were  lawless  in  their 
behaviour  towards  strangers.  A  writer  of  the  "  Freema- 
sons' Quarterly  Review "  thus  explains  the  word.  "  I 
trace  it,"  says  he,  "  to  the  Greek  verb  «xova>,  to  hear  or 
listen  to,  from  which  it  is  but  parce  detorta ;  and  we 
have  high  authority  for  so  importing  words  from  one 
language  to  another."  Our  illustrious  brother,  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott,  makes  one  of  his  characters  in  "  Rob  Roy  " 
say — "  she  does  not  value  a  lawsuit  mair  as  a  cowan, 
and  ye  may  tell  Mac  Cullummore  that  Allan  Iverach  said 
sae." 

CBAFT.  The  term  applied  to  persons,  collectively 
in  a  trade,  or  mechanical  occupation.  In  free  or  specu- 
lative Masonry  it  signifies  the  whole  Masonic  family, 
wherever  dispersed. 

CRAFTSMAN.  As  a  Craftsman  you  are  to  encourage 
industry  and  reward  merit ;  supply  the  wants  and  relieve 
the  necessities  of  brethren  and  fellows  to  the  utmost  of 
your  power  and  ability ;  and  on  no  account  to  wrong 
them  or  see  them  wronged,  but  timely  to  apprise  them 
40 


474 


ORE— CRO. 


of  approaching  danger,  and  view  their  interest  as  insep- 
arable from  your  own.  Such  is  the  nature  of  your 
engagements  as  a  Craftsman,  and  these  duties  you  are 
now  bound,  by  the  most  sacred  ties,  to  observe. — Charge, 
Second  Degree. 

CREATION.  It  is  the  general  voice  of  Scripture 
that  God  finished  the  whole  of  the  creation  in  six  days 
and  rested  the  seventh ;  giving  us  an  example  that 
we  might  labour  six  days  and  rest  the  seventh  from  all 
manual  exercises.  He  who  labours  with  his  mind  by 
worldly  schemes  and  plans  on  the  Sabbath  day,  is  as 
culpable  as  he  who  labours  with  his  hands  in  his  accus- 
tomed calling.  It  is  by  the  authority  of  God  that  the 
Sabbath  is  set  apart  for  rest  and  religious  purposes,  as 
the  six  days  of  the  week  are  appointed  for  labour. — 
Adam  Clarke. 

CRIMSON.  This  rich  and  beautiful  colour  is  emble- 
matical of  fervency  and  zeal.  It  is  the  appropriate 
colour  of  the  Royal  Arch  degree  ;  and  admonishes  us 
that  we  should  be  fervent  in  the  exercise. of  our  devo- 
tions to  God,  and  zealous  in  our  endeavours  to  promote 
the  happiness  of  man. 

CROSS.  According  to  an  ancient  tradition,  the  Tem- 
ple of  Solomon  had  three  foundations,  the 
first  of  which  contained  seventy  stones,  five 
rows  from  north  to  south,  and  fourteen  in 
each  row  running  from  east  to  west.  The 
centre  row  corresponded  with  the  upright 
of  a  cross,  whose  transverse  was  formed  by 
two  stones  on  each  side  of  the  eleventh 
stone  from  the  east  end  of  the  centre  row 
of  which  the  upright  is  formed,  and  the 
fourth  stone  from  the  west  end  of  it.  This 
stone,  which  hence  occupies  the  place  of 
the  crossing  of  the  beams,  was  under  the 
centre  of  the  S.  S.,  where  was  deposited 
the  Ark  of  the  Covenant  and  Shekinah. 
This  design  contained  an  evident  reference 
to  the  cr^ss  of  Christ,  and  was  so  placed  that  the  part 
where  the  heart  of  Christ  would  be  at  the  time  of  his 
crucifixion  was  under  *:h«  centro  of  tlio  S.  S. 


CRU-CUB.  475 

CRUSADES.  There  is  not  an  instance  of  the  Euro- 
pean states  uniting  in  any  one  enterprise  save  the  holy 
war;  and  from  thence  we  most  rationally  must  conceive 
the  present  number  of  Masons,  dispersed  over  the  face 
of  Europe,  was  principally  derived.  By  the  Crusades, 
the  number  of  our  society  would  be  greatly  augmented' 
the  occasion  itself  would  revive  the  rules  of  Masonry 
they  being  so  well  adapted  to  that  purpose,  and  alsc 
professional  of  the  Christian  faith,  from  wThence  sprang 
the  spirit  of  the  enterprise.  After  these  pursuits  sub- 
sided, bodies  of  men  would  be  found  in  every  country 
from  whence  the  levies  were  called ;  and  what  would 
preserve  the  society  in  every  state,  even  during  the 
persecutions  of  zealots,  the  Master  Mason's  Order,  under 
its  present  principles,  is  adapted  to  every  sect  of  Chris- 
tians. It  originated  from  the  earliest  era  of  Christianity, 
in  honour  to,  or  in  confession  of,  the  religion  and  faith 
of  Christians,  before  the  poison  of  sectaries  was  diffused 
over  the  church. — Hutcltinsun. 

CRUX  ANSATA.  This  sign,  originally  signifying 
life,  was  adopted  as  a  Christian  emblem,  either  from  its 
similarity  to  the  shape  of  a  cross,  or  from  its  being 
considered  the  symbol  of  a  state  of  future  existence. 

CRYPT.  A  subterranean  vault.  On  the  top  of  the 
mount  of  Olives  was  a  vast  and  very  ancient  crypt,  in 
"  the  shape  of  a  cone  of  immense  size ;  the  vertex  alone 
appearing  level  with  the  soil,  and  exhibiting  by  its 
section  at  the  top  a  small  circular  aperture,  the  sides 
extending  below  to  a  great  depth  lined  with  a  hard  red 
stucco."  It  was  an  idolatrous  construction,  perhaps  as 
old  as  Solomon,  and  profaned  by  Josiah.  If  Solomon 
built  this  crypt,  he  might,  as  the  Jews  say  he  did, 
construct  one  of  the  same  kind  beneath  the  Temple,  for 
the  reception  of  the  ark,  &c.,  in  case  of  danger ;  but  this 
must  remain  undecided  till  the  "  times  of  the  Gentilea 
are  fulfilled." — Ca/mct. 

CUBE.  The  cube  is  a  symbol  of  truth,  of  wisdom, 
of  moral  perfection.  The  new  Jerusalem  promised  by 
the  Apocalypse,  is  equal  in  length,  breadth,  and  height. 
The  mystical  city  ought  to  be  considered  as  a  new 


476         ,  CUB. 

church,  where  divine  wisdom  will  reign.  Isaiah,  an- 
nouncing the  coming  of  the  Messiah,  said,  "  He  shall 
dwell  in  the  highest  place  of  the  solid  rock,  and  the 
water  which  shall  flow  from  him  shall  give  life." 

CUBICAL  STONE.  At  the  building  cf  the  Temple 
of  Jerusalem,  an  unexpected  arid  afflicting  event  occurred, 
which  threw  the  Masons  engaged  in  the  work  into  the 
greatest  confusion.  The  G.  M.  (H.  A.  B.)  had  sent  to 
certain  F.  Cs.  thirteen  stones,  and  directed  that  with 
these  they  should  complete  a  small  square  near  the 
cape-stone,  being  the  only  portion  of  the  fabric  which 
remained  unfinished.  Every  stone  of  the  temple  was 
formed  into  a  square,  containing  five  equilateral  triangles, 
each  equilateral  triangle  being  equal  to  a  cube,  and  each 
side  and  base  of  the  triangles  being  equal  to  a  plumb 
line.  The  space,  therefore,  which  remained  to  be  com 
pleted  was  the  last  triangle  of  the  last  stone,  and  equal 
to  the  eighth  part  of  the  plumb-line,  or  |  of  the  circle, 
and  ys  of  the  triangle,  which  number  is  in  Hebrew  rf  c 
the  great  name  of  the  Almighty.  The  thirteen  stoneb 
consisted  of  all  the  fragments  which  remained  from  the 
building,  and  comprised  two  cubes  in  two  divisions.  In 
the  first  was  contained  one  cube  in  an  entire  piece,  and 
in  the  second  a  cube  in  twelve  parts :  viz.,  4^  parts  in 
1  piece,  2  parts  in  4  pieces,  1  part  in  1  piece,  and  \ 
part  in  6  pieces;  total  12  pieces.  The  F.  Cs.  carried 
the  broken  cube  to  S.  K.  I.,  who  in  conjunction  with 
H.  K.  T.  directed  that  they  should  je  placed  along  with 
the  jewels  of  the  Craft,  on  a  cubic  stone  encrusted  with 
gold,  in  the  centre  of  a  deep  cavern  within  the  foundations 
of  the  temple,  and  further  ordered,  that  the  door  of  this 
mysterious  court  should  be  built  up  with  large  stones,  in 
order  that  no  one  in  future  should  be  able  to  gain 
admission  into  this  mysterious  apartment.  At  the  re- 
building of  the  temple,  however,  three  F.  Cs.  lately 
returned  from  Babylon,  in  the  course  of  their  labours 
inadvertently  stumbled  upon  this  mysterious  recess.  They 
discovered  the  fractured  cube,  and  carried  the  pieces  to 
Z.  J.  H.,  who  recognized  in  the  four  pieces  the  XXXX., 
and  accordingly  advanced  the  F.  Cs.  to  a  new  order 
in  Masonry  for  having  accomplished  this  discovery  — 
Til  tier. 


CUB— CYP.  477 

CUBIT.  A  measure  of  length  employed  by  the  ancients 
equal  to  the  length  of  the  arm  from  the  elbow  to  the  tip 
of  the  middle  finger.  Among  different  nations  the  length 
of  the  cubit  differed.  The  cubit  of  the  Romans  was  aboiit 
171  inches;  that  of  the  Hebrews  22  inches,  but  its  length 
«s  now  generally  stated  at  18  English  inches. 

CURIOSITY.  Freemasonry  has  in  all  ages  excited 
the  curiosity  of  mankind ;  and  curiosity  is  one  of  the 
most  prevailing  passions  in  the  human  breast.  The 
mind  of  man  is  kept  in  a  perpetual  thirst  after  knowledge, 
nor  can  he  bear  to  be  ignorant  of  what  he  thinks  others 
know. 

CYPHER.  It  is  not  customary  in  Freemasonry  to 
write  in  cypher,  neither  is  there  any  law  commanding  it 
to  be  done,  although  there  is  a  very  ancient  cypher 
extant  taken  from  the  Square  and  Triangle.  This  is  also 
called  the  Ammonian  writing  of  the  ancient  Egyptian 
priests.  In  the  year  1808,  Bro.  J.  G.  Bruman,  Director 
of  the  Academy  of  Commerce  and  Professor  of  the 
Mathematics  at  Mannheim,  published  a  programme  of  a 
Pangraphia  or  universal  writing,  and  at  the  same  time  an 
Arithmetical  Krypto-graphic,  which  was  to  be  extremely 
useful  in  Freemasonry ;  but  so  far  as  we  know  this  work 
has  never  appeared. — Gadicke. 

CYPHER  WRITING.  The  system  of  cypher  writing 
has  been  found  so  convenient  as  a  depository  of  ineffable 
secrets,  that  it  has  descended  down  to  our  own  times, 
and  various  methods  have  been  prescribed  for  its  use,  any 
of  which  will  answer  the  intended  purpose ;  for  the  in- 
terpretation is  absolutely  impracticable  without  a  key. 
The  simplest  kind  of  cypher  consists  of  a  simple  trans- 
position of  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  and  appears  to 
have  been  one  of  the  earliest  specimens  of  this  kind  ot 
secret  communication  which  was  used  in  modern  times. 
Its  mystery,  however,  is  perfect ;  and  the  places  of  the 
several  letters  may  be  so  varied  as  to  preclude  the  possi- 
bility of  detection. 

abcdefghij     kirn 
no     pq     r     s     t     u     vwxy     z 


478  CYR— DAN. 

With  this  key  the  cypher  n  serr  naq  npprcgrq  ziifba, 
will  be  found  to  contain  the  words — "  A  Free  and 
accepted  Mason  ;"  but  if  the  key  be  varied  thus : — 

abcdefghijklm 
zyxwvu      tsrqpo     n 

the  same  words  will  stand — z  uivv  zmw  zxxvkgvw  nzhhn 
And  the  key  will  admit  of  variations  ad  infinitum 
Sometimes  the  mystery  was  increased  by  the  juiictioi 
of  four  or  five  words  into  one.  On  this  plan  the  abov 
expression  would  constitute  the  forminable  word,  zuivv- 
zmwzxxvkgvwnzhlm. 

CYRUS.  This  prince  was  mentioned  by  the  prophet 
Isaiah,  two  hundred  years  before  he  was  born,  as  the 
restorer  of  the  temple  at  Jerusalem.  And  accordingly, 
after  the  seventy  years  of  captivity  in  Babylon  were 
accomplished,  it  pleased  the  Lord  to  direct  him  to  issue 
the  following  proclamation.  The  Lord  God  of  Heaven 
hath  given  me  all  the  kingdoms  of  the  earth,  and  he 
hath  charged  me  to  build  him  an  house  at  Jerusalem, 
which  is  in  Judah.  Who  is  there  among  you  of  all  his 
people?  his  God  be  with  him,  and  let  him  go  up  to 
Jerusalem  which  is  in  Judah,  and  build  the  house  of  the 
Lord  God  of  Israel,  (he  is  the  God)  which  is  in  Jerusa- 
lem. 

DANCING.  Dancing  is  not  a  masonic  accomplish- 
ment, although  it  usually  accompanied  the  rites  of  the 
spurious  Freemasonry.  The  idolatrous  Jews  made  it  a 
part  of  the  worship  which  they  paid  to  the  golden  calf. 
The  Amalekites  danced  after  their  victory  at  Ziklag,  and 
Job  makes  it  part  of  the  character  of  the  prosperous 
wicked  (that  is,  of  those  who,  placing  all  their  happiness 
in  the  enjoyments  of  sense,  forget  God  and  religion), 
that  their  children  dance.  The  dancing  of  the  profligate 
Herodias's  daughter  pleased  Herod  so  highly,  that  he 
promised  to  give  her  whatever  she  asked,  and  accordingly, 
at  her  desire,  and  in  compliment  to  her,  he  commanded 
John  the  Baptist  to  be  beheaded  in  prison.  Notwith- 
standing this,  some  Provincial  Grand  Masters  instead  of 
taking  the  brethren  at  their  provincial  meetings  to 
rhurch,  as  in  the  good  old  times  of  Inwood,  Harris,  and 


DAR— DAV.  479 

Oliver,  for  the  purpose  of  invoking  the  blessing  of  God 
on  their  labours,  lead  them  to  a  ball  in  full  masonic  cos- 
tume, as  the  gentry  of  old  used  to  exhibit  their  servants 
find  retainers  at  an  assize  or  county  meeting  in  blue  coats 
and  badges ;  whence  instead  of  a  praying  institution  as 
Masonry  is,  it  becomes  a  dancing  institution,  which  it 
decidedly  is  not. — Freemasons'  Quarterly  Review. 

DARKNESS.  The  darkness  of  Masonry  is  invested 
with  a  pure  and  dignified  reference,  because  it  is  attached 
to  a  system  of  truth.  It  places  before  the  mind  a  series 
of  the  most  awful  and  impressive  images.  It  points  to 
the  darkness  of  death  and  the  obscurity  of  the  grave,  as 
the  forerunners  of  a  more  brilliant  and  never-fading 
light  which  follows  at  the  resurrection  of  the  just. 
Figure  to  yourselves  the  beauty  and  strict  propriety  of 
this  reference,  ye  who  have  been  raised  to  the  third 
degree  of  Masonry.  Were  your  minds  enveloped  in  the 
shades  of  that  darkness?  So  shall  you  again  be  involved 
in  the  darkness  of  the  grave,  when  death  has  drawn  his 
sable  curtain  round  you.  Did  you  rise  to  a  splendid 
scene  of  intellectual  brightness?  So,  if  you  are  obedient 
to  the  precepts  of  Masonry  and  the  dictates  of  religion, 
shall  you  rejoice  on  the  resurrection  morn,  when  the 
clouds  of  error  and  imperfection  are  separated  from  your 
mind,  and  you  behold  with  unveiled  eye  the  glories 
which  issue  from  the  expanse  of  heaven,  the  everlasting 
splendours  of  the  throne  of  God ! 

DARKNESS  VISIBLE.  The  light  of  a  Master 
Mason  is  darkness  visible,  serving  only  to  express  that 
gloom  which  rests  on  the  prospect  of  futurity.  It  is  that 
mysterious  veil  which  the  Eureka  of  human  reason  can- 
not penetrate,  unless  assisted  by  that  light  -which  is  from 
above. 

DAVID.  The  uninterrupted  prosperity  which  David 
enjoyed,  inspired  him  with  a  design  of  building  a  sump- 
tuous temple  for  the  worship  of  the  Deity,  deeming  it 
in  a  high  degree  criminal  to  permit  the  ark  of  God  to 
remain  in  a  tabernacle  at  a  time  when  he  resided  in  a 
palace,  constructed  and  ornamented  with  the  utmost 
profusion  of  elegance  and  splendour.  And  to  thu 


480  DAY. 

was  furl  her  incited  by  an  ancient  prediction  of  Moses 
But  David  as  yet  was  ignorant  of  the  place  where  the 
Temple  of  the  Lord  was  to  be  erected;  for  it  still 
remained  in  the  possession  of  the  Jebusites,  and  on  that 
spot  Araunah  had  established  his  threshing  floor.  At 
this  period  Mount  Moriah  exhibited  a  picturesque  appear- 
ance, being  covered  by  groves  of  olive  trees;  and  for 
this  reason  it  was  called  "  the  field  of  the  wood."  After 
David  had  made  the  above  determination,  the  Lord 
directed  Nathan  the  prophet  to  communicate  to  him, 
"Thus  saitii  the  Lord,  shalt  thou  build  me  an  house  for 
to  dwell  in.  Whe  thy  days  be  fulfilled,  and  thou  shalt 
sleep  with  thy  fati.'srs,  I  will  set  up  thy  seed  after  thee, 
which  shall  proceed  out  of  thy  bowels,  and  I  will  estab- 
lish his  kingdom.  He  shall  build  an  house  for  my  name, 
and  I  will  establish  the  throne  of  his  kingdom  for  ever 
I  will  be  bis  father,  and  he  shall  be  my  son." 

DAY  AND  NIGHT.  The  sun  is  the  monarch  of  the 
day,  whicii  is  the  state  of  light.  The  moon  of  the  night, 
or  the  state  of  darkness.  The  rays  of  the  sun  falling  on 
the  atmosphere,  are  refracted  and  diffused  over  the  whole 
of  that  hemisphere  of  the  earth  immediately  under  his 
orb ;  while  those  rays  of  that  vast  luminary  which, 
because  of  the  earth's  small  ness  in  comparison  of  the 
sun,  are  diffused  on  all  sides  beyond  the  earth,  falling  on 
the  opaque  disc  of  the  moon,  are  reflected  back  on  what 
may  be  called  the  lower  hemisphere,  or  that  part  of  tho 
earth  which  is  opposite  to  the  part  which  is  illuminated 
by  the  sun ;  and  as  the  earth  completes  a  revolution  on 
its  own  axis  in  about  twenty-four  hours,  consequently 
each  hemisphere  has  alternate  day  and  night. — Adam 
Clarke. 

DAY'S  WORK.  The  day's  work  closed  when  the 
sun  set  in  the  west.  All  the  expressions  used  in  scripture 
about  hired  servants  imply  that  they  were  hired  by  the 
day.  This  is  still  the  case  in  the  east,  where  not  only 
labourers,  but  mechanics,  whether  they  work  for  a  house- 
holder or  for  a  master  in  their  own  craft,  are  paid  by  the 
day,  and  regularly  expect  their  day's  wages  when  the 
sun  goes  down.  It  has  never  come  to  our  knowledge 
that  they  work  at  any  trade  after  sunset,  even  in  winter 


DEA— DEC.  481 

DEACON.  The  duties  attached  to  the  office  of  a 
deacon  are,  "  to  convey  messages,  to  obey  commands, 
and  to  assist  at  initiations,  and  in  the  general  practice  of 
the  rites  and  ceremonies  of  the  Order."  The  jewel  of 
their  office  is  a  dove,  as  an  emblem  of  peace,  and  charac- 
teristic of  their  duties. 

DEATH.  The  heathen  nations,  before  the  coming  of 
Christ,  wanted  the  blessing  of  revelation,  and  knew 
nothing  of  the  destination  of  man  after  he  was  laid  in 
the  silent  tomb.  One  of  their  own  poets  tells  us  this : 
"Alas,"  says  he,  "  when  the  plants  and  flowers  of  the 
garden  have  perished,  they  revive  again,  and  bloom  the 
succeeding  year ;  but  we,  mighty,  wise,  and  powerful 
men,  when  once  we  die,  remain  insensible  in  the  hollow 
tomb  and  sleep  a  long  and  endless  sleep — a  sleep  from 
which  we  never  shall  be  awakened."  Seneca  said,  "post 
mortem  nihil  est"  Virgil  describes  death  as  an  "iron 
sleep,  and  an  eternal  night."  (En.  x.  745.)  But  so 
inconsistent  were  the  heathen  philosophers  upon  these 
abstruse  subjects,  which  they  had  received  only  from 
dark  and  uncertain  tradition,  that  in  the  sixth  book  of 
the  Eneid,  the  same  poet  describes  with  great  minuteness 
the  places  of  reward  and  punishment  which  are  assigned 
to  mankind  after  death,  as  the  consequence  of  their 
personal  responsibility. — Bishop  Mant. 

DECLARATION.  E.very  candidate,  previous  to  his 
admission,  must  subscribe  his  name  at  full  length  to  a 
declaration  of  the  following  import,  viz. : — "  To  the 
Worshipful  Masters,  Wardens,  Officers,  and  Members  of 

the  Lodge  of ,  No.  — .     I, ,  being  a  free 

man,  and  of  the  full  age  of  twenty-one  years,  do  declare, 
that  unbiassed  by  the  improper  solicitation  of  friends, 
and  uninfluenced  by  mercenary  or  other  unworthy  motive, 
I  freely  and  voluntarily  offer  myself  a  candidate  for  the 
mysteries  of  Masonry ;  that  I  am  prompted  by  a  favour- 
able opinion  conceived  of  the  institution,  and  a  desire  of 
knowledge,  and  that  I  will  cheerfully  conform  to  all  the 
ancient  usages  and  established  customs  of  the  Order. 
Witness  my  hand  this  day  of  .  Witness.— 

Constitution** 


4:82  DEC— DED. 

DECLARING  OFF.  When  a  brother  teases  to  visit 
a  Lodge,  and  to  pay  his  monthly  subscriptions,  he  thereby 
declares  himself  off  the  lodge.  When  a  brother  requires 
to  leave  the  lodge  for  a  few  minutes,  either  at  labour  or 
at  the  banquet,  he  must  request  leave  to  do  so.  Many 
brethren  whose  bad  conduct  is  brought  before  the  lodge, 
and  who  are  afraid  that  they  will  be  excluded  or  expelled, 
take  this  means  of  declaring  off.  We  also  make  use  of 
this  expression  when  any  lodge  has  ceased  to  assemble 
for  a  length  of  time.  A  Freemasons'  lodge,  or  assembly 
of  the  brethren,  is  properly  tyled  when  none  but  brethren 
are  present,  arid  when  no  stranger  can  gain  admittance. 
— Gadicke. 

DECORATIONS.  In  disposing  of  the  furniture  and 
decorations  of  a  lodge,  great  discrimination  is  required ; 
and  very  frequently  the  imposing  appearance  which  a 
lodge  ought  to  present  to  the  eye,  is  lost  for  want  of  due 
attention  to  these  preliminary  arrangements.  The  expert 
Mason  will  be  convinced  that  the  walls  of  a  lodge  room 
ought  neither  to  be  absolutely  naked  nor  too  much 
decorated.  A  chaste  disposal  of  symbolical  ornaments 
in  the  right  places,  and  according  to  propriety,  relieves 
the  dulness  and  vacuity  of  a  blank  space ;  and  though 
biit  sparingly  used,  will  produce  a  striking  impression 
and  contribute  to  the  general  beauty  and  solemnity  of 
the  scene. 

DEDICATION.  From  the  building  of  the  first  temple 
at  Jerusalem  to  the  Babylonish  captivity,  the  lodges  of 
Freemasons  were  dedicated  to  King  Solomon,  from  thence 
to  the  advent  of  Christ  to  Zerubbabel,  who  built  the 
second  temple,  and  from  that  time  till  the  final  destruc- 
tion of  the  temple  by  Titus,  they  were  dedicated  to  St. 
John  the  Baptist.  But  /owing  to  the  losses  which  were 
sustained  by  that  memorable  occurrence,  Freemasonry 
declined  ;  many  lodges  were  broken  up,  and  the  brethren 
were  afraid  to  meet  without  an  acknowledged  head.  At 
a  secret  meeting  of  the  Craft,  holden  in  the  city  of 
Benjamin,  this  circumstance  was  much  regretted,  and 
they  deputed  seven  brethren  to  solicit  St.  John  the 
Evangelist,  who  was  at  that  time  Bishop  of  Ephesus,  to 
accept  the  office  of  Grand  Master.  He  replied  tc  the 


DEF— DEG.  483 

deputation,  that  though  well  stricken  in  years,  having 
been  in  his  youth  initiated  into  Masonry,  he  would 
acquiesce  in  their  request,  thus  completing  by  his  learn- 
ing what  the  other  St.  John  had  begun  by  his  zeal;  and 
thus  drew  what  Freemasons  cull  a  line — parallel ;  ever 
since  which,  the  lodges  in  all  Christian  countries  have 
been  dedicated  to  the  two  St.  Johns. —  York  Lectures. 

DEFAMATION.  To  defame  our  brother,  or  suffer 
him  to  be  defamed,  without  interesting  ourselves  for  the 
preservation  of  his  name  and  character,  there  is  scarce 
the  shadow  of  an  excuse  to  be  found.  Defamation  is 
always  wicked.  Slander  and  evil  speaking  are  the  pests 
of  civil  society,  are  the  disgrace  of  every  degree  of  reli- 
gious profession,  and  the  poisonous  bane  of  all  brotherly 
love.  Defamation  is  never  absolutely,  or  indeed  at  all, 
necessary  ;  for  suppose  your  brother  has  faults,  are  you 
obliged,  because  you  speak  of  him,  to  discover  them? 
has  he  no  good  qualities  'I  sure  all  have  some  good  ones ; 
make  them  then,  though  ever  so  few,  the  subject  of  your 
conversation,  if  ye  must  talk  of  him  ;  and  if  he  has  no 
good  qualities,  speak  not  of  him  at  all. — luwood. 

DEGREE.  A  degree,  as  the  word  implies,  is  merely 
a  grade  or  step,  or  preparation,  as  one  grade  is  but  pre- 
paratory to  another  higher,  and  so  on  in  progression  to 
the  "  ne  plus  ultra."  A  degree  sometimes,  but  not  in 
Freemasonry,  means  a  class  or  order. 

DEGREES.  Why  are  there  degrees  in  Freemasonry? 
The  reason  why  this  question  is  asked  by  the  men  of  the 
world,  is  because  the}  are  men  and  not  schoolboys  who 
are  initiated,  and  becau&e  the  whole  of  the  Order  could 
be  communicated  to  them  at  one  time.  But  still  there 
are  degrees,  or  steps,  and  truly  for  this  simple  reason, 
as  there  is  no  art  or  science  which  can  be  communicated 
at  one  time,  so  neither  can  Freemasonry  ;  and  although 
they  are  men  of  mature  age  who  are  initiated,  yet  they 
require  to  be  proved  step  by  step.  Freemasonry  is  a 
science  which  requires  both  time  and  experience,  and 
more  time  than  many  Masons,  especially  government 
officers  or  tradesmen,  can  devote  to  it ;  the  only  time 
they  in  fact  can  appropriate  to  this  purpose  being  their 
hours  of  recreation.  It  is,  therefore,  good  that  it  is  com- 


484  DEM— DEP. 

m unicu ted  by  degrees.  Those  degrees  are  cormmmfcated 
in  the  lodge  at  the  end  of  certain  determinate  periods,  or 
immediately  after  each  other,  according  to  the  regulations 
of  the  lodge,  or  the  cardidate's  power  of  comprehension. 
— Gadicke. 

DEMIT.  A  Mason  is  said  to  demit  from  the  Order 
when  he  withdraws  from  all  connection  with  it.  In  the 
egulations  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  dated  25th  November, 
1723,  it  was  provided,  that  if  the  Master  of  a  lodge  is 
deposed,  or  demits,  the  Senior  Warden  shall  fill  the  chair 
until  the  next  appointment  of  officers. 

DEMOCRACY.  Symbolical  Masonry,  under  whatever 
form  it  may  be  propounded,  is  a  Catholic  institution, 
democratic  in  its  form  and  government,  and  universal  in 
its  operation.  This  is  demonstrable  from  any  of  the 
definitions  of  the  Order ;  from  the  free  election  of  its 
chief  magistrate,  and  the  inferior  governors  of  every 
pri.ate  lodge,  annually  and  by  universal  suffrage,  and 
from  the  reputed  form  and  extent  of  its  lodges.  If  it  were 
deprived  of  any  of  the  above  attributes  it  would  be  no 
longer  Freemasonry;  and  all  its  beneficial  effects  upon 
the  mind  and  manners  of  men,  would  be  scattered  to  the 
winds  of  heaven. 

DEPORTMENT.  Since  many  of  our  forms  and 
operations  are  necessarily  secreted  from  common  inspec- 
tion, the  generality  of  mankind  will  make  up  their 
opinion  of  the  society  from  the  deportment  of  its  mem- 
bers. This  ought  to  serve  as  a  very  powerful  call  to 
every  one  of  us,  uniformly  and  openly  to  display  those 
qualities  and  virtues  so  strongly  inculcated  and  warmly 
recommended  in  the  lodge.  To  little  purpose  shall  we 
commend  the  institution,  and  boast  the  excellence  of  its 
principles  and  purposes,  if  our  lives  give  not  corroborative 
evidence  to  our  assertions,  and  prove  not  the  propriety  of 
our  encomiums.  If  we  appear  neither  wiser  nor  better 
than  the  uninitiated,  the  world  will  begin  to  suspect  the 
efficacy  of  our  tenets  ;  and  if  no  good  effects  are  apparent, 
they  will  doubt  whether  any  are  produced. — Harris. 

DEPTH.     The  depth  of  a  lodge  is  figuratively  said  to 
from  the  surface  ro  the  centre. 


DEP— DIA.  485 

DEPUTY  GRAND  MASTER.  This  officer  is  to  be 
appointed  annually  by  the  Grand  Master,  on  the  day  of 
his  installation,  and,  if  present,  is  to  be  immediately 
installed  according  to  ancient  usage.  He  must  have  been 
master  of  some  regular  lodge.  In  the  absence  of  the 
Grand  Master,  the  Deputy  possesses  all  his  powers  and 
privileges. — Constitutions. 

DESIGN.  The  initiation  into  the  first  or  entered 
apprentice's  degree  was  made  to  partake,  in  a  slighter 
proportion,  of  those  trials  of  physical  and  moral  courage 
for  which  the  admission  into  the  ancient  and  chiefly 
Egyptian  mysteries  were  famous.  The  second  or  Fel- 
lowcraft's,  was  rendered  interesting  by  those  scientific 
instructions  and  philosophical  lectures  which  charac- 
terized later  parts  of  the  mysteries ;  though  both  degrees 
were  made  to  tend  to  the  glory  of  that  God  who  had 
given  such  wonderful  faculties  to  them  and  to  the  wel- 
fare of  their  fellow-creatures.  Thus  instructed  in  morals 
and  science,  the  third  or  Master  Mason's  degree  led  them 
to  that  great  truth  which  the  sublimest  part  of  even  the 
heathen  mysteries,  though  it  too  seldom  succeeded,  was 
intended  to  teach,  and  the  faithful  believer  was  assured 
of  a  future  life  and  immortality  beyond  the  grave.  And, 
whereas,  the  heathens  had  taught  this  only  by  the  appli 
cation  of  a  fable  to  their  purpose,  the  wisdom  of  the  pious 
Grand  Mason  of  the  Israelitish  Masons  took  advantage 
of  a  real  circumstance  which  would  more  forcibly 
impress  the  sublime  truths  he  intended  to  inculcate 
upon  the  minds  of  all  brethren.  Such  is  a  brief  outline, 
intelligible,  I  trust,  to  the  members  of  the  Ord^r,  of 
the  design  of  that  beautiful  system  which,  then  estab- 
lished, has  long  been  the  admiration  of  the  world,  and 
has  stood  the  test  of  ages  amid  every  persecution. — 
Archdeacon  Mant. 

DIAGRAMS.  The  three  most  perfect  of  all  geomet- 
rical diagrams,  are  the  equilateral  triangle,  the  square, 
and  the  equal  hexagon.  To  this  we  may  add  an  observa- 
tion, for  which  we  are  indebted  to  our  Grand  Master 
Pythagoras,  that  there  exists  no  other  regular  equilateral 
forms,  whose  multiples  are  competent  to  fill  up  and 
oecirpy  the  whole  space  about  a  given  centre  which  eau 
41 


i86  DIA— DIF. 

only  be  effected  by  six  equilateral  triangles,  four  squares 
and  three  equal  hexagons. — Hemming. 

DIAMOND  OF  THE  DESERT.  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
in. one  of  those  splendid  tales  of  fiction  which  have 
immortalized  his  name,  describes  a  small  spot  of  verdure 
amidst  an  arid  waste,  which  was  figuratively  denominated 
the  Diamond  of  the  Desert.  Amongst  Irishmen,  too 
long  estranged  by  political  feuds  and  sectarian  conten- 
tions, Freemasonry  may  be  esteemed  as  the  moral  Dia- 
mond of  the  Desert,  within  whose  hallowed  precincts 
are  united  men  of  worth  of  every  class,  holding  the 
most  antagonistic  principles — united  by  a  mysterious  and 
unrevealable  bond — joined  by  a  tie  of  brotherhood  which 
tends  to  the  subjugation  of  prejudice,  the  development 
of  charity,  and  the  masterdom  of  those  absurd  and  irreli- 
gious antipathies,  which  array  in  hostility  creatures  ol 
the  same  God,  for  all  of  whom,  without  distinction,  the 
great  sacrifice  of  Calvary  has  been  consummated. — 
CTtyan. 

DIDACTICAL.  The  fourth  section  of  the  first  lecture 
is  called  didactical  or  perceptive.  The  assertion  is  fully 
made  out,  that  morality  is  the  great  subject  with  which 
Freemasonry  is  conversant.  Hence  it  follows,  that  the 
virtuous  Mason,  after  he  has  enlightened  his  own  mind 
oy  those  sage  and  moral  precepts,  is  the  more  ready  to 
vmlighten  and  enlarge  the  understanding  of  others. — 
\Jf.mming. 

DIFFERENCES.  All  differences  or  complaints  that 
cannot  be  accommodated  privately,  or  in  some  regular 
lodge,  shall  be  reduced  into  writing  and  delivered  to  the 
Grand  Secretary,  who  shall  lay  them  before  the  Grand 
Master,  or  the  proper  board  or  committee  appointed  by 
the  Grand  Lodge.  When  all  parties  shall  have  been  sum- 
luoaed  to  attend  thereon,  and  the  case  shall  have  been 
investigated,  such  order  and  adjudication  may  be  made 
as  shall  be  authorised  by  the  laws  and  regulations  of 
Masonry. — Const  it  ut  ions. 

DIFFUSION.  An  ancient  masonic  tradition  relates 
that  our  G.  M.  King  Solo.non,  struck  with  the  universal 


DIR— DIS.  487 

harmony  produced  by  the  admirable  arrangements  which 
had  been  adopted  amongst  the  workmen,  conceived  an 
idea  of  forming  an  universal  bond  of  brotherly  love, 
which  should  unite  all  nations  in  the  pursuit  of  virtue 
and  science.  For  this  purpose,  he  admitted  into  his 
system  those  illustrious  sages  who  visited  Jerusalem  from 
every  part  of  the  globe,  and  allowed  them  to  participate 
in  his  mysteries.  And  hence,  when  they  returned  home 
they  diffused  Freemasonry  over  the  whole  face  of  the 
earth. 

DIRECTOR  OF  CEREMONIES.  The  Grand  Direc- 
tor of  Ceremonies  is  annually  appointed  by  the  Grand 
Master  on  the  day  of  his  installation.  He  must  be  a 
Master  Mason,  and  punctually  attend  all  the  ordinary 
and  extraordinary  meetings  of  the  Grand  Lodge. 

DISCIPLINE.  At  the  building  of  the  temple  the 
hours  of  labour  and  rest  and  refreshment  were  distinctly 
regulated,  and  enforced  with  such  strictness  that  every 
brother  who  absented  himself  from  his  work,  even  for 
the  shortest  period,  was  punished  by  a  heavy  fine  deducted 
from  his  wages,  because  he  violated  the  unity  of  labour, 
by  which  a  correct  result  could  be  alone  accomplished. 
The  precise  hours  of  commencing  work  and  calling  oil 
to  refreshment,  were  stipulated  in  their  general  contracts, 
and  conducted  by  known  signals  and  reports,  and  they 
were  not  allowed  to  exceed  them  by  a  single  minute. 
This  perfect  system  of  discipline  is  worthy  of  imitation 
amongst  the  Masons  of  the  present  day,  if  they  wish  to 
attain  the  same  excellence  in  the  moral  edifice  which  the 
Craft  is  intended  to  raise. 

DISCLOSING.  The  means  devised  for  promoting  the 
welfare  of  Freei-iasonry  are  the  secrecy,  the  language, 
and  the  government  of  the  Lodge.  Secrecy  is  wisely 
adopted  to  begin  and  continue  Masonry,  because  it  is 
necessary.  If  the  lodge  should  work  in  public,  who  in 
a  short  time  could  be  its  members?  Besides  secrecy  is, 
of  itself,  a  virtue ;  and  is  taught  as  such  in  the  lodge,  and 
taught  effectually.  Men  should  be  able  to  keep  their 
own  secrets,  and  should  never  violate  the  confidence  of 
ethers.  Masonic  secrecy  is  a  mysterious  thing,  but  &n 


4:88  DIS. 

indisputable  fact.  The  most  tattling  man,  if  he  be  a 
Mason,  keeps  this  one  secret ;  there  is  no  risk  of  him. — 
Enrage,  punish,  expel — he  never  tells.  Mad,  drunk,  or 
crazy— -he  never  tells.  Does  he  talk  in  his  sleep  ?  It  is 
not  ab«  >ut  Masonry.  Bribe  him  in  his  wants,  tempt  him 
in  his  pleasures,  threaten  him  or  torture  him,  he  is 
martyr  here — but  he  never  tells. — Blanchard. 

DISCOVERY.  At  the  building  of  the  Second  Tern 
pie,  the  foundations  were  first  opened  and  cleared  from 
the  accumulation  of  rubbish,  that  a  level  site  might 
be  piocured  for  the  commencement  of  the  building. 
While  engaged  in  excavations  for  this  purpose,  three 
fortunate  sojourners  are  said  to  have  discovered  an  avenue 
supported  by  seven  pair  of  pillars, .  perfect  and  entire, 
which  from  their  situation  had  escaped  the  fury  of  the 
flames  that  had  consumed  the  temple,  and  the  desolation 
of  war  which  had  destroyed  the  city.  This  secret  vault, 
which  had  been  built  by  Solomon,  as  a  secure  depository 
for  certain  valuable  secrets,  that  would  have  inevitably 
been  lost  without  some  such  expedient  for  their  preserva- 
tion, communicated  by  a  subterranean  passage  with  the 
king's  palace ;  but  at  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem,  the 
entrance  having  been  closed  by  the  rubbish  of  falling 
buildings,  it  had  been  now  discovered  by  the  appearance 
of  a  key-stone  amongst  the  foundations  of  the  Sanctum 
Sanctorum.  A  careful  inspection  was  then  made,  and 
the  invaluable  secrets  were  placed  in  safe  custody. 

DISPENSATION.  Is  an  instrument  which  legalizes 
un  act  or  ceremony,  such  as  opening  a  lodge  without  a 
warrant,  forming  a  masonic  procession,  &c.,  which  would 
be  illegal  without  it.  The  power  of  granting  dispensa- 
tions is  very  properly  vested  in  the  Grand  and  Provincial 
Grand  Masters  01  their  deputies,  who  are  the  best  judges 
an  what  occasions  it  ought  to  be  exercised. 

DISPUTES.  The  candidate  at  his  initiation  was  for- 
mally exhorted  that  he  is  never  to  invest  himself  with 
the  badge  of  a  Mason  should  there  be  any  brother  in  the 
lodge  with  whom  he  is  at  variance,  or  against  whom  he 
entertains  any  animosity.  In  such  case  it  is  expected 
that  ho  will  invite  the  brother  to  withdraw,  in  order  that 


DIS— DIU.  489 

the  difference  between  them  may  be  amicably  settled ; 
which,  if  happily  effected,  they  are  then  at  liberty  to 
clothe  themselves,  and  work  with  that  love  and  harmony 
which  ought  always  to  characterize  the  Free  and  Accepted 
Mason.  But  if,  unfortunately,  the  differences  be  of  such 
a  nature  as  cannot  be  so  speedily  adjusted,  it  were  better 
that  one  or  both  should  retire,  than,  by  their  presence, 
they  should  disturb  the  harmony  of  the  lodge. 

DISSOLVED  LODGES.  If  the  majority  of  any 
lodge  should  determine  to  quit  the  society,  the  constitu- 
tion, or  power  of  assembling,  remains  with  the  rest  of 
its  members  who  adhere  to  their  allegiance.  If  all  the 
members  of  a  lodge  withdraw  themselves,  their  consti- 
tution ceases  and  becomes  extinct ;  and  all  the  authority 
thereby  granted  or  enjoyed  reverts  to  the  Grand  Lodge. 
— Constitutions. 

DISTRESS.  The  sign  of  distress  is  said,  in  the  book 
of  Raziel,  to  be  derived  from  the  expulsion  of  Adam 
from  the  Garden  of  Eden.  He  communicated  it,  along 
with  the  divine  mysteries  he  had  learned  there,  to  his  son 
Loth ;  Loth  communicated  them  to  Enoch  ;  Enoch  to 
Methusalem ;  Methusalem  to  Lamech  ;  Lamech  to  Noah  ; 
Noah  to  Sem ;  Sem  to  Abraham  ;  Abraham  to  Isaac  ; 
Isaac  to  Jacob;  Jacob  to  Levy;  Levy  to  Kelhoth; 
Kelhoth  to  Amram  ;  Amram  to  Moses  ;  Moses  to  Joshua  ; 
Joshua  to  the  Elders ;  the  Elders  to  the  Prophets  ;  the 
Prophets  to  the  Wise  Men ;  and  then  from  one  to  the 
other  down  to  Solomon.  The  sign  of  distress  is  very 
little  different  from  that  of  the  Freemasons. — Rosenberg. 

DIURNAL  PROGRESS.  The  sun  rises  in  the  three 
stages  of  its  diurnal  progress,  first  in  the  east  to  open 
the  day,  and  dispenses  life  and  nourishment  to  the  whole 
creation.  This  is  well  represented  by  the  Worshipful 
Master,  who  is  placed  in  the  east  to  open  the  lodge,  and 
who  imparts  light,  knowledge,  and  instruction,  to  all 
under  his  direction.  When  it  arrives  at  its  greatest  alti- 
tude in  the  south,  where  its  beams  are  most  piercing  and 
the  cool  shade  most  refreshing,  it  is  then  also  well  rep- 
resented by  the  Junior  Warden,  who  is  placed  in  the 
south  to  observe  its  approach  to  meridian,  and  at  the 


DIV— DOC. 

houi  of  noon  to  call  the  brethren  from  labour  to  refresh- 
ment. Still  pursuing  its  course  to  the  west,  the  sun  at 
length  closes  the  day,  and  lulls  alJ  nature  to  repose ;  it  is 
then  fitly  represented  by  the  Senior  Warden,  who  is 
placed  in  the  west  to  close  the  lodge  by  command  of  the 
Worshipful  Master,  after  having  rendered  to  every  onu 
the  just  reward  of  his  labour,  thus  enabling  them  • 
enjoy  that  repose  which  is  the  genuine  fruit  of  honest 
industry. — Hemming. 

DIVINE  LIGHTS.  To  the  Tetragrammaton  aloae 
no  effect  or  action  can  be  attributed,  nor  is  it  derived 
from  any.  Therefore,  all  except  this  venerable  name  are 
applied  to  other  things  in  Holy  Writ ;  from  which  con- 
sideration, as  almost  every  Cabalist  assumes  that  the 
Divine  Lights  or  Sephiroth  are  emanations  of  the  First 
Cause,  and  appertaining  to  it,  like  flames  to  the  fire,  or 
rays  to  the  sun ;  or  if  the  divinity  of  the  Lord  is  infused 
into  them,  then  by  this  mode  the  philosophers  and 
Cabalists  agree,  since  by  giving  this  appellation  to  those 
lights,  it  is  given  to  the  First  Cause,  which  is  infused 
and  shines  in  them. — Manasseh  Ben  Israel. 

DIVISIONS.  If  the  Master  of  a  lodge  allows  a  habit 
of  debate  to  become  prevalent  amongst  the  brethren, 
and  members,  fond  of  displaying  their  rhetorical  powers, 
meet  with  encouragement  from  the  chair,  it  is  an  evil 
which  carries  ruin  in  its  train;  divisions  disunite  the 
brethren;  parties  are  formed  by  a  systematic  canvass  to 
carry  improper  motions  into  effect,  and  mutual  distrust 
is  the  mildest  consequence  to  be  expected;  for  every 
division  leaves  a  certain  portion  of  the  members  discon- 
tented. In  the  warmth  of  debate,  strong  and  objection- 
able phrases  and  reflections  may  be  indiscreetly  used, 
which  leave  a  thorn  rankling  in  the  bosom  of  those  afc 
whom  they  are  levelled ;  and  in  the  end  the  minority 
are  certain  to  relax  in  their  attendance,  if  not  to  with- 
draw themselves  altogether  from  an  institution  where 
their  counsels  are  rejected,  and  their  opinions  treated 
with  contempt. 

DOCTRINES.  The  three  degrees  blend  doctrine, 
morality,  and  science,  tradition  and  history,  into  a  urand 


DOR— DOU.  491 

and  beautiful  system,  which,  if  studied  with  attention 
and  practised  with  sincerity,  will  inspire  a  holy  confi- 
dence that  the  Lord  of  Life  will  enable  us  to  trample 
the  king  of  terrors  beneath  our  feet,  and  lift  our  eyes  to 
the  bright  Morning  Star,  whose  rising  brings  peace  and 
salvation  to  the  faithful  and  obedient  to  the  holy  Word 
of  God.  There  is,  indeed,  scarcely  a  point  of  duty  or 
morality  which  man  has  been  presumed  to  owe  to  God, 
his  neighboui,  or  himself,  under  the  Patriarchal,  the 
Mosaic,  or  the  Christian  dispensations,  which,  in  the  con- 
struction of  our  symbolical  system,  has  been  untouched. 
The  forms  and  ceremonies,  secrets  and  landmarks,  the 
types  and  allegories  of  Freemasonry,  present  copious 
subjects  of  investigation,  which  cannot  be  easily  ex- 
hausted. The  nature  of  the  lodge,  its  form,  dimensions, 
and  support ;  its  ground,  situation,  and  covering ;  its 
ornaments,  furniture,  and  jewels,  all  unite  their  aid  to 
form  a  perfect  code  of  moral  and  theological  philosophy, 
which,  while  "it  fascinates  the  understanding,  improve* 
the  mind,  until  it  becomes  polished  like  the  perfect 
Ashlar,  and  can  only  be  tried  by  the  square  of  God's 
word,  and  the  unerring  compass  of  conscience. 

DORIC.  The  Doric  is  the  second  of  the  five  orders 
of  architecture,  and  is  that  between  the  Tuscan  and  the 
Ionic.  It  is  the  most  natural  and  best  proportioned  of 
all  the  orders  ;  all  its  parts  being  founded  on  the  natural 
position  of  solid  bodies. 

DORMER.  The  dormer  is  the  window  that  givea 
light  to  the  entrance  into  the  Sanctum  Sanctorum. 

DOUBLE  CUBE.  The  heathen  deities  were  many  01 
them  represented  by  a  cubical  stone.  Pausanins  informs 
us  that  a  cube  was  the  symbol  of  Mercury,  because,  like 
the  cube,  he  represented  Truth.  In  Arabia  a  black  stone 
in  the  form  of  a  double  cube,  was  reputed  to  be  possessed 
of  many  occult  virtues.  Apollo  was  sometimes  wor- 
shipped under  the  symbol  of  a  square  stone,  and  it  is 
recorded  that  when  a  fatal  pestilence  raged  at  Delphi, 
the  oracle  was  consulted  as  to  the  means  proper  to  be 
adopted  for  the  purpose  of  arresting  its  progress,  and  it 
commanded  that  the  cube  should  be  doubled.  This  was 


192  DOU— DRE. 

understood  by  the  priest  to  refer  to  the  altar,  which  waa 
of  a  cubical  form.  They  obeyed  the  injunction,  increas- 
ing the  altitude  of  the  altar  to  its  prescribed  dimensions, 
like  the  pedestal  in  a  Masons'  lodge,  and  the  pestilence 
ceased. 

DOUBTS.  It  is  a  good  rule  in  all  doubtful  matters 
to  suspend  our  opinion  at  least  till  positive  proof  is 
obtained  on  which  to  found  it.  Until  we  have  fully 
ascertained  the  real  state  of  the  case,  let  us  always  be 
willing  to  put  the  fairest  construction  it  will  admit ;  and 
even  to  hope  the  best  of  a  thing  when  appearances  are 
against  it.  Where  doubt  hesitates,  let  candour  prompt ; 
and  where  justice  balances,  let  mercy  prevail.  Eveu 
where  we  find  ourselves  obliged  to  blame  the  principle* 
of  a  certain  sect  or  party,  let  us  not  be  so  uncharitable 
as  to  confound  all  its  adherents  and  followers  under  one 
general  and  indiscriminate  censure.  Especially  let  us 
not  charge  them  with  such  consequences  of  their  tenets 
as  they  disavow. — Harris. 

DOVE.  This  bird  was  the  diluvian  messenger  of 
peace,  and  hovered  over  the  retreating  waters  like  a  celes- 
tial harbinger  of  safety.  Thus  a  lunette  floating  on  the 
surface  of  the  ocean,  attended  by  a  dove  with  an  olive 
branch  in  its  mouth,  and  encircled  by  a  rainbow,  form  a 
striking  and  expressive  symbol  which  needs  no  explana- 
tion. If  Freemasonry  has  allowed  this  bird  to  occupy  a 
high  situation  amongst  its  hallowed  symbols,  the  reasons 
for  such  an  appropriation  are  fully  competent  to  justify 
the  proceeding.  The  dove  was  an  agent  at  the  creation, 
at  the  deluge,  and  at  the  baptism  of  Christ. 

DRESS.  At  the  revival  in  1717,  it  was  directed — and, 
that  there  might  be  no  mistake  about  the  matter,  the 
canon  was  inserted  by  Anderson  and  Desaguliers  in  the 
earliest  code  of  lectures  known, — that  the  symbolical 
clothing  of  a  Master  Mason  was — "  skull-cap  and  jacket 
yellow,  and  nether  garments  blue."  After  the  middle 
of  the  century,  he  was  said  to  be  "clothed  in  the  old 
colours,  viz.,  purple,  crimson,  and  blue :"  and  the  reason 
assigned  for  it  was,  "  because  they  are  royal,  and  such  as 
the  ancient  kings  arid  princes  used  to  wear;"  and  we  arw 


DUA— DUP.  493 

Informed  by  sacred  history  that  the  veil  of  the  Temple 
was  composed  of  those  colours  ;  and  therefore  they  were 
considered  peculiarly  appropriate  to  a  professor  of  a 
"  royal  art."  The  actual  dress  of  a  Master  Mason  was, 
however,  a  full  suit  of  black,  with  white  neckcloth,  apron, 
gloves,  and  stockings ;  the  buckles  being  of  silver,  and 
the  jewels  being  suspended  from  a  white  ribbon  by  way 
of  collar.  This  disposition  prevailed  until  the  Union  in 
L813,  when  it  was  ordered  that  in  future  the  Grand  Offi- 
cers should  be  distinguished  by  purple,  the  Grand  Stew- 
ards by  crimson,  and  the  Master  Mason  by  blue,  thus 
reverting  to  "  the  old  colours  "  of  our  ancient  brethren. 

DUAD.  The  duad,  representing  the  number  2,  an- 
swers to  the  geometrical  line,  which,  consisting  of  length 
without  breadth,  is  bounded  by  two  extreme  points.  It 
signifies  darkness,  fortitude,  harmony  and  justice,  because 
of  its  equal  parts,  and  the  moon  because  she  is  forked. 

DUPLICATION.  The  duplication  of  a  cube  is  the 
finding  the  side  of  a  cube  that  shall  be  double  in  solidity 
to  a  given  cube,  which  is  a  famous  problem  cultivated 
by  the  geometricians  two  thousand  years  ago.  It  was 
first  proposed  by  the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Delphos,  which 
being  consulted  about  the  manner  of  stopping  a  plague 
then  raging  at  Athens,  returned  for  answer,  that  the 
plague  should  cease  when  Apollo's  altar,  which  was  cubi- 
cal, should  be  doubled.  Upon  this  they  applied  them- 
selves in  good  earnest  to  seek  the  duplication  of  the  cube, 
which  was  afterwards  called  the  Delian  problem.  The 
problem  is  only  to  be  solved  by  finding  two  mean  pro- 
portionals between  the  side  of  the  cube,  and  double  that 
side ;  the  first  whereof  will  be  the  side  of  the  cube 
doubled,  as  was  observed  by  Hippocrates  Chrus.  Leav- 
ing the  consideration  of  the  various  methods  which  have 
been  employed  to  accomplish  the  solution  of  this  very 
important  problem,  it  remains  for  me  to  add,  that  the 
solution  of  the  cube's  duplication  constitutes  the  apex 
of  the  Temple ;  and  renders  a  parallelipipidon,  contain- 
ing 16  linear  units,  equal  to  15  linear  units ;  thus  bring 
ing  the  number  16  or  •"PCTS  Messiah  ;  the  great  name  Jah 
comprising  the  first  two  letters  of  the  Tetragrammaton 
or  ineffable  name  of  Deity  f^rr. —  Tijhr. 


494  DUT— EAV. 

DUTY.  Freemasonry  requires  you  to  be  a  good  and 
loyal  subject;  true  to  your  queen  ;  just  to  your  country  : 
peaceable,  honest,  industrious;  temperate  in  all  things, 
good  members  of  society ;  kind  to  your  wives  and  fami- 
lies ;  courteous  to  your  friends  and  neighbours ;  anxious 
to  do  good  to  all  men  ;  to  love  the  brotherhood,  to  fear 
God,  to  honour  the  queen ;  and  whilst  you  practise  the 
weightier  matters  required  by  the  law  of  justice,  judg- 
ment, and  equity,  to  forget  not  life  eternal  by  Jesus 
Christ,  the  only  sure  foundation  of  all  your  hopes  here, 
and  of  your  eternal  happiness  hereafter. — Percy. 

EAGLE.  The  eagle  formed  a  constituent  part  of  the 
cherubic  symbol.  It  was  referred  to  the  prophet  Daniel 
because  he  spake  with  angels,  and  received  visions  which 
relate  to  all  time ;  and  to  St.  John,  who  in  his  gospel 
treats  of  Christ's  divinity,  and  soars  to  heaven  like  an 
eagle,  in  the  Book  of  Revelation. 

EAR  OF  CORN.  Some  old  Masons  appear  to  think 
that  the  introduction  of  this  symbol  into  Freemasonry 
was  intended  to  perpetuate  a  remembrance  of  the  tran- 
sit over  the  river  Jordan  by  the  armies  of  Israel,  when 
they  entered  the  land  of  Canaan  for  the  first  time,  under 
the  command  of  Joshua.  This  event,  so  important  in  the 
Jewish  history,  having  taken  place  at  the  celebration  of 
the  passover,  when  the  promised  land  was  covered  with 
fields  of  ripe  corn,  the  "ear"  was  assumed  a?  a  symbol 
of  that  plenty  which  gladdened  their  hearts  after  a  period 
of  forty  years  in  the  wilderness,  where  they  had  been 
fed  with  manna  only,  and  eagerly  longed  for  a  change  of 
food. 

EAST.  The  pedestal,  with  the  volume  of  the  Sacred 
^aw,  is  placed  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  lodge,  to  signify 
that  as  the  sun  rises  in  the  east  to  open  and  enliven  the 
day,  so  is  the  W.  M.  placed  in  the  east  to  open  the 
lodge,  and  to  employ  and  instruct  the  brethren  in  Ma- 
sonry. 

EAVESDROPPER.  In  the  lectures  used  at  the 
revival  of  Masonry  in  1717,  the  following  punishment 
was  inflicted  on  a  cowan.  "To  be  placed  under  the 


EBA— EDI.  495 

eaves  of  the  house  in  rainy  weather,  till  the  water  runs 
in  at  his  shoulders  and  out  at  his  shoes.''  The  French 
rather  extend  this  punishment.  "  On  le  met  sous  une 
goutiiere,  une  ponipe,  ou  une  fontaine,  jusqu'a  ce  qu'ii 
soit  mouille  depuis  la  tete  jusqu'aux  pieds."  Hence  a 
listener  is  called  an  eavesdropper. 

EBAL.  The  following  was  introduced  into  the  lectures 
of  Masonry  by  our  brethren  of  the  last  century.  Moses 
commanded  Israel  that  as  soon  as  they  had  passed  the 
Jordan,  they  should  go  to  Schechem,  and  divide  into  two 
bodies,  each  composed  of  six  tribes ;  one  placed  on,  that 
is  adjacent  to,  Ebal ;  the  other  on,  that  is  adjacent  to, 
Gemini.  The  six  tribes  on  or  at  Gerizim,  were  to  pro- 
nounce blessings  on  those  who  should  faithfully  observe 
the  law ;  and  the  six  on  Mount  Ebal  were  to  pronounce 
curses  against  those  who  should  violate  it.  This  Joshua 
executed.  Moses  enjoined  them  to  erect  an  altar  of 
unhewn  stones  on  Mount  Ebal,  and  to  plaster  them  over 
that  the  law  might  be  written  on  the  altar. — Calmct. 

EDEN.  When  God  created  the  first  man  he  placed 
him  in  the  Garden  of  Eden,  to  dress  it  and  to  keep 
it.  Horticulture  or  gardening  is  the  first  kind  of  employ- 
ment on  record,  arid  that  in  which  man  was  engaged 
while  in  a  state  of  perfection  and  innocence.  Though 
the  garden  may  be  supposed  to  produce  all  things  spon- 
taneously, as  the  whole  vegetable  surface  of  the  earth 
certainly  did  at  the  creation,  yet  dressing  and  tilling 
were  afterwards  necessary  to  maintain  the  different  kinds 
of  plants  and  vegetables  in  their  perfection,  and  to  repress 
luxuriance.  Even  in  a  state  of  innocence  we  cannot 
conceive  it  possible  that  man  could  have  been  happy  if 
inactive.  God  gave  him  work  to  do,  and  his  employment 
contributed  to  his  happiness ;  for  the  structure  of  hia 
body,  as  well  as  of  his  mind,  plainly  proves  that  he  was 
never  intended  for  a  merely  contemplative  life. — Adam 
Clarke. 

EDICT  OF  CYRUS.  No  sooner  was  the  prescribed 
term  of  the  Israelitish  captivity  completed,  than  the 
Babylonian  monarchs  were  expelled,  according  to  the 
voice  of  prophecy  ;  and,  the  anger  of  the  Lord  appeased, 


496  ELE 

lie  stirred  up  the  heart  of  Cyrus,  King  of  Persia  and 
Babylon,  by  communicating  to  him  the  Great  Secret,  to 
issue  a  proclamation  for  the  building  of  the  Temple.  The 
people  were  liberated,  the  holy  utensils  restored  to  the 
number  of  five  thousand  four  hundred,  which  had  escaped 
destruction ;  and  the  tribes  who  consented  to  return, 
under  their  respective  princes  and  chieftains,  were  led 
triumphantly  into  the  promised  land  by  Zerubbabel,  the 
prince,  Jeshua  the  priest,  and  Haggai  the  prophet. 

ELECTING  OFFICERS.  In  most  lodges  the  election 
of  officers  takes  place  upon,  or  near  to,  St.  John's  Day, 
when  either  new  officers  are  chosen,  or  the  old  ones  are 
re-elected.  He  who  aspires  to  fill  any  of  the  chief 
offices  of  the  lodge  must  not  only  possess  the  necessary 
masonic  knowledge  to  enable  him  to  assist  in  carrying 
on  the  lodge  work  with  order  and  harmony,  but  he  must 
be  a  man  whose  general  knowledge,  skill,  and  experience, 
has  gained  him  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  his  brethren ; 
rank,  titles  or  riches  should  never  be  taken  into  account, 
unless  the  possessor  is  also  endowed  with  the  former 
qualifications ;  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  should  any  brother 
be  elected  whose  situation  in  life  would  not  allow  him 
to  devote  the  necessary  time  to  the  duties  of  the  lodge 
without  injury  to  himself,  his  family,  or  connections. 
Should  the  election  have  fallen  upon  any  brother  who 
feels  himself  unable  to  perform  the  important  duties 
which  would  devolve  upon  him,  it  is  his  duty  immediately 
to  decline  the  proffered  honour.  The  welfare  of  the  lodge 
should  be  his  sole  object,  and  if  he  feels  that  he  is  not 
able  to  promote  that  object  so  well  as  he  ought  to  do  as 
an  officer,  it  is  much  more  creditable  to  him  to  continue 
to  do  his  utmost  as  a  private  member. 

ELECTION.  Every  lodge  shall  annually  elect  it 
Master  and  Treasurer  by  ballot,  such  Master  having  been 
regularly  appointed,  and  having  served  as  Warden  of  a 
warranted  lodge ;  and  at  the  ne>  t  meeting  after  his 
election,  when  the  minutes  are  confirmed,  he  shall  be 
installed  into  the  chair  according  to  ancient  usage ;  after 
which  he  is  to  appoint  his  Wardens  and  other  officers. — 
Constitutions. 


ELE— END.  497 

ELEMENTS.  The  three  elements,  water,  fire,  and 
air,  signify  three  F.  Cs.,  which  conduct  us,  and  are  so 
necessary  for  our  preservation,  that  our  life  is  at  an  end 
the  moment  they  quit  the  body.  Diseases  are  generally 
caused  by  a  revolution  in  these  elements.  The  force  o* 
one  being  increased  appears  to  destroy  the  body.  If  the 
element  of  fire  becomes  unnaturally  strong,  it  causes 
inflammation  and  fever.  If  it  be  the  element  of  watei 
which  increases  in  strength,  other  diseases,  equally  dan 
gerous,  are  brought  on.  When  death  takes  place,  the 
three  elements  are  again  represented  by  the  burning 
taper,  the  basin  of  water,  and  towels,  which  are  generally 
placed  beside  a  dead  body,  and  which  also  represent  the 
three  wicked  F.  Cs.,  who  have  destroyed  their  master. — 
Rosenberg. 

EMBLEMS.  Freemasonry  being  confessedly  an  alle- 
gorical system,  all  its  points,  parts,  and  secrets,  must 
partake  in  common  of  its  emblematical  constiuction. 
Every  doctrine  and  ceremony  has  its  mystical  reference 
— every  landmark  its  legitimate  explanation.  But  there 
are  often  more  important  antitypes  than  those  which  are 
commonly  assigned ;  and  though  they  do  not  appear  on 
the  surface,  are  nevertheless  worthy  of  our  most  serious 
consideration.  Hence  arises  the  necessity  in  these  times 
of  scientific  and  philosophical  research,  of  maintaining 
Freemasonry  in  its  proper  rank,  by  investigating  the 
tendency  of  its  numerous  details,  that  we  may  correctly 
ascertain  whether  their  import  be  uniform,  and  their 
typical  reference  valuable. 

EMERGENCY.  A  lodge  of  emergency  may,  at  any 
time,  be  called  by  the  authority  of  the  Master,  or,  in  bis 
absence,  by  the  senior  Warden,  but  on  no  pretence 
without  such  authority  first  given.  The  particular  reason 
of  calling  a  lodge  of  emergency  shall  be  expressed  in  the 
summons,  and  afterwards  recorded  in  the  minutes ;  and 
no  business  but  that  so  expressed  shall  be  entered  uposi 
at  such  meeting. — Constitutions. 

ENDLESS  SERPENT.     The  serpent  was  symbolical 
of  the  divine  wisdom,  power,  and  creative  energy ;  and 
of  immortality  and  regeneration,  from  the  shedding  of 
' 


493  ENJ— ENS. 

his  skin ;  and  of  eternity,  when  in  the  act  of  biting  his 
own  tail.  Besides  these  various  symbolizations,  we  are 
informed  that  the  Egyptians  represented  the  world  by  a 
circle  intersected  by  two  diameters  perpendicular  to 
each  other. — Dean. 

ENJOYMENT.  Freemasons  are  allowed  the  privilege 
»f  enjoying  themselves  with  innocent  mirth,  treating 
one  another  according  to  ability,  but  avoiding  all  excess, 
or  forcing  any  brother  to  eat  or  drink  beyond  his  inclina- 
tion, or  hindering  him  from  going  when  his  occasions  call 
him,  or  doing  or  saying  anything  offensive,  or  that  may 
forbid  an  easy  and  free  conversation  ;  for  that  wrould  blast 
our  harmony,  and  defeat  our  laudable  purposes. — Ancient 
Charges. 

ENOCH.  The  degeneracy  of  mankind  became  so  great 
before  the  flood,  and  their  perversions  of  pure  antediluvian 
Masonry  so  grievous,  that,  according  to  our  traditions, 
Enoch  feared  the  genuine  secrets  would  be  lost,  and 
swallowed  up  in  the  predicted  deluge.  To  prevent  which, 
he  hid  the  grand  secret,  engraven  on  a  white  oriental 
porphyry  stone,  in  the  bowrels  of  the  earth ;  and  being 
apprehensive  that  the  morality  and  science  which  had 
been  embodied  in  Freemasonry  with  such  care  would  be 
absorbed  in  the  general  destruction,  to  preserve  the 
principles  of  the  science,  he  built  two  pillars  near  the 
spot  where  they  were  concealed,  with  an  inscription  hi 
hieroglyphics,  importing  that  near  it  was  a  precious 
treasure,  which  had  been  dedicated  to  God. 

ENSIGNS.  On  this  subject  we  might  refer  to  the 
Talmudists,  who  have  gone  so  far  as  to  define  the  colours 
and  the  figures  or  arms  of  the  very  ensigns.  They  say, 
on  that  of  Judah,  a  lion  was  painted  with  this  inscription . 
— "  Rise,  Lord,  let  thine  enemies  be  dispersed,  and  let 
those  that  hate  thee  flee  before  thee."  They  gave  to 
Issachar  an  ass,  to  Zebulun  a  ship,  to  Reuben  a  river 
(others  give  Reuben  the  figure  of  a  man) ;  to  Simeon  a 
sword,  to  Gad  a  lion,  to  Ephraim  an  unicorn ;  an  ox  to 
Manasseh,  a  wolf  to  Benjamin,  and  a  serpent  to  Dan, 
though  the  others  give  him  an  eagle.  In  short  they 
pretended  that  the  ensign  of  Asher  was  a  handful  of  corn. 
*nd  that  of  Napthali  a  stag. — Adwn  Cfarkr. 


ENT— EQU.  499 

ENTERED  APPRENTICE.  Our  brethren  of  the 
eighteenth  century  seldom  advanced  beyond  the  first 
degree ;  few  were  passed,  and  fewer  still  were  raised  to 
the  third.  The  Master's  degree  appears  to  have  been 
much  less  comprehensive  than  at  present;  and  for  some 
years  after  the  revival  of  Masonry,  the  third  degree  was 
unapproachable  to  those  who  lived  at  a  distance  frou 
London;  for  by  the  laws  of  the  Grand  Lodge  it  wu 
ordered,  that  "Apprentices  must  be  admitted  Fellowcrafts 
and  Masters  only  here  (in  Grand  Lodge),  unless  by  a 
dispensation  from  the  Grand  Master." 

ENTERING.  The  lodge  when  revealed  to  an  entering 
Mason,  discovers  to  him  the  representation  of  the  world ; 
in  which,  from  the  wonders  of  nature,  we  are  led  to 
contemplate  the  Great  Original,  and  worship  him  for  his 
mighty  works;  and  we  are  thereby  also  moved  to  exercise 
those  moral  and  social  virtues  which  become  mankind  as 
the  servants  of  the  Great  Architect  of  the  world,  in  whose 
image  we  were  formed  in  the  beginning. — Hutchimon. 

ENTRANCE.  In  America,  "  after  the  lodge  has  been 
regularly  opened  in  the  third  degree,  the  work  is  intro- 
duced on  the  entrance  of  the  candidate  by  the  reading  of 
that  beautiful  and  exquisitely  touching  portion  of  the 
penitential  hymn  of  King  Solomon,  called  the  Ecclesiastes 
(xii.  1 — 7).  Remember  now  thy  Creator  in  the  days  of 
thy  youth,  &c.  In  the  course  of  the  ceremony  there  is 
a  prayer  of  deep  devotion  and  pathos  composed  from 
some  of  the  most  sublime  and  affecting  passages  of  that 
splendid  sacred  drama  of  Araby,  the  Book  of  Job.  This 
prayer  includes  a  portion  of  the  funeral  service  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  is  full  of  tenderness 
and  beauty." — Stone. 

ENVY.  None  shall  discover  envy  at  the  prosperity 
of  a  brother,  nor  supplant  him,  or  put  him  out  of  his 
work,  if  he  be  capable  to  finish  the  same,  for  no  man  can 
finish  another's  work  so  much  to  the  lord's  profit,  unless 
he  be  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  designs  and  draughts 
of  him  that  began  it. — Ancient  Charges. 

EQUALITY.     lu  no  society  is  this  more  practised 


500  EQU— ESS. 

than  in  the  Order  of  Freemasons,  for  we  are  all  bretlnen, 
and  it  is  said  that  amongst  biethren  there  must  be  the 
most  perfect  equality.  But  this  word  may  be  misunder- 
stood: we  are  not  all  equal  in  the  lodge,  inasmuch  as 
some  are  appointed  to  rule  and  govern,  so  it  is  the  duty 
of  others  cheerfully  and  promptly  to  obey,  and  all  are 
equally  eligible  to  be  elected  to  those  offices,  having  first 
duly  performed  our  duties  as  private  members,  and  thus 
enabled  to  fill  them  with  credit  to  ourselves  and  satis- 
faction to  the  Craft.  We  are  not  all  equal  by  creation 
with  respect  to  our  mental  faculties,  and  more  especially 
we  are  not  all  equal  in  the  labour  which  we  have,  01 
ought  to  have,  bestowed  upon  cultivating  those  mental 
faculties  to  the  utmost  possible  extent.  But  we  ought 
all  of  us  to  be  equally  zealous  in  the  discharge  of  our 
duties  as  men  and  Masons,  and  should  all  prove  ourselves 
to  be  perfectly  equal  in  the  zeal  of  our  fraternal  affection 
to  each  other.  To  be  equal  to  each  other  in  brotherly 
love,  is  the  principal  thing  which  ought  to  be  understood 
in  our  equality.  We  dare  not  for  one  moment  lose  sight 
of  the  rank  or  station  which  each  individual  brother  tills 
in  society,  yet  there  may  be  at  the  same  time  a  perfect 
equality  amongst  men  of  the  most  opposite  social  ranks 
in  the  desire  to  promote  every  useful  work;  and  this 
equality  will  produce  the  most  beneficial  effect  upon  the 
human  heart.  Any  Mason  who  would  dare  to  attempt, 
among  the  brethren,  to  claim  the  precedence  which  his 
conventional  position  in  society  may  give  him,  would 
disgrace  the  philosophy  of  the  Order,  and  by  so  doing 
lay  a  sacrilegious  hand  upon  that  sacred  bond  by  which 
we  are  indissolubly  united  to  each  other. — Gadicke. 

EQUILATERAL  TRIANGLE.  In  an  old  code  of 
lectures  I  find  the  following  explanation  of  this  figure. 
An  equilateral  triangle  is  perfect  friendship.  The  base 
of  a  triangle  may  be  as  a  duty,  the  perpendicular  aa 
the  sincerity  of  performance,  the  hypothenuse  as  the 
advantage  arising  from  the  performance.  If  the  duty 
of  sincerity  flow  equally,  the  advantage  will  flow 
equally. 

ESSENES.  Amongst  the  Jews  in  Judea  an  1  in  Syria; 
some  centuries  both  before  and  after  the  birth  of  Christ, 


ESS— EST.  501 

it  is  well  known  that  there  were  three  distinct  sects — 
Pharisees,  Sadducees,  and  Essenes.  This  third  was  the 
oldest  sect,  and  they  were  now  and  then  called  Thera- 
peutics. The  Essenes  laudably  distinguished  themselves 
in  many  respects  from  the  other  two  sects,  inasmuch  as 
they  were  less  numerous,  and  proceeded  on  their  way 
peaceably,  noiselessly,  and  without  ostentation,  or  forcible 
attempts  at  proselytism ;  for  which  reason  they  were 
much  less  known  than  the  other  sects.  Fidelity  to  their 
princes  or  rulers,  lawful  order,  adherence  unto  truth, 
virtue,  sobriety,  humility,  and  strict  secrecy,  were  the 
chief  principles  of  their  code  of  action..  To  the  punctual 
performance  of  those  and  other  similar  duties,  viz.,  the 
strictest  maintenance  of  the  secrets  of  their  society ;  of 
justice  and  of  humanity  every  one  pledged  himself  when 
he  was  admitted  a  member,  by  a  most  solemn  oath.  It 
was  only  by  being  of  mature  age,  and  going  through  a 
three  years'  probation,  during  which  they  were  obliged 
to  lead  a  temperate,  chaste,  moral,  virtuous,  and,  in 
many  respects,  a  severely  self-mortified  life,  that  they 
were  enabled  to  gain  admission  into  the  Order,  when 
they  received  a  white  dress  or  apron  and  a  small  hatchet 
(dolabella),  as  the  signs  of  their  admission. — Gadicke. 

ESSENTIAL  SECRETS.  The  essential  secrets  of 
Masonry  consist  of  nothing  more  than  the  signs,  grips, 
passwords,  and  tokens,  essential  to  the  preservation  of 
the  society  from  the  inroads  of  impostors  ;  together  with 
certain  symbolical  emblems,  the  technical  terms  apper- 
taining to  which  served  as  a  sort  of  universal  language, 
by  which  the  members  of  the  Fraternity  could  distinguish 
each  other,  in  all  places  and  countries  where  lodges  were 
instituted. — Stone. 

ESTABLISHED.  Solomon  erected  his  pillars  in  thb 
porch  of  the  temple,  which  he  designed  should  be  a 
memorial  to  the  Jews  as  they  entered  the  holy  place,  to 
warm  their  minds  with  confidence  and  faith,  by  this 
record  of  the  promises  made  by  the  Lord  unto  his  father 
David,  and  which  were  repeated  unto  him  in  a  vision,  in 
which  the  voice  of  God  proclaimed  (1  Kings,  ix.  5),  "I 
will  establish  the  throne  of  thy  kingdom  upon  Israel  foi 
ever." — Hutchinson. 


502  SST— EX  A. 

ESTABLISHED  RELIGION.  A  cheerful  compliance 
with  the  established  religion  of  the  country  in  which 
they  live,  is  earnestly  recommended  in  the  assemblies  of 
Masons ;  and  this  universal  conformity,  notwithstanding 
private  sentiment  and  opinion,  is  the  art  practised  by 
them,  which  effects  the  laudable  purpose  of  conciliating 
true  friendship  among  men  of  every  persuasion,  while  it 
proves  the  cement  of  general  union. — Preston. 

EUCLID.  An  old  MS.  on  Masonry  says,  "  Euclid  was 
the  pupil  of  Abraham,  and  in  his  time  the  river  Nile 
overflowed  so  far^  that  many  of  the  dwellings  of  the 
people  of  Egypt  were  destroyed.  Euclid  instructed 
them  in  the  art  of  making  mighty  walls  and  ditches,  to 
stop  the  progress  of  the  water;  and  by  geometry, 
measured  out  the  land,  and  divided  it  into  partitions,  so 
that  each  man  might  ascertain  his  own  property."  The 
MS.  is  incorrect  in  making  Euclid  contemporary  with 
Abraham  ;  but  it  truly  adds  that  he  gave  to  Masonry  th* 
name  of  Geometry. 

EVIDENCES.  It  is  not  to  be  presumed  that  we  are 
a  set  of  men  professing  religious  principles  contrary  to 
the  revelations  and  doctrines  of  the  Son  of  God,  reverenc- 
ing a  deity  by  the  denomination  of  the  God  of  Nature, 
and  denying  that  mediation  which  is  graciously  offered 
to  all  true  believers.  The  members  of  our  society  at  this 
day,  in  the  third  stage  of  Masonry,  confess  themselves  to 
be  Christians.  The  veil  of  the  temple  is  rent,  the  builder 
is  smitten,  and  we  are  raised  from  the  tomb  of  transgres- 
sion. Our  authorized  lectures  furnish  us  such  a  series 
of  evidences  in  support  of  this  opinion,  as  can  scarcely  be 
found  in  the  details  of  any  other  human  institution  ;  for 
Freemasonry,  as  now  practised,  is  a  speculative,  and  not 
an  operative  institution,  although  it  is  admitted  that  both 
these  might  be  blended  in  ancient  times.  The  evidences 
of  the  above  fact  run  through  the  entire  system,  and  are 
equally  conspicuous  in  every  degree. — Hutchimon. 

EXALTED.  This  word  applies  to  the  ceremony  and 
the  position  to  which  the  candidate  is  elevated  when  he 
receives  the  degree  of  the  Koyal  Arch ;  for  it  is  declared 
to  be  indescribably  more  august,  sublime,  and  important 


EXA— EXE.  503 

than  all  which  precede  it,  and  is  the  summit  and  perfection 
of  ancient  Masonry. 

EXAMINATION.  If  a  stranger  apply  to  you  in  tho 
character  of  a  Mason,  you  are  cautiously  to  examine  him 
in  such  a  method  as  prudence  shall  direct  you,  that  you 
may  not  be  imposed  upon  by  an  ignorant  false  pretender 
whom  you  are  to  reject  with  contempt  and  derision,  an 
beware  of  giving  him  any  hints  of  knowledge.  But  if 
you  discover  him  to  be  a  true  and  genuine  brother,  you 
are  to  respect  him  accordingly;  and  if  he  is  in  want,  you 
must  relieve  him  if  you  can,  or  elso  direct  him  how  he 
may  be  relieved. — Ancient  Charges. 

EXAMPLE.  Nothing  is  more  apt  to  attract  the  eyes 
and  enliven  the  countenanee  than  light,  especially  that 
which  shines  in  a  dark  place;  so  nothing  can  more  excite 
che  observation,  engage  the  attention,  or  gladden  the 
nearts  of  beholders,  than  a  fair,  bright,  excellent  charac- 
ter, appearing  in  the  midst  of  a  dissolute  and  corrupt 
generation.  And  as  all  luminous  bodies,  in  proportion 
to  their  own  brightness,  diffuse  their  light  around  them, 
and  at  a  distance  enlighten  other  bodies  ;  so  in  a  moral 
and  religious  sense,  a  good  example  is  a  light  shining  in 
darkness,  spreading  its  influence  every  way,  diffusing 
instruction  and  knowledge — motives  to  reform,  and  en- 
couragement to  virtue. — Harris. 

EXCLUSION.  No  lodge  shall  exclude  any  member 
without  giving  him  due  notice  of  the  charge  preferred 
against  him,  and  of  the  time  appointed  for  its  considera- 
tion. The  name  of  every  brother  excluded,  together 
with  the  cause  of  his  exclusion,  shall  be  sent  to  the 
Grand  Secretary;  and  if  a  country  lodge,  also  to  the 
Provincial  Grand  Master,  or  his  deputy. — Constitutions. 

EXEMPTION.  The  Masons  who  were  selected  to 
build  the  temple  of  Solomon,  were  declared  free,  and 
were  exempted,  together  with  their  descendants,  from 
imposts,  duties  and  taxes.  They  had  also  the  privilege 
to  bear  arms.  At  the  destruction  of  the  temple  by 
Nebuchadnezzar,  the  posterity  of  these  Masons  were  car 
ried  into  the  captivity  with  the  ancient  Jews.  But  the 


50' 

good  will  of  Cyrus  gave  them  permission  to  erest  a 
second  temple,  having  set  them  at  liberty  for  that  pur- 
pose. It  is  from  this  epoch  that  we  bear  the  name  of 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons.—  York  Lectures. 

EXPENSES.  The  whole  expense  of  building  the 
Temple  of  Solomon  was  so  prodigious,  as  gives  reason 
to  think  that  the  talents  whereby  the  sum  is  reckoned, 
were  another  sort  if  talents  of  a  far  less  value  than  the 
Mosaic  talents:  for  what  is  said  to  be  given  by  Davids 
and  contributed  by  the  princes  toward  the  building  of  the 
temple  at  Jerusalem,  if  valued  by  these  talents,  exceeded 
the  value  of  800,000,000^.  of  our  money,  which  was  enough 
to  have  built  all  that  temple  of  solid  silver.— Prideaux. 

EXPERIENCE.  The  process  of  a  Mason's  experience 
is  gradual,  from  the  rough  stone  in  the  north  east  angle 
of  the  lodge,  to  the  perfect  aspirant,  standing  on  the  five 
points  of  fellowship.  His  progress,  however,  can  only 
be  matured  by  serious  reflection  and  mental  assiduity, 
without  which  he  will  never  understand  the  typical  refer- 
ences contained  in  the  degrees  he  has  received,  or  their 
tendency  to  dignify  his  nature,  and  make  him  a  wiser 
and  a  better  man.  Still  these  steps,  sublime  though 
they  be,  are  only  preparatory  to  something  infinitely 
more  striking,  and  more  directly  applicable  to  the  great 
dispensation  on  which  all  our  hopes  of  happiness,  both 
in  this  world  and  a  better,  are  suspended.  Red  Masonry 
displays  the  direct  prophecies  of  the  Messiah,  the  star  of 
Jacob,  Shiloh,  the  corner-stone,  Moses  at  the  bush,  &c 
In  Military  Masonry,  all  these  prophecies  are  fulfilled, 
and  the  Christian  system  clearly  developed;  while  in 
the  Rose  Croix,  it  is  displayed  in  all  its  comely  and  per- 
fect proportions. 

EXPULSION.  A  Mason  offending  against  any  law  or 
regulation  of  the  Craft,  to  the  breach  of  which  no  specific- 
penalty  is  attached,  shall,  at  the  discretion  of  the  Grand 
Lodge,  or  any  of  its  delegated  authorities,  or  of  a  Pro- 
vincial Grand  Master,  be  subject  to  admonition,  fine,  or 
suspension.  If  fine  be  the  punishment  awarded,  it  shall 
be,  for  the  first  offence,  not  less  than  one  pound,  noi 
more  than  five  pounds ;  for  a  second  offence  of  a  similai 


EXT— EYE.  505 

nature,  within  three  years,  it  shall  be  not  less  than  two 
nor  more  than  ten  pounds ;  and  if  a  brother  shall  refuse 
to  pay  the  fine,  or  be  guilty  of  a  third  offence  within 
three  years  of  the  second  offence,  he  shall  be  expelled 
from  the  Craft. — Constitutions. 

EXTENT.  A  Mason's  Lodge  is  said  to  extend  from 
East  to  West,  in  breadth  between  North  and  South,  in 
depth  from  the  surface  to  the  center  of  the  earth,  and 
even  as  high  as  the  heavens,  to  show  the  universality  of 
the  science,  and  that  a  Mason's  charity  should  know  no 
bounds  save  those  of  prudence. — Hemming. 

EXTERNAL.  The  external  preparation  oi  a  candi- 
date, which  takes  place  in  a  convenient  room  adjoining 
the  lodge,  is  too  well  known  to  need  explanation ;  and  if 
not,  it  is  a  landmark  which  cannot  be  inserted  here. 

EYE.  The  Eye  of  God  is  in  every  place,  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  a  strict  and  impartial  cognizance  of  all 
human  actions.  This  expressive  emblem  will  remind 
you  that  the  Deity  is  watching  over  all  mankind,  and 
will  weigh  in  the  balance  of  truth,  every  action,  thought, 
and  word. 

EYE  OF  PROVIDENCE.  A  symbol  of  the  W.  M. 
As  the  eye  of  the  Great  Architect  of  heaven  and  earth  is 
incessantly  upon  all  his  works,  so  should  the  eye  of  the 
W.  M.  be  upon  every  thing  which  passes  in  his  lodge. — 
Gadicke. 

EYESIGHT.  He  who  has  been  temporarily  deprived 
of  his.  sight  is  reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  new  born 
babe,  or  of  one  of  those  unfortunate  individuals  whose 
natural  infirmity  renders  the  presence  of  a  conductoi 
indispensably  necessary  ;  but  when  there  are  no  outward 
objects  to  distract  his  attention,  it  is  then  that  with  the 
eye  of  reflection  he  probes  into  the  deepest  and  darkest 
recesses  of  his  own  heart,  and  discovers  his  natural  im- 
perfections and  impurities  much  more  readily  than  he 
could  possibly  have  done  had  he  not  been  deprived  of  his 
sight.  This  short  deprivation  of  sight  has  kindled  in  his 
heart  a  spark  of  the  brightest  and  the  purest  flame 


506  EZR— FAI. 

"  The  people  which  sat  in  darkness  saw  a  great  light," 
(Mat.  iv.  16).  We  must  further  admit  that  those  who 
have  been  deprived  of  their  sight,  and  who  have  hopes  of 
being  restored  to  it,  strive  most  industriously  and  dili- 
gently to  obtain  it ;  that  they  have  no  greater  desire, 
and  that  they  will  most  readily  pledge  themselves  to  do 
all  that  can  be  required  of  them,  in  order  to  obtain  that 
inestimable  blessing. 

A  man  who  has  been  deprived  of  his  sight  may  be 
introduced  into  places  where  he  is  surrounded  by  the 
strangest  and  the  rarest  objects,  without  a  possibility  of 
his  becoming  a  traitor.  At  the  same  time,  those  who 
are  in  possession  of  their  sight  cannot  feel  the  care  ol 
their  guides  so  much  as  those  who  are  hoodwinked,  and 
who  feel  that  without  the  constant  attention  of  their 
conductors,  they  would  be  much  more  helpless  than  they 
now  are  ;  but  however  many  proofs  of  attention  and  care 
they  may  receive,  there  is  still  something  left  *to  wish 
for ;  and  to  the  question,  What  is  your  chief  desire,  the 
answer  will  ever  assuredly  be,  "Light" — Gadickc. 

EZRA.  Ezra,  or  Esdras,  the  famous  Jewish  high  priest 
and  reformer,  was  of  a  sacerdotal  family,  by  some  thought 
to  be  the  son  of  Jeraiah,  the  high  priest,  who  was  put  to 
death  at  Riblatha  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  after  the  capture 
of  Jerusalem  ;  but  as  Calmet  thinks  only  his  grandson 
or  great-grandson.  It  is  believed  that  the  first  return  of 
Ezra  from  Babylon  to  Jerusalem,  was  with  Zerubbabel, 
in  the  beginning  of  Cyrus's  reign,  A.  M.  3468,  of  which  he 
himself  wrrote  the  history.  He  was  very  skilful  in  the 
law,  and  zealous  for  God's  service  ;  and  had  doubtless  a 
great  share  in  all  the  transactions  of  his  time. — Calmet. 

FAITH.  Faith  is  the  foundation  of  justice,  the  bond 
of  amity,  and  chief  support  of  society  ;  we  live  and  walk 
by  faith ;  by  it  we  have  an  acknowledgment  of  a  superior 
being,  have  access  to  the  throne  of  grace,  are  justified, 
accepted,  and  finally  received.  A  true  Christian  faith  is 
the  evidence  of  things  not  seen,  the  substance  of  things 
hoped  for ;  this  maintained,  and  well  answered  by  walk- 
ing according  to  our  masonic  profession,  will  turn  faith 
into  a  vision,  and  bring  us  to  that  blessed  mansion  above, 
where  the  just  exist  in  perfect  bliss  to  all  eternity  ;  where 


FAB— FAN.  507 

we  shall  bo  eternally  happy  with  God,  the  grand  gt-»me- 
trician  of  the  universe,  whose  Son  died  for  us,  and  r  jse 
again  that  we  might  be  justified  through  faith  in  his 
most  precious  blood. — Lectures. 

FABRIC.  The  masonic  system  exhibits  a  stupendous 
and  beautiful  fabric,  founded  on  universal  piety.  To  rule 
and  direct  our  passions,  to  have  faith  and  hope  in  Gods 
and  charity  towards  man,  I  consider  as  the  objects  of 
what  is  termed  speculative  Masonry. — Jones. 

FALL  OF  MAN.  When  our  first  parents  transgressed 
by  eating  the  forbidden  fruit,  they  saw  what  they  had 
never  seen  before,  that  they  were  stripped  of  their  excel- 
lence ;  that  they  had  lost  their  innocence  ;  and  that  they 
had  fallen  into  a  state  of  indigence  and  danger.  They 
were  expelled  from  the  garden  of  Eden,  the  ground  was 
cursed  for  their  sakes,  and  they  were  condemned  to  eat 
their  bread  by  the  sweat  of  their  brow.  Out  of  this 
melancholy  defection  from  purity  and  peace,  a  portion  of 
the  Royal  Arch  Degree  has  been  constructed. 

FALL  OF  WATER.  There  is  a  certain  emblem  in 
the  degree  of  a  Fellowcraft  which  is  said  to  derive  its 
origin  from  the  waters  of  Jordan,  which  were  held  up 
while  the  Israelites  passed  over,  and  which  would  natur- 
ally fall  with  great  violence  when  the  whole  host  ha<? 
reached  the  opposite  shore. 

FANATICISM.  Fanaticism,  or  a  fanatic,  dare  not  be 
permitted  among  Freemasons.  We  should  unanimously 
strive  to  obtain  that  object  for  which  the  rules  of  the 
Order  so  powerfully  work,  and  thus  there  can  be  no 
disputes  or  persecutions  among  us  for  diversity  of  opinion. 
Every  Freemason  prays  to  God  in  the  way  his  religion 
teaches  him,  and  he  is  encouraged  so  to  do  in  the  lodge. 
If  we  did  not  allow  the  wild  dreams  of  imagination,  or 
the  still  wilder  ones  of  superstition,  to  have  any  effect 
upon  our  ideas  of  God  and  of  godly  things,  all  persecu- 
tion for  difference  of  religious  opinions  would  fall  oi 
themselves.  Of  fanaticism  of  whole  lodges  against  each 
other  for  a  difference  in  their  rituals  and  systems,  there 
were  formerly  too  many  traces ;  but  they  have  happily 


508  FEA— FEE. 

for  many  years  entirely  ceased.  Religious  fanaticism 
cannot  have  any  place  in  a  Freemasons'  lodge,  for  the 
members  of  every  sect  of  the  Christian  Church  have  an 
equal  right  in  the  Order.  If  a  Roman  Catholic  is  at  the 
head  of  the  lodge  to-day,  and  a  Lutheran  or  a  member  of 
the  Reformed  Church  to-morrow,  it  is  scarcely  remarked 
by  the  brethren. — Gadicke. 

FEAR  GOD,  HONOUR  THE  KING.  It  is  the  inval- 
uable distinction  of  this  free  country,  that  such  a  just 
and  unrestrained  intercourse  of  opinions  exist,  as  will  not 
permit  any  number  of  men  to  frequent  any  dangerous  01 
disguised  society ;  and  that  it  is  impossible  any  profligate 
doctrines  could  be  tolerated  for  a  moment  in  a  lodge 
meeting  under  regular  authority,  because  its  foundation 
stone  is,  fear  God,  honour  the  king. — Earl  of  Moira. 

FEASTS.  At  regular  and  appropriate  seasons,  con- 
vivial meetings  of  the  Craft  are  held  for  the  purpose  of 
social  intercourse.  Temperance,  harmony,  and  joy  should 
always  characterize  these  assemblies.  On  the  continent 
and  in  the  United  States,  an  annual  feast  is  held  on  the 
anniversary  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  June  24.  That 
every  one  may  strive  to  give  mirth  and  happiness  to 
his  brother,  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England,  at  the  quar- 
terly meeting  on  the  festival  of  St  John  the  Evangelist, 
in  1720,  adopted  the  following  regulation:  "That,  in 
future,  the  new  Grand  Master  should  be  named  and 
proposed  to  the  Grand  Lodge  some  time  before  the 
feast ;  and  if  approved,  and  present,  he  shall  be  saluted 
as  Grand  Master  elect." 

FEELING.  Feeling  is  that  sense  by  which  we  are 
enabled  to  distinguish  the  different  qualities  of  bodies, 
such  as  hardness  and  softness,  heat  and  cold,  roughnes 
and  smoothness,  figure,  solidity,  motion,  and  extension; 
all  of  which,  by  means  of  corresponding  sensations  oi 
touch,  are  presented  to  the  mind  as  real  external  quali- 
ties, and  the  conception  or  De'ief  of  them  invariably 
connected  with  these  corresponding  sensations  by  an 
original  principle  of  nature,  which  far  transcends  oni 
inquiry. — Old  Lectures. 


FEE— FEM.  509 

FEES.  No  lodge  shall  make  a  Mason  for  a  less  consid- 
eration than  three  guineas,  exclusive  of  the  registering 
fee,  nor  on  any  pretence  remit  or  defer  the  payment  of 
any  part  of  this  sum;  the  member  who  proposes  any 
candidate  must  be  responsible  to  the  lodge  for  all  the 
fees  payable  on  account  of  his  initiation.  All  monies 
payable  for  register  fees,  certificates,  or  quarterage,  shall 
be  deposited  in  the  hands  of  the  Master,  to  be  kep 
distinct  from  the  funds  of  the  lodge ;  and  shall  be  remitted 
with  proper  lists,  at  least  once  a  year  if  in  the  country, 
and  twice  a  year  if  in  London. — Constitutions. 

FEES  OF  HONOUR.  Every  brother  on  his  appoint- 
ment or  reappointment  to  either  of  the  following  offices, 
shall  pay  these  sums : — The  Deputy  Grand  Master,  having 
served  the  office  of  Steward,  ten  guineas,  if  not,  thirty 
guineas  ;  the  Grand  Wardens  eight  guineas  each  ;  Grand 
Treasurer  five  guineas ;  Grand  Registrar,  Secretary,  and 
Deacons,  three  guineas  each;  Grand  Director  of  Cere- 
monies, Superintendent  of  Works,  and  Sword  Bearer, 
two  guineas  each  ;  a  Provincial  Grand  Master  twenty 
guineas,  and  if  he  have  not  served  the  office  of  Grand 
Steward,  twenty  guineas  more;  and  a  Deputy  Provin- 
cial Grand  Master  pays  two  guineas  for  registering  his 
name  in  the  books  of  the  Grand  Lodge. 

FELLOWCRAFT.  The  second,  or  Fellowcraft's  de- 
gree, is  rendered  interesting  by  those  scientific  instruc- 
tions and  philosophical  lectures  which  characterize  later 
parts  of  the  mysteries ;  though  both  of  these  degrees 
were  made  to  tend  to  the  glory  of  that  God  who  had 
given  such  wonderful  faculties  to  them,  and  to  the  welfare 
of  their  fellow-creatures. — Archdeacon  Mant. 

FEMALES.  The  only  reason  why  ladies  cannot  be 
present  in  an  open  lodge  of  Freemasons,  is  that  their 
mysteries,  being  symbolical  of  labour  as  performed  by 
man,  could  not  in  that  case  be  shared  by  women ;  no 
honest-hearted  man  could  for  a  moment  believe  thai  in 
mind  she  was  inferior ;  if  a  man  existed  who  thought  so, 
let  him  ask  from  whom  he  first  imbibed  lessons  of  piety, 
virtue,  and  honour.  But  if  ladies  could  not  share  our 
labour  of  work,  there  was  no  reason  why  they  should  noi 
enjoy  our  labour  of  love. — Cruccfix. 
43 


510  FES— FIE. 

FESTIVALS.  The  two  festivals  set  apart  by  Masons 
of  the  United  States  are  those  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
June  24,  and  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  December  27.  The 
annual  festival  of  the  Masons  of  England  is  celebrated 
on  the  Wednesday  following  St.  George's  day,  April  23, 
he  being  their  patron  saint.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  Scot- 
land, for  a  similar  reason,  celebrate  St.  Andrew's  day, 
November  30. 

FIDELITY.  Joining  the  right  hands  is  a  pledge  of 
fidelity ;  for  Valerius  Maxemus  tells  us  that  the  ancients 
had  a  moral  deity  whom  they  called  Fides,  a  goddess  of 
honesty  or  fidelity,  and  adds,  when  they  promised  any- 
thing of  old,  they  gave  their  hand  upon  it,  as  we  do  now, 
and  therefore  she  is  represented  as  giving  her  hand,  and 
sometimes  as  only  two  hands  conjoined.  Chartarius 
more  fully  describes  this  by  observing  that  the  proper 
residence  of  faith  or  fidelity  was  thought  by  the  ancients 
to  be  in  the  right  hand. — Calcott. 

FIDUCIAL.  The  fiducial  sign  shows  us  if  we  pros- 
trate ourselves  with  our  face  to  the  earth,  we  thus  throw 
ourselves  on  the  mercy  of  our  Creator  and  Judge,  looking 
forward  with  humble  confidence  to  his  holy  promises,  by 
which  alone  we  hope  to  pass  through  the  Ark  of  our 
redemption  into  the  mansion  of  eternal  bliss  and  glory  to 
the  presence  of  Him  who  is  the  great  I  Am,  the  Alpha 
ind  Omega,  the  Beginning  and  the  Ending,  the  First 
ind  the  Last. 

FIERY  CLOUD.  This  pillar,  or  column,  which 
appeared  as  a  cloud  by  day  and  a  fire  by  night,  was  a 
symbol  of  the  divine  presence.  This  was  the  Shekinah, 
or  divine  dwelling  place,  and  was  a  continual  proof  of 
the  presence  and  protection  of  God.  Whether  there  was 
more  than  one  pillar  is  not  clearly  determined  by  the 
text.  If  there  was  but  one,  it  certainly  assumed  three 
different  appearances,  for  the  performance  of  three  very 
important  offices.  1.  In  the  day  time  for  the  purpose  of 
pointing  out  the  way,  a  column  or  pillar  of  a  cloud  was 
all  that  was  requisite.  2.  At  night,  to  prevent  that 
confusion  wh'ch  must  otherwise  have  taken  place,  the 
pillar  of  cloud  became  a  pillar  of  fire,  not  to  direct  their 


FIN— FIR.  51] 

journeyings,  for  they  seldom  travelled  by  night,  but  tc 
give  light  to  every  part  of  the  Israelitish  camp.  3. 
In  such  a  scorching,  barren,  thirsty  desert,  something 
further  was  necessary  tiian  a  light  and  guide.  It  appears 
that  this  cloud  had  two  sides,  one  dark,  and  the  other 
luminous.  The  luminous  side  gave  light  to  the  whole 
camp  of  Israel  during  the  night  of  passage  ;  and  the  dark 
side  turned  towards  the  pursuing  Egyptians,  and  pre- 
vented them  from  receiving  any  benefit  from  the  light. — 
Adam  Clarke. 

FINES.  A  lodge  which  has  been  convicted  of  any 
breach  of  masonic  law,  shall,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
Grand  Lodge,  be  subject,  for  the  first  offence,  to  a  fine 
of  riot  less  than  one  pound  nor  more  than  five  pounds ; 
for  a  second  offence  of  a  similar  nature,  within  three 
years,  it  shall  be  not  less  than  two  nor  more  than  ten 
pounds  ;  and  if  the  lodge  shall  refuse  to  pay  the  fine,  or 
be  guilty  of  a  third  offence  within  three  years  of  the 
second  offence,  the  lodge  shall  be  erased  and  its  constitu- 
tion forfeited.  All  fines  levied  shall  be  applied  to  the 
general  charity  — Constitutions. 

FIRE.  Fire  and  light  were  the  uniform  tokens  of  th  • 
appearances  of  the  Deity.  Sometimes  shining  with  a 
mild  and  gentle  radiance,  like  the  inferior  luminaries  of  a 
Masons'  lodge,  and  at  others  flaming  fiercely  amidst  clouds 
and  darkness,  thunderings  and  noise.  To  Adam  he 
manifested  himself  in  the  Shekinah,  which  kept  the  gates 
of  Paradise;  to  Abel,  and  Enoch,  and  Noah,  the  Deity 
appeared  in  a  flame  of  fire.  Nor  were  the  appearances 
changed  when  he  visited  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.  T«. 
Moses  in  the  bush,  arid  to  the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness 
fire  was  his  constant  symbol. 

FIRST  DEGREE.  In  this  lecture  virtue  is  painted 
in  the  most  beautiful  colours,  and  the  beauties  01 
morality  are  strictly  enforced.  Here  we  are  taught 
such  wise  and  useful  lessons  as  prepare  the  mind  for  a 
regular  advancement  in  the  principles  of  knowledge  and 
philosophy;  and  these  are  imprinted  on  the  memory  b} 
lively  and  sensible  images,  well  calculated  to  influence 
our  conduct  in  the  proper  discharge  of  the  duties  of  lilt;. 


512  FIR— F1V. 

The  whole  is  a  regular  system  of  morality,  conceived  in 
a  strain  of  interesting  allegory,  which  readily  unfolds  its 
beauties  to  the  candid  and  industrious  inquirer. — Preston. 

FIRST  PARENTS.  The  first  parents  of  mankind 
were  instructed  by  the  Almighty,  as  to  his  existence  and 
attributes,  and  after  their  fall  were  further  informed  ot 
the  redemption  which  was  to  be  perfected  by  Christ, 
and,  as  a  sign  of  their  belief,  were  commanded  to  offer 
sacrifices  to  God.  It  is  also  highly  probable  that  sym- 
bolical actions  should  have  been  instituted  by  them  in 
memory  of  their  penitence,  reverence,  sympathy,  fatigue, 
and  faith,  and  that  these  might  be  transmitted  to  pos- 
terity.— Archdeacon  Muni. 

FIRST  PRINCIPLES.  In  the  formation  of  all  human 
societies,  there  are  first  principles,  which  constitute  the 
basis  of  union.  This  holds  true  in  all  cases.  If,  there- 
fore, we  desire  to  arrive  at  simple  matters  of  fact,  and 
form  a  correct  judgment,  as  it  regards  the  soundness  of 
those  fundamental  principles,  adapted  as  the  basis  of 
such  union,  or  the  true  objects  contemplated  in  the 
organization  of  any  society,  this  is  the  time  when  truth 
appears  with  the  least  incumbrance,  and  the  motive  of 
action  is  seen  under  the  least  disguise.  In  most  cases 
where  moral,  benevolent,  or  humane  establishments  have 
been  formed,  these  two  points  are  clearly  developed. — 
Town. 

FIVE.  We  say  that  a  regular  lodge  consists  of  seven 
Masters,  and  also  of  five.  The  last  number  is  derived 
from  the  five  senses,  inasmuch  as  the  persons  who  are 
united  to  form  a  lodge  should  be  as  perfect  as  a  whole, 
and  work  together  with  as  much  unanimity  as  a  single 
man,  who  is  endowed  with  five  healthy  senses. — Gadicke. 

FIVE  POINTS  OF  FELLOWSHIP.  The  five  points 
of  fellowship  were  thus  illustrated  in  the  lectures  used 
by  the  Athol  Masons  of  the  last  century: — "When  the 
necessities  of  a  brother  call  for  my  support,  I  will  be 
ever  ready  to  lend  him  a  helping  hand  to  save  him  from 
sinking  if  I  find  him  worthy  thereof.  2.  Indolence  shall 
not  cause  my  footsteps  to  halt,  nor  wrath  to  turn  them 


FIX— FLO.  513 

aside,  but  forgetting  every  selfish  consideration,  I  will 
be  ever  swift  of  foot  to  save,  help,  and  execute  benevo- 
lence to  a  fellow-creature  in  distress,  but  more  particu- 
larly to  a  brother  Mason.  3.  When  I  offer  up  my 
ejaculations  to  Almighty  God,  I  will  remember  my 
brother's  welfare,  even  as  my  own;  for  as  the  voice  of 
babes  and  sucklings  ascend  to  the  throne  of  grace,  so 
most  assuredly  will  the  breathings  of  a  fervent  heart 
ascend  to  the  mansions  of  bliss.  4.  A  brother's  secret, 
delivered  to  me  as  such,  I  will  keep  as  1  would  my  own, 
because,  if  I  betray  the  trust  which  has  been  reposed  in 
me,  I  might  do  him  an  irreparable  injury;  it  would  be 
like  the  villainy  of  an  assassin,  who  lurks  in  darkness  to 
stab  his  adversary  when  unarmed  and  least  prepared  to 
meet  an  enemy.  5.  A  brother's  character  1  will  support 
in  his  absence,  as  I  would  in  his  presence.  I  will  nor 
revile  him  myself,  nor  suffer  it  to  be  done  by  others,  il 
it  is  in  my  power  to  prevent  it.  Thus  by  the  five  point? 
of  fellowship,  we  are  linked  together  in  one  indivisible 
chain  of  sincere  affection,  brotherly  love,  relief,  ana 
truth." 

FIXED  LIGHTS.  The  fixed  lights  of  a  lodge  were 
formerly  represented  by  "  three  windows,  supposed  to 
be  in  every  room  where  a  lodge  is  held ;  referring  to  the 
cardinal  points  of  the  compass,  according  to  the  antique 
rules  of  Masonry."  There  was  one  in  the  east,  another 
in  the  west,  and  another  in  the  south,  to  light  the  m^n 
to,  at,  and  from  labour  ;  but  there  was  none  in  the  north,$ 
because  the  sun  darts  no  rays  from  thence.  These  con- 
stitute the  symbolical  situations  of  the  three  chief 
officers. 

FLOATS.  At  the  building  of  the  temple,  everything 
was  prepared  with  the  greatest  nicety,  the  stones  were 
all  hewn  in  the  quarries,  and  there  squared,  fashioned 
marked  and  numbered ;  and  the  timber  being  cut  in  the 
forests,  was  there  framed,  carved,  marked  and  numbered 
also;  so  that  when  brought  to  Jerusalem,  there  was 
nothing  left  to  be  done  but  the  arrangement  of  its  differ- 
ent parts.  The  materials  being  thus  prepared,  were  car- 
ried on  floats  down  to  Joppa,  and  thence  conveyed  to 
Jerusalem  on  carriages  of  curious  mechanism  provided  foi 


514  FLO— FOR. 

the  purpose,  there  to  be  put  together  according  to  the 
plan  of  the  architect. — Archdeacon  Mant. 

FLOOR.  In  a  symbolical  lodge  of  Blue  Masons,  the 
first  object  which  deserves  attention  is  the  mosaic  floor 
on  which  we  tread;  it  is  intended  to  convey  to  our 
minds  the  viscissitudes  of  human  affairs,  chequered  with 
a  strange  contrariety  of  events.  To-day  elated  with  the 
smiles  of  prosperity,  to-morrow  depressed  by  the  frowns 
of  misfortune.  The  precariousness  of  our  situation  in 
this  world  should  teach  us  punctuality,  to  walk  uprightly 
and  firmly  upon  the  broad  basis  of  virtue  and  religion, 
and  to  give  assistance  to  our  unfortunate  fellow-creatures 
who  are  in  distress;  lest,  on  some  capricious  turn  of  for- 
tune's wheel,  we  may  become  dependent  on  those  who 
before  looked  up  to  us  as  their  benefactors. — Dale/to. 

FLOOR-CLOTH.  In  former  times,  it  was  not  custom- 
ary to  use  a  floor-cloth,  but  the  necessary  figures  were 
drawn  upon  the  floor  with  chalk  or  charcoal,  which,  when 
done  with,  were  washed  off,  This  custom  was  in  use 
here  and  there  till  about  1760.  Many  lodges  now  use 
solid  bodies  for  their  floor-cloths,  and  not  paintings. 
Every  good  Mason  knows  what  they  represent,  and  what 
i  floor-cloth  is.  The  border  by  which  it  is  surrounded  is 
<tn  important  symbol. — Gadicke. 

FOOT.  Indolence  should  not  persuade  the  foot  to 
halt,  or  wrath  to  turn  our  steps  out  of  the  way  ;  but  for- 
getting injuries  and  selfish  feelings,  and  remembering  that 
man  was  born  for  the  aid  of  his  generation,  and  not  for  his 
DWII  enjoyments  only,  but  to  do  that  which  is  good;  we 
hould  be  swift  to  have  mercy,  to  save,  to  strengthen,  and 
execute  benevolence. — Old  Lectures. 

FOREIGN  BRETHREN.  Brethren  under  the  cori- 
titution  of  the  Grand  Lodges  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  as 
well  as  of  foreign  grand  lodges,  may  be  relieved  by  the 
Fund  of  Benevolence,  on  the  production  of  certificates 
from  their  respective  grand  lodges,  and  satisfactory  proof 
of  their  identity  and  distress. — Constitutions. 

FORM.     The  form  of  the  lodge  should  be  au  oblong 


FOR.  515 

square  (,'  !,)  should  reach  from  east  to  west,  and  from  north 
to  south ;  up  to  the  clouds  aud  to  the  centre  of  the  earth. 
The  limits  of  its  influence  are  not  formed  by  four  straight 
lines,  or  by  two  squares  placed  opposite  to  each  other, 
but  are  extended  to  the  utmost  bounds  of  the  habitable 
globe.  The  1<  Jges  must  therefore  do  more  than  give 
their  workplaces  the  form  of  a  long  square.  But  if  the 
brethren  are  assembled  in  a  long  square,  let  them  lift  up 
their  spirits  to  the  contemplation  of  the  Most  High, 
admire  him  in  the  wonders  of  nature,  and  extend,  as  far 
as  in  them  lies,  good  and  perfect  gifts  into  every  clime. — 
Gadicke. 

FORTITUDE.  By  fortitude  we  are  taught  to  resist 
temptation,  and  encounter  danger  with  spirit  and  resolu- 
tion. This  virtue  is  equally  distant  from  rashness  and 
cowardice;  and  he  who  possesses  it,  is  seldom  shaken, 
and  never  overthrown,  by  the  storms  that  surround  him. 

FORTY.  The  two  perfect  numbers,  four  and  ten, 
being  multiplied  into  each  other,  produce  the  number 
forty,  which  was  also  sacred,  and  bore  a  reference  to  the 
number  seven.  Thus  the  probation  of  our  first  parents 
in  the  garden  of  Eden,  as  is  generally  supposed  was  forty 
years ;  the  deluge  was  occasioned  by  a  rain  of  forty  days 
and  nights,  of  which  event  Noah  had  seven  days  notice ; 
and  the  waters  remained  upon  the  face  of  the  earth  forty 
days.  The  days  of  embalming  the  dead  were  forty,  and 
of  mourning  seventy.  The  concealment  of  Moses  in  the 
land  of  Midian  was  forty  years,  and  he  was  on  the  mount 
forty  days  and  nights.  Jesus  Christ  fasted  forty  days  and 
nights  in  the  wilderness,  to  prepare  for  his  ministry ;  and 
was  tempted  of  the  devil  forty  days ;  and  the  same  term 
elapsed  between  his  resurrection  and  ascension. 

FORTY-SEVENTH  PROBLEM.     As  this  figure  de 
pends  on  the  connexion  of  several  lines,  angles  and  tri 
angles,  which  form  the  whole,  so  Freemasonry  depends 
on  the  unanimity  and  integrity  of  its  members,  the  inflexi- 
bility of  their  charitable  pursuits,  and  the  immutability 
of  the  principles  upon  which  the  society  is  established 
The  position  is  clear,  and  therefore  in  a  synthetical  sense, 
we  demonstrate  that  some  of  our  brethren  from  their 


516  FOU. 

exalted  situation -in  life,  may  be  considered  as  standing 
on  the  basis  of  earthly  bliss,  emblematic  of  the  greatei 
square  which  subtends  the  right  angle.  Others  whom 
Providence  hath  blessed  with  means  to  tread  on  the 
flowery  meads  of  affluence,  are  descriptive  of  the  squares 
which  stand  on  the  sides  that  form  the  right  angle.  The 
several  triangles  inscribed  within  the  squares  are  applica- 
ble to  those  happy  beings  who  enjoy  every  social  comfort, 
and  never  exceed  the  bounds  of  mediocrity.  Those  who 
have  the  heartfelt  satisfaction  of  administering  to  the 
wants  of  the  indigent  and  industrious,  may  be  compared  to 
the  angles  which  surround  and  support  the  figure  ;  whilst 
the  lines  which  form  it,  remind  us  of  those  unfortunate 
brethren  who,  by  a  series  of  inevitable  events,  are  in- 
capable of  providing  the  common  necessaries  of  life, 
until  aided  by  a  cheerful  and  ready  assistance. — Old 
Lectures. 

FOUNDATION.  The  masonic  days  proper  for  laying 
the  foundation-stone  of  a  Masons'  lodge,  are  from  the 
15th  of  April  to  the  15th  of  May ;  and  the  18th  of  April 
has  been  pronounced  peculiarly  auspicious,  because 
nothing  can  be  more  consonant  with  reason  and  proprie- 
ty, than  to  commence  a  building  in  the  early  spring,  that 
the  workmen  may  have  the  whole  summer  before  them 
to  complete  the  undertaking  advantageously,  in  order 
that  they  may  celebrate  the  cape  stone  with  confidence 
and  joy. 

FOUR.  The  number  four  was  frequently  blended  and 
mixed  up  with  the  number  seven,  and  was  esteemed  to 
possess  similar  properties.  It  signified  universality 
among  the  Cabalists  and  Pythagoreans,  and  formed  the 
holy  tetragrammaton  of  the  Jews.  This  is  observable 
not  only  in  the  quadruple  cherubic  form  at  the  gate  of 
Eden,  the  four  rivers  of  paradise,  and  the  four  artificial 
ones  round  the  tabernacle;  the  services  of  which  were 
conducted  by  four  priests — Moses,  Aaron,  Eleazar,  aiid 
Ithamar;  the  four  chariots  and  angelic  messengers  in 
the  vision  of  Zechariah,  and  the  four  visions  and  the 
four  beasts  of  Daniel,  but  even  our  Saviour's  prophecy 
from  the  Mount  of  Olives  was  so  constructed  as  to  COD 
rain  four  synchronisms. 


FOU— FRE.  517 

FOUR  DEGREES.  Ancient  "Masonry  consists  of 
ur  degrees;  the  three  first  of  which  are,  that  of  the 
Apprentice,  the  Fellowcraft,  and  the  sublime  degree  of 
Master;  and  a  brother  being  well  versed  in  these  degrees, 
and  otherwise  qualified,  as  hereafter  will  be  expressed, 
is  eligible  to  be  admitted  to  the  fourth  degree,  the  Holy 
Royal  Arch. — A)iiman  Rezon. 

FREE.  A  word  that  is  often  heard  among  us,  but 
which  is  circumscribed  by  the  same  bounds  as  the  free- 
dom of  social  life.  In  our  assemblies  we  have  nothing 
resembling  the  freedom  to  act  every  one  according  to 
the  dictates  of  his  own  capiice,  but  we  are  free,  or  at 
least,  each  of  us  ought  to  be  free,  from  the  dominion 
of  pride,  of  prejudice,  of  passion,  and  of  other  follies 
of  human  nature.  Free  from  the  madness  of  refusing 
obedience  either  to  the  law  of  the  land  or  the  Craft.— 
Gadicke. 

FREEBORN.  No  candidate  can  be  admitted  into 
Freemasonry,  or  share  in  its  occult  mysteries,  unless  he 
be  a  free  man,  of  mature  age,  sound  judgment,  and  strict 
morality.  Nor  can  any  one,  although  he  have  been 
initiated,  continue  to  act  as  a  Mason,  or  practise  the 
rites  of  the  Order,  if  he  be  temporarily  deprived  of  his 
liberty,  or  freedom  of  will.  So  essential  is  it  to  Free- 
masonry, that  its  members  should  be  perfectly  free  in  all 
their  actions,  thoughts  and  designs. 

FREEMASON.  The  explanations  of  this  word,  which 
say  the  same  thing  in  nearly  every  living  language,  are 
very  various.  Originally  the  name  was  only  Mason,  but 
the  privileges  which  were  granted  unto  certain  real 
architects  and  artists,  induced  them  to  adopt  the  title  of 
Freemasons,  to  distinguish  themselves  from  those  who 
were  merely  operative  masons.  Others  again  say  that 
Masons  should  labour  free  and  unconstrained.  He  who 
is  free  from  prejudice,  and  understands  how  to  regulate 
his  life  and  actions  by  the  working  tools  of  an  operative 
mason,  can  well  explain  the  meaning  of  the  word  Free- 
mason. We  may  also  reasonably  suppose  that  many 
distinguished  persons,  who  were  neither  architects  nor 
artists,  have  been  admitted  into  the  Fraternity,  and  that 


518  FRE— FUN. 

those  persons  were  afterwards  exclusively  called  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons;  which  title  they  have  propagated. 
— Gadicke. 

FREEMASONRY.  Masonry,according  to  the  general 
acceptation  of  the  term,  is  an  art  founded  on  the  princi- 
ples of  geometry,  and  directed  to  the  service  and  con- 
venience of  mankind.  But  Freemasonry,  embracing  a 
wider  range  and  having  a  nobler  object  in  view,  namely, 
the  cultivation  and  improvement  of  the  human  mind, 
may  with  more  propriety  be  called  a  science,  inasmuch 
as  availing  itself  of  the  terms  of  the  former,  it  inculcates 
the  principles  of  the  purest  morality,  though  its  lessons 
are  for  the  most  part  veiled  in  allegory,  and  illustrated 
by  symbols. — Hemming. 

FRIENDSHIP.  Friendship  is  traced  through  the 
circle  of  private  connections  to  the  grand  system  of 
universal  benevolence,  which  no  limits  can  circumscribe, 
as  its  influence  extends  to  every  branch  of  the  human 
race.  On  this  general  plan  the  universality  of  the  system 
of  Masonry  is  established.  Were  friendship  confined  to 
the  spot  of  our  nativity,  its  operation  would  be  partial, 
and  imply  a  kind  of  enmity  to  other  nations.  Where 
the  interests  of  one  country  interfere  with  those  of 
another,  nature  dictates  an  adherence  to  the  welfare  of 
our  own  immediate  connections;  but  such  interference 
apart,  the  true  Mason  is  a  citizen  of  the  world,  and  his 
philanthropy  extends  to  all  the  human  race.  Unin- 
fluenced by  local  prejudices,  he  knows  no  preference  in 
virtue  but  according  to  its  degree,  from  whatever  country 
or  clime  it  may  spring. — Preston. 

FRUITS.  What  are  the  fruits  of  Masonry  ?  It  has 
ofteii  been  effectual  to  save  life  and  property;  it  has 
often  relieved  distress;  it  constantly  teaches  the  igno- 
rant; it  daily  wipes  rivers  of  tears  from  the  eye  of 
distress;  it  has  often  reconciled  the  most  jarring  inter- 
ests; it  has  often  converted  the  bitterest  foes  into  the 
dearest  friends. — Inwood. 

FUNERAL.  The  public  are  frequently  astonished  at 
beholding  a  large  funeral  procession,  and  cannot  conceive 


FUR— GEO.  519 

how  the  deceased,  who  lived  in  a  slate  of  comparative 
obscurity,  could  have  had  so  many  friends,  amongst 
whom  some  are  of  the  highest  rank  in  society,  and  from 
those  friends,  one  of  them  advances  to  the  brink  of  the 
grave,  and  addresses  the  assembled  multitude  upon  life, 
death,  and  immortality,  in  such  a  touching  and  feeling 

•t   '  O  O 

manner,  that  brethren,  relations,  and  spectators,  are 
bathed  in  tears.  He  who  can  flatter  himself  that  he 
will  have  such  a  funeral,  and  that  he  is  worthy  of  it, 
can  go  down  to  the  grave  in  peace,  certain  that  he  will 
receive  the  reward  of  all  his  labours  from  the  Great 
Architect  of  the  Universe. —  Gadicke. 

FURNITURE.  The  furniture  of  a  Masons'  lodge  ought 
to  be  disposed  with  the  same  scrupulous  exactness  as 
the  furniture  of  the  tabernacle  which  Moses  made  ac- 
cording to  the  pattern  which  the  Deity  shewed  him  in 
the  mount.  The  tracing-board  should  be  placed  on  the 
Master's  pedestal,  underneath  the  bible,  square  and  com- 
passes;  the  first  great  light  being  displayed  in  Ruth. 
This  is  for  the  first  degree.  The  book  of  constitutions 
is  placed  before  the  Past  Master  ;  the  globes  in  the  west : 
the  rough  ashlar  in  the  north-east,  the  perfect  ashlar  in 
the  north-west,  while  the  Master  Masons  should  take 
their  station  in  the  south-west,  and  Past  Masters  in  the 
south-east ;  the  Secretary  in  the  north,  and  the  Treasurer 
in  the  corner  of  Amorites. 

G.  The  situation  of  this  letter,  when  alone,  is  well 
known  to  all  Freemasons.  It  cannot  allude  to  the  name 
of  God  alone  in  the  German  lodges,  or  it  could  not  be 
found  in  the  situation  in  foreign  lodges.  It  has  a  closer 
affinity  to  Geometry,  which  is  so  necessary  to  an  Archi- 
tect, and  geometrical  certainty  and  truth  is  everywhere 
necessary. —  Gadickc. 

GEOMETRY.  Among  the  mathematical  science* 
geometry  is  the  one  which  has  the  most  especial  reference 
to  architecture,  and  we  can,  therefore,  under  the  name 
of  geometry,  understand  the  whole  art  of  Freemasonry. 
In  Anderson's  Book  of  Constitutions,  Freemasonry  ia 
frequently  called  geometry,  and  of  the  latter  he  saith, 
that  the  whole  being  of  me  Order  is  comprehended  in 


520  GHI— GLO. 

it.  Freemasons  therefore  ought  to  im*ke  themselves 
intimately  acquainted  with  geometry.  It  is  not  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  be  able  to  delineate  geometrical 
figures  but  it  is  necessary  to  be  able  to  deduce  all  our 
actions,  works,  or  resolutions  from  geometrical  principles 
— Gadicke. 

GHIBLIM.     The  Ghiblimites   were  expert  operativ 
Masons,  who  understood  the  science  of  geometrical  pro- 
portion in  its  practical  references,  and  were  cemented  in 
their  lodges  by  the  morality  of  its  detached  and  component 
parts. 

GIRDLE.  The  girdle,  in  ancient  times,  was  an  uni- 
versally received  emblem  of  truth  and  passive  duty. 
Elijah  the  Tishbite  and  John  the  Baptist,  were  both 
girded  with  an  apron  of  (white)  leather.  It  was  said  of 
Jesus  Christ,  that  his  girdle  should  represent  equally 
righteousness  and  fidelity.  And  in  conformity  with  these 
authorities,  his  principal  disciples  exhorted  the  Christian 
converts  to  gird  up  the  loins  of  their  minds,  to  be  sober 
and  hope  to  the  end,  and  to  stand  firm  in  the  faith,  having 
their  loins  girt  about  with  truth. 

GIRLS'  SCHOOL.  This  charity  was  instituted  on 
the  25th  of  March,  1788,  by  the  late  Chevalier  Bartholo- 
mew Ruspini,  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining,  clothing 
and  educating,  an  unlimited  number  of  the  female  chil- 
dren and  orphans  of  reduced  brethren,  belonging  to  the 
ancient  and  honourable  society  of  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  and  of  protecting  and  preserving  them  from  the 
dangers  and  misfortunes  to  which  distressed  young  fe- 
males are  peculiarly  exposed ;  with  the  further  view  of 
training  them  up  in  the  knowledge  and  love  of  virtue,  in 
the  habits  of  industry  necessary  to  their  condition,  and 
of  impressing  on  their  minds  a  due  sense  of  subordination, 
true  humility,  and  the  principles  and  practice  of  all 
social,  moral,  and  religious  duties.  This  charitj  is  sup- 
ported by  voluntary  contributions. 

GLOBE  OF  FIRE.  In  the  last  century  some  fanciful 
brethren  referred  the  circle  and  point  to  the  cherubic 
form  which  was  placed  at  the  gate  of  paradise,  to  prevent 


GLO— GOL.  521 

the  return  of  our  first  parents  to  that  region  of  nevei 
ending  happiness  and  delight,  after  their  fall  from  purity 
and  rectitude,  in  the  attempt  to  acquire  forbidden 
knowledge.  The  "fire  unfolding  itself,"  or  globe  of  fire 
described  by  the  prophet  Ezekiel,  represented  the  Deity, 
and  the  living  creatures  on  one  side,  and  wheels  on  the 
other,  denoted  his  power  and  goodness. 

GLOBES.  The  terrestrial  and  celestial  globes  are  the 
noblest  instruments  for  giving  the  most  distinct  idea  of 
any  problem  or  proposition,  as  well  as  for  enabling  us  to 
solve  it.  Contemplating  these  bodies,  Masons  are  inspired 
with  a  due  reverence  for  the  Deity  and  his  works ;  and 
are  induced  to  apply  with  diligence  and  attention  to 
astronomy,  geography,  navigation,  and  all  the  arts  de- 
pendent on  them,  by  which  society  has  been  so  much 
benefited. — Preston. 

GLORY  IN  THE  CENTRE.  When  in  the  lodge  we 
elevate  our  thoughts  to  the  Deity,  our  eyes  involuntarily 
rest  on  the  glory  in  the  centre ;  then  with  hearts  over- 
flowing with  gratitude  and  love,  we  bow  reverentially 
before  the  All-seeing  eye  of  God,  which  the  sun,  moon, 
and  stars  obey  ;  conscious  that  it  pervades  their  inmost 
recesses,  and  tries  our  thoughts,  words  and  actions,  by 
the  unerring  touchstone  of  truth  and  eternal  justice. 

GLOVES.  The  operative  Mason  cannot  use  gloves  at 
his  woik.  but  we  can,  and  that  too,  of  the  purest  white, 
at  ours,  thereby  intimating  that  every  action  of  a  Mason 
ought  to  be  pure  and  spotless. —  Gadicke. 

GOLDEN  CANDLESTICK.  This  utensil  was  made 
by  Moses  for  the  service  of  the  Temple.  It  consisted 
wholly  of  pure  gold,  and  had  seven  branches ;  that  is, 
three  on  each  side,  and  one  in  the  centre.  These  branches 
were  at  equal  distances,  and  each  one  was  adorned  with 
flowers  like  lilies,  gold  knobs  after  the  form  of  an  apple, 
and  similar  ones  resembling  an  almond.  Upon  the 
extremities  of  the  branches  were  seven  golden  lamps, 
which  were  fed  wun  pure  olive  oil,  and  lighted  every 
evening  by  the  priests  on  duty.  The  candlestick  wap 
placed  in  the  Holv  Place,  and  served  to  illuminate  the 
44 


522  tfOL— GOO. 

altar  of  incense  and  the  table  of  shew-bread,  which  stood 
in  the  same  chamber. — Calmet. 

GOLDEN  FLEECE.  The  masonic  apron  is  said  to 
be  more  ancient  than  the  badge  of  any  other  honourable 
institution.  It  was  used  before  the  Greeks  or  Romans 
had  a  name.  The  Argonautic  expedition  is  generally 
believed  to  be  only  a  figurative  account  of  the  deluge; 
and  the  apron  is  unquestionably  older  than  that  event ; 
it  was  therefore  worn  before  the  establishment  of  the 
spurious  Freemasonry.  We  are  certain  from  undeniable 
authority,  that  the  apron  was  the  first  species  of  clothing 
with  which  mankind  were  acquainted,  and  was  adopted 
before  the  expulsion  of  our  progenitors  from  the  garden 
of  Eden.  When  they  had  violated  the  original  compact, 
their  eyes  were  opened  to  a  sense  of  guilt  and  shame, 
and  they  saw  that  they  were  naked.  Decency  suggested 
the  necessary  expedient  of  covering  themselves  with 
aprons.  It  is  therefore  said  with  great  propriety,  thai 
"  the  apron  is  more  ancient  than  the  golden  fleece  01 
Roman  eagle." 

GOLDEN  RULE.  Freemasonry  recommends  tne  prac- 
tice of  the  golden  rule,  do  unto  others  as  you  would 
have  them  do  to  you,  not  so  much  to  preserve  the  peace 
and  order  of  civil  society,  (which  notwithstanding  it 
cannot  fail  to  do)  as  to  inspire  in  our  own  bosoms,  a  love 
of  virtue  and  good  will  to  man. 

GOOD  MASON.  The  good  Mason  is  an  example  to 
his  neighbours,  and  his  name  and  character  are  proverbial. 
Those  who  are  younger  venerate  him,  his  companions 
love  hkn,  his  superiors  extol  him.  In  his  family  he  is 
high  without  severity,  and  condescending  without  mean- 
ness ;  his  commands  are  gentle — indeed  his  wishes  are 
his  commands ;  for  all  are  equally  ready  to  answer  his 
desires.  To  his  wife  he  is  the  tender  husband,  not  the 
usurping  lord ;  to  his  children  he  is  the  kind,  the  provi- 
dential father,  not  the  domineering  tyrant ;  to  his  ser- 
vants he  is  equally  the  friend  as  the  superior.  Thus 
ruling,  he  is  obeyed  with  cheerfulness;  and  thus  his 
home,  whether  a  cottage  or  a  palace,  is,  while  he  is 
present,  the  habitation  of  peace ;  when  there  he  leave.- 


GOS— GRA  523 

it  with  reluctance,  and  when  absent  his  return  is  expected 
with  a  pleasing  avidity. — Inwood. 

GOSPEL.  The  Royal  Order  of  Masonry,  however 
secret  from  its  most  early  foundation  to  the  present 
moment,  has  nothing  belonging  to  it,  but  what  is  so  far 
from  giving  birth  or  growth  to  the  commission  of  any 
thing  inconsistent  with  the  strictest  parts  of  our  holy 
religion,  whether  it  respects  our  duty  to  God  or  man, 
that  every  part  of  it,  ij  duly  followed,  has  a  direct  ten- 
dency to  enforce  and  to  encourage  the  performance  of 
every  one  of  its  most  holy  precepts  ;  and,  "  the  precepts 
of  the  Gospel  are  universally  the  principles  of  Masonry.' 
— Inwood. 

GOVERNMENT.  It  is  well  to  give  rules  for  the 
good  government  of  a  lodge ;  but  the  best  teacher  is  ex- 
perience. Points  of  minor  importance,  both  in  discipline 
and  doctrine,  are  of  constant  occurrence,  which  have  no 
precedent,  and  must  be  regulated  by  the  judgment  of  the 
Master.  And  on  these  trifling  matters,  the  welfare  am* 
prosperity  of  a  lodge  frequently  depend. 

GRACE.  When  brother  Masons  are  assembled  at  the 
banquet  table,  where  it  is  their  duty  to  crave  a  blessing, 
how  joyfully  do  they  hear  the  words 


'  0  source  of  the  purest  light !     0  Lord  of  Glory ! 
Great,  incomprehensibly  great,  are  thy  handy  works ; 
Thon  gavest  to  us  at  the  building  of  the  Temple 

Wisdom,  Strength,  and  Beauty ! 

Thou  gavest  to  us  vitality,  pleasure,  meat,  and  drink  ! 
To  thee,  therefore,  be  glory,  honour,  praise,  and  thanks. 

After  the  meal  the  Chaplain  again  lifts  his  voice : 

"  God  be  praised !     Thou  hast  thought  on  us  this  day  also  ; 
Be  praised  for  this  day's  blessings  ; 

Oh !  protect  us  fatherly,  according  to  thy  grace  and  power, 
In  happiness  and  in  sorrow,  in  all  our  ways, 
And  bless  this  night." 

Gadicke. 

GRADES  OF  RANK.  Many  persons  have  endea- 
voured to  substantiate  their  objections  to  the  institution 
of  Freemasonry  from  the  admitted  dogma  that  its  mem- 
bers meet  on  &  level ;  whence  they  conclude  that  the 
system  abolishes  all  human  distinctions,  and  promises  to 


524  GRA. 

disorganise  society,  and  reduce  it  to  its  primitive  fie- 
ments.  Bat  it  does  no  such  thing.  There  is,  hi  fact,  no 
other  institution  where  the  grades  of  rank  are  better 
defined  and  preserved.  The  W.  M.  sits  in  tb«  east.  For 
what  purpose  is  he  placed  there?  "Why,  to  rule  and 
govern  his  lodge.  And  he  is  invested  with  power  even 
to  despotism,  should  he  consider  it  safe  to  use  it,  and 
the  Wardens  are  his  assistants,  not  his  equals.  Each  has 
a -particular  duty  assigned  to  him,  and  beyond  that,  he 
has  no  right  to  interfere.  The  r  ixt  grade  are  the  Dea- 
cons. And  what  is  their  duty  ?  Not,  surely,  to  rank  in 
equality  with  the  Master  and  Wardens,  but  to  peifbrm 
the  part  of  inferiors  in  office,  to  carry  messages  and  com- 
mands. It  is  their  province  to  attend  on  the  Mastei, 
and  to  assist  the  Wardens  in  the  active  duties  of  the 
lodge,  such  as  the  reception  of  candidates  into  the  differ- 
ent degrees  of  Masonry,  and  the  immediate  practice  ol 
our  rites  This  is  the  business  of  the  Deacons  ;  and  by 
its  punctual  discharge,  the  office  becomes  a  stepping- 
stone  to  further  preferment :  for  as  it  is  incumbent  on  a 
brother  to  serve  the  office  of  a  Warden,  before  he  is 
eligible  for  the  chair  of  a  lodge,  so  it  would  be  well  ii 
the  office  of  a  Deacon  were  preparatory  to  that  of  a 
Warden.  The  Treasurer,  the  Secretary,  the  Stewards, 
the  Inner  Guard,  and  the  Tyler,  have  all  their  respec- 
tive duties  to  perform,  and  rank  to  support ;  while  the 
brethren  are  bound  to  obey  the  will  and  pleasure  of  the 
W.  M. 

GRAMMAR.  Grammar  teaches  the  proper  arrange- 
ment of  words,  according  to  the  idiom  or  dialect  of  any 
peculiar  people,  and  that  excellency  of  pronunciation, 
which  enables  us  to  speak  or  write  a  language  with 
accuracy,  agreeably  to  reason  and  coirect  usage.- — 
Preston. 

G.  A.  O.  T.  U.,  celebrated  in  the  lectures  of  Masonry 
is  the  same  Jehovah  who  declared  his  name  to  Moses  at 
the  burning  bush,  appeared  on  earth  at  the  time  and 
in  the  place,  which  had  been  foretold  oy  the  Jewish 
prophets,  divested  of  his  external  splendour ;  attested 
the  truth  of  his  mission  by  the  most  stupendous  miracles, 
and  terminated  his  efficacious  atonement  by  a  public 


GRA.  525 

ascension  into  the  cloudy  pillar,  or  Shekinah,  which 
hovered  over  the  Mount  of  Olives ;  and  the  consecutive 
steps  of  this  great  scheme  have  been  embodied  in  the  sys- 
tem of  Freemasonry.  It  can  therefore  be  shown,  that  the 
historical  landmarks  consist  of  certain  prominent  facts 
recorded  in  the  Jewish  scriptures,  which  have  been 
received  in  all  ages,  both  before  and  after  the  advent  of 
Christ,  as  typical  of  the  Redeemer  of  man,  and  of  him 
only. 

GRAND  ARCHITECT.  This  Most  High  Being 
ought  to  be  duly  revered  by  every  brother  as  the  Great 
Architect  of  heaven  and  earth,  and  his  name  ought  never 
to  be  spoken  but  with  the  greatest  humility  and  rever- 
ence. It  is  not  improper,  when  we  are  always  speaking 
of  Masonry,  to  call  God  the  Great  Architect  of  heaven  and 
earth,  as  we  also  call  him  the  Lord  of  lords  and  King  ol 
kings.  Every  one,  even  those  who  are  not  Freemasons, 
cull  him  the  Creator  of  heaven  and  of  earth.  He  has 
created  everything  that  we  can  see  ;  and  it  is  certain  that 
he  has  created  many  things  which  we  have  not  power  to 
see ;  and  when  the  brethren  strive  to  adorn  his  greatest 
work — when  they  assist  in  carrying  on  the  spiritual  tem- 
ple in  the  manner  he  has  ordained — they  most  assuredly 
fulfil  his  holy  law. —  Gadicke. 

GRAND  EAST.  Wherever  the  superior  body  of  the 
masonic  institutions  is  situated,  that  place  is  called  the 
Grand  East  (Grande  Orient) ;  London,  York,  Dublin, 
Edinburgh,  Paris,  Vienna,  and  Amsterdam,  are  all  Grand 
Easts  in  masonic  language.  Every  state  in  America  has 
a  Grand  East,  and  every  other  place  where  there  is  a 
governing  Grand  Lodge,  is  called  by  Masons  the  Grand 
East.  The  East  with  Masons  has  a  peculiar  meaning. 
It  is  well  known  that  the  sciences  first  rose  in  the  East, 
and  that  the  resplendent  orb  of  light  from  that  quarter 
proclaims  the  glory  of  the  day.  "And  behold  the  Glory 
of  the  God  of  Israel  came  from  the  way  of  the  East, 
and  his  voice  was  like  the  noise  of  many  waters;  the 
earth  shined  with  his  glory.  The  East  Gate  shall  be 
shut;  it  shall  not  be  opened ;  and  no  man  shall  enter  by 
it,  because  the  Glory  of  the  God  of  Israel  hath  entered 
by  it.  It  is  for  the  Prince." — DaJchn. 


526  GRA. 

GRAND  LODGE.  This  governing  body  consists  of 
a  Grand  Master  with  a  full  staff  of  purple  officers,  the 
Grand  Stewards  for  the  year,  and  the  Masters,  Past  Mas- 
ters, and  Wardens,  of  every  warranted  lodge.  In  the 
Grand  Lodge,  besides  the  power  of  enacting  laws  and 
regulations  for  the  government  of  the  Craft,  and  of  alter- 
ing, repealing,  and  abrogating  them,  provided  that  they 
continue  to  preserve  the  ancient  landmarks  of  the  Order, 
the  Grand  Lodge  has  also  the  inherent  power  of  investi- 
gating, regulating,  and  deciding,  all  matters  relative  to 
the  Craft  or  to  particular  lodges,  or  to  individual  brothers, 
which  it  may  exercise  either  by  itself  or  by  such  dele- 
gated authority  as,  in  its  wisdom  and  discretion,  it  may 
appoint;  but  in  the  Grand  Lodge  alone  resides  the 
power  of  erasing  lodges,  and  expelling  brethren  from 
the  Craft,  a  power  which  it  ought  not  to  delegate  to  any 
subordinate  authority  in  England. — Constitutions. 

GRAND  MASTER.  This  chief  officer  is  generally  a 
person  of  the  highest  rank.  He  is  nominated  at  the 
quarterly  communication  in  December,  and  the  election 
takes  place  in  the  month  of  March  following.  If  the 
Grand  Master  should  die  during  his  mastership,  or  by 
sickness,  absence,  or  otherwise,  be  rendered  incapable  of 
discharging  the  duties  of  his  office,  the  Deputy  Grand 
Master,  or,  in  his  absence,  the  Grand  Wardens,  shall 
assemble  the  Grand  Lodge  immediately,  to  record  the 
event,  which  Grand  Lodge  shall  appoint  three  of  its 
members  to  invite  the  last  preceding  Grand  Master  to 
act  as  Grand  Master  till  a  new  election  take  place;  if 
he  decline  to  act,  then  the  last  but  one,  and  so  on  ;  but 
if  no  former  Grand  Master  be  found,  the  deputy,  or  the 
grand  officer  next  in  rank  and  seniority,  shall  proceed  as 
principal.  If  there  be  a  Pro-Grand  Master  at  the  time 
when  a  vacancy  occurs  in  the  Grand  Mastership,  such 
Pro-Grand  Master  shall  forthwith  act  as  Grand  Master 
until  a  new  election  take  place  at  the  usual  period. — 
Constitutions. 

GRAND  OFFICERS.  None  of  the  grand  officers  can 
be  removed,  unless  for  reasons  which  appear  sufficient 
to  the  Grand  Lodge ;  but,  should  the  Grand  Master  be 
dissatisfied  with  the  conduct  of  any  of  his  grand  officers. 


GRA.  527 

ne  may  submit  the  case  to  the  Grand  Lodge  ;  and  should 
it  appear  to  the  majority  of  the  brethren  present  that 
the  complaint  be  well  founded,  he  may  displace  such 
grand  officer,  and  nominate  another. — Constitutions. 

GRAND  OFFICERS'  CLUB.  As  its  name  imports 
none  but  grand  officers  are  eligible  for  members;  but 
there  is  no  ballot  for  admission,  it  being  held  that  all 
who  are  considered  worthy  of  elevation  in  the  Order, 
have  a  natural  claim  to  enter,  although  it  is  well  under- 
stood that  there  is  no  compulsion  to  join  the  club,  and 
that  several  grand  officers  do  not  avail  themselves  of  the 
opportunity.  The  Grand  Master  sometimes  honours  the 
club  with  his  presence. 

GRAND  STEWARDS'  LODGE.  This  lodge  has 
no  number,  but  is  registered  in  the  books  of  the  Grand 
Lodge,  and  placed  in  the  printed  lists,  at  the  head  of  all 
other  lodges,  and  ranks  accordingly.  It  is  represented 
in  the  Grand  Lodge  by  its  Master,  Past  Masters,  and 
Wardens.  Being  constituted  as  a  Master  Masons'  lodge, 
it  has  no  power  of  making,  passing,  or  raising  Masons. 

GRAND  WARDENS.  The  Grand  Wardens  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  Grand  Master  annually,  on  the  day  of  his 
installation,  and  if  present,  are  to  be  immediately  in- 
stalled. These  officers  should  have  regularly  served  the 
office  of  Master  of  a  lodge.  They  cannot  act  as  War- 
dens of  a  private  lodge  while  they  continue  Grand 
Wardens.  When  the  actual  Grand  Wardens  are  in  the 
lodge  no  others  can  supply  their  places ;  but  in  their 
absence  the  senior  Past  Grand  Wardens  present  shall  act 
pro  tempore.  If  no  Past  Grand  Wardens  be  present,  the 
Grand  Master  may  direct  any  Master  of  a  lodge  to  act 
as  Grand  Warden  for  that  occasion. — Constitutions. 

GRAVE.  The  Grecian  graves  were  always  marked 
by  a  shrub  called  nod-oe.  or  a  garland  of  herbs.  In  honour 
of  the  dead  they  threw  boughs  and  leaves  upon  the 
grave  ;  as  Euripides  says  they  did  to  Polyxena  when  she 
died ;  for  in  latter  times  if  a  man  had  won  a  race  or  the 
like,  they  had  a  custom  to  bedeck  his  valiant  corpse  with 
boughs  and  leaves  of  myrtle,  as  in  Euripides.  Elect,  v. 


528  GRA—GRI. 

510.     Whether   there  was  any  allusion   to  the   golden 
bough  of  Virgil  in  all  this  I  will  not  say. 

GRAVITY.  In  a  good  lodge  silence  and  gravity  are 
recommendations  during  the  hours  appropriated  to  labor. 
The  ordinary  business  is  of  too  serious  a  nature  to  admit 
of  any  disturbances;  and  hence  the  ancient  charges 
direct  that  no  brother  shall  behave  himself  ludicrously 
or  jestingly  while  the  lodge  is  engaged  in  what  is  serious 
and  solemn  ;  nor  use  any  unbecoming  language  upon  any 
pretence  whatever;  but  to  pay  due  reverence  to  the 
Masters,  Wardens,  and  Fellows,  and  put  them  to  wor- 
ship. Even  the  noise  of  moving  the  seats  or  the  feet  is 
to  be  avoided  as  much  as  possible ;  and  for  this  reason 
sand  is  not  allowed  to  be  strewed  on  the  floor;  nor 'are 
the  brethren  permitted  to  lepve  the  lodge  during  the 
solemn  ceremonies,  lest  the  noise  thus  made  should  dis- 
turb the  proceedings.  The  effect  of  an  initiation  would 
be  entirely  destroyed  by  any  interruption  of  this  kind, 
and  it  is  easy  to  understand  that  the  same  kind  of  dis- 
turbance would  be  calculated  to  distract  the  attention 
of  the  brethren  during  the  delivery  of  lectures. 

GREAT  LIGHTS.  The  Freemasons  are  enlightened 
by  great  and  small  lights.  The  Bible,  the  square,  and 
the  compasses,  belong  to  the  first ;  and  the  sun,  the 
moon,  and  the  Master  Mason,  or  the  stars,  to  the  second. 
The  great  lights  are  immortal,  and  neither  limited  by 
time  nor  space  ;  the  small  ones  are  limited  by  both.  The 
Bible  rules  and  governs  our  faith ;  the  square  our  actions ; 
and  the  compasses  keep  us  in  a  bond  of  union  with  all 
mankind,  especially  with  a  brother  Mason.  Or  with 
other  words,  the  Bible  directs  us  to  elevate  our  spirits  to 
a  reasonable  and  rational  faith ;  the  square  teaches  so  to 
discipline  our  minds  as  to  make  them  correspond  with  a 
pure  and  prompt  obedience  to  the  laws  of  our  native 
land;  and  the  compasses  teach  us  so  to  cultivate  our 
understandings  as  to  enable  us  to  live  in  the  bonds  of 
social  arid  fraternal  union  with  all  mankind,  whatever 
may  be  their  peculiar  views  on  religious  or  political 
Bubj  ects. — Gadicke. 

GRIP  AND  SIGN.     In  rude  times,  says  a  masonic 


GUI—HAG.  529 

writer  in  Anieiica,  when  men,  ignorant  of  chirography, 
impressed  the  seal  of  their  parchments  with  the  tooth  in 
their  head  for  a  signature,  it  was  usual  for  Master  Masons 
to  give  their  apprentice  a  grip  or  sign,  by  which  he 
should  make  himself  known  to  any  Mason  as  a  regular 
E.  A.  P.  to  the  trade;  and  another  when  he  had  com- 
pleted his  apprenticeship,  and  passed  on  to  the  rank  of  a 
journeyman,  or  F.  C. ;  and  a  third  when,  by  assiduity 
and  skill,  he  had  become  himself  a  master  of  the  work, 
took  buildings  to  rear,  hired  Fellowcrafts  or  journeymen, 
and  received  apprentices.  The  word,  the  sign,  and  the 
grip,  in  those  days,  were  the  certificate  of  the  Craft  to 
its  regularly  taught  members. 

GUIDE.  At  our  introduction  into  Masonry,  we  seek 
for  an  able  guide  to  conduct  us  from  this  dark  state  of 
human  life  into  light,  and  when  arrived  at  that  desired 
point,  we  are  struck  with  the  symbolic  representations 
before  us  ;  and  under  promise  of  fidelity  we  begin  our 
career  in  this  secret  society  of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 
We  emerge  gradually  from  the  lowest  vale,  and  by  study 
arrive  at  the  highest  degree  of  the  occult  science,  or  to 
the  greatest  mental  perfection. — Huscnbeth. 

GUTTURAL.     The  guttural  sign  alludes  to  temper 
ance,  which  demands  a  cautious  habit  of  restraint,  as 
may  be  necessary  to  preserve  us  from  the  risk  of  violating 
our  obligation  and  incurring  its  penalty. — Hemming. 

HAGAR.  Abraham  was  exceedingly  attached  to  the 
son  of  Hagar  the  Egyptian  bond-woman,  and  as  he 
grew  up,  the  affections  of  his  father  increased  so  inordi- 
nately that  he  earnestly  intreated  the  Lord  that  Ishmael 
might  be  the  child  of  promise.  But  the  request  was 
denied,  as  being  inconsistent  with  the  divine  purposes ; 
for  children  cannot  inherit  a  free  and  noble  spirit  except 
they  be  born  of  a  free  woman. 

1IAGGAI.  This  holy  prophet  and  principal  of  the 
Sanhedrim,  or  Royal  Chapter,  was  born  during  the 
Babylonish  captivity,  and  returned  to  Jerusalem  with 
Zerubbabel  and  Jeshua.  He  exhorted  them  to  resume 
the  work  of  the  Temple,  when  it  had  been  interrupted 


530  HAM— HAR. 

nearly  fourteen  years,  in  consequence  of  the  iiitrigjes  of 
the  Samaritans,  and  other  obstructions  excited  to  defeat 
•she  edict  of  Cyrus.  The  prophet  represents  the  people 
as  more  ready  to  build  and  adorn  their  own  dwellings 
man  to  labour  in  the  service  of  God.  He  tells  them  that 
the  unfruitful  seasons  they  had  experienced  were  entirely 
owing  to  this  cause.  He  then  encourages  them  with 
promises  of  future  blessings ;  and  predicts  the  important 
revelations  that  should  precede  the  final  advent  of  the 
Messiah,  when  the  kingdoms  of  the  world  should  become 
the  kingdoms  of  the  Lord  and  of  his  Christ. 

HAMMER.  With  this  small  working  tool  the  Master 
of  a  lodge  governs  the  most  numerous  meetings.  The 
blow  of  the  Master's  hammer  commands  industry,  silence, 
or  the  close  of  labour,  and  every  brother  respects  or 
honours  its  sound.  In  so  far  the  hammer  is  a  symbol  of 
the  power  of  the  Master.  The  hammer  must  never  be 
lost  sight  of  at  the  meeting  of  the  lodge  ;  and  should  the 
Master  be  unavoidably  compelled  to  leave  the  lodge-room, 
he  must  deliver  it  to  his  Deputy  or  Past  Master,  or  some 
other  skilful  brother.  The  Wardens  do  not  govern  the 
lodge  with  their  hammers,  they  only  direct  attention  by 
them  to  the  commands  of  the  W.  M. — Gadicke. 

HAND.  When  the  calamities  of  our  brother  call  for 
our  aid  we  should  not  withdraw  the  hand  that  might 
sustain  him  from  sinking  ;  but  that  we  should  render  him 
those  services,  which,  not  encumbering  or  injuring  our 
families  or  fortunes,  charity  or  religion  may  dictate  for 
the  saving  of  our  fellow-creature. — Old  Lectures. 

HARODIM.  The  mysteries  of  this  Order  are  peculiar 
to  the  institution  itself;  while  the  lectures  of  the  Chap- 
ter include  every  branch  of  the  masonic  system,  and 
represent  the  art  of  Masonry  in  a  finished  and  complete 
form.  Different  classes  are  established,  and  particular 
lectures  restricted  to  each  class.  The  lectures  are  di- 
vided into  sections,  and  the  sections  into  clauses.  The 
sections  are  annually  assigned  by  the  Chief  Harod  to  a 
certain  number  of  skilful  companions  in  each  class,  who 
are  denominated  Sectionists ;  and  they  are  empowered  to 
distribute  the  clauses  of  their  respective  sections,  with 


HAR— HEI.  531 

the  approbation  of  the  Chief  Harod  and  General  Director, 
among  the  private  companions  of  the  Chapter,  who  are 
denominated  Clauseholders.  Such  companions  as  by 
assiduity  become  possessed  of  all  the  sections  of  the  lec- 
ture, are  called  Lecturers ;  and  out  of  these  the  General 
Director  is  always  chosen. 

HARPOCRATES.  This  Egyptian  god  was  unknown 
to  the  Greeks  till  the  time  of  Alexander.  They  wor- 
shipped him  under  the  name  of  Sigalion,  and  loaded  him 
with  many  attributes  unknown  to  the  ancient  Egyptians. 
He  appears  as  a  young  man  in  an  Egyptian  mitre,  hold- 
ing a  cornucopia,  lotus,  and  quiver,  accompanied  with 
the  poppy  and  owl,  draped  in  a  long  robe,  head  raiment, 
branch  of  persea,  the  finger  on  the  mouth,  persea,  cornu- 
copia, lotus,  basket  on  the  head.  In  Stosch,  the  bust 
swaddled  in  a  net,  persea  on  the  head,  globe  and  serpents 
on  the  breast,  but  the  finger  on  the  mouth,  and  lock  of 
hair  distinguish  nearly  all  his  figures. — Fosbroke. 

HEARING.  Hearing  is  that  sense  by  which  we  are 
enabled  to  distinguish  sounds,  and  are  made  capable  of 
all  the  perceptions  of  harmony  and  melody,  with  all  the 
agreeable  charms  of  music ;  by  it  we  are  enabled  to  enjoy 
the  pleasures  of  society;  and  reciprocally  to  communi- 
cate to  each  other  our  thoughts  and  intentions,  our 
purposes  and  desires,  and  by  means  of  this  sense  our 
reason  is  capable  of  exerting  its  utmost  power  and 
energy. —  Old  Lectures. 

HEART.  The  heart  is  the  seat  of  the  affections, 
passions  and  desires;  and  by  the  precept  given  by  Solo- 
mon, to  keep  our  hearts,  is  meant,  that  we  should 
diligently  preserve  our  good  dispositions,  and  correct 
our  bad  ones.  All  the  actions  of  a  man's  life  issue  and 
proceed  from  the  heart ;  which  is  the  fountain  not  only 
of  our  natural  life,  but  of  our  mortal  too ;  so  that  as  a 
man's  heart  is,  so  will  his  life  be :  if  his  heart  be  kept 
clean  and  pure,  his  life  cannot  be  wicked -and  vicious; 
but  il  his  heart  be  wicked  and  vicious,  his  life  cannot  bo 
kept  clean  and  pure. — Bishop  Bereridge. 

HEIGHT.     From  the  earth  to  the  heavens. 


532  HEL— HIG. 

HELPLESSNESS.  As  a  Mason,  your  first  admission 
in  a  state  of  helplessness  was  an  emblematic  representa- 
tion of  the  entrance  of  all  men  into  this  their  state  of 
mortal  existence  ;  it  inculcated  the  cherishing  lessons  of 
natural  equality,  of  mutual  dependence.  It  instructed 
you  in  the  active  principles  of  universal  benevolence  and 
charity,  to  make  them  the  solace  of  your  own  distresses, 
and  to  extend  relief  and  consolation  to  your  fellow- 
creatures  in  the  hour  of  their  affliction.  It  required  you 
to  free  the  soul  from  the  dominion  of  pride  and  prejudice, 
to  look  beyond  the  limits  of  particular  institutions,  and 
to  view  in  every  son  of  Adam  a  brother  of  the  dust. — 
Above  all  it  taught  you  to  bend  with  reverence  and 
resignation  to  the  will  of  the  Grand  Architect  of  the 
Universe,  and  to  dedicate  your  heart  thus  purified  from 
every  malignant  passion,  and  prepared  for  the  reception 
of  truth  and  justice. 

HIEROGLYPHICS.  Hieroglyphics  were  used  before 
the  discovery  of  the  art  of  writing,  and  through  paintings 
of  natural  or  scientific  objects  were  represented  invisible 
things  and  ideas,  which  could  not  have  otherwise  been 
delineated.  On  account  of  its  importance,  and  the  diffi- 
culty of  reading  it,  it  was  considered  sacred.  Hieroglyphic? 
must  always  be  understood  to  be  pictorial  representa- 
tions, and  a  symbol  can  be  both  a  pictorial  representation 
and  an  action.  From  what  is  here  said  the  Freemason 
w411  be  able  to  perceive  which  of  the  Masonic  objects  he 
has  to  consider  as  hieroglyphics  and  which  as  symbols. — 
Gadicke. 

HIGH  TWELVE.  We  have  an  old  tradition,  deliv- 
ered down  orally,  that  it  was  the  duty  of  Hiram  Abiff  to 
superintend  the  workmen ;  and  that  the  reports  of  th 
officers  were  always  examined  with  the  most  scrupulous 
exactness.  .  At  the  opening  of  the  day,  when  the  sun  was 
rising  in  the  east,  it  was  his  constant  custom,  before  the 
commencement  of  labour,  to  enter  the  temple  and  offer 
up  his  prayers  to  Jehovah  for  a  blessing  on  the  work. 
And,  in  like  manner,  when  the  sun  set  in  the  west,  and 
the  labours  of  the  day  were  closed,  and  the  workmen  had 
departed,  he  returned  his  thanks  to  the  Great  Architect 
of  the  Universe  for  the  harmonious  protection  for  the  day 


LODGES   MET  ON   THE  HIGHEST    HELLS   AND   LOWEST    VALLEYS. 


HIL— HIR.  535 

Not  content  with  this  devout  expression  of  his  feelings 
morning  and  evening,  he  always  went  into  the  temple  at 
the  hour  of  high  twelve,  when  the  men  were  called  from 
labour  to  refreshment,  to  inspect  the  progress  of  the 
work,  to  draw  fresh  designs  upon  the  tracing-board,  if 
such  were  necessary,  and  to  perform  other  scientific 
labours,  never  forgetting  to  consecrate  his  duties  by 
solemn  prayer.  These  religious  customs  were  faithfully 
performed  for  the  first  six  years'  in  the  secret  recesses  01 
his  lodge,  and  for  the  last  year  in  the  precincts  of  the 
Most  Holy  Place.  At  length,  on  the  very  day  appointed 
for  celebrating  the  cape-stone  of  the  btilding,  he  retired 
as  usua  ,  according  to  our  tradition,  at  the  hour  of  high 
twelve,  and  did  not  return  alive. 

HILARITY.  In  all  Masonic  festivals  hilarity  should 
be  tempered  with  thoughtfulness  and  circumspection ; 
and,  although  we  have  no  objection,  in  tht  words  of  an 
old  Masonic  song,  to 

"  Crown  the  bowl,  and  nil  the  glass 
To  every  virtue,  every  grace, 
To  the  brotherhood  resound 
Health,  and  let  it  thrice  go  round," 

yet  we  would  not  forget,  in  the  hours  of  relaxation,  to 
retain  decorum  in  festivity  and  innocence  in  mirth,  for, 
when  pleasure  is  chastened  by  virtue,  its  relish  will  be 
increased,  and  its  zest  improved. 

HILLS  AND  VALLEYS.  Before  we  had  the  conve- 
nience of  such  well-formed  lodges,  the  brethren  used  to 
meet  on  the  highest  of  hills  and  in  the  lowest  of  valleys ; 
and  if  they  were  asked  why  they  met  so  high,  so  low, 
and  so  very  secret,  they  replied,  the  better  to  see  and 
observe  all  that  might  ascend  or  descend ;  and  in  case 
a  cowan  should  appear,  the  Tyler  might  give  timely 
notice  to  the  W.  M.,  by  which  means  the  lodge  might 
be  closed,  and  the  jewels  put  by,  thereby  preventing  any 
unlawful  intrusion. —  Old  York  Lectures. 

HIRAM.  The  gavel  of  the  Worshipful  Master  is  so 
called  in  England,  and  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  in 
allusion  to  the  perfect  order  observed  by  the  craftsmen  at 


536  HIR— HIS. 

the  building  of  Solomon's  Temple,  through  the  admirable 
skill  and  supervision  of  the  operative  G.  M.  Hiram. 

HIRAM,  KING  OF  TYRE.  When  Solomon  had 
determined  to  build  a  temple  at  Jerusalem,  he  sent  an 
embassy  to  Tyre,  requesting  Hiram,  the  king  of  the 
Tyrians,  would  furnish  him  with  workmen  to  cut  down 
timber  at  Lebanon,  and  stone  in  the  quarries  of  Tyre,  for 
the  construction  of  that  holy  edifice.  He  returned  an 
answer  to  Solomon's  communication,  which  contained 
the  language  of  amity  and  esteem.  He  agreed  to  extend 
the  fraternal  bond  of  that  charity  and  brotherly  love 
which  was  common  to  both  the  true  and  spurious  Free- 
masonry, by  furnishing  cedars  and  other  timber  from  the 
forest  of  Lebanon  for  the  erection  of  a  temple  to  the 
living  God,  and  providing  the  most  expert  architects  in 
his  dominions  for  its  construction,  on  the  simple  condition 
of  receiving  certain  supplies  of  provisions  in  exchange ; 
and  he  performed  his  contract  with  princely  munificence 
and  masonic  candour.  But  even  this  would  have  been 
insufficient  to  produce  any  satisfactory  result,  without 
the  presence  of  a  master-mind  to  animate  and  direct  the 
proceedings ;  and  the  king  of  Tyre  furnished  this  Master 
in  the  person  of  his  chief  architect,  Hiram  Abiff,  by 
whom  the  re-anion  of  speculative  and  operative  masons 
was  to  be  consummated. 

HIRAM  ABIFF.  This  curious  and  cunning  architect 
was  a  widow's  son,  of  the  tribe  of  Napthali,  but  his 
father  was  a  man  of  Tyre,  a  worker  in  brass.  He  waa 
the  most  accomplished  designer  and  operator  upon  earth, 
whose  abilities  were  not  confined  to  building  only,  but 
extended  to  all  kinds  of  work,  whether  in  gold,  silver, 
brass,  or  iron  ;  whether  in  linen,  tapestry,  or  embroidery  ; 
whether  considered  as  an  architect,  statuary,  founder,  or 
designer,  he  equally  excelled.  From  his  designs,  and 
under  his  directions,  all  the  rich  and  splendid  furniture 
of  the  Temple,  and  its  several  appendages,  were  began, 
carried  on,  and  finished. — Anderson. 

HISTORICAL.  The  historical  portion  of  the  Royal 
Arch  lecture  refers  to  three  distinct  epochs,  namely,  to 
the  establishment  of  the  Holy  Lodge,  the  Sacred  Lodge 
and  the  Grand  and  Royal  Lodge. 


HOL  537 

HOLY  FIRE.  When  Nehemiah  was  appointed  to 
the  government  of  Judea,  with  full  authority  to  build 
the  walis  of  Jerusalem,  and  to  finish  the  Second  Temple, 
he  sent  to  search  for  the  holy  fire,  which,  before  the 
captivity  of  Babylon,  the  priests  had  hidden  in  a  dry  and 
deep  pit ;  not  finding  any  fire  there,  but  only  thick  and 
muddy  water,  he  sprinkled  this  upon  the  altar,  and  pre- 
sently the  wood  which  had  been  so  sprinkled  took  fire 
as  soon  as  the  sun  began  to  shine,  which  miracle  coming 
to  the  knowledge  of  the  king  of  Persia,  he  caused  the 
place  to  be  encompassed  with  walls  where  the  fire  had 
been  hidden,  and  granted  great  favours  and  privileges  to 
the  priests. — Calmet. 

HOLY  GROUND.  The  lodge  is  situated  on  holy 
ground.  The  first  lodge  was  consecrated  on  account  of 
three  grand  offerings  thereon  made,  which  met  divine 
approbation.  First,  the  ready  compliance  of  Abraham  to 
the  will  of  God,  in  not  refusing  to  offer  up  his  son  Isaac 
as  a  burnt-offering,  when  it  pleased  the  Almighty  to  sub- 
stitute a  more  agreeable  victim  in  his  stead  ;  second,  the 
many  pious  prayers  and  ejaculations  of  King  David, 
which  actually  appeased  the  wrath  of  God,  and  stayed  a 
pestilence  which  than  raged  among  the  people,  owing  to 
his  inadvertently  having  had  them  numbered  ;  and  thirdly, 
the  many  thanksgivings,  oblations,  burnt  sacrifices,  and 
costly  offerings  which  Solomon,  King  of  Israel,  made  at 
the  completion,  dedication,  and  consecration  of  the  tem- 
ple of  Jerusalem,  to  God's  service.  These  three  did  then, 
have  since,  and  I  trust  ever  will,  render  the  ground-work 
of  a  Masons'  lodge  holy. 

HOLY  OF  HOLIES.  The  innermost  and  most  sacred 
part  of  the  temple  was  called  the  Holy  of  Holies,  and 
sometimes  the  Most  Holy  Place,  and  was  ordained  and 
made  on  purpose  for  the  reception  of  the  Ark  of  the 
Covenant.  The  whole  end  and  reason  of  that  most  sacred 
place  being  none  other,  but  to  be  a  tabernacle  for  it. 
This  place  or  roon.  was  of  an  exact  cubic  form,  as  being 
thirty  feet  square  and  thirty  feet  high.  In  the  centre  the 
ark  was  placed,  upon  a  stone  rising  there  three  fingers 
breadth  above  the  floor,  to  be,  as  it  were,  a  pedestal  for 
it.  On  the  two  sidea  of  it  stood  two  cherubims  fifteen 


538  KOL—  HOR. 

feet  high,  one  on  the  one  side,  the  other  on  the  othei 
side,  at  equal  distances  from  the  centre  of  the  ark  and 
each  side  wall  ;  where,  having  their  wings  expanded, 
with  two  of  them  they  touched  the  said  side  walls,  and 
with  the  other  two  they  did  meet,  and  touch  each  other 
exactly  over  the  middle  of  the  ark  ;  so  that  the  ark  stood 
exactly  in  the  middle  between  these  two  cherubims.  — 
Prideaux. 

HOLY  LODGE.  This  lodge  was  opened  at  the  foot 
ef  Mount  Horeb,  in  the  Wilderness  of  Sinai,  about  two 
years  after  the  exode  of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt,  on  the 
spot  whe,re  Moses  was  first  commanded  to  go  down  into 
Egypt,  and  where  he  ^as  directed  to  put  oft'  his  shoes 
from  his  feet,  because  the  ground  was  holy.  Here  the 
Almighty  delivered  to  him  the  decalogue  with  the  forms 
of  the  tabernacle  and  the  ark,  and  here  he  dictated  those 
peculiar  forms  of  civil  and  religious  polity,  which,  by 
separating  his  people  from  all  other  nations,  he  conse- 
crated Israel  a  chosen  vessel  for  his  service.  Over  this 
lodge  presided  Moses,  the  great  and  inspired  law-giver  ; 
Aholiab,  the  curious  carver  and  embroiderer,  and  Bezaleel 
the  famous  architect. 

HONEY.  Honey  was  universally  used  as  a  symbol  of 
death.  The  ancients  made  libations  to  the  dead  of  honey, 
wine,  and  blood.  Funeral  cakes  were  placed  by  the 
Greeks  in  the  mouths  of  deceased  persons  to  appease  the 
wrath  of  Cerberus.  Thus  Virgil,  Melle  soporatam  et  medi- 
catis  frugibus  offam.  Honava,  or  round,  broad,  or  thin 
cakes,  with  honey,  made  a  part  of  the  funeral  offerings, 
to  Hecate,  or  the  Moon. 

HOPE.  Hope  is  an  anchor  of  the  soul,  both  sure  and 
steadfast  :  then  let  a  firm  reliance  of  the  Almighty's  good- 
ness animate  our  endeavours,  and  enable  us  to  fix  our 
hope  within  the  limits  of  his  most  gracious  promises,  so 
shall  success  attend  us  ;  if  we  believe  a  thing  impossible 
oir  despondency  may  render  it  so,  but  if  we  persevere  to 
the  end,  we  shall  finally  overcome  all  difficulties.  —  Old 


HOREB.     This  mountain  was  remarkable  for  seven 


HOS— HOU.  539 

memorable  transactions.  The  Burning  Bush  ;  the  striking 
of  the  rock  with  the  rod  ©f  Moses ;  the  lifting  up  ol 
Moses*  hands  by  Aaron  and  Hur,  which  produced  the 
slaughter  of  the  Amalekites ;  the  delivery  of  the  law ; 
the  forty  days  abstinence  by  Moses ;  the  demolition  01 
the  two  tables  of  stone  on  sight  of  the  golden  calf;  and 
the  supernal  vision  of  Elijah. 

HOSPITALITY.  The  white  stone  mentioned  in  the 
Apocalypse,  appears  to  bear  some  relation  to  a  particular 
custom  among  the  ancients,  with  which  they  commenced 
and  perpetuated  a  refined  friendship.  For  this  purpose 
the  contracting  parties  took  a  small  piece  of  bone,  ivory, 
or  stone,  and  dividing  it  into  equal  and  similar  parts,  one 
of  the  persons  wrote  his  name  on  one  of  these  and  his 
friend  upon  the  other,  and  they  made  a  mutual  exchange. 
This  little  ticket,  or  "  keepsake,"  was  retained  as  a 
sacred  pledge  and  remembrancer  of  an  attachment  the 
most  sacred  and  inviolable,  entire  and  permanent,  that 
could  be  found.  Including  the  word,  sign,  and  token  oi 
an  endeared  fraternity,  it  was  the  means  of  ascertaining  the 
heart's  affections  after  many  years'  absence,  and  of  secur- 
ing for  him  a  welcome  to  the  privileges,  and  a  share  in 
the  endearments  of  hospitality  and  love.  Of  course  the 
token  was  carefully  preserved.  Though,  in  itself,  con- 
sidered of  smallest  worth,  yet  as  the  memorial  of  a  highly 
esteemed  friend,  as  it  renewed  those  kind  emotions  oi 
which  he  was  the  object,  and  called  up  a  history  on 
which  the  heart  delighted  to  dwell,  its  value  became 
inestimable,  and  lest  some  one  else  should  take  the  advan- 
tage of  it,  the  possessor  kept  it  with  great  privacy,  and 
cautiously  concealed  from  every  one  the  name  and  mark 
engraved  upon  it. — Harris. 

HOUR-GLASS.  The  hour-glass  is  an  emblem  of  human 
life.  We  cannot  without  astonishment  behold  the  little 
particles,  which  the  machine  contains,  pass  away  almost 
imperceptibly,  and  yet,  to  our  surprise,  in  the  short  space 
of  an  hour  all  are  exhausted.  Thus  wastes  human  life. 
At  the  end  of  man's  short  hour,  death  strikes  the  blow, 
and  hurries  him  off  the  stage  to  his  long  and  darksome 
resting  place. 


540  HOU— IDE. 

HOURS  OF  WORK.  The  masters  and  officers  should 
always  be  punctual  in  their  attendance,  and  observe  the 
hour  of  meeting  with  scrupulous  exactness ;  for  correct 
conduct  in  officers  will  invariably  produce  a  corresponding 
accuracy  in  the  brethren.  I  know  nothing  which  tends 
more  to  disgust  and  sour  the  mind  than  the  unprofitable 
employment  of  waiting  impatiently  for  the  attendance 
of  the  superior  officers,  with  a  probable  expectation  of 
being  disappointed  at  last. 

HUMANITY.  What  it  is  and  how  variously  it  can 
be  explained,  is  not  necessary  to  be  stated  here.  To  the 
Freemason  it  must  be  a  thing  of  the  heart.  All  lodges 
must  exercise  it  towards  each  other,  as  also  must  every 
brother,  not  merely  in,  but  also  out  of  the  lodge. — 
Gadicke. 

I.  A.  M.  According  to  the  cabalistical  theologians, 
Moses,  asking  the  Lord  if  he  would  tell  him  the  name 
of  his  Divine  Essence,  received  for  answer,  say  "  I  AM 
THAT  I  AM,"  sent  me  to  you,  (the  children  of  Israel), 
equivalent  to  saying — What  use  is  it  to  ask  what  is  inex- 
plicable? "I  AM  THAT  I  AM,"  as  the  ancient  sages 
say,  meant,  that  he  was  with  them  in  that  captivity,  so 
would  he  be  in  others ;  and  therefore  He  then  revealed 
to  Moses  the  Tetragrammaton  ;  and  this  He  repeated,  as 
He  would  manifest  Himself  by  its  representation  of  the 
ten  sovereign  lights :  and  by  that  means  would  become 
known,  although  veiled  in  them;  because  His  existence 
will  be  ever  hidden  from  all,  and  cannot  be  explained  by 
any  character. — Manasseh  Ben  Israel. 

IDEAS.  The  Jewish  system  was  made  up  chiefly 
of  ceremonies,  types,  and  figures,  denoting  intellectual 
things  and  moral  duties.  This  mode  of  teaching  morality 
was  at  that  early  period  of  the  world  necessary.  And 
why? — Because  then  not  one  person  in  ten  thousand 
beside  the  priesthood  could  read.  The  people  were  not 
then  able  to  exhibit  thoughts  to  the  eye  by  means  of 
writing,  hence  the  necessity  arose  of  teaching  by  signs 
and  symbols,  that  when  these  struck  the  eye  they  should 
raise  corresponding  ideas  in  the  mind,  and  thus  convey 
moral  truths  and  duties  by  the  sight  and  by  the  operation 


ILL— IMP.  541 

of  tools  and  mechanical  instruments.     This  is  the  lul 
crum  on  which  rests  and  turns  the  first  and  most  fasci- 
nating part  of  masonic  instruction. —  Watirhouse. 

ILLEGAL  SUSPENSIONS.  If  the  Grand  Master 
should  be  satisfied  that  any  brother  has  been  illegally, 
or  without  sufficient  cause,  suspended,  removed,  or 
excluded  from  any  of  his  masonic  functions  or  privileges, 
by  any  private  lodge  or  any  subordinate  authority,  he 
may  order  him  to  be  reinstated  or  restored,  and  may 
also  suspend,  until  the  next  ensuing  quarterly  communi 
cation,  any  lodge  or  brother  who  shall  refuse  to  compl) 
with  such  order. — Constitutions. 

IMMORTALITY  OF  THE  SOUL.  The  third  or  Mas- 
ter's degree  leads  to  that  great  truth  which  the  sublimest 
part  of  the  heathen  mysteries  was  intended  to  teach; 
»nd  the  faithful  believer  was  assured  of  a  future  life  and 
immortality  beyond  the  grave. 

IMMOVEABLE.  The  immoveable  jewels  are  the 
tracing-board,  for  the  W.  M.  to  draw  his  designs  on  ;  the 
rough  ashlar,  for  the  E.  A.  P.  to  mark  and  indent  on ; 
and  the  perfect  ashlar,  for  the  experienced  F.  C.  to  try 
and  adjust  his  jewels  on.  They  are  termed  immoveable, 
because  they  are  distributed  in  places  assigned  them  in 
the  lodge,  for  the  brethren  to  moralize  upon.  They 
were  formerly  called  the  trasel-board,  the  rough  ashlar, 
and  the  broached  thurnel. 

IMPEACHMENT.  In  1842  a  singular  case  occurred 
at  New  York,  in  which  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
a  Master  of  a  lodge  were  placed  in  jeopardy,  by  the 
action  of  his  lodge.  After  the  lodge  was  opened,  the 
Master  had  occasion  to  be  absent  for  a  short  time,  leaving 
the  Senior  Warden  in  the  chair.  On  his  return,  he  found 
that  charges  had  been  preferred  against  hims,elf,  and  a 
committee  appointed  to  try  him ;  and  the  Senior  Warden 
refused  to  return  into  his  hands  the  warrant  and  mallet 
of  the  lodge.  Complaint  being  made  to  the  Grand 
Master  by  the  Master,  he  directed  the  Grand  Secretary 
to  inform  the  Senior  Warden  that  it  was  his  direction 
that  he  should  forthwith  return  the  warrant  to  the  hands 
of  the  Master,  and  that  the  action  of  the  lodge  on  that 


542  IMP. 

case  must  be  suspended,  and  the  members  hold  them 
selves  in  readiness  to  maintain  their  charges  before  tha 
Grand  Stewards'  Lodge,  which  was  all  promptly  com- 
plied with  by  the  parties.  The  ground  of  his  decision 
was,  that  the  Master  of  a  lodgf*  is  only  subject  to  im- 
peachment and  trial  before  his  peers,  who  are  acquainted 
with  his  duties,  but  which  the  members  of  a  lodge 
cannot  know,  until  they  are  themselves  seated  in  the 
oriental  chair. 

IMPERFECTIONS.  The  system  as  taught  in  the 
regular  lodges,  may  have  some  redundancies  or  imper- 
fections, occasioned  by  the  indolence  or  ignorance  of 
the  old  members.  And,  indeed,  considering  through 
what  obscurity  and  darkness  the  mystery  has  been 
delivered  down;  the  many  centuries,  and  languages, 
and  sects,  and  parties,  it  has  run  through,  we  are  rather 
to  wonder  it  ever  arrived  to  the  present  age  without 
more  imperfections. — Anderson. 

IMPLEMENTS.  A  general  collection  of  masonic 
implements  may  remind  the  Master  of  his  power  and 
jurisdiction,  while  they  warn  him  to  avoid  the  abuse  of 
that  power,  limiting  his  jurisdiction  and  prescribing  his 
conduct.  They  likewise  afford  him  copious  topics  of 
advice  to  such  as  assist  him  in  the  government  of  the 
Fraternity,  as  well  as  to  all  the  brethren  over  whom  he 
is  called  to  preside.  He  may  descant  on  the  excellence 
of  the  holy  writings  as  a  rule  of  life ;  for  those  writings 
teach  us  that,  being  born  upon  a  level,  we  should  act 
upon  the  square,  circumscribing  our  desires  within  the 
compass  of  Nature's  gifts,  poured  from  the  horn  of  plenty. 
Here,  also,  he  may  exhort  them  to  walk  uprightly, 
suffering  neither  the  pressure  of  poverty,  nor  the  avarice 
of  riches  to  tempt  the  heart  for  a  moment  to  swerve 
from  the  line  of  rectitude  which  is  suspended  before  them 
from  the  centre  of  heaven.  The  division  of  time  into 
equal  and  regular  portions,  he  may  also  urge  as  the  surest 
method  of  securing  the  greatest  good  from  the  oppor- 
tunities that  are  afforded  us  The  subjection  of  our 
passions  and  desires  is  here  likewise  taught  by  the  gavel, 
which  is  used  by  the  operative  builder  to  remove  the 
excrescences  and  to  smooth  the  surfaces  of  the  rough 


IMP— INC.  543 

materials  for  a  building;  while  the  by-laws  of  the  ledge 
regulate  the  deportment  of  the  craftsmen,  while  assembled 
for  the  purposes  of  social  improvement  and  mental 
recreation,  and  while  separated  from  the  rest  of  mankind, 
and  placed  among  none  but  brethren. — Monitor. 

IMPUTATIONS.  Individual  errors  or  crimes  ought 
only  to  reflect  discredit  on  the  offending  parties,  for  a 
gigantic  society  like  ours,  whose  professors  are  spread 
over  the  face  of  the  earth,  and  are  found  in  every  civilized 
country  on  the  globe,  cannot  be  responsible  for  the  mis- 
conduct of  every  single  member  of  its  body.  It  is  very 
common  to  hear  those  who  are  not  Masons  urge  this 
argument  with  all  the  force  and  confidence  of  conviction. 
A  Mason  has  misconducted  himself  most  grossly,  they 
will  say,  and  therefore  Masonry  must  be  a  bad  institution. 
But  this  way  of  reasoning  is  absurd.  Take  the  argument 
in  another  point  of  view,  and  what  does  it  end  in  ?  Why, 
a  general  condemnation  of  all  institutions,  human  and 
divine.  How  would  it  shock  our  ears  were  it  applied  to 
Christianity.  A  Christian  has  been  guilty  of  acts  of 
violence ;  he  has  robbed  one  neighbour,  slandered  another, 
and  murdered  a  third;  and  therefore — mark  the  conse- 
quence— Christianity  must  be  a  bad  institution.  Is  not 
this  preposterous?  Does  it  follow  because  a  wicked 
Christian  commits  murder,  that  the  Christian  religion 
must  necessarily  recommend  the  commission  of  murder  ? 
80  Masonry.  If  some  brethren  so  far  forget  their  solemn 
obligations  IM  to  overstep  the  boundaries  of  decency ;  if 
they  set  the  censure  of  the  world  at  defiance,  and  disgrace 
themselves  in  the  eyes  of  God  and  man,  it  cannot  be 
urged  that  the  institution  recommends  this  conduct. 

IMPOSTS.  The  members  of  the  secret  society  of 
Tynan  artists,  who  were  hired  by  King  Solomon  to  erect 
that  sacred  structure,  in  order  to  distinguish  them  from 
the  Jews,  who  performed  the  more  humble  labours,  were 
honoured  with  the  epithet  of  Free  annexed  to  the  name 
of  builder  or  mason;  and  being  talented  foreigners,  were 
freed  from  the  usual  imposts  paid  to  the  state  by  the 
subjects  of  Solomon. — Husenbeth. 

INCOMMUNICABLE.     The  Cabalistical  Jews,  and 


544  IND— INK. 

after  them  Josephus,  and  some  of  the  Romans,  think  that 
Moses  did  not  ask  for  the  name  of  God  at  the  burning 
bush,  but  for  the  true  pronunciation  of  it,  which  they 
say  had  been  lost  through  the  wickedness  of  mankind ; 
for  which  reason  the  former  affirm  that  the  word  gholam, 
used  by  God  presently  after,  being  written  without  a  vau, 
should  not  be  rendered  for  ever,  but  hid,  from  the  root 
ghalam,  to  hide ;  not  considering  that,  if  that  was  the  case 
it  should  be  written  ghalam,  and  not  gholam.  Upon  this 
account,  the  name  is  by  all  the  Jews  called  Shemham- 
phorah,  the  unutterable  name,  which  Josephus  says  was 
never  known  or  heard  of  before  God  told  it  to  Moses,  for 
which  reason  they  never  pronounce  it,  but  use  the  word 
Adonai,  or  Elohim,  or  plainly  the  word  Hashem,  the 
NAME,  to  express  it.  Thus  in  their  letters  and  common 
discourse,  instead  of  saying  the  Lord  bless  you,  they  say 
the  Name  bless  you. —  Universal  History. 

INDENTED  TARSEL.  This  is  an  old  name  for  the 
ornamented  border  which  surrounds  the  mosaic  pavement, 
now  called  the  tessellated  border. 

INDISSOLUBLE  TIE.  Masonry  annihilates  all 
parties,  conciliates  all  private  opinions,  and  renders  those 
who,  by  their  Almighty  Father,  were  made  of  one  blood, 
to  be  also  of  one  heart  and  one  mind ;  brethren  bound 
firmly  together  by  that  indissoluble  tie,  the  love  of  their 
God,  and  the  love  of  their  kind. — Daniell. 

INDUSTRY.  Masonry  is  a  progressive  science,  and 
not  to  be  attained  in  any  degree  of  perfection  but  by 
time,  patience,  and  a  considerable  degree  of  application 
and  industry ;  for  no  one  is  admitted  to  the  profoundest 
secrets,  or  the  highest  honours  of  this  Fraternity,  till  by 
time  we  are  assured  he  has  learned  secrecy  and  morality 

Williams. 

INELIGIBLE.  To  prevent  the  introduction  of  im- 
proper persons,  it  is  provided  by  the  by-laws  of  every 
'edge,  that  no  person  can  be  made  a  Mason  in,  or 
admitted  a  member  of,  a  lodge,  if,  on  the  ballot,  three 
black  balls  appear  against  him.  Some  lodges  wish  for 
no  such  indulgence,  but  require  the  unanimous  consent 


INF— INI.  545 

of  the  members  present;  some  admit  one  black  ball, 
some  two.  The  by-laws  of  each  lodge  must  therefore 
guide  them  in  this  respect ;  but  if  there  be  three  black 
balls,  such  person  cannot,  on  any  pretence,  be  admitted. 

INFLUENCE.  The  influence  of  Freemasonry  can 
only  be  supported  by  an  unanimous  determination  amongst 
the  brethren  to  preserve  in  their  private  lodges  the  utmost 
regularity  and  decorum,  an  uniformity  of  rites  and  cere- 
monies, and,  above  all,  a  resolution  to  practice,  in  their 
several  stations,  those  moral  duties  which  are  so  strongly 
recommended,  and  so  beautifully  displayed  in  the  private 
lectures  of  the  lodge. 

INITIATED.  The  initiated,  while  in  the  lodge, 
labour  to  perfect  their  own  mental  faculties,  as  well  as 
those  of  the  whole  human  race.  Here  let  us  seek  the 
secrets  of  Masonry,  in  themselves  unpronounceable; 
neither  are  they  to  be  communicated  by  the  laying  on  of 
hands,  in  a  few  fleeting  hours.  Thoughts,  the  indulgence 
in  which  a  few  short  years  ago  would  have  been  punished 
by  the  sword,  the  stake,  or  banishment,  are,  in  our  days, 
loved  as  philanthropic;  and  princes  now  do  things  foi 
which  but  a  few  years  back  misunderstood  philosophers 
were  condemned  as  mad  impostors.  But  there  art 
thoughts,  even  in  the  present  day,  which  the  great  mast 
of  mankind  may  mock  or  curse,  but  which  will  in  some 
future  period  be  usefully  and  beneficially  introduced  into 
private  life.  This  has  been  nearly  all,  and  yet  continues 
to  be  the  chief  employment  of  a  genuine  Freemason ; 
although  in  the  lodge  those  subjects  are  very  seldom 
openly  introduced ;  it  is  for  this  reason  that  the  great  mass 
consider  the  ceremonies  to  be  the  true  secret,  whereas 
they  are  in  reality  but  the  shell  in  which  they  are  enclosed 
— Gradicke. 

INITIATION.     If  the  brethren,  when  they  enter  into 
this  society,  do  not  reflect  upon  the  principles  on  which 
it  is  founded ;  if  they  are  content  to  remain  in  their  primi 
tive  ignorance,  or  do  not  act  upon  the  obligations  which 
they  have  taken  upon  themselves  to  discharge,  all  I  can 
say  is,  that  the  sooner  such  individuals  retire  from  the 
Order,  the  better  it  will  be  for  the  society,  and  the  more 
creditable  to  themselves. —  The.  Duke  of  Sussex- 
46 


546  INN— INS. 

INNER  GUARD.  The  duty  of  the  Inner  Guard  is  to 
admit  Masons  on  proof,  to  receive  the  candidate  in  form, 
and  to  obey  the  commands  of  the  Junior  Warden. 

INNOCENCE.  That  innocence  should  be  the  pro- 
fessed principle  of  a  Mason  occasions  no  astonishment, 
when  we  consider  that  the  discovery  of  the  Deity  leads  us 
to  the  knowledge  of  those  maxims  wherewith  he  may  be 
well  pleased.  The  very  idea  of  a  God  is  attended  with 
the  belief  that  he  can  approve  of  nothing  that  is  evil ; 
and  when  first  our  predecessors  professed  themselves  ser- 
vants of  the  Architect  of  the  world,  as  an  indispensable 
duty  they  professed  innocency,  and  put  on  white  raiment, 
as  a  type  and  characteristic  of  their  conviction,  and  of 
their  being  devoted  to  his  will. — Hutckinson. 

INQUISITION.  The  sanguinary  tribunals  of  the 
inquisition  have  kept  immure<d  and  led  to  the  slaughter 
many  an  unfortunate  Freemason,  for  daring  to  seek  Light, 
Science,  and  Truth,  where  Darkness,  Ignorance,  and 
Falsehood  held  an  arbitrary  sway !  The  auto  da/6,  which, 
under  Philip  the  Second,  was  almost  quotidian,  was  insti- 
tuted to  indulge  the  fanaticism  of  a  barbarous  populace, 
or  the  capricious  ambition  of  despotic  rulers.  Not  many 
years  ago,  a  Freemason  of  the  name  of  Almodovar  was 
burnt  in  Seville,  along  with  a  young  wroman  who  had 
been  convicted  by  the  holy  office  of  having  carried  on  an 
intercourse  with  an  evil  spirit,  and  of  knowing  the  futuie 
by  heart.  Both  these  helpless  victims  of  ignorance  and 
fanaticism  breathed  in  every  feature  the  most  perfect 
health,  so  that  the  hands  of  the  executioner  who  threw 
them  on  the  pile  trembled  all  the  while.  It  was  in  a 
square,  destined  to  those  horrible  assassinations,  that  at 
the  end  of  a  pathetic  sermon  the  two  unfortunate  beinga 
were  conveyed  on  ass-back.  "  Ite  missa  cst,  "  was  the  sign 
given  to  throw  the  wretched  creatures  on  the  burning 
pile. — Freemasons'  Quarterly  Review. 

INSECT-SHERMAH.  Many  of  the  Jews  believe  the 
Temple  to  have  been  a  divine  work.  Some  of  them  sup- 
pose that  the  stones  were  not  so  framed  and  polished  by 
human  art  and  industry,  but  by  a  worm  called  samir, 
which  God  created  for  the  purpose.  And  they  further  feign 


INS.  547 

ihat  the  stones  came  to  the  temple  of  their  own  accord, 
and  were  put  together  by  angels.  This*  legend  appears 
to  have  arisen  from  a  misrepresentation  of  the  word  samlr, 
which  signifies  a  very  hard  stone,  that  might  be  cut  and 
polished  with  great  perfection.  It  was  an  emblem  of 
the  peace  and  quiet  of  a  Christian  church.  In  masonu 
lore,  the  above  worm  is  called  "  the  insect  shermah." 

INSIGNIA.  The  presiding  officers  of  a  lodge  aredis 
tinguished  by  certain  geometrical  figures,  being  combina 
tions  of  those  which  are  called  perfect,  viz.,  the  square, 
the  equilateral  triangle,  and  the  circle ;  the  latter  being 
a  general  characteristic  of  grand  officers.  The  compasses 
(0.  M.,)  are  parts  of  the  triangle;  the  square  (W.  M.,) 
either  triangle  or  square;  the  level  (S.  W.,)  and  the 
plumb,  (J.  W.,)  are  both  parts  of  a  square.  Now  the 
square,  level  and  plumb,  have  their  separate  and  specific 
uses,  and  are  assigned  to  the  three  chief  officers,  as 
emblems  of  their  respective  duties.  ^But  the  Past  Master 
having  already  executed  them  all,  and  being  no  longer  an 
operative,  is  relieved  from  the  burden  of  bearing  a  work- 
ing tool,  and  invested  with  a  problem  of  the  greatest 
utility  in  geometrical  demonstrations,  he  having  attained 
the  rank  of  a  ruler  in  Israel ;  and  therefore  the  Master's 
square  is  relieved  by  a  square  silver  plate,  on  which  is 
delineated  the  forty-seventh  problem  of  Euclid.  The 
compasses  are  instruments  of  design,  and  are  thus 
appointed  to  the  Grand  Master.  He  designs ;  the  P.  M. 
demonstrates ;  the  W.  M.  governs  his  particular  lodge ; 
the  S.  W.  preserves  equality  and  harmony  amongst  the 
brethren ;  and  the  J.  W.  takes  care  that  the  proper  hours 
of  labour  are  maintained.  Thus  a  system  of  arrangemen; 
is  preserved,  which  produces  order  and  regularity,  anc 
c«stitutes  the  Wisdom,  Strength,  and  Beauty  i>f  Free 
nrasonry. 

INSTALLATION.  This  ceremony  takes  place  h 
every  lodge  at  the  commencement  of  the  masonic  year 
The  officers  are  instal/ed,  and  diligently  instructed  in 
their  respective  duties,  from  the  ancient  statutes  of  the 
Order.  It  frequently  happens  that,  on  those  occasions, 
the  newly  installed  officers  prove  to  the  brethren  their 
qualifications,  and  it  is  well  for  the  lodge  when  thev 


548  INS 

show  that  they  are  duly  impressed  with  the  importance 
of  the  trust  reposed  in  them  by  their  brethren. — Gadicke. 

INSTRUCTED.  The  candidate  is  instructed  by  the 
W.  M.  in  his  duties  as  a  Mason;  the  first  and  most 
impressive  part  of  which,  is  to  study  the  Holy  Bible,  and 
to  practice  the  three  great  moral  duties  to  God,  your 
neighbour,  and  yourself.  To  God,  by  holding  his  name 
fu  awe  and  veneration ;  viewing  him  as  the  chief  good, 
imploring  his  aid  in  laudable  pursuits,  and  supplicating  his 
protection  on  well-meant  endeavours.  To  your  neighbour, 
by  always  acting  upon  the  square,  and  considering  him 
equally  entitled  with  yourself  to  share  the  blessings  of 
providence,  rendering  unto  him  those  favours  and  friendly 
offices,  which,  in  a  similar  situation,  you  would  expect 
from  him.  And  to  yourself,  by  not  abusing  the  bounties 
of  providence,  impairing  your  faculties  by  irregularity,  01 
debasing  your  profession  by  intemperance. 

INSTRUCTION.  Any  person  can  be  made  a  membei 
of  the  Order  by  being  initiated ;  but  by  so  doing,  he  for 
the  most  part  only  learns  to  know  the  ceremonies  ;  and 
the  precise  bearing  or  meaning  of  Freemasonry  he  must 
learn  by  being  afterwards  instructed.  In  many  lodges 
those  instructions  are  written  out  as  a  commentary,  and 
are  given  to  the  lodge  from  time  to  time  :  at  these  times 
the  W.  M.  or  lecturer  has  ample  room  for  explanatory 
remarks.  In  other  lodges  it  is  left  to  the  W.  M.  to  in- 
struct the  brethren  upon  masonic  subjects,  according  to 
his  own  views.  These  instructions  form  a  principal  part 
of  the  labors  )f  a  lodge,  and  the  candidate  must  pay 
great  attention  to  them. — Gadicke. 

INSTRUCTION,  LODGES  OF.  The  importance  of 
meetings  under  this  title  is  sufficiently  apparent,  by  the 
provision  made  for  their  government  and  regulation  in 
page  90  of  the  Book  of  Constitutions ;  indeed,  to  the  dis- 
cipline which  pervades,  we  may  say,  all  of  them,  the  Or- 
der is  much  indebted,  as  it  frequently  happens  that  busi- 
ness of  a  general  nature,  which  engages  the  attention  of 
a  lodge,  prevents  a  regular  practice  in  the  ceremonials  of 
the  Order,  and  the  members  would  require  a  longer  time 
to  become  proficient  but  for  the  lodges  of  instruction 


INS— INT.  549 

whose  business  being  confined  to  the  principal  discipline 
required  in  the  ceremonials,  lectures,  &c.,  givts  a  more 
ample  opportunity  to  those  who  seek  information,  as 
well  as  a  greater  scope  to  those  who  are  emulous  of  pre- 
ferment. There  are  several  lodges  of  instruction  in 
London,  which  are  attended  by  brethren  distinguished 
by  their  masonic  attainments,  the  benefits  of  which  all 
&re  desirous  to  impart. 

INSTRUMENTAL  MASONRY.  The  instrumental 
consists  in  the  use  and  application  of  various  tools  and 
implements,  such  at»  the  common  gauge,  the  square,  the 
plunib-line,  the  level,  and  others  that  may  be  called  ma- 
thematical, invented  to  find  the  size  or  magnitude  of  the 
several  parts  or  materials  whereof  our  buildings  are  com- 
posed, to  prove  when  they  are  wrought  into  due  form 
and  proportion,  and  when  so  wrought,  to  fix  them  in 
their  proper  places  and  positions,  and  likewise  to  take 
the  dimensions  of  all  bodies,  whether  plain  or  solid,  and 
to  adjust  and  settle  the  proportions  of  space  and  extent. 
To  this  part  also  belongs  the  use  of  various  other  instru 
ments  or  machines,  such  as  the  lever,  the  wheel  and 
axle,  the  wedge,  the  screw,  the  pulley,  &.x,  which  may 
be  called  mechanic,  being  used  to  forward  and  expedite 
our  business,  to  alleviate  our  toils,  and  enable  us  to  per- 
form with  a  single  hand  what  could  not  be  done  without 
many,  and  in  some  cases  not  at  all ;  and  those  more  pro- 
perly belonging  to  our  brethren  of  the  second  degree, 
styled  Fellowcrafts. — Dwnckerly. 

INSTRUMENTS.  There  are  certain  tools  or  instru- 
ments well  known  to  every  Master  Mason,  which  have 
undergone  some  variations  in  style  and  denomination 
since  the  revival  in  1717.  They  were  then  called,  set 
ting  maul,  setting  tool,  and  setting  beetle.  Later  in  the 
century,  they  had  the  names  of  setting  tool,  square,  and 
rule  ;  which  at  the  union  were  changed  into  plumb-rule, 
level,  and  heavv  maul. 

INTEGRITY.  As  no  man  will  build  a  hou*  j  upon  a 
bog  or  a  quicksand,  a  man  of  suspicious  integrit}  will  be 
found  equally  unfit  to  sustain  the  character  ol  a  true 
Mason. — Noorthouc  k. 


550  INT— INU. 

INTERNAL.     The  internal  preparation  of  a  candidate 
for  Masonry,  is  exemplified  by  the  declaration  he  is  called 
on  to  make  with  respect  to  the  motives  which  have  in 
Juced  him  to  seek  its  privileges. 

INTERRUPTION.  There  cannot  be  a  greater  rude 
ness  than  to  interrupt  another  in  the  current  of  his  dis 
course;  for  if  it  be  not  impertinence  and  folly  to  answer 
a  man  before  we  know  what  he  has  to  say,  yet  it  is  a 
plain  declaration  that  we  are  weary  of  his  discourse,  that 
we  disregard  what  he  says  as  unfit  to  entertain  the  so- 
ciety with,  and  is,  in  fact,  little  less  than  a  downright 
desiring  that  ourselves  may  have  audience,  who  have 
something  to  produce  better  worth  the  attention  of  the 
company.  As  this  is  no  ordinary  degree  of  disrespect,  it 
cannot  but  always  give  a  very  great  offence. — Martin 
Clare. 

INTRODUCTION.  The  mode  of  introduction  which 
a  Mason  ought  to  use  to  recommend  himself  to  notice,  is 
a  salute  of  respect  to  the  Master  in  the  chair. 

INTRUSTED.  When  the  candidate  was  intrusted, 
he  represented  the  tribe  of  Asher,  for  he  was  then  pre- 
sented with  the  glorious  fruit  of  masonic  knowledge,  as 
Asher  was  represented  by  fatness  and  royal  dainties. 

INUNDATIONS.  The  inundations  of  the  Nile  natu- 
rally obliterated  the  landmarks,  which  consisted  princi- 
pally of  holes  dug  in  the  earth  at  certain  distances, 
forming  the  boundary  lines  of  each  estate  or  division  of 
property ;  for  I  do  not  find  that  they  used  termini,  or  if 
they  did,  they  were  merely  slight  stakes,  which  the 
waters  loosened  and  washed  away.  These  holes  being 
filled  with  the  alluvial  soil  brought  down  from  the  moun- 
tains of  Ethiopia,  when  the  waters  receded,  the  whole 
country  presented  a  level  surface,  and  nothing  but  the 
practical  assistance  of  geometry  could  possibly  determine 
the  amount  and  locality  of  private  possessions.  From 
his  superior  knowledge  of  geometry,  Euclid  was  enabled 
to  restore  to  Masonry  its  ancient  systematic  usages  and 
customs,  as  well  as  to  regulate  the  affairs  of  Egyptian 
agriculture ;  and  he  became  a  general  benefactor  to  the 


INV— ION.  551 

country,  "  giving.''  says  an  old  record  of  the  Craft,  "  to 
his  system  the  name  of  geometry,  which  is  now  called 
Masonry." 

INVESTED.  The  investment  of  the  candidate  re- 
ferred to  Napthali,  and  by  this  ceremony  he  was  consi- 
dered free ;  thus  the  tribe  of  Napthali  had  a  peculiar 
freedom  attached  to  them,  in  conformity  with  the  divine 
blessing  pronounced  by  Moses  just  before  his  death. 

INVESTITURE.  Among  the  primitive  Masons,  the 
badge  of  innocence  received  a  characteristic  distinction 
from  its  peculiar  colour  and  material;  and  was  indeed 
an  unequivocal  mark  of  superior  dignity.  The  investi- 
ture of  the  apron  formed  an  essential  part  of  the  cere- 
mony of  initiation,  and  was  attended  with  rites  equally 
significant  and  impressive.  With  the  Essenian  Masons,  it 
was  accomplished  by  a  process  bearing  a  similar  tenden- 
cy, and  accompanied  by  illustrations  not  less  imposing 
and  satisfactory  to  the  newly  initiated  inquirer.  He 
was  clothed  in  a  long  white  robe,  which  reached  to  the 
ground,  bordered  with  a  fringe  of  blue  ribbon,  to  incite 
personal  holiness,  and  fastened  tightly  round  the  waist 
with  a  girdle  or  zone,  to  separate  the  heart  from  the 
lower  and  more  impure  parts  of  the  body.  With  feet 
bare  and  head  uncovered,  he  was  considered  a  personi- 
fication of  modesty,  humility,  and  the  fear  of  God. 

INVOCATION.  The  invocation  used  in  the  United 
States  at  the  dedication  of  masonic  lodges,  is  as  follows: 
— "  Supreme  Architect  of  all  worlds !  vouchsafe  to 
accept  the  solemn  dedication  of  this  hall  to  the  glory 
of  thy  holy  name ! — Make  its  walls  salvation,  and  its 
arch  praise.  May  the  brethren  who  shall  here  assemble, 
meet  in  unity,  work  in  love,  and  part  in  harmony.  May 
Fidelity  keep  the  door,  Faith  prompt  the  duties,  Hope 
animate  the  labours,  and  Charity  diffuse  the  blessings  of 
the  lodge !  May  wisdom  and  virtue  distinguish  the 
fraternity,  and  Masonry  become  glorious  in  all  the  earth ! 
So  mote  it  be!  Amen." 

IONIC.  The  Ionic  bears  a  kind  of  mean  proportion 
between  the  more  solid  and  delicate  orders.  It  is  said 


552  IRQ— ISH. 

to  have  been  formed  after  the  mode*  of  an  agreeable 
young  woman,  of  an  elegant  shape,  dressei  in  her  hair; 
as  a  contrast  to  the  Doric  order,  which  was  formed  after 
that  of  a  robust  man. — Preston. 

IRON  CROW.  The  crow  being  an  emblem  of  upright- 
ness, alludes  to  the  erect  manner  in  which  the  spirit  will 
arise  on  that  great  and  awful  day  to  meet  its  tremendous 
though  merciful  judge. 

IRON  TOOLS.  Every  piece  of  the  Temple,  whether 
timber,  stone,  or  metal,  was  brought  ready  cut,  framed 
and  polished,  to  Jerusalem ;  so  that  no  other  tools  were 
wanted  nor  heard,  than  what  were  necessary  to  join  the 
several  parts  together.  All  the  noise  of  axe,  hammer 
and  saw,  was  confined  to  Lebanon,  and  the  quarries  and 
plains  of  Zeredatha,  that  nothing  might  be  heard  among 
the  Masons  of  Sion,  save  harmony  and  peace. 

ISAAC.  Abraham  offered  his  son  Isaac  in  sacrifice, 
tfhen  it  pleased  the  Lord  to  substitute  a  more  agreeable 
victim  in  his  stead.  As  Isaac  was  an  express  type  of 
Christ,  so  this  event  pointed  out  the  great  atonement; 
Isaac  was  named  by  a  celestial  messenger  before  he  was 
corn — so  was  Christ;  Isaac  carried  the  wood  on  which 
he  was  offered,  and  Christ  bare  the  cross  on  which  he 
was  crucified;  Isaac  was  offered  on  Mount  Moriah,  Christ 
was  offered  on  an  adjoining  mountain;  Isaac  was  to 
suffer  by  his  father's  hand,  and  whose  sword  was  it  that 
pierced  Christ?  Isaac  was  redeemed  from  death  three 
days  after  Abraham  was  commanded  to  offer  him  up,  and 
Christ  was  raised  from  the  dead  three  days  after  his  actual 
crucifixion.  And,  lastly,  Isaac  became  the  father  of  the 
Jews,  as  Christ  is  the  universal  father  of  Christians. 

ISHMAEL.  It  is  probable  that  Ishmael  laughed  and 
jeered  at  the  great  bustle  which  was  made  at  Isaac's 
weaning,  looking  upon  himself  as  the  firstborn,  and  by 
right  of  that  to  have  the  privilege  of  fulfilling  the  promise 
of  the  Messiah.  This  gives  a  good  account  of  Sarah's 
earnestness  for  the  expulsion,  not  only  of  him,  but  of  his 
mother  also;  who  it  is  likely  flattered  him,  and  bare  him 
up  in  those  pretensions.  Many  think  he  did  more  Mian 


ISH— JAH.  553 

mock  him,  because  St.  Paul  calls  it  persecution,  which 
Hierom  takes  for  beating.  Isaac,  who  perhaps  resenting 
his  flouts,  might  say  something  that  provoked  Ishmael  to 
beat  him.  Arid  it  is  very  probable  his  mother  encouraged 
him  in  this,  or  at  least  maintained  him  in  his  insolence, 
which  was  the  reason  why  Sarah  pressed  to  have  them 
both  turned  out  of  doors. — Bishop  Patrick. 

ISH  CHOTZEB.  Hewers  of  stone  in  the  Tyrian 
quarries,  preparatory  of  King  Solomon's  Temple. 

ISH  SABBAL.  The  men  of  burden,  being  the  remains 
of  the  old  Canaanites  who  were  employed  about  the  work, 
amounting  to  70,000,  who  are  not  numbered  among  the 
masons. 

JACHIN.  In  the  dome  of  Wortsberg,  in  front  of  the 
entrance  to  the  chamber  of  the  dead,  we  see  on  one  side 
on  the  chapiter  of  a  column,  the  mysterious  inscription 
Jachin;  and  at  the  other  side,  the  word  Boaz,  on  the 
shaft  of  a  pillar.  And  the  figure  of  Christ,  which  occu 
pies  the  top  of  the  portal  of  the  church  of  St.  Dennis, 
has  his  hand  placed  in  a  position  well  known  to  all  exist- 
ing Freemasons. — Clavcl. 

JACOB'S  LADDER.  Either  resting  upon  the  floor- 
cloth or  upon  the  Bible:  the  compasses  and  the  square 
should  lead  the  thoughts  of  the  brethren  to  heaven.  If 
we  find  it  has  many  staves  or  rounds,  they  represent  as 
many  moral  and  religious  duties.  If  it  has  only  three, 
they  should  represent  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity.  Draw 
Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity  from  the  Bible;  with  these 
three  encircle  the  whole  earth,  and  order  all  thy  actions 
by  the  square  of  truth,  so  shall  the  heavens  be  opened 
unto  thee. — Gadickc. 

JAH.  The  inspired  writings  inform  us  that  the  deity 
was  known  in  idolatrous  nations,  under  his  own  proper 
and  significant  appellation  of  Jehovah.  St.  Paul  says, 
that  they  knew  God,  though  they  glorified  him  not  as 
God,  neither  were  they  thankful ;  but  worshipped  the 
creature  rather  than  the  Creator.  And  God  himself  tells 
us  that  they  possessed  the  Tetragrammaton,  Tetractys,  or 


554  JED— mm. 

sacred  name,  which  amongst  the  Jews  was  Jah ;  for  h« 
says,  "  from  the  rising  of  the  sun,  even  unto  the  going 
down  of  the  same,  my  name  shall  be  (or  is,  according  to 
the  translation  of  Cudworth,)  great  among  the  Gentiles 
And  they  superstitiously  believed  that  the  Name  was  of 
such  sovereign  efficacy,  as  to  enable  the  possessor  to  cure 
diseases,  work  miracles,  and  foretel  future  events." 

JEDIDIAH.  We  have  a  tradition,  that  King  Hiram 
has  been  Grand  Master  of  all  nations;  and  when  the 
Temple  was  finished,  came  to  survey  it  before  its  conse- 
cration, and  to  commune  with  Solomon  about  wisdom 
and  art;  when,  finding  the  Great  Architect  of  the  Uni- 
verse had  inspired  Solomon  above  all  mortal  men,  Hiram 
very  readily  yielded  the  pre-eminence  to  Solomon  Jedid- 
lah,  i.  e.j  the  beloved  of  God. — Anderson. 

JEHOSHAPHAT.  Our  ancient  brethren  who  reduced 
the  scattered  elements  of  Freemasonry  into  order  at  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century,  considered  the  lodge  to  be 
situated  in  the  valley  of  Jehoshaphat ;  and  that  in  what- 
ever part  of  the  world  it  might  be  opened,  it  was  still 
esteemed,  in  a  figure,  to  occupy  that  celebrated  locality. 
Thus  it  was  pronounced,  in  the  earliest  known  lectures, 
that  the  lodge  stands  upon  holy  ground,  or  the  highest 
hill  or  lowest  dale,  or  in  the  Vale  of  Jehoshaphat.  This 
celebrated  valley  derives  its  name  from  Jehovah  and 
Shaphat,  which  means  Christ,  and  to  judge ;  and  as  the 
prophet  Joel  had  predicted  that  the  Lord  would  gather 
together  all  nations,  and  bring  them  down  into  the  val- 
ley of  Jehoshaphat,  it  was  believed  by  the  Jews,  (and 
the  Christians  subsequently  adopted  the  same  opinion) 
that  in  this  place  the  transactions  of  the  great  day  oi 
'udgment  would  be  enacted. 

mm.  This  word  contains  the  mystery  of  the  Trinity, 
as  the  ancient  Jews  who  lived  before  Christ  testify  in 
their  traditions.  For  by  ^  they  understand  the  origin  of 
all  things.  By  n  they  mean  the  Son,  by  whom  all  things 
were  made.  By  i  which  is  a  conjunction  copulative, 
they  understand  the  Holy  Ghost,  who  is  the  love  which 
binds  them  together,  and  proceeds  from  them.  And 
further,  that  n  refers  to  the  two  natures  of  Christ,  the 
divine  and  human. —  Vatnlndus. 


JEH— JEW.  555 

JEHOVAH.  Most  Christian  translators  of  the  Old 
Testament,  including  our  own,  generally  abstain  from 
introducing  the  Name  in  their  versions,  putting  "  the 
Lord  "  instead  of  Jehovah,  in  this  following  the  example 
of  the  Jews,  who,  to  avoid  any  attempt  to  pronounce  the 
name,  read  ^tx  Adonai,  instead  of  it,  and  of  the  seventy 
who  set  dowrn  the  word  Ki^ios  in  lieu  of  it.  The  Jewish 
notion  of  this  matter  is  explained  in  the  Talmud,  on  the 
authority  of  R.  Nathan  Ben  Isaac,  who  is  reported  to  say, 
"  In  this  world  things  are  not  as  in  the  world  to  come  ; 
in  this  world  we  write  the  name  «  f  God  with  the  letters 
mm  (Jehovah),  and  read  n=^x  (Adonai),  but  in  the  world 
to  come  we  shall  both  read  a  id  write  mm." 

JEPTHA.  There  is  an  old  masonic  tradition  respect- 
ing Jeptha  to  the  following  effect.  When  the  Ephraim- 
ites  had  assembled  together  to  molest  Jeptha,  their  leader 
encamped  round  a  certain  pillar,  which  being  placed 
in  an  elevated  situation,  commanded  a  view  of  the  an- 
cient country,  where  Jeptha  was  prepared  to  receive 
him.  After  the  battle,  when  the  Ephraimites  were 
retreating,  Jeptha  called  a  council  of  war  to  decide  upon 
the  necessary  means  of  intercepting  them,  where  it  was 
agreed  that  they  should  be  made  to  pronounce  a  pass- 
word on  the  shores  of  Gilgal,  by  which  they  might  be 
distinguished  in  the  dark  as  in  the  light.  And  as  they 
were  unable  to  pronounce  this  word,  they  were  imme- 
diately slain.  This  test  wrord  having  been  thus  used  to 
distinguish  friend  from  foe,  &c. 

JESHUA.  Jeshua  the  high  priest  was  a  lineal  de- 
scendant from  Seraiah,  who  held  the  pontificate  when 
the  temple  was  destroyed,  and  he  became  the  associate 
and  colleague  of  Zerubbabel  in  the  furtherance  of  the 
great  design  of  building  the  second  temple. 

JEWELS.  The  Fremasons'  ornaments  are  three  jew- 
els, the  square,  the  level,  and  the  plumb-rule.  Those 
who  are  intrusted  with  them  must  possess  great  talents, 
and  whether  they  can  be  cautious  and  worthy  guardians 
of  them  must  be  apparent  from  their  previous  conduct. 

JEWISH  MASONS.     The  true  and  pure  Freemasons 


656  JEW. 

Lodges  allow  no  Jews  to  be  admitted ;  for  a  Jew,  accord- 
ing to  his  faith,  cannot  lay  his  hand  upon  the  Gospel  of 
St.  John  as  a  proof  of  his  sincerity  and  truth.  Also  the 
doctrine  of  a  Triune  God  is  the  most  important  distinction 
between  Christianity  and  Judaism,  and  the  chief  doctrine 
of  Christianity,  so  that  no  Jew  can  acknowledge  this 
symbol,  which  is  so  sacred  to  a  Freemason. — Gadicke. 

JEWISH  SYMBOLS.  The  Jews  had  many  symbols 
represented  on  the  Tabernacle  and  the  Temple.  Moses 
placed  in  the  former  two  cherubims,  or  sphynxes,  as  well 
as  ornaments  and  decorations  of  flower-work  ;  and  figures 
of  cherubims  were  embroidered  on  the  veil  of  the  Holy 
of  Holies,  on  the  hangings  of  the  sanctuary,  and  probably 
on  the  curtain  also.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  Moses 
never  intended  to  prohibit  the  use  of  symbols ;  nor  was 
such  a  thing  understood  by  the  Jews  in  any  age.  Solo- 
mon did  not  so  understand  him,  for  in  his  temple  the 
cherubims  "were  represented  in  the  Sanctum  Sanctorum, 
and  he  decorated  the  walls  with  palm-trees,  cherubims, 
flowers,  and  other  figures.  The  brazen  sea  rested  upon 
twelve  oxen.  In  Ezekiel's  description  of  the  temple 
are  many  figures,  which,  like  the  Egyptian  deities, 
had  heads  of  animals.  The  pillars,  Jachin  and  Boaz, 
were  decorated  with  lily-work,  net-work,  and  pomegran- 
ates, as  symbols  of  the  peace,  unity,  and  plenty  which 
distinguished  the  building.  Even  after  the  Babylonish 
captivity  the  same  symbolical  system  was  used.  The 
golden  lamp  in  the  second  temple,  of  which  a  represent- 
ation is  still  extant  on  the  triumphal  arch  of  Vespasian 
at  Rome,  was  placed  on  sphynxes.  In  the  roof,  and  at 
the  gate  of  Zerubbabel's  temple,  there  were  golden  vines, 
thickly  charged  with  rich  clusters  of  grapes. 

JEWS.  The  Jews  for  five  hundred  years  after  their 
delivery  from  Egypt,  have  left  not  a  single  masonic 
tradition  beyond  that  recorded  in  the  first  degree,  and  as 
the  second  degree  treats  upon  the  arts  and  sciences  it 
certainly  came  from  a  different  source  than  the  first,  for 
the  ten  commandments,  and  more  especially  the  Talmu- 
dic  explanation  of  the  same,  were  a  bar  to  the  higher 
studies  of  the  Jews.  Nothing  sculptured,  or  otherwise 
made  with  hands,  whereby  the  Deity,  or  eternity  was 


JOH— JOS.  557 

represented,  was  permitted;  and  the  Rabbinical  law 
saying  that  the  sciences  were  not  necessary,  operated  so 
powerfully  upon  the  conscientious  part  of  that  people, 
that  they  followed  the  humble  employment  of  a  pastoral 
life.  This  accounts  for  the  scanty  documents  we  have 
of  the  Israelitish  Freemasonry. — Husenbcth. 

JOHN'S  BROTHERS.  Before  the  year  1440  the 
masonic  society  was  known  by  the  name  of  John's 
Brothers,  but  they  then  began  to  be  called  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  at  which  time  in  some  part  of  Flan- 
ders, by  the  assistance  and  riches  of  the  brotherhood, 
the  first  hospitals  were  erected  for  the  relief  of  such  as 
were  afflicted  with  St.  Anthony's  fire.  Although  in  the 
exercise  of  charity  we  neither  regard  country  nor  religion, 
yet  we  consider  it  both  necessary  and  prudent  to  initiate 
none  into  our  mysteries,  except  those  who  profess  the 
Christian  religion. — Charier  of  Culnc. 

JOINING.  If  any  member  shall  be  excluded  from  his 
lodge,  or  shall  withdraw  himself  from  it,  without  having 
complied  with  its  by-laws,  or  with  the  general  regula- 
tions of  the  Craft,  he  shall  not  be  eligible  to  any  other 
lodge,  until  that  lodge  has  been  made  acquainted  with 
his  former  neglect,  so  that  the  brethren  may  be  enabled 
to  exercise  their  discretion  as  to  his  admission.  When- 
ever a  member  of  any  lodge  shall  resign,  or  shall  be 
excluded,  or  whenever  at  a  future  time  he  may  require 
it,  he  shall  be  furnished  with  a  certificate  stating  the 
circumstances  under  which  he  left  the  lodge;  and  such 
certificate  is  to  be  produced  to  any  other  lodge  of  which 
he  is  proposed  tc  be  admitted  a  member,  previous  to  the 
ballot  being  taken. — Constitutiom. 

JOPPA.  There  is  an  old  tradition  among  Masons, 
;hat  the  banks  of  the  river  at  Joppa  were  so  steep  as  to 
render  it  necessary  for  the  workmen  to  assist  each  other 
up  by  a  peculiar  locking  of  the  right  hand,  which  is  still 
preserved  in  the  Mark-Master' s  degree. 

JOSEPH.  Freemasons  are  accustomed  to  esteem 
Foseph  as  one  of  their  greatest  lights,  because  of  his 
numerous  practical  virtues.  He  forgave  his  brethier 

47 


558  JOU— JUN. 

freely  when  he  possessed  the  power  of  punishing  them 
for  tlieir  inhumanity  towards  him,  he  succoured  his  aged 
father  in  his  distress,  and  by  his  superior  wisdom  and 
discernment,  he  saved  a  whole  people  from  destruction. 
These  are  all  masonic  virtues  of  the  first  class;  and 
having  been  beautifully  illustrated  in  the  character  and 
conduct  of  Joseph,  his  example  is  recommended  to  GUI 
consideration,  as  an  useful  lesson  more  powerful  than 
precept,  and  more  efficacious  than  admonition. 

JOURNEY.  Every  Freemason,  when  he  is  initiated 
into  the  Craft,  is  taught  to  consider  human  life  as  a 
journey.  He  would  faint  with  fatigue,  lose  himself  in 
unknown  roads,  or  fall  over  high  precipices  if  he  was  not 
supported,  faithfully  conducted,  and  fraternally  warned. 
By  these  means  he  arrives  in  safety  at  the  end  of  his 
journey,  and  is  permitted  to  receive  light  himself,  that 
he  may  be  able  to  support,  lead,  and  warn  others  when 
travelling  the  same  road. — Gadicke. 

JOURNEYMAN.  Three  or  four  years  since,  a  para- 
graph went  the  round  of  the  press,  deriving  the  English 
word  "journeyman  "  from  the  custom  of  travelling  among 
workmen  in  Germany.  This  derivation  is  very  doubtful. 
Is  it  not  a  relic  of  Norman  rule,  from  the  French  "jour 
nee,"  signifying  a  day-man  ?  In  support  of  this,  it  may 
be  observed  that  the  German  name  for  the  word  in  ques- 
tion is  "  tagelohner,"  day-worker.  It  is  also  well  known, 
that  down  to  a  comparatively  recent  period,  artisans  and 
free  labourers  were  paid  daily. — Notes  and  Queries. 

JUNiOR  WARDEN.  The  Junior  Warden  is  an  im- 
portant officer.  The  jewel  by  which  he  is  distinguished 
is  an  emblem  of  uprightness,  and  points  out  the  just  and 
upright  conduct  which  he  is  bound  to  pursue,  in  con- 
junction with  the  Master  and  his  brother  Warden,  in 
ruling  and  governing  the  brethren  of  the  lodge  according 
to  the  Constitutions  of  the  Order ;  and  more  particularly 
by  a  due  attention  to  caution  and  security  in  the  exami- 
nation of  strange  visitors,  lest  by  his  neglect  any  unquali- 
fied person  should  be  enabled  to  impose  upon  the  lodge, 
and  the  brethren  be  thus  innocently  led  to  forfeit  their 
obligation. 


JUR— KEY.  559 

JURISDICTION.  En  its  general  sense,  the  power  01 
right  to  exercise  authority.  All  Lodges  working  within 
the  territorial  limits  of  a  Grand  Lodge  are  under  itfe 
control  and  jurisdiction. 

JUST  AND  PERFECT.  This  appellation,  which  ia 
given  to  St.  John's  lodges  ingeneral,  is  of  a  more  import 
ant  nature  than  is  generally  understood  by  it,  for  it  i 
not  sufficient  for  a  lodge  only  to  be  so  far  just  and  per- 
fect as  to  belong  to  a  certain  Grand  Lodge,  to  work 
according  to  an  acknowledged  ritual,  and  to  have  all  its 
officers  and  members  in  their  proper  places,  but  it  must 
be  just  unto  all  the  brethren,  and  perfect  in  the  exercise 
of  every  masonic  duty.  It  is  not  just  when  the  brethren 
are  deprived  of  their  rights,  even  of  superintending  the 
economy  of  the  lodge,  for  such  a  lodge  has  no  independ- 
ence, and  he  who  is  not  independent  cannot  exercise 
his  masonic  duties  as  a  perfect  Master. — Gadicke. 

JUSTICE.  Justice,  the  boundary  of  right,  constitutes? 
the  cement  of  civil  society.  This  virtue  in  a  great 
measure  constitutes  real  goodness,  and  is  therefore  repre- 
sented as  the  perpetual  study  of  the  accomplished  Mason. 
Without  the  exercise  of  justice,  universal  confusion 
would  ensue,  lawless  force  might  overcome  the  principles 
of  equity,  and  social  intercourse  no  longer  exist. — Preston. 

JUSTIFICATION.  We  do  not  hesitate  to  appeal  to 
the  world  in  justificafion  of  the  purity  of  our  moral  sys- 
tem. Our  Constitutions  are  well  known;  we  have 
submitted  them  freely  to  general  investigation.  We 
solemnly  avouch  them  as  the  principles  by  which  we  are 
governed,  the  foundation  on  which  we  build,  and  the 
rules  by  which  we  work.  We  challenge  the  most  severe 
critic,  the  most  practised  moralist,  the  most  perfect 
Christian,  to  point  out  anything  in  them  inconsistent 
with  good  manners,  fair  morals,  or  pure  religion. — Harris. 

KEY.     This  symbol  may  be  improved  to  impress  upon 
the  mind  of  every  brother  the  importance  of  those  secret 
which  have  been  transmitted  through  thirty  centuries, 
amidst  bitter  persecutions,  for  the  benefit  of  the  sons  of 
light.     As  we  have  thus  received  them,  untarnished  bj 


560  KEY— KIN. 

the  t}uch  of  profane  curiosity,  and  unimpaired  by  the 
revolution  of  time  and  empires,  let  us  deliver  them,  in 
all  their  purity  and  perfection,  to  succeeding  brethren, 
confident  that  they  will  never  be  divulged  to  such-»as  are 
unworthy. 

KEYSTONE.  This  refers  to  the  keystone  of  the 
Royal  Arch,  called  by  some  the  cape-stone,  because  they 
erroneously  suppose  that  a  knowledge  of  the  principles 
of  the  arch  is  not  so  old  as  the  building  of  the  Temple 
of  Jerusalem.  It  was  known,  however,  to  the  Egyptians 
several  centuries  before  Solomon  flourished,  as  modern 
discoveries  fully  testify. 

KING.  The  first  officer  in  the  Royal  Arch  Chapter, 
commonly  called  the  First  Principal.  He  represents 
Zerubbabel,  the  Governor  of  Judea,  at  the  building  of 
the  second  temple. 

KING  HENRY  VI.  In  the  minority  of  King  Henry 
VI.,  a  very  respectable  lodge  was  held  at  Canterbury, 
•"*">d  a  coat  of  arms,  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  Lon- 
rton  Company  of  Freemasons,  was  used  by  them ;  whence 
it  is  natural  to  conceive  that  the  said  company  is  descend- 
«-.u  from  the  ancient  Fraternity,  and  that  in  former  times 
no  man  was  made  free  of  that  company  until  he  was 
initiated  in  some  lodge  of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  as 
a  necessary  qualification ;  and  it  not  only  appears  that 
before  the  troubles  which  happened  in  the  reign  of  this 
unfortunate  prince,  Freemasons  were  universally  esteem- 
ed, but  even  King  Henry  himself  was  made  a  Mason  in 
the  year  1442,  and  many  lords  and  gentlemen  of  the 
court,  after  his  example,  solicited  and  obtained  admit- 
tance into  the  Fraternity. — Calcott. 

KING  NAME.  The  name  of  God  includes  all  things. 
He  who  pronounces  it  shakes  heaven  and  earth,  and 
inspires  the  very  angels  with  astonishment  and  terror. 
There  is  a  sovereign  authority  in  this  name ;  it  governs 
the  world  by  its  power.  The  other  names  and  surnames 
of  the  Deity  are  ranged  about  it  like  officers  and  soldiera 
about  their  sovereigns  and  generals.  From  this  King 
Name  they  receive  their  orders  and  obey. — Calmet. 


KIN— KNO.  56] 

KINGLY  POWER.  The  kingly  power  was  restored 
iu  the  person  of  Zerubbabel,  who  sprang  from  the  royal 
line  of  David,  and  the  tribe  of  Judah ;  nor  was  a  vestige 
thereof  again  effaced  until  after  the  destruction  of  the 
city  and  temple  by  the  Romans,  under  Titus,  in  the  year 
70  of  the  present  era,  thus  verifying  the  remarkable  pro- 
phecy of  Jacob,  delivered  in  Egypt  above  one  thousand 
years  before,  that  the  sceptre  should  not  depart  from 
Judah,  nor  a  law-giver  from  between  his  feet,  until 
Shiloh  came. 

KNEE  BENT.  When  we  offer  up  our  ejaculations 
to  Almighty  God,  we  will  remember  a  brother's  welfare 
as  our  own;  for  as  the  voices  of  babes  and  sucklings 
ascend  to  the  throne  of  grace,  so  most  assuredly  will  the 
breathings  of  a  fervent  heart ;  and  so  our  prayers  are  cer- 
tainly required  for  each  other. — Ash. 

KNEELING.  When  we  bow  the  knee,  it  represents 
our  fall  in  Adam ;  and  when  we  rise,  having  received  the 
benefit  of  prayer  addressed  to  the  throne  of  grace,  it  is 
a  type  of  our  restoration  in  Christ  by  the  grace  of  God, 
through  whom  we  are  able  to  lift  up  our  hearts  to  hea- 
ven. The  candidate  for  Masonry  is  directed  to  bend  the 
knee  with  a  similar  reference. 

KNOCK.  A  candidate  for  Masonry  is  said  to  have 
complied  with  the  terms  of  a  certain  text  of  Scripture, 
by  having  first  sought  in  his  mind  whether  he  were  really 
desirous  of  investigating  the  mysteries  of  Masonry  ;  then 
asked  counsel  of  his  friend,  and  lastly  having  knocked,  the 
door  of  Masonry  became  open  to  him ;  and  it  will  be 
remembered  that  the  door  of  a  Freemasons'  lodge  does 
not  stand  open  for  every  one  to  enter,  neither  do  we  call 
labourers  to  the  work,  but  those  who  wish  to  work  with 
us  must  voluntarily  offer  their  services.  If  he  desires  to 
be  admitted,  he  must  knock  earnestly  and  manfully. 
"  Ask  and  ye  shall  receive,  seek  and  ye  shall  find,  knock 
and  it  shall  be  opened  unto  you."  He  who  cannot  knock 
in  the  full  confidence  of  an  honourab\e  feeling,  and  is 
not  convinced  in  his  own  mind  that  he  deserves  to  be 
admitted,  ought  not  to  have  the  door  of  the  lodge  open 
*d  to  him. — Gadicke. 


562  KNO— LAB 

KNOWLEDGE.  A  man  of  perfect  wisdom  and 
knowledge,  accomplished  in  all  his  ways,  and  without 
the  least  blame,  was  painted  in  the  Egyptian  hierogly 
nhics  with  a  beautilul  face,  with  wings  like  an  angel, 
holding  in  his  hands  a  book,  in  which  he  looked,  a  sword, 
and  a  balance,  and  behind  him  two  vases,  one  of  them 
full  ol  water  and  the  other  of  blazing  fire,  under  his 
right  foot  a  ball  with  a  crab  painted  on  it,  and  under  his 
left  a  deep  pot  full  of  serpents,  scorpions,  and  different 
reptiles,  the  covering  of  which  had  the  shape  of  an 
eagle's  head. — Aben  Washih. 

KNOW  THYSELF.  A  brother  is  said  to  be  a  good 
Mason  who  has  studied  and  knows  himself,  and  has  learnt 
and  practised  that  first  and  great  lesson  of  subduing  his 
passion  to  his  will,  and  tries  to  the  utmost  of  his  power 
to  free  himself  from  all  vices,  errors  arid  imperfections ; 
not  only  those  that  proceed  from  the  heart,  but  likewise 
all  other  defects  of  the  understanding  which  are  caused 
by  custom,  opinion,  prejudice,  or  superstition ;  he  who 
asserts  the  native  freedom  of  his  mind,  and  stands  fast  in 
the  liberty  that  makes  him  free ;  whose  soul  is  (if  one 
may  so  express  it)  universal  and  well  contracted ;  and  who 
despises  no  man  on  account  of  his  country  or  religion; 
but  is  ready  at  all  times  to  convince  the  world  that  truth 
brotherly  love,  and  relief,  are  the  grand  principles  or 
which  he  acts. 

LABOUR.  An  important  Word  in  Freemasonry — we 
may  say  the  most  important.  It  is  for  this  sole  reason 
ilone,  that  a  person  must  be  made  a  Freemason  ;  all 
other  reasons  are  incidental  and  unimportant,  or  uncon- 
nected with  it.  Labour  is  commonly  the  reason  why 
meetings  of  the  lodge  are  held,  hut  do  we  every  time 
receive  a  proof  of  activity  and  industry  ?  The  work  of  an 
operative  mason  is  visible,  if  even  it  be  very  often  badly 
executed ;  and  he  receives  his  reward  if  his  building  is 
thrown  down  by  a  storm  in  the  next  momept.  He  is 
convinced  that  he  has  been  active ;  so  must  also  the 
brother  Freemason  labour.  His  labour  must  be  visible 
to  himself  and  unto  his  brethren,  or,  at  the  very  least, 
it  must  be  conducive  to  his  own  inward  satisfaction. — 
fradicke. 


JACOK  S   VISION — FAITH.  UOPE  AND   CUARIT" 


LAB— LAM.  565 

LABOURER.  No  labourer  shall  be  employed  in  the 
proper  work  of  Masonry;  nor  shall  Freemasons  work 
with  those  that  are  not  free,  without  an  urgent  necessity; 
nor  shall  they  teach  labourers  and  unaccepted  Masons 
as  they  should  teach  a  brother. — Ancles  Charges. 

LADDER.  Standing  firmly  on  the  Bible,  square  and 
compasses,  is  a  ladder  that  connects  the  earth  with  the 
heavens,  or  covering  of  a  lodge,  and  is  a  transcript  of 
that  which  the  patriarch  Jacob  saw  in  a  vision  when 
journeying  to  Padanarum,  in  Mesopotamia.  It  is  com- 
posed of  staves,  or  rounds  innumerable,  which  point  out 
so  many  moral  virtues,  but  principally  of  three,  which 
refer  to  Faith,  Hope  and  Charity ;  Faith  in  the  Great 
Architect  of  the  Universe,  Hope  in  salvation,  and  to  be 
in  Charity  with  all  mankind,  but  more  particularly  with 
our  brethren. 

LAMBSKIN.  The  lambskin  has  in  all  ages  been  con- 
sidered as  an  emblem  of  innocence  and  peace.  The  Lamb 
of  God  who  taketh  away  the  sins  of  the  world,  will 
grant  to  those  who  put  their  trust  in  Him,  his 
peace.  He,  therefore,  who  wears  the  lambskin  as  a  badge 
of  Masonry,  is  reminded  of  that  purity  of  life  and  conver- 
sation, which  it  is  absolutely  necessary  for  them  to 
observe,  who  expect  to  be  admitted  into  the  Grand  Lodge 
above. — Hardie. 

LAMECH.  After  the  sun  had  desceLded  down  the 
seventh  age  from  Adam,  before  the  flood  of  Noah,  there 
was  born  unto  Mathusael,  the  son  of  Mehujael,  a  man 
called  Lamech,  who  took  unto  himself  two  wives ;  the 
name  of  one  was  Adah,  and  the  name  of  the  other  Zillah. 
Now  Adah  his  first  wife  bare  him  two  sons,  the  one  named 
Jabal,  and  the  other  Jubal.  Jabal  was  the  inventor  of 
geometry,  and  the  first  who  built  houses  of  stone  and 
timber ;  and  Jubal  was  the  inventor  of  music  and  har- 
mony. Zillah  his  second  wife,  bare  Tubal  Cain,  the 
instructor  of  every  artificer  in  brass  and  iron ;  and  a 
daughter  called  Naanmh,  who  was  the  first  founder  of  tlm 
weaver's  craft. — Ancient  Masonic  MS. 


506  LAN— LAT 

LANDMARKS.  What  are  the  landmarks?  is  a  ques- 
tion often  asked,  but  never  determinately  answered.  In 
ancient  times,  boundary  stones  were  used  as  landmarks 
before  title-deeds  were  known,  the  removal  of  which  was 

trictly  forbidden  by  law.  With  respect  to  the  landmarks 
)f  Masonry,  some  restrict  them  to  the  O.B.  signs,  tokens. 

nd  words.  Others  include  the  ceremonies  of  initiation, 
passing,  and  raising ;  and  the  form,  dimensions,  and  sup- 
port ;  the  ground,  situation,  and  covering ;  the  ornaments, 
furniture,  and  jewels  of  a  lodge,  or  their  characteristic 
symbols.  Some  think  that  the  Order  has  no  landmarks 
beyond  its  peculiar  secrets.  It  is  quite  clear,  however, 
that  the  order  against  removing  or  altering  the  landmarks 
was  universally  observed  in  all  ages  of  the  Craft. 

LATE  HOURS.  It  is  a  fact,  confirmed  by  experience, 
that  an  indulgence  in  late  hours  cannot  fail  to  injure  the 
credit  and  respectability  of  a  lodge,  because  it  introduces 
other  habits  which  are  not  consistent  with  the  gravity 
and  decorum  which  ought  always  to  characterize  the 
proceedings  of  Masonry.  And  hence  it  is  an  important 
part  of  the  W.  Master's  duty,  to  discountenance  such 
baleful  practice.  If  the  brethren  meet  for  the  purpose 
of  business,  or  to  cultivate  a  knowledge  of  the  science  by 
joining  in  the  lectures,  let  them  pursue  their  labours  with 
assiduity  and  zeal  during  the  period  prescribed  in  the 
by-laws ;  and  should  it  be  necessary  for  the  Junior  War- 
den to  perform  his  office,  let  the  brethren  enjoy  themselves 
with  decent  moderation  ;  but  by  all  means  let  the  Senior 
Warden  discharge  his  duty  honestly  and  conscientiously, 
and  let  the  lodge  be  closed  and  the  brethren  depart  to 
their  own  homes  at  such  an  hour  as  shall  excite  no 
unpleasant  feelings,  nor  call  forth  reproachful  observa- 
vations  from  the  females  of  their  families,  whom  it 
is  their  duty  and  interest,  as  well  in  the  character  of 
husbands  and  fathers,  as  of  Masons,  to  love,  to  cherish. 
and  to  oblige. 

LATOMUS,  OK  LATOMIA.  (A  quarry.)  A  term  some- 
times applied  to  Masons.  The  title  is  by  no  means  a 
correct  one.  The  word  lapicida  is  more  appropriate, 
which  Bailey  defines  a  hewer  of  stones;  a  stone-cutter, 


LAW.  567 

or  Mason.     The  word  is  derived  from  the  Greek,  and  in- 
tended to  apply  to  a  cutter  and  polisher  of  precious  stones. 

LAWS  OF  THE  LAND.  The  Freemason  has  the 
greatest  respect  for  the  laws  of  the  land  in  which  lit 
lives,  and  he  obeys  them  with  the  zeal  of  a  faithful  subject. 
If  he  is  intrusted  with  the  putting  those  laws  in  force, 
his  masonic  duties  remind  him  to  be  faithful  and  diligent 
in  applying  them.  Should  the  state  command  the  lodge 
to  be  closed  of  which  he  is  a  member,  he  immediately 
obeys,  and  visits  no  assembly  which  is  not  allowed,  or  at 
least  tolerated  by  the  state.  In  the  event  of  a  brother 
wilfully  violating  the  laws  of  his  country,  the  Order  itself 
directs  the  attention  of  the  magistrates  unto  him,  and  he 
who  is  punished  as  a  criminal  by  the  laws,  is  excluded 
from  the  Order  without  exception. — Gailicke. 

LAWS  OF  MASONRY.  In  the  Grand  Lodge  resides 
the  power  of  enacting  laws  and  regulations  for  the  go- 
vernment of  the  Cral't,  and  of  altering,  repealing,  and 
abrogating  them,  provided  that  they  continue  to  preserve 
the  ancient  landmarks  of  .the  Order.  No  motion  for  a  new 
law  or  regulation,  or  for  the  alteration  or  repeal  of  an  old 
one,  shall  be  made,  until  it  shall  have  been  proposed  in,  or 
communicated  to,  the  general  committee,  which  meets  on 
the  Wednesday  preceding  each  quarterly  communication, 
nor  until  it  shall  have  been  handed  up  in  writing  to  the 
Grand  Master.  After  having  been  perused  and  found  by 
him  not  to  contain  anything  contrary  to  the  ancient  land- 
marks of  the  Order,  the  motion  may  be  publicly  proposed 
If  seconded,  the  question  shall  be  put  thereon  for  the 
opinion  of  the  Grand  Lodge.  If  approved  and  confirmed 
at  the  next  ensuing  meeting  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  it 
becomes  a  law  of  the  society. — Constitutions. 

LAW-SUITS.     If  any  brother  do  you  an  injury,  you 
must  apply  to  your  own  or  his  lodge,  and  from  thence  you 
may  appeal  to  the  Grand  Lodge  at  the  quarterly  commu 
nication,  as  has  been  the  ancient  laudable  conduct  of  oui 
forefathers  in  every  nation ;  never  take  a  legal  course  bu 
when  the  case  cannot  be  otherwise  decided,  and  patiently 
listening  to  the  honest  and  friendly  advice  of  Master  and 
fellows,  when  they  would  prevent  your  going  to  law  with 


568  LEA. 

strangers,  tr  would  excite  you  to  j>ut  a  speedy  period  to 
all  lawsuits,  that  so  you  may  find  the  affair  of  Masonry 
with  the  more  alacrity  and  success;  but  with  respect  to 
brothers  or  fellows  at  law,  the  Master  and  brethren  should 
kindly  offer  their  mediation,  which  ought  to  be  thankfully 
submitted  to  by  the  contending  brethren ;  and  if  that  sub- 
mission is  impracticable,  they  must  however  carry  on 
their  process  or  law-suit  without  wrath  or  rancour,  (not 
in  the  common  way)  saying  or  doing  nothing  which  may 
hinder  brotherly  love  and  good  oflices  to  be  renewed  and 
continued,  that  all  may  see  the  benign  influence  of  Mason- 
ry, as  all  true  Masons  have  done  from  the  beginning  of  the 
world,  and  will  do  to  the  end  of  time. — Ancient  Charges. 

LEAGUE.  It  was  lawful  in  ancient  times,  before  the 
aw  of  Moses  was  given,  to  make  leagues  with  strangers 
to  their  religion,  for  their  mutual  benefit,  as  appears  by 
the  story  of  Jacob  and  Laban,  [saac  and  Ahimelech, 
(though  some  doubt  whether  he  was  an  idolater)  and  the 
law  of  Moses  made  no  alteration.  If  Hiram  therefore 
worshipped  other  gods,  Solomon  might,  notwithstanding, 
make  a  league  with  him,  (inasmuch  as  Hiram  calls  him 
brother)  he  being  none  of  the  seven  nations  of  Canaan. — 
Bishop  Patrick. 

LEATHER  APRON.  The  white  leather  apron  is  an 
emblem  of  innocence,  and  the  badge  of  a  Mason  more 
ancient  than  the  golden  fleece,  or  Roman  eagle,  more 
honourable  than  the  star  and  garter,  or  any  other  order 
that  could  be  conferred  upon  the  candidate  at  that  or 
nay  future  period,  by  king,  prince,  or  potentate,  or  any. 
other  person,  except  he  be  a  Mason ;  and  which  every 
one  ought  to  wear  with  pleasure  to  himself,  and  honour 
to  the  fraternity. 

LEAVING.  When  a  brother  changes  his  residence 
from  the  place  where  the  lodge  is  held,  of  which  he  is  a 
member,  he  will  act  prudently  by  requiring  a  written 
dismissal  from  the  lodge,  more  especially  if  there  is  a 
lodge  in  the  place  where  he  is  going  to  take  up  his  new 
abode,  and  he  wishes  to  become  a  member  of  it.  In  this 
dismissal  it  ought  to  be  certified  that  he  had  been  a 
diligent  workman,  and  that  he  hyd  done  his  duty  to  the 


LEB— LEG.  569 

lodge,  of  which  he  had  up  to  that  period  been  a  member. 
Should  there  be  any  other  reason  why  a  member  declares 
himself  oft'  the  lodge,  it  ought  to  be  truly  stated,  for  truth 
should  ever  be  one  of  the  distinguishing  characteristics 
of  a  Mason.  Without  such  a  written  testimonial,  no 
strange  brother  should  be  allowed  to  leave  one  lodge  and 
join  another.  In  places  where  there  are  many  lodges,  a 
brother  may  leave  one  and  join  another,  but  ought  not  to 
do  so  without  a  written  testimonial  that  he  has  done  his 
duty  to  the  lodge  he  is  leaving  ;  should  there  be  any  par 
ticular  reason  for  this  step,  both  lodges  ought  thoroughly 
to  know  them.  Many  brethren  leave  one  lodge  and  join 
another,  without  any  notice  whatever  to  the  lodge  they 
have  left ;  the  consciences  of  those  brethren  must  be  their 
own  accusers  or  excusers. — Gadickc. 

LEBANON.  The  forests  of  the  Lebanon  mountains 
only  could  supply  the  timber  for  the  Temple.  Such  of 
these  forests  as  lay  nearest  the  sea  were  in  the  possession 
of  the  Pho3nicians,  among  whom  timber  was  in  such 
constant  demand,  that  they  had  acquired  great  arid  ac- 
knowledged skill  in  the  felling  and  transportation  thereof, 
and  hence  it  was  of  such  importance  that  Hiram  consented 
to  employ  large  bodies  of  men  in  Lebanon  to  hew  timber, 
as  well  as  others  to  perform  the  service  of  bringing  it 
down  to  the  sea-side,  whence  it  was  to  be  taken  along 
the  coasts  in  floats  to  the  port  of  Joppa,  from  which 
place  it  could  be  easily  taken  across  the  country  to  Jeru 
ealem. — Kitto. 

LECTURE.  Literally,  a  formal  or  methodical  discourse 
intended  for  instruction.  Lectures  have  been  adopted 
from  the  earliest  ages  as  a  convenient  mode  of  teaching 
the  elements  of  every  branch  of  human  knowledge.  The 
course  of  instruction  in  Freemasonry  is  divided  in  parts 
or  sections,  which  is  called  a  lecture.  Each  degree  is  so 
arranged  that  the  candidate  will  enjoy  the  advantage  of  the 
theory,  the  practice,  and  then  the  explanation  or  lecture 
Those  who  are  desirous  of  learning  the  lectures,  with  the 
greatest  advantage,  must  regularly  attend  the  Lodges,  and 
be  diligently  attentive  to  the  instruction  they  receive  there. 

In  the  symbolical  lodges  of  the  Couti- 


570  LEF—  LEN. 

nent  and  elsewhere,  a  lecturer  is  annually  appointed  , 
and  after  the  W.  M  ,  and  P.  M.,  the  lecturer  has  the  most 
important  office  in  the  lodge.  He,  as  well  as  the  two 
first  officers,  must  be  perfectly  acquainted  with  Freema- 
sonry, and  not  only  a  man  who  has  received  a  liberal 
education,  but  must  also  possess  the  true  spirit  of  oratory. 
His  orations  or  lectures  must  produce  an  impression  on 
the  minds  of  his  hearers.  At  the  election  of  a  lecturer 
the  electors  should  bear  this  in  mind,  and  reflect  that  he 
has  something  more  to  do  than  merely  read  the  ritual. 
If  the  lecturer  has  sufficient  knowledge  to  be  enabled  to 
teach  the  brethren  Freemasonry,  or  the  bearing  of  moral 
truths  upon  the  science  in  an  agreeable  and  instructive 
manner,  and  not  in  mere  mystical  forms,  he  will  be  will- 
ingly listened  to  by  the  brethren.  Some  discourses  are 
appropriated  to  certain  seasons,  but  even  these  the  lec- 
turer must  be  able  to  make  interesting,  in  order  that 
they  may  not  appear  as  mere  repetitions.  He  who  con- 
fines himself  to  these  discourses,  and  the  mere  reading  ol 
the  ritual,  does  not  fulfil  the  duties  of  his  office  as  he 
ought. 

LEFT  HAND.  The  left  hand  is  mentioned  in  the 
system  of  Freemasonry,  as  being  nearest  to  the  heart. 
Levinus  Lemnius,  speaking  of  the  right  finger,  says  that 
"  a  small  branch  of  the  artery,  and  not  of  the  nerves,  aa 
Gillius  thought,  is  stretched  from  the  heart  unto  this 
finger." 


LEGEND.  Amongst  the  Jews  the  type  xa 
whether  expressed  dramatically  or  by  words,  was  a  legend 
or  symbol.  This  methoa  of  conveying  a  striking  truth 
by  the  use  of  metaphorical  imagery,  was  employed  in 
their  private  as  well  as  their  public  affairs.  The  symbols, 
parables,  or  legends,  were,  in  process  of  time,  multiplied 
so  abundantly,  as  to  form  the  chief  contents  of  the  Mishna 
and  Gemara,  compiled  by  the  Rabbi  Judah  Makkadosh 
and  his  successors,  which  form  the  text  and  annotations 
of  the  Talmud. 

LENGTH.  The  length  of  the  lodge  expresses  the 
extent  of  mas3nic  love.  With  this  love  our  profession 
will  never  be  in  danger  of  acquiring  the  appellation  o1 


LES— LEW.  571 

hypocrisy,  but  will  bear  the  test  of  scrutiny;  and  how- 
ever severely  tried,  will  be  found  a  firm  possession.  With 
this  love  our  devotion  will  be  the  true  devotion  of  the 
soul,  in  all  its  native  simplicity  and  sincerity.  This 
heavenly  spark  within  our  bosoms  will  catch  that  hea- 
venly flame  of  divine  and  seraphic  love,  which  alone  can 
unite  the  Creator  with  the  creature ;  and  thus  alone  can 
be  formed  and  completed,  that  true  felicity  of  the  human 
soul,  the  union  to  its  divine  original. — Inwood. 

LESSER  LIGHTS.  These  lights  or  luminaries  are 
used  to  light  us  to,  at,  and  from  labour.  They  are  situ- 
ated in  the  east,  west,  and  south,  in  allusion  to  the  appa- 
rent course  of  the  sun,  which,  rising  in  the  east,  gains 
its  meridian  in  the  south,  and  disappears  in  the  west. 
These  luminaries  represent  emblematically,  the  sun, 
moon,  and  the  Master  of  the  lodge. 

LEVEL.  The  level  is  used  by  operative  Masons  to 
lay  levels  and  to  prove  horizontals.  It  is  the  duty  of 
the  foreman  or  superintendent  of  every  building,  fre- 
quently to  prove  the  various  parts  of  the  building  by 
the  level,  in  the  course  of  its  erection,  and  he  who 
neglects  this  important  part  of  his  duty,  lays  himself 
open  to  severe  censure. — Gadicke. 

LEVY.  The  timbers  for  building  the  temple  at 
Jerusalem,  were  felled  in  the  forests  of  Lebanon,  where 
a  levy  of  thirty  thousand  men  of  Jerusalem  were  em- 
ployed by  monthly  courses  of  ten  thousand;  and  the 
stones  were  cut  and  wrought  in  the  quarries  of  the 
mountains  of  Judea,  by  eighty  thousand  men,  assisted 
by  seventy  thousand  who  bare  burthens. — Hemming. 

LEWIS.  This  appellation  is  given  to  the  son  of  a 
Mason.  Lewis  formerly  had  the  privilege  of  being 
initiated  into  the  Order  younger  than  any  other  person, 
even  in  his  eighteenth  year ;  but  they  only  enjoy  this 
privilege  now  in  those  lodges  where  the  law  does  not 
prohibit  any  one  to  be  initiated  before  he  has  reached 
his  twenty-fifth  year.  Lewis  must  also  be  a  cultivated 
and  morally  respectable  young  man,  or  the  entrance 
into  the  lodge  will  be  refused  to  him  as  well  as  to  those 
whose  fathers  are  not  Masons. — Gadickt 


572  LIF— LIN. 

LIFE.  The  sign  of  the  cross  amongst  the  Egyptians 
signified  life,  and  was  the  mark  by  which  the  Cabalista 
expressed  the  number  ten,  which  was  a  perfect  number, 
denoting  heaven,  and  the  Pythagorean  Tetractys,  or  in 
communicable  name  of  God. 

LIGHT.  Light  is  a  symbol  of  knowledge.  May 
every  Mason  strive  incessantly  for  light,  and  especially 
for  the  light  eternal !  When  a  society  is  assembled  any 
where  to  do  good,  they  require  an  influential  person  to 
communicate  the  light  of  experience,  instruct  them,  and 
point  out  the  way  they  should  go,  or  bring  light  to  them. 
This  may  be  done  symbolically,  by  suddenly  lighting  up  a 
dark  room  with  torches.  He  who  thus  introduces  the 
light  into  the  lodge,  must  be  a  worthy  man,  and  experi- 
enced in  the  Craft. — Gadicke. 

LILY.  This  flower  was  full  of  meaning  among  the 
ancients,  and  occurs  all  over  the  East.  Egypt,  Persia, 
Palestine,  and  India,  presented  it  everywhere  over  their 
architecture,  in  the  hands  and  on  the  heads  of  their  sculp- 
tured figures,  whether  in  bas-relief  or  statue.  We  also 
find  it  in  the  sacred  vestments  and  architecture  of  the 
tabernacle  and  temple  of  the  Israelites,  and  see  it  men- 
tioned by  our  Saviour  as  an  image  of  peculiar  beauty  and 
glory,  when  comparing  the  works  of  nature  with  the  deco- 
rations of  art.  It  is  also  represented  in  all  pictures  of  the 
salutation  of  Gabriel  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  in  fact  has 
been  held  in  mysterious  veneration  by  all  people  of  all 
nations  and  times.  It  is  the  symbol  of  divinity,  of  purity, 
and  abundance,  and  of  a  love  most  complete  in  affection, 
charity,  and  benediction ;  as  in  Holy  Scripture,  that 
mirror  of  purity,  Susannah,  is  defined  Susa,  which  signifies 
the  flower  of  the  lily,  a  name  given  to  the  chief  city  of  the 
Persians,  for  its  superior  excellency.  The  three  leaves  of 
the  lily  in  the  arms  of  France,  mean  piety,  justice,  and 
charity. — Sir  Robert  Kcr  Porter. 

LILY -WORK.  Lily-work,  from  its  whiteness,  denotes 
peace. 

LINE.  The  universal  bond  with  which  every  Mason 
ought  to  be  united  to  his  brethren,  should  consist  of  sixty 


LIN— LOD.  573 

threads  or  yarns,  because,  according  to  the  ancient  sta- 
tutes, no  lodge  was  allowed  to  have  above  sixty  members ; 
but  it  neither  depends  upon  the  quality  of  the  thread,  nor 
the  number  of  the  brethren,  if  the  bond  which  unites  us 
all  is  composed  of  true  brotherly  love. — Gadicke. 

LINEAR  TRIAD.  This  figure,  which  appears  in 
some  old  Royal  Arch  floor-cloths,  bore  a  reference  to  the 
sojourners,  who  represented  the  three  stones  on  which 
prayers  and  thanksgivings  were  offered,  on  the  discovery 
of  the  lost  Word  ;  thereby  affording  an  example,  that  it  is 
our  duty  in  every  undertaking,  to  offer  up  our  prayers  and 
thanksgivings  to  the  God  of  our  salvation. 

LINK.     Refers  to  Genesis  xi. 

LION.  The  lion  was  a  symbol  of  Jeremiah,  because 
of  the  terrible  voice  of  his  threatening  ;  and  of  St.  Mark, 
because  his  gospel  begins  with  the  voice  in  the  wilderness; 
but  principally  of  Christ,  who  is  denominated  the  lion  of 
the  tribe  of  Judah,  and  will  ultimately  subdue  all  things 
to  himself;  "  for  he  must  reign  till  he  hath  put  all  enemies 
under  his  feet." 

LODGE.  As  men  call  the  house  of  God  a  church,  and 
when  religious  services  are  performed  in  it,  say  it  is  church 
hours,  so  also  we  call  the  locality  in  which  a  lodge  assem- 
bles, a  lodge,  and  when  the  brethren  are  assembled  in  it, 
it  is  lodge  hours.  The  form  of  a  lodge  is  an  oblong  square. 
Three  well-informed  brethren  form  a  legal  lodge,  five  im- 
prove it,  and  seven  make  it  perfect.  We  may  also  call  n 
room  in  which  a  lodge  is  held,  a  hall. — Gadicke. 

The  earliest  description  of  a  lodge  that  I  have  met  with, 
explains  it  as  being  "just  and  perfect  by  the  numbers 
three,  five  and  seven."  This  was  subsequently  exempli- 
fied in  the  following  prescribed  form.  "A  lodge  oi 
Masons  is  an  assemblage  of  brothers  and  fellows  met 
together  for  the  purpose  of  expatiating  on  the  mysteries 
of  the  Craft,  with  the  Bible,  square  and  compasses,  the 
Book  of  Constitutions,  and  the  warrant  empowering  them 
to  act."  In  the  formula  used  at  the  present  day,  a  further 
amplification  has  been  adopted.  It  is  here  denominated 
an  assembly  of  Masons,  just,  perfect,  and  regular,  who  art 


574  LOD— LOG. 

met  together  to  expatiate  on  the  mysteries  of  the  Order 
just,  because  it  contains  the  volume  of  the  Sacred  Law 
unfolded ;  perfect,  from  its  numbers,  every  order  of 
Masonry  being  virtually  present  by  its  representatives,  to 
ratify  and  confirm  its  proceedings  ;  and  regular,  from  its 
warrant  of  constitution,  which  implies  the  sanction  of  the 
Grand  Master,  for  the  country  where  the  lodge  is  held. 

LODGES  OF  LEBANON.  Each  of  the  degrees  in 
these  lodges  had  its  distinguishing  signs,  words  and 
tokens,  without  which  confusion  and  disorder  could 
scarcely  have  been  prevented.  The  Apprentices  messed 
by  seven  in  a  company,  and  the  Fellowcrafts  by  five. 
The  Masters  and  Wardens  were  men  of  enlightened 
minds  and  matured  understandings,  well  skilled  in 
geometry  and  the  rules  of  proportion.  They  trained 
their  respective  brethren  and  fellows  to  the  practice  of 
blending  moral  virtue  with  the  pursuits  of  science,  and 
inculcated  charity  or  brotherly  love,  aa  the  distinguishing 
feature  of  their  profession. 

LODGES  OF  TYRE.  In  the  quarries  of  Tyre  were 
two  lodges  of  Super-excellent  Masters,  as  supervisors  of 
the  work,  over  which  Tito  Zadok,  the  high  priest,  pre- 
sided: these  were  the  Harodim.  There  were  also  six 
lodges  of  Excellent  Masters,  eight  Grand  Architects,  and 
sixteen  Architects — men  of  superior  talent,  who  had  been 
selected  for  their  proficiency  in  the  sciences,  and  placed  as 
superintendents  over  the  workmen.  This  was  a  necessary 
provision;  for  thus  they  were  enabled  to  regulate  the 
proceedings  of,  and  to  preserve  order  and  arrangement 
in,  the  several  departments  which  were  assigned  to  them. 
There  were  three  classes  of  Masters  in  thirty-six  lodges, 
called  Menatzchim,  and  seven  hundred  lodges  of  Ghib- 
lim,  or  operative  Fellowcrafts,  under  Hiram  AbifF,  their 
Grand  Master. 

LOGIC.  Consists  of  a  regular  train  of  argument, 
whence  we  infer,  deduce,  and  conclude,  according  to 
certain  premises  laid  down,  admitted,  or  granted;  and 
m  it  are  employed  the  faculties  of  conceiving,  judging, 
reasoning,  and  disposing  which  are  naturally  led  on 


LOV— MAD.  575 

from  one  gradation  to  another,  till  the  point  in  question 
is  finally  determined. — Preston. 

LOVE.  The  universal  charity  of  a  Mason,  is  like 
the  charity  of  the  Mason's  God,  and  his  God  is  the 
God  of  love.  Consider  the  extent  of  the  love  of  God, 
and  that  only,  according  to  his  degree,  is  the  extent 
of  masonic  charity.  In  the  broad  circle  of  his  affections, 
he  encloses  all  mankind  ;  he,  like  the  God  of  love,  looks 
through  station,  clime,  and  colour,  and  with  one  wish 
of  universal  good-will,  he  wishes  well  to  all  mankind. 
With  the  compass  of  his  mind,  he  measures  and  draws 
the  square  of  his  conduct,  and  within  that  square,  having 
honestly  provided  for  his  own  household,  he  forms  his 
little  angles  of  benevolence  and  charity,  to  the  distressed 
of  all  communities. — Inivood. 

LOYALTY.  As  Masons  you  are  required  to  be,  as 
your  ancient  brethren  have  always  been,  true  to  your 
Queen,  and  just  to  your  country ;  to  teach  all  within  the 
sphere  of  your  acquaintance  to  be  loyal ;  to  assist  readily 
in  putting  down  all  disloyalty  or  rebellion;  to  follow 
temperance,  fortitude,  prudence,  and  justice,  in  your 
walk  through  this  life;  to  be  good  husbands,  kind 
parents,  "training  up  your  children  in  the  nurture  and 
admonition  of  the  Lord." — Percy. 

MADE.  This  solemn  ceremony  should  never  in  any 
lodge  be  considered  as  the  most  important  part  of  a 
Freemason's  work  (although  it  is  always  a  thing  of 
importance  to  initiate  a  new  member  into  the  Order.) 
Instruction  and  charity  are  the  chief  works  of  a  Free- 
mason. Initiations  are  only  secondary  to  these.  The 
day  of  his  initiation  must  ever  be  an  important  epoch 
to  a  Freemason,  and  lead  to  a  serious  self-examination. 
The  reflection  that  in  one  evening  he  has  become  closely 
united  with  many  thousands  of  unknown  men,  is  of  itself 
important,  even  if  the  initiated  should  not  be  able  to 
appreciate  the  real  spirit  of  the  Order.  On  his  initiation 
the  candidate  must  place  himself  unreservedly  in  the 
hands  of  the  proper  officer  appointed  to  conduct  him, 
and  submit  himself  to  every  proof  that  is  demanded 
from  him,  and  make  no  objection  to  any  of  the  cere- 


576  MAL— MAIS. 

monies  he  has  to  go  through,  but  answer  every  question 
truly  and  manfully.  When  he  arrives  in  the  assembly 
of  the  brethren  he  is  asked  again,  and  for  the  last  time, 
if  it  is  his  wish  to  be  initiated.  In  the  moment  when 
he  is  about  to  receive  the  first  degree,  every  freedom 
is  permitted  to  him  either  to  go  forward  in  the  ceremony, 
or  return  from  wrhence  he  came ;  for  we  must  admit  that 
to  enter  upon  an  unknown  undertaking  is  a  dangerous 
thing.  He  who  is  in  earnest  will  here  prove  that  he 
holds  it  to  be  unworthy  of  a  man  not  to  complete  any 
undertaking  which  he  has  commenced  after  mature 
deliberation.  If  he  does  so,  the  assembled  brethren 
cheerfully  and  unanimously  pronounce  him  "worthy," 
and  he  is  made  a  partaker  of  the  LIGHT.  The  solemn 
obligation  taken  by  the  candidate,  and  the  sacred  and 
mysterious  manner  in  which  the  sacred  numbers  are 
communicated,  have  always  been  respected  by  every 
faithful  brother. — Gadicke. 

MALLET.  This  is  an  important  instrument  of  labour, 
and  no  work  of  manual  skill  can  be  completed  without 
it.  From  it  we  leam  that  labour  is  the  lot  of  man, 
and  that  skill  without  exertion  is  of  no  avail ;  for  the 
heart  may  conceive,  and  the  head  devise  in  vain,  if  the 
hand  be  not  prompt  to  execute  the  design. 

MAN.  The  man  formed  a  part  of  the  cherubic  sym- 
bol, and  referred  to  the  prophet  Isaiah,  because  of  his 
prophecy  of  Christ  being  a  man,  by  his  birth  of  a  virgin : 
and  to  St.  Matthew,  because  he  gives  Christ's  human 
genealogy.  It  was  the  insignia  of  Reuben,  and  denoted 
reason  and  religion. 

MANNA.  A  Royal  Arch  symbol.  The  manna  is 
called  by  David  "the  bread  of  angels."  Some  Rabbina 
believe  that  it  had  this  name,  because  the  angels  arc 
refreshed  by  divine  light,  "quod  lumen  incorporatum 
est,  et  factum  manna."  The  Rabbi  Ishmael,  however, 
does  not  subscribe  to  this  doctrine,  because  the  angels 
being  immaterial,  do  not  eat  material  food;  and  manna 
being  a  material  substance,  could  not  be  made  out  of 
the  divine  light,  which  is  a  spiritual  substance.  Christian 
divines,  however,  think  that  the  mystical  manna  was 


MAN— MAR.  577 

called   the  bread  of  angels,  because  it  was  a  type  of 
Christ,  whom  the  angels  wished  to  behold. 

MANUAL  MASONS.  The  manual  consists  of  such 
parts  of  business  as  are  performed  by  hand  labour  alone, 
or  by  the  help  of  some  simple  instruments,  the  uses 
whereof  are  not  to  be  learnt  by  any  problems  or  rules 
of  art,  but  by  labour  and  practice  only ;  and  this  is  more 
peculiarly  applicable  to  our  brethren  of  the  first  degree, 
(jailed  Entered  Apprentices. — Dunckerhij. 

MANUAL  SIGN.  This  reminds  us  of  that  deliberate 
and  steady  prudence  which  ought  to  guard  our  actions, 
forbidding  us  to  seal  with  the  sacred  pledge  of  our  right 
hand,  what  the  heart  has  not  sanctioned  with  its  appro- 
bation.— Hemm  ing. 

MANUSCRIPTS.  At  the  revival  in  1717,  Grand 
Master  Payne  had  desired  that  all  old  masonic  records 
might  be  brought  into  the  Grand  Lodge  in  order  to 
discover  the  usages  of  ancient  times ;  and  in  the  year 
1721,  Dr.  Anderson  was  employed  to  prepare  a  Book  ot 
Constitutions.  Between  these  two  periods,  several  very 
valuable  manuscripts  concerning  the  fraternity,  their 
lodges,  regulations,  charges,  secrets,  and  usages,  which 
had  been  deposited  in  private  lodges,  particularly  one 
written  by  Nicholas  Stone,  the  Warden  under  Inigo 
Jones,  were  hastily  burnt  by  some  scrupulous  brothers, 
under  a  jealous  supposition  that  commuting  to  print  any 
thing  relating  to  Masonry,  would  be  injurious  to  the 
interests  of  the  Craft  •  but  surely  such  an  act  offelo  de  se 
sould  not  proceed  from  zeal  according  to  knowledge.— 
Noorthoiich. 

MARK  OF  CAIN.  Some  say  he  was  paralytic  ;  th.'a 
seems  to  have  arisen  from  the  version  of  the  Septuagint 
"  groaning  and  trembling  shalt  thou  be."  The  Targum 
of  Jonathan  ben  Uzziel  says,  the  sign  was  from  the  great 
and  precious  Name,  probably  one  of  the  letters  of  the 
name  Yehovah.  The  author  of  an  Arabic  catena  in  the 
Bodleian  Library  says,  "  A  sword  could  not  pierce  him, 
fire  could  not  burn  him,  water  could  not  drown  him.  and 
air  could  not  blast  him ;  nor  could  thunder  or  lightning 


MAR— MAS. 

strike  hiir..  The  author  of  Bereshith  Rabba,  a  comment 
on  Genesis,  says  the  mark  was  a  circle  of  the  sun  rising 
upon  him.  Abravanel  says  the  sign  was  Abel's  dog, 
which  constantly  accompanied  him.  Some  of  the  doctors 
in  the  Talmud  say,  that  it  was  the  letter  P  thau  marked 
on  his  forehead,  which  signified  his  condition,  as  it  is  the 
first  letter  in  the  word  navrn  teshubah,  repentance.  Rabbi 
Joseph,  wiser  than  all  the  rest,  says  it  was  a  long  horn 
growing  out  of  his  forehead  ! — Adam  Clarke. 

MARK  MASONS.  The  degree  of  Mark-Master  Masor 
may  be  considered  as  appendant  to  that  of  Fellow  Craft 
although  entirely  distinct  and  different  from  it.  The 
order  and  harmony  which  this  degree  communicated  to 
the  builders  of  the  temple  at  Jerusalem,  are  incalculable  ; 
and,  indeed,  without  it,  so  many  workmen  of  different 
nations  would  have  been  in  continual  confusion.  Not 
only  was  each  workman  thereby  known  to  the  Senior 
Grand  Warden,  but  every  part  of  the  workmanship,  for 
that  stupendous  structure,  was  subjected  to  the  nicest 
scrutiny — while  every  faithful  labourer  received  with 
punctuality  the  rewards  of  industry  and  skill.  But  it  has 
a  speculative  allusion  infinitely  interesting  to  every 
accountable  being.  It  typifies  the  trial  of  the  great  day, 
when  every  man's  work  will  be  proved,  whether  it  be 
good  or  bad.  That  which  is  imperfect  will  be  cast  out, 
as  unfit  for  the  new  Jerusalem,  into  which  "  nothing  can 
enter  that  worketh  abomination  or  maketh  a  lie." 

MASON.  A  Mason  is  a  man  whose  conduct  should 
be  squared  by  strict  rectitude  and  justice  towards  hia 
fel  low-creatures ;  his  demeanour  should  be  marked  by 
the  level  of  courtesy  and  kindness ;  while  uprightness  oi 
heart  and  integrity  of  action,  symbolized  by  the  plumb, 
should  be  his  distinguishing  characteristic ;  and  thus 
guided  by  the  moveable  jewels  of  Masonry,  he  may  de- 
scend the  vale  of  life  with  joy,  in  the  hope  of  being 
accepted  by  the  Most  High,  as  a  successful  candidate  for 
admission  into  the  Grand  Lodge  above. 

MASON  MARKS.  Those  brethren  who  have  beeu 
initiated  into  the  degrees  of  Mark-Man  and  Mark-Master, 
perfectly  well  understand,  that  the  mark  which  was 


MAS.  579 

conferred  upon  the  ancient  craftsman  was  not  arbitrary, 
but  selected  from  a  defined  and  well-understood  series — 
that  the  craftsman  was  not  entitled  to  use  any  mark 
until  his  fitness  had  been  tried,  and  he  had  proved  him- 
self well  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  plumb,  the  level,  and 
the  square.  That  the  distinction  of  the  mark  was  con- 
ferred with  peculiar  solemnities  ;  and  that  the  subsequent 
obligation  to  use  the  particular  mark  so  conferred,  and  to 
affix  it  to  every  "  perfect  ashlar,"  was  riot  discretionary, 
but  imperative.  A  knowledge  of  these  facts,  combined 
with  a  careful  examination  of  the  ancient  marks,  will,  no 
doubt,  throw  much  additional  light  upon  the  history  01 
ecclesiastical  architecture,  as  well  as  prove  the  firmer 
connection,  and  show  the  union  existing  in  past  ages, 
between  practical  architecture  arid  symbolical  or  spiritual 
Masonry. — Pryer. 

MASON'S  WIND.  At  the  building  of  King  Solomon's 
Temple,  a  Mason's  wind  was  said  to  blow  favourably 
when  it  was  due  east  and  west,  because  it  was  calculated 
to  cool  and  refresh  the  men  at  labour. 

MASONIC  HALL.  A  masonic  hall  should  be  iso- 
lated, and,  if  possible,  surrounded  with  lofty  walls,  so  as 
to  be  included  in  a  court,  and  apart  from  any  other 
buildings,  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  being  overlooked 
by  cowans  or  eavesdroppers ;  for  Freemasonry  being  a 
secret  society,  the  curiosity  of  mankind  is  ever  on  the 
alert  to  pry  into  its  mysteries,  and  to  obtain  by  illi-cit 
means,  that  knowledge  which  is  freely  communicated  to 
all  worthy  applicants.  As,  however,  such  a  situation  in 
large  towns,  where  Masonry  is  usually  practised,  car: 
seldom  be  obtained  with  convenience  to  the  brethren, 
the  lodge  should  be  formed  in  an  upper  story ;  and  if 
there  be  any  contiguous  buildings,  the  windows  should 
be  either  in  the  roof,  or  very  high  from  the  floor. 

MASONIC  YEAR.  Freemasons  date  their  year  accord 
ing  to  Mosaic  chronology,  or  from  the  creation  of  the 
world,  thus  four  thousand  years  more  than  the  common 
calendar  shows.  The  masonic  year  does  not  commence 
on  the  1st  January,  but  on  the  24th  June.  But  this  way 
of  reckoning  is  only  usual  in  the  writings  of  the  Order 


580  MAS. 

MASONRY.  It  is  useless  to  profess  a  knowledge  of 
Freemasonry,  if  we  do  not  frame  our  lives  according  to 
it.  It  is  not  enough  to  be  acquainted  with  its  doctrines 
and  precepts,  if  we  fail  to  reduce  them  to  practice.  In 
such  a  case,  our  knowledge  will  rather  tend  to  our  dis- 
honour in  this  world,  and  will  certainly  be  an  additional 
article  of  accusation  against  us  in  the  next.  It  would  be 
very  unreasonable  to  doubt  the  beneficial  effects  of  our 
masonic  precepts ;  but  to  admit  them  to  be  true,  and  yet 
act  as  if  they  were  false,  would  be  unwise  in  the  highest 
degree.  I  will  not,  however,  do  my  brethren  the  injustice 
to  believe  that  many  of  them  are  capable  of  such  a  per- 
version of  reason.  And  it  is  my  firm  persuasion,  that 
they  who  practise  the  duties  which  Freemasonry  teaches, 
in  conjunction  with  the  faith  propounded  in  their  reli- 
gion, will  inherit  that  eternal  city  of  God,  where  they 
will  be  associated  with  a  holy  and  happy  fraternity  of 
saints  and  angels,  and  enjoy  the  sweet  communings  of 
brotherly  love  for  ever  and  ever. 

MASTER  OF  THE  CEREMONIES.  He  must  be 
the  first  at  every  assembly  of  the  brethren,  to  see  that  all 
preparations  are  made  that  are  necessary  for  holding  a 
lodge,  and  then  invite  the  brethren  to  enter.  He  intro- 
luces  the  visiting  brethren,  and  shows  them  their  places. 
He  must  enter  into  conversation  with  every  stranger 
who  comes  into  the  ante-chamber,  to  discover  if  he  is  a 
brother.  In  the  lodge  he  must  pay  attention,  and  see 
that  everything  necessary  for  the  due  solemnity  is  pre- 
pared before  the  lodge  is  opened,  and  that  nothing  may 
disturb  that  solemnity  while  it  is  open.  His  seat  is  so 
placed,  that  the  W.  M.  has  him  in  full  view,  and  he  can 
leave  it  as  often  as  he  thinks  necessary  without  asking 
leave  of  the  W.  M.  He  has  the  same  charge  at  the  ban- 
quet, a.id  -  the  serving  brethren  are  generally  under  his 
direction.  Visitors  apply  to  him  first;  and  it  is  therefore 
necessary  to  fill  this  office  with  an  experienced  Mason, 
and,  if  it  be  practicable,  with  one  who  speaks  different 
foreign  languages. — Gadicke. 

MASTER  OF  A  LODGE.  All  preferment  among 
Masons  should  be  grounded  upon  real  wr  rth  and  personal 
merit  only,  therefore  no  brother  shall  be  elected  Master 


MAT— MEE.  581 

of  a  lodge,  or  appointed  to  any  office  therein,  merely  on 
account  of  seniority  or  rank.  The  Master,  who  must 
have  previously  been  appointed  and  served  as  a  Warden 
of  some  warranted  lodge,  shall  be  annually  elected  by 
ballot;  and  at  the  next  lodge,  when  the  minutes  are 
confirmed,  he  shall  be  installed  in  the  chair  according  to 
ancient  usage;  he  shall  then  appoint  his  Wardens  and  all 
other  officers  of  the  lodge,  except  the  Treasurer  and  Tyler 
— Constitutions. 

MATERIAL  LIGHT.  Light  is  one  of  the  most 
astonishing  productions  of  the  creative  skill  and  power 
of  God.  It  is  the  grand  medium  by  which  all  his  other 
works  are  discovered,  examined,  and  understood,  so  far  as 
they  can  be  known.  Its  immense  diffusion  and  extreme 
velocity  are  alone  sufficient  to  demonstrate  the  being  and 
wisdom  of  God.  Light  has  been  proved  by  many  experi- 
ments to  travel  at  the  astonishing  rate  of  194,188  miles 
in  one  second  of  time !  and  comes  from  the  sun  to  the  earth 
in  eight  minutes  lift!  seconds,  a  distance  of  95,513,794 
English  miles. — Adam  Clarke. 

MATURE  AGE.  The  Order  of  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons  should  consist  solely  of  men  of  mature  age,  and  it 
is  in  accordance  with  this  rule  that  young  men  and  boys 
are  denied  admittance;.  In  the  ancient  charges  of  the 
English  Constitution  Book,  under  date  29th  December, 
1729,  it  is  laid  down  as  a  rule  that  no  person  shall  be 
initiated  under  twenty-five  years  of  age.  The  lodges  of 
other  countries  initiate  at  an  earlier  period,  and  the  son 
of  a  Freemason,  called  Lewis,  is  allowed  to  be  initiated 
much  earlier. 

MEET  ON  THE  LEVEL.  The  level  is  an  emblem 
cf  equality,  because  with  God  there  is  no  respect  of 
persons,  and  in  his  sight  all  men  are  equal,  liable  to  the 
same  infirmities,  redeemed  by  the  same  Saviour,  subject 
to  the  same  death  and  judgment.  This  is  the  sense  in 
which  Masons  understand  the  quality  of  members  in  tyled 
lodges  They  know  nothing  of  that  levelling  equality 
which  is  the  idol  of  the  revolutionists  of  this  world ;  they 
are  taught  by  their  Constitutions  to  be  "peaceable  sub- 
jects, and  obedient  to  the  civil  powers,"  and  are  enemies 
49 


582  MEE— HER. 

to  that  confusion  and  anarchy  which  is  destructive  of 
social  happiness.  Hence  the  level  distinguishes  the  Senior 
Warden  to  remind  him  that  while  he  presides  over  the 
labours  of  the  lodge  by  command  of  the  W.  M.,  as  the 
Junior  Warden  does  over  its  refreshments,  it  is  his  duty 
to  see  that  every  brother  meets  upon  the  level,  and  that 
the  principle  of  equality  is  preserved  during  the  work, 
without  which  harmony,  the  chief  support  of  our  insti- 
tution, could  not  be  maintained  in  its  purity  and  use- 
fulness. 

MEETINGS.  Our  meetings,  when  conducted  accord- 
ing to  the  true  spirit  of  the  Order,  are  characterised  by 
an  emulation  to  excel  in  wisdom,  and  the  knowledge  of 
practical  virtue;  and  that  the  instruction  incessantly 
poured  from  the  Master's  chair  is  derived  from  an  ample 
and  exhaustless  mine,  stored  with  the  richest  gems  of 
morality  and  religion,  to  reform  the  manners,  and  culti- 
vate genial  propensities  in  the  mind. 

MEMBERSHIP.  A  Mason  may  withdraw  from  his 
lodge,  but  the  membership  remains  inviolable.  The  true 
Mason  considers,  as  one  of  his  most  sacred  duties,  the 
exact  fulfilment  of  the  engagements  which  bind  him  to 
his  rite,  the  lodge  from  whence  he  first  received  the  light 
and  the  masonic  body  from  which  he  received  his  powers. 
He  cannot  be  relieved  from  his  obligations,  except  by 
the  masonic  power  with  which  he  made  his  engagements, 
and  according  to  the  masonic  laws  which  he  has  sworn 
to  observe  and  respect.  Every  attempt  which  may  have 
for  its  object  to  compel  a  Mason,  either  by  persecution 
or  violence,  to  quit  a  rite  to  which  he  belongs,  is  contrary 
to  the  spirit  and  laws  of  Masonry. 

MENATZCHIM.  Overseers  and  comforters  of  the 
people  in  working,  who  were  expert  Master  Masons. 

MENTAL.  The  mental  qualifications  of  a  candidate 
embrace  sanity  of  mind,  a  capability  of  understanding  the 
obligations  and  instructions  of  the  Order,  that  he  may  be 
prepared  to  perform  its  duties. 

MERCY.     A  virtue  which  inspires  us  with  a  com 


MER— MET.  585 

passion  for  others,  and  inclines  us  to  assist  them  in  theii 
necessities.  It  is  one  of  the  noblest  attributes  of  the 
Deity,  speaking  after  the  manner  of  men,  and  explaining 
what,  by  supposition,  may  pass  in  the  mind  of  God,  by 
what  passes  in  the  human  mind.  The  object  of  mercy  is 
misery;  so  God  pities  human  miseries,  and  forbears  to 
chastise  severely;  so  man  pities  the  misery  of  a  fellow 
man,  and  assists  to  diminish  it. — Calmet. 

MERIDIAN.  The  sun  being  a  fixed  body,  the  earth 
constantly  revolving  round  it  on  its  own  axis,  it  necessa- 
rily follows  that  the  sun  is  always  at  its  meridian ;  and 
Freemasonry  being  universally  spread  over  its  surface,  it 
follows,  as  a  second  consequence,  that  the  sun  is  always 
at  its  meridian  with  respect  to  Freemasonry. 

MERIT.  At  the  building  of  King  Solomon's  temple, 
merit  alone  entitled  to  preferment ;  an  indisputable  in- 
stance of  which  we  have  in  the  Deputy  Grand  Master  of 
that  great  undertaking,  who,  without  either  wealth  or 
power — without  any  other  distinction  than  that  of  being 
the  widow's  son — was  appointed  by  the  Grand  Master, 
and  approved  by  the  people,  for  this  single  reason, 
because  he  was  a  skilful  artificer. — Wkitmash. 

MESOURANEO.  The  point  within  the  circle  was 
an  universal  emblem  to  denote  the  temple  of  the  Deity, 
and  referred  to  the  planetary  circle,  in  the  centre  of 
which  was  fixed  the  sun,  as  the  universal  God  and  father 
of  nature ;  for  the  whole  circle  of  heaven  was  called  God. 
Pythagoras  esteemed  the  central  fire  the  supernal  man- 
sion of  Jove  ;  and  he  called  it  Mtaov^avso,  because  the 
most  excellent  body  ought  to  have  the  most  excellent 
olace,  i.  e.  the  centre. 

METAL.  Many  men  dote  on  the  metals  silver  and 
gold  with  their  whole  souls,  and  know  no  other  standard 
whereby  to  estimate  their  own  worth,  or  the  worth  01 
their  fellow-beings,  but  by  the  quantity  of  these  metals 
they  possess,  thereby  debasing  and  degrading  those  quali- 
ties of  the  mind  or  spirit  by  which  alone  mankind  ought 
to  be  estimated.  He  who  wishes  to  be  initiated  into 
Freemasonry  must  be  willing  to  relinquish  all  descrip- 


5S4  MET— MID. 

tions  of  metal,  and  all  the  adventitious  circumstances  o( 
rank  and  fortune,  for  it  is  the  MAN  that  is  received  into 
Freemasonry,  and  not  his  rank  or  riches. — Gadicke. 

METAL  TOOLS.  At  the  building  of  King  Solo- 
mon's Temple  there  was  not  heard  the  sound  of  axe, 
hammer,  or  any  other  tool  of  brass  or  iron,  to  disturb 
the  peaceful  sanctity  of  that  holy  place.  The  stones 
were  hewn  in  the  quarry,  there  carved,  marked,  and 
numbered.  The  timber  was  felled  and  prepared  in  the 
forest  of  Lebanon,  and  conveyed  by  floats  from  Tyre  to 
Joppa  ;  the  metals  were  fused  and  cast  on  the  plains  of 
Zeredathah ;  after  which  the  whole  was  conveyed  to 
Jerusalem,  and  there  set  up  by  means  of  mauls,  and 
other  instruments  prepared  for  that  purpose. 

MIDDLE  CHAMBER.  The  Temple  of  Solomon 
etood  on  Mount  Moriah,  and  occupied  the  site  of  the 
present  mosqr.e  of  Omar,  beneath  the  dome  of  which  is 
a  remarkable  rock,  fifteen  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sur- 
rounding platform,  evidently  left  by  design  for  a  peculiar 
purpose,  and  well  answering  to  the  account  in  1  Kings 
vi.,  where  it  is  stated  that  "  the  door  for  the  middle 
chamber  was  in  the  right  side  of  the  house,  and  they 
went  up  with  winding  stairs  into  the  middle  chamber, 
and  out  of  the  middle  into  the  third ;"  thus  establishing 
the  fact  that  the  Holy  of  Holies  was  on  an  elevated 
spot,  to  which,  and  to  nothing  else,  can  this  remarkable 
rock  be  referred  with  the  shadow  of  a  reason. 

MID-DAY.  As  often  as  the  Freemason  commences 
his  work,  it  is  noon  or  mid-day,  or  that  time  in  which 
the  sun  has  attained  its  greatest  altitude ;  for  the  earth 
being  round,  the  sun  is  always  on  the  meridian  some- 
where. The  Freemason  has  the  most  enlightened  and 
useful  works  to  do ;  and  when  high  noon  is  passed,  he 
must  be  able  to  give  the  most  satisfactoiy  proofs  ol 
the  utility  of  his  labour. 

MIDNIGHT.  It  is  only  when  midnight  draws  near 
that  a  freemason  thinks  of  concluding  his  labour ;  in  fact, 
Lis  activity  and  industry  should  penetrate  unto  high 
midnight,  or  low  twelve. 


MIDDLE   CHAMBER. 


MIL— MIS.  587 

MILITARY  LODGES.  No  warrant  shall  be  granted 
for  the  establishment  of  a  military  lodge  without  the 
consent  of  the  commanding  officer  of  the  regiment,  bat- 
talion, or  company,  to  which  it  is  to  be  attached,  being 
first  obtained.  No  military  lodge  shall,  on  any  pretence, 
initiate  into  Masonry  any  inhabitant  or  sojourner  in  any 
town  or  place  at  which  its  members  may  be  stationed,  o. 
through  which  they  may  be  marching,  nor  any  persor 
who  does  not  at  the  time  belong  to  the  military  pro- 
fession, nor  any  military  person  below  the  rank  of  a 
corporal,  except  as  serving  brethren,  or  by  dispensation 
from  the  Grand  Master,  or  some  provincial  Grand  Master. 
— Constitutions. 

MINERVA.  Freemasons  use  the  statue  of  Minerva, 
or  open  temples  with  her  statue  therein,  as  symbols  of 
wisdom.  Mythology  teaches  us  that  Jupiter  opened  his 
scull  to  bear  Minerva,  for  this  reason — she  is  the  symbol 
of  all  thoughts  that  are  formed  in  the  head,  and  the 
protectress  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  She  is  generally 
represented  as  a  young  female  in  Grecian  costume,  and 
has  an  owl  or  a  cock  by  her  side,  as  a  symbol  of  useful 
study  and  watchfulness. 

MINUTE  BOOK.  Every  lodge  shall  have  its  by-laws 
fairly  written,  and  shall  also  keep  a  book  or  books  in 
which  the  Master,  or  some  brother  appointed  by  him  as 
secretary,  shall  enter  the  names  of  its  members,  and  of 
all  persons  initiated  or  admitted  therein,  with  the  dates 
of  their  proposal,  admission,  or  initiation,  passing,  and 
raising ;  and  also  their  ages,  as  nearly  as  possible,  at  that 
time,  and  their  titles,  professions,  or  trades,  togethc. 
with  such  transactions  of  the  lodge  as  are  proper  to  be 
written. — Constitutions. 

MISCONDUCT.  If  any  brother  behave  in  such  a 
way  as  to  disturb  the  harmony  of  the  lodge,  he  shall  be 
thrice  formally  admonished  by  the  Master,  and  if  he 
persist  in  his  irregular  conduct,  he  shall  be  punished 
according  to  the  by-laws  of  that  particular  lodge,  or 
the  case  may  be  reported  to  higher  masonic  authority. — 
Constitutions. 


588  HOC— MOM. 

MOCK  MASONS.  In  the  year  1747  some  unfaithful 
brethren,  disappointed  in  their  expectations  of  the  high 
offices  and  honours  of  the  society,  joined  a  number  of 
the  buffoons  of  the  day,  in  a  scheme  to  exhibit  a  mockery 
of  the  public  procession  to  the  grand  feast.  This,  as 
may  well  be  supposed,  furnished  mirth  to  the  gaping 
crowd,  and  disgust  to  the  society,  who,  wisely  recollect- 
ng  themselves,  determined  in  future  to  confine  their 
operations  within  the  limits  of  their  own  assembly. 
They  were  called  Mock  Masons. — Noorthouck. 

MODEL.  The  Temple  of  Solomon  was  erected  ac- 
cording to  the  model  presented  by  God  to  King  David, 
who  nevertheless  was  not  permitted  to  build  this  sacred 
temple  himself,  because  his  hands  had  been  stained  with 
blood. 

MODERATION.  Towards  the  well-governing  of  a 
lodge  of  Masons,  I  would  recommend  moderation  in  the 
superior  officers  aud  subordination  in  the  brethren  ;  for 
without  mutual  good  will,  equanimity  of  temper,  arid 
reciprocal  forbearance,  the  superstructure  will  crumble 
to  decay,  and  the  lodge,  sooner  or  later,  be  inevitably 
dissolved. 

MONAD.  The  monad  is  the  principle  of  all  things. 
From  the  monad  came  the  indeterminate  duad,  as  mat- 
ter subjected  to  the  cause  monad ;  from  the  monad  and 
the  indeterminate  duad,  numbers  ;  from  numbers,  points  ; 
from  points,  lines ;  from  lines,  superficies ;  from  super- 
ficies, solids ;  from  these  solid  bodies,  whose  elements 
are  four,  fire,  water,  air,  earth ;  of  all  which,  trans- 
mutated  and  totally  changed,  the  world  consists. — 
Stanley. 

MONITORIAL.  The  monitorial  sign  reminds  us  of 
the  weakness  of  human  nature,  unable  of  itself  to  resist 
the  power  of  Darkness,  unless  aided  by  that  Light,  which 
is  from  above,  and  we  thus  acknowledge  our  own  frailty, 
and  that  we  can  do  no  good  acceptable  service  but 
through  Him  from  whom  all  good  and  just  counsel  doth 
proceed,  arid  under  whose  divine  and  special  favour  we 
cai>  neve--  be  found  unprofitable  servants  in  His  sight. 


MOO— MOR.  589 

MOON.  The  moon  is  the  second  lesser  light  in  Free- 
masonry, moveable,  not  fixed,  and  receiving  her  light 
from  the  sun.  Changing  Wardens  lead  and  assist  us» 
and  the  moon  lights  the  wanderer  on  his  way  by  night, 
but  clouds  may  intercept  the  light  of  the  moon  ;  for  this 
reason  we  must  not  depend  upon  her,  but  choose  our 
road  by  a  great  and  fixed  light. — Gadicke. 

MORAL  ARCHITECTS.  As  moral  architects  we 
build  temples  for  every  virtue  ;  prisons  and  dungeons  for 
vice,  indecency,  and  immorality.  We  are  disposed  to 
every  humane  and  friendly  office ;  ever  ready  to  pour  oil 
and  wine  into  the  wounds  of  our  distressed  brethren,  and 
gently  bind  them  up,  (it  is  one  of  the  principal  ends  of 
our  institution,)  so  that  when  those  who  speak  evil  or 
lightly  of  us  shall  behold  our  conduct,  and  see  by  our 
means  the  hungry  fed,  the  naked  clothed,  the  sick  sus- 
tained and  cherished — shall  see  our  light  so  usefully 
shine — their  evil-speaking  may  be  silenced,  their  fool- 
ish prejudices  removed,  and  they  may  be  convinced  that 
Masonry  is  an  useful  and  a  venerable  structure,  supported 
by  the  great  and  everlasting  pillars  of  Wisdom,  Strength, 
and  Beauty. — Codrington. 

MORAL  DUTIES.  The  science  of  Freemasonry  em- 
braces every  branch  of  moral  duty,  whether  it  be  applied 
to  God,  our  neighbour,  or  ourselves.  This  peculiarity  in 
the  system  is  expressly  inculcated  on  every  member  of 
the  Order  at  his  first  admission  into  a  lodge  ;  so  anxi- 
ously has  Freemasonry  provided  against  any  mistake  as 
to  its  peculiar  tenets.  No  brother  can  be  ignorant  of  the 
great  points  of  masonic  duty,  although  he  may  be  unac- 
quainted with  the  minuter  details.  The  traditions  and 
peculiar  doctrines  which  are  included  in  the  more 
abstruse  portions  of  the  lectures  may  have  remained 
unexplored ;  but  of  its  moral  and  religious  tendencv 
he  cannot  be  uninformed. 

MORAL  LAW.  A  Mason  is  obliged  by  his  tenure  to 
obey  the  moral  law ;  and  if  he  rightly  understand  the 
art,  he  will  never  be  a  stupid  atheist  nor  an  irreligious 
libertine.  He  of  all  men  should  best  know  that  God 
not  as  man  seeth ;  for  man  looketh  at  the  outward 


590  MOR. 

appearance,  but  God  looketh  to  the  heart.  A  Mason  is 
therefore  particularly  bound  never  to  act  against  the  dic- 
tates of  his  conscience.  Let  a  man's  religion  or  mode  of 
worship  be  what  it  may,  he  is  not  excluded  from  the 
Order,  provided  he  believe  in  the  glorious  Architect  of 
heaven  and  earth,  and  practise  the  sacred  duties  of  mo- 
rality.— Ancient  Charges. 

MORAL  QUALIFICATIONS.  The  moral  qualifica- 
tions of  a  candidate  are,  that  he  shall  neither  be  an 
atheist,  an  infidel,  nor  an  irreligious  libertine ;  that  he 
must  practise  the  four  cardinal  and  the  three  theologi- 
cal virtues ;  he  must  be  an  humble  believer  in  the  wis- 
dom, power,  and  goodness  of  God,  because  this  consti- 
tutes the  religious  creed  of  Freemasonry,  and  acts  as  a 
check  upon  vice,  and  a  stimulus  to  virtue. 

MORAL  .PHILOSOPHY.  The  moral  philosophy  of 
the  Order  refers  to  Him  whose  injunctions  to  his  crea- 
tures are  peculiarly  applicable  to  the  performance  of 
Christian  duty.  It  teaches  that  we  owe  a  duty  to  God, 
which  includes  reverence  for  his  name  and  attributes, 
veneration  for  his  sacred  character,  and  obedience  to  his 
just  commands.  It  speaks  of  a  duty  to  our  neighbour; 
with  whom  we  are  directed  to  act  on  the  square  in  all 
the  transactions  of  life.  It  inculcates  a  duty  to  ourselves. 
We  are  expected  to  cultivate  self-knowledge  and  self- 
respect.  For  this  purpose,  an  attention  to  the  four 
cardinal  virtues  is  recommended,  as  well  as  the  practice 
of  every  moral  and  social  duty.  Prudence  should  direct 
us ;  Temperance  should  chasten  us ;  Fortitude  support 
us;  and  Justice  be  the  guide  of  all  our  actions.  And  in 
the  course  prescribed  for  the  regulation  of  our  conduct, 
we  are  directed  to  maintain  in  their  fullest  splendour 
those  truly  masonic  ornaments, — Benevolence  and  Cha- 
rity ;  and  to  imprint  indelibly  on  our  minds  the  sacred 
dictates  of  Truth,  Honour,  and  Virtue. 

MORALITY.  The  morality  of  Masonry  requires  us 
to  deal  justly  with  others;  not  to  defraud,  cheat,  or 
wrong  them  of  their  just  dues  or  rights.  But  it  goes 
further ;  regarding  all  as  the  children  of  one  great 
Father,  it  considers  man  as  bound  by  piety,  masonic  mo- 


MOR— MOS.  591 

rality,  and  fraterna  bonds,  to  minister  to  the  wants  of 
the  destitute  and  afflicted ;  and  that  we  may  be  enabled 
to  fulfil  this  high  behest  of  humanity,  it  strictly  enjoins 
industry  and  frugality,  that  so  our  hands  may  ever  be 
filled  with  the  means  of  exercising  that  charity  to  which 
our  hearts  should  ever  dispose  us. — Henkle. 

MORIAH.  The  name  of  the  whole  mountain,  on  th< 
several  hills  and  hollows  of  which  the  city  of  Jeiusalem 
stood,  was  called  Moriah,  or  Vision;  because  it  was  high 
land,  and  could  be  seen  afar  off,  especially  from  the  south; 
but  afterwards  that  name  was  appropriated  to  the  most 
elevated  part  on  which  the  Temple  was  erected,  and 
where  Jehovah  appeared  to  David.  This  mountain  is  a 
rocky  limestone  hill,  steep  of  ascent  on  every  side,  except 
the  north,  and  is  surrounded  on  the  other  sides  by  a 
group  of  hills,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  which 
situation  rendered  it  secure  from  the  earthquakes  that 
appear  to  have  been  frequent  in  the  Holy  Land,  and  have 
furnished  the  prophets  with  many  elegant  allusions. — 
Home. 

MORTALITY.  Let  the  emblems  of  mortality  which 
lie  before  you  lead  you  to  contemplate  your  inevitable 
destiny,  and  guide  your  reflection  to  that  most  interest- 
ing of  human  study — the  knowledge  of  yourself.  Be 
careful  to  perform  your  allotted  task  while  it  is  yet  day ; 
continue  to  listen  to  the  voice  of  nature,  which  bears 
witness  that  even  in  this  perishable  frame  resides  a  vital 
and  immortal  principle,  which  inspires  a  holy  confidence 
that  the  Lord  of  Life  will  enable  us  to  trample  the  King 
of  Terrors  beneath  our  feet,  and  lift  our  eyes  to  the  bright 
Morning  Star,  whose  rising  brings  peace  and  salvation 
to  the  faithful  and  obedient  of  the  human  race. 

MOSAIC  PAVEMENT.  The  mosaic  pavement  was 
found  before  the  porch  of  King  Solomon's  Temple.  For- 
tunate are  they  who  can  draw  near  unto  it,  as  also  unto 
the  porch. — Gadicke. 

MOSES.  Moses  was  learned  in  all  the  wisdom  of  the 
Egyptians;  he  was  initiated  in  all  the  knowledge  of  the 
wise  men  of  that  nation,  by  whom  the  learnir.g  of  anti- 


592  MOT. 

quity  had  been  retained  and  held  sacred ;  wrapped  up  from 
the  eye  of  the  wicked  and  vulgar  in  symbols  and  hiero- 
glyphics, and  communicated  to  men  of  their  own  order 
only,  with  care,  secrecy,  and  circumspection.  This 
secrecy  is  not  in  any  wise  to  be  wondered  at,  when  we 
consider  the  persecution  which  would  have  followed  a 
faith  unacceptable  to.  the  ignorance  of  the  nations  who 
were  enveloped  in  superstition  and  bigotry.  Moses  purged 
divine  worship  of  its  mysteries  and  images,  and  taught 
the  Jews  the  knowledge  of  the  God  of  the  Universe, 
unpolluted  with  the  errors  of  the  nations  of  the  earth,  and 
uncorrupted  with  the  devices  and  ludicrous  ceremonies 
instituted  by  the  people  of  the  east,  from  whom  he 
derived  his  first  knowledge  of  the  Divinity. — Hutchinson. 

MOTIONS.  Let  the  Master  of  a  lodge  discourage,  on 
all  occasions,  that  itching  propensity  which  incites  a 
brother  to  make  motions  on  indifferent  or  trifling  sub- 
jects. Any  motion,  on  which  the  lodge  is  divided,  must 
be  to  a  certain  extent  injurious,  amongst  so  many  various 
habits,  views,  and  propensities,  as  usually  constitute  a 
lodge  of  Masons. 

MOTIVE  OK  REASON.  He  who  wishes  to  enter 
into  the  Order  of  Freemasonry,  should  first  be  able  to 
render  unto  himself  a  good  and  satisfactory  account  why 
he  wishes  to  take  that  step.  This  is  not  easy.  A  man 
who  is  not  a  Freemason,  can  only  know  the  Order  by 
hearsay,  or  by  reading  masonic  books,  and  it  is  rather  a 
dangerous  undertaking  to  join  a  society,  with  which  a 
person  is  totally  unacquainted.  It  is  quite  different  to 
joining  any  other  select  society,  who  publish  their  rules 
and  regulations,  and  the  names  of  all  their  members,  and 
by  those  means  invite  others  to  join  their  society.  Free 
masons  on  the  contrary,  try  to  persuade  no  one  to  join 
their  society,  do  not  publish  their  rules  or  regulations, 
and  the  names  of  the  members  are  very  rarely  known, 
and  what  is  more,  the  candidate  must  submit  himself  to 
rules  and  regulations,  the  purport  of  which  are  entirely  un- 
known unto  him  ;  it  is  true,  that  there  is  nothing  in  those 
rules  contrary  to  the  laws  of  God,  or  to  his  duty  to  his 
king  and  country,  as  a  good  citizen  (if  the  state ;  but  he 
who  is  not  a  Freemason,  cannot  have  any  clear  idea  of 


MOU— MUS.  593 

what  those  duties  are.  What  then  are  the  motives  suffi- 
ciently string  to  induce  a  free  man  to  ofier  himself  as  a 
candidate  for  admission  into  a  comparatively  unknowc 
society.  Those  parties  act  the  most  prudently,  who  ad- 
mit that  they  wish  to  join  the  Order,  because  as  a  useful 
and  innocent  society,  it  has  enjoyed  the  protection  of  tht 
state  for  such  a  number  of  years,  because  so  many  pru 
dent  men  are  members  of  the  Order,  and  because,  ii 
general,  the  members  distinguish  themselves  by  the  pro 
priety  of  their  manners,  the  uprightness  of  their  busines 
transactions,  and  the  correctness  of  their  moral  conduct 
— Gadickc. 

MOUNT  OF  GOD.     The  ascent  to  the  summit  of  the 
paradisiacal  mount  of  God,  by  means  of  a  pyramid  consist- 
ing of  seven  steps,  was  an  old  notion,  certainly  enter- 
tained before  the  vision  of  Jacob,  for  it  prevailed  amongsr 
the  Mexican  savages ;  and  the  original  settlers  on  th« 
vast  continent  of  America  could  have  no  knowledge  o^ 
this  vision,  either  by  tradition  or  personal  experience 
The  Jewish  Cabaiists  entertained  a  belief  that  the  para- 
disiacal mount  was  the  place  of  residence  chosen  by  the 
children  of  Seth,  while  the  contaminated  descendants  ot 
Cain  resided  in  the  plains  below ;  and  its  altitude  was 
said  to  be  so  great,  that  from  its  summit  might  be  heard 
the   angels   of  heaven,  singing  their  celestial    anthems 
before  the  throne  of  God ! 

MOVEABLE  JEWELS.  The  compasses,  square, 
level  and  plumb,  are  called  the  moveable  jewels,  because 
they  distinguish  the  officers  of  a  lodge,  and  are  transfer- 
able to  their  successors.  They  were  formerly  suspended 
from  narrow  white  ribbons,  which  were  succeeded  by 
blue  of  the  same  width;  but  the  regulation  now  is,  "the 
collars  to  be  made  of  light  blue  ribbon  four  inches  broad; 
if  silver  chain  be  used,  it  must  be  placed  ever  the  light 
blue  ribbon." 

MUSIC.  Music  teaches  the  art  of  forming  concords, 
so  as  to  compose  delightful  harmony,  by  a  proportional 
arrangement  of  acute,  grave,  and  mixed  sounds.  This 
art,  by  a  series  of  experiments,  is  reduced  to  a  science, 
with  respect  to  tones,  and  the  intervals  of  sound  oulv 
50 


594  MUS— MYS. 

It  inquires  into  the  nature  of  concords  and  discords,  and 
enables  us  to  find  out  the  proportion  between  them  by 
numbers. — Preston. 

MUSICAL  BRETHREN.  No  lodge  is  willingly  held 
without  songs  and  music,  or  a  piano  at  least.  If  there 
are  many  brethren  belonging  to  a  lodge  who  can  contri- 
bute to  the  musical  entertainment,  they  form  themselves 
into  a  musical  society,  and  thus  provide  both  social  and 
sacred  musical  entertainments. — Gadicke. 

MYSTERIES.  The  usages  and  customs  of  the  ancients 
in  their  secret  societies  are  called  mysteries.  If  by  mys- 
teries we  merely  understand  a  secret  religion,  then,  in 
the  civilized  part  of  the  globe,  there  can  be  no  mysteries, 
for  God  may  be  openly  worshipped  everywhere;  but  if 
by  mysteries  we  understand  secret  ceremonies  and  doc- 
trines, then  we  may  say  that  there  are  still  mysteries 
among  Freemasons.  But  we  do  not  call  our  secrets 
mysteries,  and  we  thereby  prove  that  with  us  there  can 
be  no  secret  religion.  No  one  among  us  is  a  mystagogue, 
and  our  outward  appearance  has  nothing  mysterious 
about  it. — Gadicke. 

MYSTERY.  The  word  mystery  has  given  occasion 
to  many  improper  impressions  against  our  masonic  socie- 
ties. Treason,  infidelity,  a  charge  of  taking  rash  and 
unnecessary  obligations,  have  been  laid  to  their  responsi- 
bilitvj  yet  none  of  these  charges  have  ever  been  sub 
stantiated  by  their  persecutors.  The  word  mystery  hat. 
brought  down  anathemas  from  over-zealous  divines  upon 
the  heads  of  Masons,  and  has  induced  merciless  governors 
to  use  their  weapons  against  the  Craft,  when,  upon  a 
slight  inquiry,  the  church  as  well  as  the  state  might  be 
informed,  that  devotion  to  God,  obedience  to  the  state, 
and  to  all  superiors,  brotherly  love  and  universal  charity 
are  the  principles  which  separate  our  Fraternity  from 
all  other  sectet  societies  which  have  of  late  years  risen, 
to  the  degradation  of  religion,  and  to  the  danger  of  good 
order  in  society  and  the  state. — Husenbcth. 

MYSTIC.     Denotes  a  secret  doctrine   which   wrorkt 
specially  up  >n  the  feelings  of  the  heart,  or  <>f  feelings 


MYS  -NAM.  595 

which  cannot  be  expressed  by  words.  The  mystic  is  a 
man  who  believes  himself  exalted  above  tl.e  material 
world,  and  feels  himself  united  with  the  immaterial  and 
spiritual.  We  may  call  mysticism  the  feeling  of  faith, 
or  living  and  moving  in  supernatural  and  immortal  life. 
Every  man  ought  to  be  somewhat  mystical,  but  ought  to 
guard  against  that  coarse  mysticism,  which  believes  in 
intercourse  with  angels,  and  to  be  able  to  penetrate  into 
the  third  heaven. — Gadicke. 

MYSTIC  TIE.  The  sacred  and  universal  principle  oi 
the  ro3'al  art,  which  unites  men  of  the  most  opposite  tenets, 
of  the  most  distant  countries,  and  of  the  most  contradic- 
tory opinions  in  one  indissoluble  bond  of  affection,  so 
that  in  every  nation  a  Mason  finds  a  friend,  and  in  every 
clime  a  home,  has  been  amply  denominated  the  mystic 
tie,  and  the  Fraternity  are  often  termed  "  Brethren  of  the 
Mystic  Tie." 

MYSTICAL  LECTURE.  The  mystical  knowledge 
of  the  Royal  Arch  degree,  comprehends  the  form  and 
exposition  of  the  sacred  signs,  and  the  nature  and  import 
of  the  Holy  Word,  and  the  traditional  ceremony  to  be 
used  in  showing  and  communicating  the  secrets. 

NAKED  FEET.  The  act  of  going  with  naked  feet 
was  always  considered  a  token  of  humility  and  reverence, 
and  the  priests  in  the  Temple  always  officiated  with  feet 
uncovered,  although  it  was  frequently  injurious  to  their 
health.  The  command  thus  given  to  Moses,  did  not 
represent  the  civil  and  legal  ceremony  of  putting  off  the 
shoes,  as  the  Jews  were  subsequently  directed  to  do, 
when  they  renounced  any  bargain  or  contract,  nor  yet 
the  sign  of  grief  and  sorrow,  as  when  David  entered  into 
Jerusalem  barefooted;  but  it  was  enjoined  that  Moses 
might  approach  that  sacred  place  with  reverence  and 
godly  fear,  as  if  it  had  been  a  temple  consecrated  to 
divine  worship.  Thus  the  preacher  says,  "  Take  heed 
unto  thy  feet,  when  thou  enterest  the  temple  of  God  " 

NAME  OF  GOD.  Josephus  says  that  the  Name  was 
never  known,  until  God  told  it  to  Moses  in  the  wilder- 
ness; and  that  he  himself  did  not  dare  to  mention  it.  for 


NAM. 

that  it  was  forbidden  to  be  used,  except  once  in  a  year 
by  the  High  Priest  alone,  when  he  appeared  before  the 
Mercy  Seat  on  the  day  of  expiation.  He  further  adds 
that  it  was  lost  through  the  wickedness  of  man  ;  and 
hence  has  arisen  a  difference  of  opinion,  some  supposing 
the  Word  itself  lost;  others,  the  import,  or  the  meaning 
only;  and  many,  the  manner  of  its  delivery;  and  from 
hence  contend,  that  Moses  did  not  ask  the  Almighty  for 
his  name  to  carry  to  his  brethren,  but  for  the  true 
delivery  or  pronunciation  only.  How  far  that  might  be 
the  case,  is  to  us  uncertain  ;  but  it  is  certain  that  the 
true  mode  of  delivery  cannot  now  be  proved  from  any 
written  record;  first,  because  it  is  capable  of  so  many 
variations  from  the  manner  of  annexing  the  Masoretic 
points,  which  points  were  not  extant  in  the  days  of 
Moses;  and  secondly,  because  the  language  now  in  use 
amongst  the  Jews,  is  so  corrupt  and  altered  from  that 
in  which  he  wrote,  that  none  of  them,  except  some  few 
of  their  learned,  understand  anything  of  it;  for  which 
reason  the  Jews  call  it  nTjsnn  DO  Shem  Hamphoreth,  the 
unutterable  name.  Hence  is  our  learned  brother  Pytha- 
goras his  ler^a^afifiniov  or  quaternion.  —  Dunkerly. 


NAME  OF  THE  LODGE.  Any  lodge  which  may 
not  be  distinguished  by  a  name  or  title,  being  desirous 
jf  taking  one,  must  for  that  purpose  procure  the  appro- 
bation of  the  Grand  Master  or  Provincial  GranoJ  Master, 
;md  the  name  must  be  registered  with  the  Grand  Secre- 
tary. No  lodge  shall  be  permitted  to  alter  its  name 
without  the  like  approbation.  —  Constitutions. 

NAMES  OF  MASONRY.  We  still  retain  all  the 
names  by  which  the  science  has  been  distinguished  in 
every  age  of  the  world,  either  in  its  speculative  or 
operative  form;  whether  it  were  characterized  by  the 
name  of  Lux,  as  in  the  patriarchal  age;  or  Geometry,  as 
it  was  called  by  Euclid;  or  Philosophy,  as  Pythagoras 
named  it;  or  Mesouraneo,  or  any  other  title;  a  memorial 
of  such  designation  has  been  embodied  in  the  system. 
We  say  Freemasonry  is  a  system  of  Wisdom,  Strength 
and  Beauty,  and  the  definition  was  adopted  from  our 
ancient  G.  M.  King  Solomon,  who  called  the  science 
Wisdom  ;  which  by  the  Cabalists  was  subsequently  de- 


NAT— NEH.  597 

nominate*!  Baphomet.  And  he  defines  it  thus:  "Wis- 
dom is  the  worker  of  all  things;  she  is  the  brightness 
of  the  everlasting  Light,  the  unspotted  mirror  of  the 
power  of  God,  and  the  image  of  his  goodness.  She  is 
more  beautiful  than  the  sun,  and  above  all  the  order  of 
the  stars;  being  compared  with  the  light,  she  is  found 
before  it." 

NATURE  AND  ART.  If  we  take  a  view  of  the  pro 
ductions  of  nature  and  art  on  the  face  of  the  planet  which 
we  inhabit,  we  shall  tiud  that  all  is  replete  with  the  divine 
principle  of  the  Order.  There  is  not  a  mountain  or  valley, 
a  tree,  a  shrub,  or  a  blade  of  grass ;  there  is  not  a  magnifi- 
cent structure  of  polished  marble,  rich  in  the  splendid 
decorations  of  gorgeous  architecture,  or  a  refuse  stone 
rejected  from  the  quarry  ;  there  is  not  an  object,  animate 
or  inanimate  in  universal  nature,  but  it  is  instinct  with 
the  genius  of  Freemansonry ;  and  the  learned  brother 
may  find  an  instructive  masonic  lecture  in  the  wing  of  a 
moth,  as  well  as  the  motions  of  the  august  lights  o< 
heaven. 

NEBUCHADNEZZAR  In  the  eleventh  year  of  the 
reign  of  Zedekiah,  King  of  Judah,  Nebuchadnezzar,  King 
of  Bab}7lon,  besieged,  and  took  the  city  of  Jerusalem,  set 
fire  to  the  temple  and  city,  totally  leveling  and  razing  it 
until  it  became  desolate,  and  the  remnant  of  the  people  who 
escaped  the  swovd  he  carried  away  captive  to  Babylon. 

NEGATIVE.  When  any  one  is  proposed  to  become  a 
member,  or  any  person  to  be  made  a  Mason,  if  it  appear 
upon  casting  up  the  ballot  that  he  is  rejected,  no  member 
or  visiting  brother  shall  discover,  by  any  means  whatso- 
ever, who  those  members  were  that  opposed  his  election, 
under  the  penalty  of  such  brother  being  for  ever  expelled 
the  lodge  (if  a  member,)  and,  if  a  visiting  brother,  of  his 
being  never  more  admitted  as  a  visitor,  or  becoming  a 
member  ;  and  immediately  after  a  negative  passes  on  any 
person  being  proposed,  the  Master  shall  cause  the  law  to 
be  read,  that  no  brother  present  may  plead  ignorance. — 
Old  Constitutiojis. 

NEHEMIAH-    Nehemiah  was  entrusted  with  a  sj»ecia; 


61)3  NEI— NEU. 

commission  to  rebuild  the  walls,  and  renew  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Jerusalem,  and  to  effect  a  full  restoration  of  the 
lands  and  property  which  had  been  seized  during  the 
captivity,  by  the  neighbouring  nations.  When  he  arrived 
at  Jerusalem,  and  took  possession  of  his  government,  he 
found  his  country's  enemies,  the  Samaritans  and  others, 
headed  by  Sanballat,  Tobias  and  Geshem,  opposing  every 
obstacle  that  might  distress  and  discommode  the  Jews. 
The  reparations  of  the  walls  and  fortifications  met  with  a 
formidable  resistance  from  those  people,  who  conspired 
to  attack  the  Jews  while  engaged  in  labour,  and  conse- 
quently unarmed ;  and  to  this  they  were  encouraged  by 
some  traitors  within  the  city.  The  vigilance  of  Nehemiah 
frustrated  the  scheme. 

NEIGHBOUR.  Freemasonry  instructs  us  in  our  duty 
to  our  neighbour,  teaohes  us  to  injure  him  in  none  of  his 
connections,  and  in  all  our  dealings  with  him,  to  act  with 
justice  and  impartiality.  It  discourages  defamation,  it 
bids  us  not  to  circulate  any  whisper  of  infamy,  improve 
any  hint  of  suspicion,  or  publish  any  failure  of  conduct. 
It  orders  us  to  be  faithful  to  our  trusts,  to  deceive  not  him 
who  relieth  upon  us,  to  be  above  the  meanness  of  dissimu- 
lation, to  let  the  words  of  our  mouths  be  the  thoughts  of 
our  hearts,  and  whatsoever  we  promise,  religiously  to 
perform. — Codrino-ton . 

NETWORK.  Was  one  of  the  enrichments  with  whiJi 
I  he  chapiters  of  the  two  pillars  of  Solomon's  Porch  weie 
adorned.  From  the  connection  of  its  meshes,  it  denoted 
unity. 

NEUTRAL.  As  all  were  not  of  Christ  who  called 
themselves  Christians  in  the  time  of  the  apostles,  so  all 
are  not  Masons  who  have  been  initiated  into  the  Order. 
A  knowledge  of  signs,  words  and  tokens,  without  an 
ability  to  apply  them  according  to  their  proper  design, 
can  no  more  constitute  a  Mason,  than  the  possession  of 
working  tools  can  make  a  man  a  carpenter,  unless  he 
knows  how  to  use  thorn.  Th?re  are  many  erroneous 
opinions  abroad  on  this  point.  A  person  procures  initia- 
tion, and  fancies  that  is  all  he  wants.  There  never  w»s  a 
more  fatal  mistake.  Initiation  is  but  the  horn-book  of 


NEW— N1N.  509 

Masonry,  and  is  only  of  the  same  use  towards  a  knowledge 
of  its  principles,  as  the  alphabet  is  to  those  who  desire  to 
excel  in  literary  attainments.  If  this  consideration  were 
duly  enforced  upon  every  candidate  for  Masonry,  the 
Order  would  assume  a  different  aspect,  and  its  genuine 
lustre  would  be  more  universally  displayed. 

NEW  LAW.  No  motion  for  a  new  law  or  regulation 
or  for  the  alteration  or  repeal  of  an  old  one  shall  be  made, 
until  it  shall  have  been  proposed  in,  or  communicated  to, 
the  general  committee,  nor  until  it  shall  have  been 
handed  up  in  writing  to  the  Grand  Master.  After  hav- 
ing been  perused  and  found  by  him  not  to  contain  any- 
thing contrary  to  the  ancient  landmarks  of  the  Order, 
the  motion  may  be  publicly  proposed.  If  seconded,  the 
question  shall  be  put  thereon  for  the  opinion  of  the 
Grand  Lodge.  If  approved  and  confirmed,  at  the  next 
ensuing  meeting  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  it  becomes  a  law 
of  the  society. — Gcnutitutioii*. 

NILE.  In  the  time  of  Euclid  the  river  Nile  over 
flowed  so  far,  that  many  of  the  dwellings  of  the  people 
of  Egypt  were  destroyed.  Euclid  instructed  them  in 
the  art  of  making  mighty  walls  and  ditches,  to  stop  the 
progress  of  the  water ;  and  by  geometry  measured  out 
the  land,  and  divided  it  into  partitions,  so  that  each  man 
might  ascertain  his  own  property. — Old  Masonic  Manu- 
script. 

NIL  NISI  CLAVIS  DEEST.  Attached  to  the  inter- 
secting  triangle  of  the  original  jewel  of  the  Royal  Arch 
there  is  frequently  the  motto  of  "  nil  nisi  clavis  deest,'' 
which  is  a  declaration  that  the  wearer  of  a  jewel  con- 
taining this  emblem  is  desirous  of  doing  his  duty,  and 
tilling  up  with  justice  that  link  in  the  chain  of  creation, 
wherein  the  Most  High  hath  pleased  to  place  him. 

NINE.  Nine  being  the  square  of  three,  is  a  perfect 
ternary,  beyond  which  there  is  no  number.  It  is  ob- 
served by  arithmeticians,  says  Hume,  (Dial.  Nat.  Rel.  p 
167,)  "  that  the  products  of  nine  compose  always  either 
9,  or  some  lesser  products  of  9,  if  you  add  together  all 
the  characters  of  which  any  of  the  former  products  is 


GOG  NIN— OAT. 

composed.  Thus  of  18,  27,  36,  which  are  products  of  9, 
you  make  9  by  adding  1  to  8,  2  to  7,  3  to  6.  Thus  309 
is  a  product  also  of  nine ;  and  if  you  add  3,  6,  9,  you 
make  IS,  a  lesser  product  of  nine." 

NINE  MASTERS.  The  following  are  the  names  01 
the  nine  masters  who  are  said  to  have  been  elected  by 
Solomon  after  the  death  of  Hiram  Abiff ;  Moabon,  Jachin, 
Boaz,  Ganigam,  Azariah,  Joram,  Jsch'gi,  Achal,  Obed. 

NOACHID^E.  Sons  of  Noah ;  the  first  name  of  Free- 
masons ;  whence  we  may  observe  that  believing  the 
world  was  framed  by  one  supreme  God,  and  is  governed 
by  him  ;  and  loving  and  worshipping  him  ;  and  honouring 
our  parents ;  and  loving  our  neighbour  as  ourselves ;  and 
being  merciful  even  to  brute  beasts,  is  the  oldest  of  all 
religions. 

NORTH.  The  operative  mason  is  accustomed  to 
lay  the  foundation-stone  of  a  new  building  on  the  north 
side,  and  for  this  reason,  all  those  who  have  not  been  ini- 
tiated amongst  us  have  their  place  in  the  north.  The 
light  streams  from  the  east  unto  the  north,  as  all  our 
knowledge  has  been  obtained  from  the  orient. — Gadickc. 

NORTH-EAST.  The  foundation-stone  of  every  mag- 
nificent edifice  was  usually  laid  in  the  north-east ;  which 
accounts  in  a  rational  manner  for  the  general  disposition 
of  a  newly  initiated  candidate.  When  enlightened  but 
uninstructed,  he  is  accounted  to  be  in  the  most  superficial 
part  of  Masonry. 

NUMBERS.  We  consider  the  number  three,  or  three 
times  three,  as  a  sacred  number;  and  in  all  the  mysteries 
of  the  ancients,  the  number  nine,  was  most  important. 
Whether  we,  as  Christian  Freemasons,  still  have  an  an- 
cient explanation  of  the  sacredness  of  this  number,  or 
whether  we  derive  its  sanctity  from  the  Holy  Trinity,  we 
cannot  here  determine. — Gadicke. 

OATH.  In  Freemasonry  a  number  of  men  form  them- 
selves into  a  society,  whose  main  end  is  to  improve  iu 
'Commendable  skill  and  knowledge,  and  to  promote  uui- 


QBE— OBJ.  001 

versal  beneficence  and  the  social  virtues  01'  human  life, 
under  the  solemn  obligation  of  an  oath.  This  liberty  all 
incorporate  societies  enjoy,  without  impeachment  or  re- 
flection.— Anderson. 

OBEDIENT.  To  be  obedient  is  one  of  the  great 
duties  of  a  Freemason,  not  only  to  the  laws  of  the  Craft, 
but  to  the  laws  of  the  kingdon  or  state  in  which  he  may 
reside,  to  the  laws  of  God,  to  the  laws  of  morality,  but 
above  all,  to  the  laws  of  true  benevolence.  He  is  also 
bound  to  be  obedient  to  the  commands  of  his  superiors 
when  in  the  lodge  ;  but  every  ruler  ought  to  be  cautious, 
and  only  give  such  orders  as  may  be  cheerfully  obeyed 
by  a  free  man  and  Mason,  and  not  require  a  slavish  obe- 
dience, for  in  the  lodge  there  are  neither  lords  nor  slaves, 
but  truth  and  justice  must  there  reign  in  unanimity. — 
Gndicke. 

OBELISK.  A  high,  square-sided  and  sharp-pointed 
pillar,  which  is  commonly  erected  in  commemoration  of 
some  celebrated  person  or  remarkable  event.  They  are 
to  be  found  among  the  masonic  emblems. — Gadicke. 

OBJECTS.  To  communicate  the  blessings  of  which 
we  are  partakers ;  to  contribute  to  the  successful  propa- 
gation of  knowledge,  virtue  and  peace,  of  the  sciences  and 
arts,  and  of  whatever  adorns  social  life ;  and  to  assert 
the  advancement  of  human  happiness,  have  ever  been 
the  great  objects  of  Freemasonry. 

OBJECTIONS.  Objections  have  been  urged  against 
Freemasonry  in  all  ages  of  its  existence,  by  those  who 
were  jealous  of  its  secret  influence,  or  envied  the  privi- 
leges of  the  favoured  individuals  who  had  been  initated 
into  its  mysteries.  But  although  refuted  over  and  over 
again,  the  same  objections  recur  at  stated  periods  ;  being 
reproduced,  as  it  should  appear,  for  the  purpose  of  fan- 
ning our  zeal  and  keeping  alive  our  interest  in  the  insti- 
tution. It  is  amusing,  in  studying  the  history  of  the 
Craft,  to  find  the  hackneyed  arguments  which  were 
refuted  by  Hutchinson,  Calcott  and  others,  in  the  last 
century,  brought  forward  again  and  again  by  new  candi- 
dates for  the  honour  of  an  anonymous  blow  at  th« 


602  OBL. 

.immortal  giantess  Scarcely  any  novelty  in  t':ie  form  of 
an  objection  is  to  be  found.  The  censures  have  been 
chiefly  confined  to  its  secrecy,  the  exclusion  of  females, 
the  obligation,  &c. 

OBLATIONS.  The  oblations  which  were  made  by 
the  people  towards  the  erection  of  the  Tabernacle,  were 
so  many  types  of  the  several  graces  of  Christianity  j  the 
gold  of  Faith,  the  silver  of  Hope,  the  precious  stones  of 
Charity ;  the  blue  colour  of  the  silks,  &c.,  denoting  the 
lifting  up  our  hearts  to  heaven,  a  privilege  conveyed  to 
mankind  by  the  meritorious  atonement  of  Jesus  Christ; 
the  purple,  our  warfare  and  tribulation  for  the  sake  of 
religion  ;  and  the  crimson,  or  as  the  original  words  (tolag 
hath  shani)  signify,  the  double  scarlet,  the  joint  love  of 
God  and  man. 

OBLIGATION.  Freemasons  in  their  secret  societies, 
obligate  their  disciples,  similar  to  the  ancient  brethren, 
to  keep  their  doctrines,  their  engagements,  and  their 
transactions,  from  those  who  are  not  of  the  Order.  This 
obligation  is  not  composed  of  such  tremendous  oaths 
with  which  we  are  charged  by  bigots,  who,  ignorant  as 
they  naturally  must  be,  of  the  whole  of  our  transactions, 
unless  they  had  been  received  into  our  society,  thunder 
their  unholy  anathemas  and  excommunications  against 
us.  And  thereby  make  fools  approve  their  rash  acts,  the 
world  wonder,  and  the  Mason  smile  at  their  daring  inso- 
lence, to  condemn  their  fellow-creatures  for  imaginary 
sins  against  God  and  religion,  which  must  ultimately  be 
laid  to  the  charge  of  those  triflers  with  their  neighbours' 
consciences. — Husenbeth. 

OBLONG.  The  Tabernacle,  with  its  holy  emblems, 
was  a  type  of  a  Masons'  lodge.  It  was  an  oblong  square, 
and,  with  its  courts  and  appendages,  it  represented  the 
whole  habitable  globe.  Such  is  also  the  extent  of  our 
lodges.  The  former  was  supported  by  pillars,  and  the 
latter  is  also  sustained  by  those  of  W.  S.  and  B.  They 
were  equally  situated  due  east  and  west.  The  sacred 
roll  of  God's  revealed  will  and  law  was  deposited  in  the 
Ark  of  the  Covenant;  the  same  holy  record  is  placed  in 
a  conspicuous  part  of  our  lodges.  The  altar  of  inrensa 


OBS— OFF.  003 

was  a  do<ib  e  cube ;  and  so  is  our  pedestal  and  stone  of 
foundation.  The  covering  of  the  Tabernacle  was  com- 
posed of  three  colours,  as  a  representation  of  the  celestial 
hemisphere  ;  such  also  is  the  covering  of  a  Masons'  lodge. 
The  floor  of  the  Tabernacle  was  so  holy  that  the  priests 
were  forbidden  to  tread  upon  it  without  taking  ofl'  their 
ghoes ;  the  floor  of  the  lodge  is  holy  ground. 

OBSERVANCES.  Almost  all  the  circumstances 
attending  the  promulgation  of  the  Jewish  dispensations 
have  been  introduced  into  Freemasonry ;  and  the  par- 
ticular observances  incorporated  with  its  ceremonial. 
The  Divine  appearance  at  the  Burning  Bush,  the  shoes, 
the  rod,  the  serpent,  and  the  Sacred  Name,  are  equally 
embodied  in  the  system.  The  plagues  of  Egypt,  with 
the  signs  which  attended  the  divine  deliverance  of  the 
children  of  Israel  from  captivity — the  pillar  of  a  cloud 
and  of  fire,  the  mighty  winds,  the  division  of  the  Red 
Sea,  the  salvation  of  God's  people,  and  the  destruction 
of  Pharaoh  and  his  host;  the  wanderings  in  the  wilder- 
ness, the  delivery  of  the  law,  the  building  of  the  Taber- 
nacle, and  the  establishment  of  the  hierarchy,  the  order 
observed  in  the  frequent  migrations,  led  by  the  banners 
of  each  tribe,  and  other  important  events,  all  form  parts 
of  the  complicated  system  of  Freemasonry,  and  show  its 
connection  with  the  offices  of  religion. 

ODD  NUMBERS.  Odd  numbers  were  ever  esteemed 
more  propitious  than  even  ones,  and  hence  were  the 
conservators  of  greater  virtues.  They  were  sacred  to 
the  celestial  deities,  and  represented  the  male  sex,  while 
even  numbers  were  female,  and  appropriated  to  the  sub- 
terranean gods.  Hence  the  monad  was  esteemed  the 
father  of  numbers,  and  the  duad  the  mother,  from  whose 
union  proceeded  riot  only  the  triad  but  the  sacred  quater- 
nary, which  was  the  origin  of  the  seven  liberal  sciences, 
and  the  maker  and  cause  of  all  things. 

OFFICE.  If  the  superior  officers  of  a  lodge  be  un- 
acquainted with  the  principles  of  the  institution,  it  can 
scarcely  be  expected  to  prosper.  Should  the  Master  be 
ignorant  of  his  work,  the  brethren  will  soon  learn  to 
despise  his  authority.  To  speak  in  the  technical  Ian- 


604  OFF— OL1. 

guage  of  Masonry,  if  he  be  unpossessed  of  the  art  of 
drawing  designs,  how  are  the  Fellowcrafts  to  execute, 
or  the  Apprentices  to  be  instructed  ? 

OFFICERS.  The  masonic  officers  of  a  lodge  are  the 
Master  and  his  two  Wardens,  with  their  assistants,  the 
two  Deacons,  Inner  Guard,  and  the  Tyler ;  to  which,  for 
the  better  regulation  of  the  private  concerns  of  the 
lodge,  may  be  added  other  officers,  such  as  Chaplain, 
Treasurer,  Secretary,  &c. — Constitutions. 

OIL.  One  of  the  elements  of  consecration.  Oil  was 
anciently  considered  the  symbol  of  prosperity  and  hap- 
piness. The  oil  of  gladness  mentioned  in  the  Jewish 
writings  was  a  perfumed  oil  with  which  people  anointed 
themselves  on  days  of  public  rejoicing  and  festivity. 
Everything  that  was  appropriated  to  the  purposes  of 
religion  in  the  Tabernacle  and  Temple,  were  all  conse- 
crated with  oil.  Kings  and  priests  were  anointed  in 
the  same  mannei.  And  our  lodges,  as  temples  conse- 
crated to  morality  and  virtue,  are  also  hallowed  by  the 
application  of  corn,  wine,  and  oil. 

OLIVE  BRANCH.  A  very  great  sensation  has  been 
created  in  India  by  the  proposal  of  the  Right  Worship- 
ful Brother  Burns,  Prov.  G.  M.  for  western  India,  to 
establish  a  new  order,  under  the  designation  of  the 
"  Brotherhood  of  the  Olive  Branch  in  the  East."  The 
proposal  was  brought  forward  on  St.  John's  Day,  June 
24,  1845,  when  no  fewer  than  eighty  brethren,  of  various 
nations,  were  assembled  at  Bombay;  and  it  has  been 
received  by  the  principal  members  of  the  Craft  in  India 
with  great  enthusiasm. 

OLIVE  TREES.  There  are  some  who  compare  the 
symbol  of  a  point  within  a  circle  to  the  golden  candle- 
stick flanked  by  two  olive  trees,  mentioned  by  Zechariah ; 
the  candidate  representing  the  circle,  the  oil  the  point, 
and  the  trees  the  two  perpendicular  parallel  lines.  The 
former  was  an  emblem  of  the  Jewish  nation  governed 
by  the  central  oil,  or  the  Holy  Spirit  of  God ;  and  the 
olive  trees  were  the  two  anointed  ones,  viz.,  the  king 
and  priest,  applied  by  the  prophet  to  Zerubbubel  and 


ON— OPE.  605 

Jeslma,  who  were  raised  up  by  divine  providence  to 
preside  over  the  temporal  and  spiritual  affairs  of  the 
Jewish  nation  when  the  second  Temple  was  building, 
and  bearing  an  ultimate  reference  to  the  lights  and 
ornaments  of  the  Christian  church. 

ON.  Under  this  appellation  the  Deity  was  worship- 
ped by  the  Egyptians,  and  they  professed  to  believe 
that  he  was  eternal,  and  the  fountain  of  light  and  life 
but,  according  to  their  gross  conceptions,  being  neces 
sarily  visible,  the  sun  was  adored  as  his  representative, 
and  was  most  probably  the  same  as  Osiris.  If  they 
believed  On  to  be  the  living  and  eternal  God,  they 
allowed  the  same  attributes  to  the  sun,  which  they 
undoubtedly  worshipped  as  the  Lord  of  the  creation. 
Oannes  was  the  God  of  the  Chaldeans,  and  Dag-On  of 
the  Philistines ;  both  of  which  are  derivations  of  the  same 
name.  On  was  evidently  the  same  deity  as  the  Hebrew 
Jehovah,  and  was  introduced  amongst  the  Greeks  by 
Plato,  who  acknowledges  his  eternity  and  incomprehen- 
sibility in  these  remarkable  words :  "  Tell  me  of  the  God 
On;  which  is,  and  never  knew  beginning."  And  the 
same  name  was  used  by  the  early  'Christians  for  the 
true  God;  for  St.  John,  in  the  Apocalypse,  has  this 
expression — 0  Qv,  *«*  b  rtv,  y.ai  o  egxoptvos,  which  is  trans- 
lated by  our  authorized  version  of  the  Scriptures,  by 
"Him,  which  is,  and  which  was,  and  which  is  to  come." 

OPENING.  The  opening  of  the  lodge  is  a  ceremony 
of  great  solemnity  and  importance.  Everything  is  con- 
ducted in  such  a  manner  as  to  inculcate  respect  Tor  those 
in  authority,  with  solemn  reverence  and  adoration  of 
the  Deity,  whose  blessing  and  direction  on  our  leaders 
is  invoked,  not  in  a  light  and  thoughtless  manner,  as 
some  may  perhaps  infer,  but  with  the  gravity  and 
decency  of  a  well-regulated  church. 

OPERATION.  The  veil  thrown  over  Masonry  renders 
its  operations  silent  and  unobserved;  yet  the  influence 
of  a  body  spread  through  all  classes  of  society,  pervading 
every  circle,  and  diffusing  (though  by  its  separate  mem- 
bers) opinions  digested  and  matured,  from  remote  periods, 
in  the  brotherhood,  must  be  powerful  in  its  effect. 
51 


606  OPE— OPI. 

OPERATIVE.  As  operative  masons  \vs  are  taught 
to  hew,  square,  lay  stones,  and  prove  horizontals.  We 
allude  by  operative  masonry  to  a  proper  application  of 
the  useful  rules  of  architecture,  whence  a  structure 
derives  figure,  strength,  and  beauty,  and  whence  result 
a  due  proportion  and  a  just  correspondence  in  all  its 
parts. 

OPHIR.  Various  have  been  the  conjectures  con- 
cerning the  situation  of  Ophir.  Josephus  places  it  in 
the  East  Indies,  in  a  country  which,  by  his  description, 
should  appear  to  be  Malacca.  Bochart  contends  that 
it  was  Taphrobana,  or  Ceylon.  Calrnet  places  it  in 
Armenia;  Montanus  in  America;  and  Huetius  in  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa.  As  various  have  been  the 
sentiments  with  respect  to  Tarshish;  some  consider  it 
as  having  been  near,  and  others  as  distant  from,  Ophir 
All  that  Scripture  tells  us  is,  that  the  navy  of  Tarshish 
came  in  once  in  three  years,  and  furnished  Solomon  with 
immense  wealth;  of  which  we  know  not  the  amount, 
since  we  can  make  no  exact  estimate  of  the  value  of 
the  talents  specified. 

OPINIONS.  Individuals  have  passed  various  oj  inions 
respecting  the  purity  and  usefulness  of  Freemasonry.  One 
says  it  is  a  modern  institution,  and  therefore  o1  little 
value;  another  terms  it  frivolous,  and  coriseqently  con- 
temptible. A  third  calls  it  anti-christian,  and  wains  the 
public  to  avoid  it  as  a  snare.  Others  affirm  that  it  is  behind 
the  advancing  spirit  of  the  times,  and  therefore  obsolete; 
but  let  any  one  candidly  judge  it  by  its  fruits,  which  is 
the  great  Christian  criterion  by  which  all  things  ought  to 
be  tried,  according  to  the  divine  fiat  of  its  founder  (Luke 
vi.  44).  We  feed  the  hungry,  clothe  the  naked,  coirjfort 
the  sick,  relieve  the  distressed,  and  provide  for  the  father- 
less and  the  widow.  Is  any  one  hungry — we  give  him 
meat.  Is  any  one  thirsty — we  give  him  drink  ;  naked — 
we  clothe  him  ;  sick — we  visit  him  ;  in  prison—  we 
come  unto  him  with  the  messenger  of  mercy.  Whatever 
may  be  the  opinions  of  our  opponents  of  such  deedss  as 
these,  we  have  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that  an  approv- 
ing sentence  will  be  pronounced  upon  them  at  the  l?et 
day. 


ORD— OR1.  «07 

ORDER.  In  every  order  the  spirit  of  regularity  should 
reign,  and  more  especially  in  the  Order  of  Freemasonry. 
The  Master's  call  to  order  reminds  the  brethren  of  this 
in  every  lodge,  and  each  one  acknowledges  by  the  sign, 
that  he  is  mindful  of  his  duty.  Originally  the  society  of 
Freemasons  was  not  an  Order,  but  a  fraternity,  and  the 
name  Order  has  been  introduced  into  England  in  modern 
times. — Gadicke. 

ORDERS  OF  ARCHITECTURE.  By  order  is  meant 
a  system  of  all  the  members,  proportions,  and  ornaments 
of  columns  and  pilasters.  There  are  five  orders,  which 
are  thus  classed :  the  Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian, 
and  Composite. 

ORGANIZATION.  The  Dyonitiasts  formed  one  and 
the  same  association,  as  the  Jewish  Masons  who  built  the 
Temple  of  Jerusalem.  These  latter,  beyond  doubt,  were 
bound  together  in  an  organization  which  extended  beyond 
Judea.  The  Bible  exhibits  them  mixing  themselves  with 
the  Tyrian  Masons,  notwithstanding  the  ordinary  repug- 
nance of  the  Israelites  towards  strangers ;  and  masonic 
tradition,  which  must  not  be  contemned,  shows  that  they 
recognized  each  other  by  words  and  secret  signs,  similar 
to  those  employed  by  the  Masons  of  other  countries. — 
Clavel. 

ORIGINAL  POINTS.  Ancient  Masonry  admitted 
twelve  original  points,  which  constitute  the  basis  of  the 
entire  system,  and  without  which  no  person  ever  did  or 
can  be  legally  received  into  the  Order.  Every  candidate 
is  obliged  to  pass  through  all  these  essential  forms  and 
ceremonies,  otherwise  his  initiation  would  not  be  legal 
They  are — opening,  preparing,  reporting,  entering,  pray 
er,  circumambulation,  advancing,  obligated,  intrusted 
invested,  placed,  closing. 

ORIGIN  OF  MASONRY.  The  origin  of  Masonry  is 
indisputably  traced  from  the  creation  of  the  universe  ;  for 
after  the  Almighty  Architect  had  finished  his  great 
design  in  making  all  things  good,  and,  according  to  geo- 
metrv,  Adam,  the  first  of  all  the  human  race,  did  soon 


G08  ORP— OUT. 

discover  this  noble  science,  by  surveying  tie  works  of 
God  in  his  state  of  innocence;  and  although  he  fell 
through  disobedience,  and  was  expelled  from  that  lovely 
arbour  into  the  wide  world,  he  still  retained  the  know- 
ledge thereof,  and  communicated  the  same  to  his  offspring 
— Multa  Paucis. 

ORPHANS.  There  lived  in  the  county  of  Essex,  a 
clergyman  named  Hewlett.  He  died  of  malaria.  His 
troubles  had  been  of  no  common  kind.  His  wife  had 
died  of  consumption,  about  three  months  previously,  and 
nine  orphan  children  were  left  without  a  shilling  in  the 
world  to  provide  for  them.  There  was  a  lodge  in  Roch- 
fort,  Essex ;  they  met,  took  the  case  into  consideration, 
and  before  they  separated,  nine  brethren  agreed  each  to 
take  a  child  to  his  own  home. — Bushell. 

OUT  OF  THE  LODGE.  A  Freemason  ought  to  dis- 
tinguish himself  from  other  men  out  of  the  lodge,  as  well 
as  in  it,  by  uprightness  and  friendship  to  the  brethren, 
by  a  free  and  unconstrained  manner  of  thinking,  and  by 
an  unimpeachable  purity  of  living.  A  brother  Freema- 
son shall  not  only  conduct  himself  in  the  lodge,  but  also 
out  of  the  lodge,  as  a  brother  towards  his  brethren ;  and 
happy  are  they  who  are  convinced  that  they  have  in  this 
respect  ever  obeyed  the  laws  of  the  Order.  A  free  and 
unconstrained  manner  of  thinking  distinguishes  not  only 
an  enlightened  man,  but  a  man  who  nobly  protects  that 
which  is  just. — Gadicke. 

OUTWARD  CEREMONIES.  A  Freemason  can  nei- 
ther become  a  gross  sensualist,  nor  profess  to  be  stoically 
dead  to  all  sensual  pleasures;  for  it  is  not  necessary 
that  he  should  deny  himself  the  innocent  enjoyments 
provided  for  the  eye,  the  ear,  and  the  taste.  No  man  can 
maintain  that  he  is  entirely  uninfluenced  by  outward 
impressions.  To  appeal  to  the  bodily  feelings  or  passions, 
is  found  the  most  effectual  means  of  arousing  the  sympathy 
and  securing  the  attention  of  the  mulittude.  It  is  for 
this  reason  that  among  the  ceremonies  of  Freemasonry, 
we  find  outward  forms  calculated  to  work  upon  the 
inward  feelings;  these  ceremonies  are,  for  the  greater 
part  derived  from  ancient  times,  and  it  is  very  probable 


OX— PAS.  C09 

that  they  were  more  fitted  for  the  state  of  society  then 
existing,  than  they  are  for  that  which  now  exists. — • 
Gadicke. 

OX.  The  ox  forms  a  cc  mponent  part  of  the  cherubic 
symbol.  It  was  referred  to  the  prophet  Ezekiel,  because 
he  sets  fortli  the  restoration  of  the  Temple  and  altar,  the 
emblem  of  atonement  being  an  ox  ;  and  to  St.  Luke,  who 
commences  with  the  narrative  of  Zacharias  the  priest.  It 
also  bore  a  reference  to  the  priestly  office  of  Christ. 

PARALLEL  LINES.  In  every  well-regulated  lodge, 
there  is  found  a  point  within  a  circle,  which  circle  is 
embordered  by  two  perpendicular  parallel  lines.  These 
lines  are  representatives  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  and  St. 
John  the  Evangelist,  the  two  great  patrons  of  Masonry, 
to  whom  our  lodges  are  dedicated,  and  who  are  said  to 
have  been  "perfect  parallels  in  Christianity  as  well  as 
Masonry." — Old  Lectures. 

PARTS.  An  old  word  for  degrees  or  lectures,  lii 
this  sense,  Freemasonry  is  said  to  be  consistent  in  all  its 
parts,  which  point  to  one  and  the  same  object,  promi- 
nently kept  in  view  throughout  all  the  consecutive 
degrees ;  and  that  every  ceremony,  every  landmark,  and 
every  symbolical  reference,  constitutes  a  plain  type  of 
some  great  event,  which  appears  to  be  connected  with 
our  best  and  dearest  interests. 

PASSIONS.  The  end,  the  moral,  and  purport  of  Ma- 
sonry, is  to  subdue  our  passions ;  not  to  do  our  own 
will ;  to  make  daily  progress  in  a  laudable  art ;  to 
promote  morality,  charity,  good-fellowship,  good  nature, 
and  humanity. — Anderson. 

PASS- WORDS.  Much  irregularity  has  unfortunately 
crept  into  the  blue  degrees,  in  consequence  of  the  want 
of  masonic  knowledge  in  many  of  those  who  preside  over 
their  meetings  ;  and  it  is  particularly  so  with  those  who 
are  unacquainted  with  the  Hebrew  language,  in  which 
all  the  words  and  pass-words  are  given.  So  essentially 
necessary  is  it  for  a  man  of  science  to  preside  over  u 
lodge,  that  much  injury  may  arise  from  the  sinalK  >• 


<510  PAS— PAV. 

deviation  in  the  ceremony  of  initiation,  or  in  the  lectures 
of  instruction.  We  read  in  the  Book  of  Judges,  that  the 
transposition  of  a  single  point  over  the  Schin,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  national  defect  among  the  Ephraimites, 
designated  the  cowans,  led  to  the  slaughter  of  42,000 
men. — Dalcho. 

PAST  MASTER.  A  Past  Master,  or  one  who  has 
actually  served  the  office  of  Master,  so  long  as  he  remains 
a  subscribing  member  to  any  warranted  lodge,  is,  ex 
officio,  a  member  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  and  appears  to  be 
entitled  to  many  privileges.  None  but  a  Past  Master  can 
legally  initiate,  pass  or  raise.  A  Master  cannot  resign 
his  chair  except  to  a  past  Master.  No  board  of  Past 
Masters  can  be  legally  formed,  unless  three  or  more 
installed  Masters  be  present. 

PATRONAGE.  Many  lodges  honour  the  head  of  the 
government  as  their  patron  without  his  being  a  Free- 
mason, and  receive  from  him  a  public  local  decree,  or 
proteetorium,  by  which  they  are  not  only  permitted  to 
hold  their  lodges,  but  are  also  legally  protected.  It  is 
likewise  frequently  the  case  that  the  patron  is  a  member 
of  the  Order. — Gadicke. 

PAVEMENT.  The  voluptuous  Egyptians,  who  ex- 
hausted their  ingenuity  in  the  invention  of  new  luxuries, 
used  in  common  with  painted  walls  and  ceilings,  the 
mosaic  pavement,  richly  tesselated.  In  the  palace  of 
Cleopatra,  these  pavements  were  inlaid  with  precious 
stones  ;  and  in  India,  the  floors  of  the  most  sacred  tem- 
ples, or  at  least  of  the  adyta,  were  enriched  with  polished 
stones  disposed  in  small  squares  or  tessera,  which  reflected 
the  beams  of  the  sun  in  a  variety  of  splendid  colours.  On 
a  similar  principle,  the  floor  of  a  Masons'  lodge  has  been 
constructed,  which  is  thus  in  proper  keeping  with  the 
rest  of  its  decorations ;  for  the  design  would  be  imper- 
fect, if  a  strict  regard  to  uniformity  and  propriety  had 
not  been  observed  throughout  the  whole  arrangement. 
This  is  a  striking  evidence  of  the  unity  of  design  with 
which  the  gr^at  plan  of  Freemasonry  was  originally 
constructed.  How  minutely  soever  the  parts  or  elements 
may  appear  to  be  disposed,  they  each  and  all  conduce 


PEA— PEC.  611 

to  the  same  end,  the  glory  of  God,  and  the  welfare  of 
man 

PEACE.  A  Masons'  lodge  is  the  temple  of  peace, 
harmony,  and  brotherly  love.  Nothing  is  allowed  to 
enter  which  has  the  remotest  tendency  to  disturb  the 
quietude  of  its  pursuits.  A  calm  enquiry  into  the  beauty 
of  wisdom  and  virtue,  and  the  study  of  moral  geometry, 
may  be  prosecuted  without  excitement ;  and  they  con- 
stitute the  chief  employment  in  the  tyled  recesses  of  the 
lodge.  The  lessons  of  virtue  which  proceed  from  the 
east,  like  rays  of  brilliant  light  streaming  from  the  rising 
sun,  illuminate  the  west  and  south;  and  as  the  work 
proceeds,  are  carefully  imbibed  by  the  workmen.  Thus 
while  Wisdom  contrives  the  plan  and  instructs  the  work- 
men, Strength  lends  its  able  support  to  the  moral  fabric, 
and  Beauty  adorns  it  with  curious  and  cunning  work- 
manship. All  this  is  accomplished  without  the  use  oi 
either  axe,  hammer,  or  any  other  tool  of  brass  or  iron, 
within  the  precinct  of  the  temple,  to  disturb  the  peaceful 
sanctity  of  that  holy  place. 

PECTORAL.  The  general  signification  or  symbolical 
reference  of  the  pectoral  was  this : — the  four  rows  oi 
precious  stones  referred  to  the  four  cardinal  virtues,  and 
the  three  stones  in  each,  to  the  three  theological  virtues. 
The  twelve  stones  denoted  the  precious  doctrines  oi 
Christianity,  promulgated  by  the  twelve  apostles ;  and 
the  Urim  and  Thummim,  the  vital  spark  of  these  doc- 
trines, was  Christ,  who  bears  his  church  to  the  throne 
of  heaven,  as  the  high  priest  bore  that  mystical  oracle 
on  his  breast.  This  utensil  has  been  variously  explained, 
one  translating  the  words  Urim  and  Thummim  by  eluci- 
dations and  perfections;  another  doctrines  and  truths- 
others  brightness  and  perfection,  justice  and  doctrine, 
lucid  and  perfect,  &c.  Philo  says  they  were  "  duas  vir- 
tutes  depictas  ; "  and  the  seventy  translate  them  by  the 
word  Jr^woiv  and  Afyd-eiav,  manifestations  and  truth. 
They  were  certainly  some  tangible  substances,  which 
were  placed  in  the  doublings  of  the  pectoral,  as  in  a  purse 
or  pocket,  by  which  responses  wrere  vouchsafed  to  the 
wearer  of  the  epho  i. 


til3  PEC— PEN. 

PECULIAR  RESIDENCE.  What  was  the  object  of 
building  the  temple  of  Solomon?  One  purpose,  we  art) 
informed,  was,  that  is  might  be  a  house  of  prayer  for  all 
nations.  But  this  was  not  its  only  purpose.  Grod  intended 
to  make  it  the  seat  of  his  visible  presence,  or  the  place 
of  his  habitation.  It  was  not  designated,  thought  an 
eminent  commentator,  to  be  a  place  to  worship  in,  but 
a  place  of  worship  at,  where  God  was  known  to  have  a 
peculiar  residence. — Scott. 

PEDAL.  The  pedal  is  the  point  on  which  we  receive 
the  first  great  recommendation  of  the  Master,  ever  to 
continue,  as  we  then  appeared,  upright  men  and  Masons. 
It  therefore  denotes  the  duty  of  universal  justice,  which 
consists  in  doing  to  others  as  we  would  they  should  dj 
unto  us. — Hemming. 

PEDESTAL.  The  altar  of  the  lodge  is  a  pedestal  in 
the  form  of  a  double  cube,  on  which  is  displayed  the 
Holy  Bible,  to  confer  upon  it  the  attribute  of  justice. 
And  why  is  the  open  Bible  said  to  be  the  emblem  of 
justice  ?  I  answer  in  the  expressive  words  of  an  eloquent 
writer  •  Because  there  is  no  other  virtue  of  such  absolute 
importance  and  essential  necessity  to  the  welfare  of 
society.  Let  all  the  debts  of  justice  be  universally  dis- 
charged; let  every  man  be  just  to  himself,  and  to  all 
others ;  let  him  endeavour,  by  the  exercise  of  industry 
and  economy,  to  provide  for  his  own  wants,  and  prevent 
himself  from  becoming  a  burden  upon  society,  and  abstain, 
in  the  pursuit  of  his  own  subsistence,  from  everything 
injurious  to  the  interests  of  others;  let  every  one  render 
unto  all  their  due — that  property  which  he  is  obliged  by 
the  laws  of  the  land,  or  by  those  of  honourable  equity, 
to  pay  them ;  that  candour  and  open  dealing  to  which 
they  have  a  right,  in  all  his  commercial  dealings  with 
them ;  that  portion  of  good  report  to  which  their  merit 
entitles  them,  with  that  decent  respect  and  quiet  sub- 
mission which  their  rightful  civil  authority  demands.  If 
iustice  were  thus  universally  done,  there  would  be  little 
left  for  mercy  to  do. 

PENAL.  The  penal  sign  marks  our  obligation,  and 
reminds  us  also  of  the  fall  of  Adam  and  tlie  dreadful 


PEN.  613 

penalty  entailed  thereby  on  his  sinful  posterity,  being  no 
less  than  death.  It  intimates  that  the  stiffneck  of  the 
disobedient  shall  be  cut  off"  from  the  land  of  the  living 
by  the  judgment  of  God,  even  as  the  head  is  severed 
from  the  body  by  the  sword  of  human  justice. 

PENCIL.  This  is  one  of  the  working  tools  of  a  Master 
Mason.  With  the  pencil  the  skilful  artist  delineates  the 
building  in  a  draught  or  plan  for  the  instruction  and 
guidance  of  the  workmen.  The  pencil  teaches  us  that 
our  words  and  actions  are  observed  and  recorded  by  the 
Almighty  Architect,  to  whom  we  must  give  an  account 
of  our  conduct  through  life. 

PENITENTIAL.  The  reverential  sign  may  be  con- 
sidered as  the  parent  of  the  penitential  or  supplicating 
sign,  since  it  justly  denotes  that  frame  of  heart  and 
mind  without  which  our  prayers  and  oblation  of  praises 
will  not  obtain  acceptance  at  the  throne  of  grace,  before 
which  how  should  a  frail  and  erring  creature  of  the  dust 
present  himself  unless  with  bended  knees  and  uplifted 
hands,  betokening  at  once  his  humility  and  dependence '? 
In  this  posture  did  Adam  first  kneel  before  God  and  bless 
the  author  of  his  being ;  and  there  too  did  he  bend  with 
contrite  awe  before  the  face  of  his  offended  Judge,  to 
avert  his  wrath,  and  implore  his  mercy ;  and  transmitted 
this  sacred  form  to  his  posterity  for  ever. 

PENT  ALPHA.  In  the  Royal  Arch  Degree,  the  name 
of  God  is  depicted  in  the  centre  of  old  floor-cloths,  by  a 
double  interlacing  triangle  thus  Q,  inscribed  within  a 
dark  circle,  representing  unlimited  space  beyond  the 
reach  of  light,  and  the  top  representing  the  "  light 
shining  in  darkness,  and  the  darkness  comprehending  it 
not."  This  had  been  used  as  a  Christian  symbol,  to  de- 
note the  two  natures  of  Jehovah,  the  God-man,  for 
centuries  before  the  Royal  Arch  Degree  was  ever  thought 
of.  In  this  form  2$.,  or  the  above,  it  was  called  the  pent- 
angle,  or  seal  of  Solomon,  and  the  shield  of  David,  and 
was  employed  all  over  Asia  as  a  preservative  against 
witchcraft,  in  which  superstition  the  Jews  are  said  to 
have  participated  ;  for  they  used  written  charms  enclosed 
in  the  above  hexagonal  or  pentangular  figure,  and  disposed 


GU  PER. 

cabalistically,  which  were  worn  about  their  necks.  It 
constituted  the  Pythagorean  pentalpha,  and  was  the 
symbol  of  health. 

PERFECT  ASHLAR.  The  perfect  ashlar  is  a  stone 
of  a  true  square,  which  can  only  be  tried  by  the  square 
and  compasses.  This  represents  the  mind  of  a  man  at 
the  close  of  life,  after  a  well-regulated  career  of  piety  and 
virtue,  which  can  only  be  tried  by  the  square  of  God's 
Word,  and  the  compasses  of  an  approving  conscience. 

PERJURY.  Let  any  unprejudiced  man  pronounce 
his  opinion  of  Freemasonry  from  the  experience  of  the 
benefits  it  has  conferred  on  society,  and  his  judgment 
cannot  be  unfavourable.  Take  the  great  body  of  Free- 
masons, and  their  most  determined  enemies  must  admit 
them  to  be  honourable  in  their  actions,  and  estimable  in 
private  life.  Look  over  the  criminal  calendar  at  any 
assizes,  and  you  very  seldom  find  members  of  this  Order 
charged  with  felonious  offences,  or  accused  of  disturbing 
social  order.  Should  a  Mason  be  convicted  of  felony  or 
perjury,  he  is  immediately  expelled  the  Order. 

PERPENDICULAR.  Geometrically,  that  which  is  per- 
fectly upright  and  erect,  inclining  neither  one  way  or  the 
other.  Symbolically,  inclining  neither  to  avarice  nor 
injustice,  to  malice  nor  revenge,  to  envy  nor  contempt,  in 
our  intercourse  with  mankind ;  but  as  the  builder  raises 
his  column  by  the  plane  or  perpendicular,  so  should  the 
Mason  carry  himself  toward  the  world ;  thus  will  he  stand 
approved  before  heaven  and  before  men,  purchasing 
honor  and  felicity  to  himself  as  a  professor  of  Masonry. 

PERSONAL  MERIT.  All  preferment  amongst  Ma- 
sons is  grounded  upon  real  worth  and  personal  merit 
only,  so  that  the  lords  may  be  well  served,  the  brethren 
not  put  to  shame,  nor  the  Royal  Craft  despised.  There- 
fore no  Master  or  Warden  is  chosen  by  seniority,  but  for 
his  merit.  It  is  impossible  to  describe  these  things  in 
writing,  and  therefore  every  brother  must  attend  in  his 
place,  and  learn  them  in  a  way  peculiar  to  this  Fraternity 
— Ancient  Charges. 


PET— PI  L.  f,i;> 

PETITION.  Every  application  for  a  warrant  to  hold 
a  new  lodge  must  be  by  petition  to  the  Grand  Master, 
signed  by  at  least  seven  regularly  registered  Masons  ;  and 
the  lodges  to  which  they  formerly  belonged  must  be 
specified.  The  petition  must  be  recommended  by  the 
officers  of  some  regular  lodge,  and  be  transmitted  to  the 
Grand  Secretary,  unless  there  be  a  Provincial  Gran 
Master  of  the  district  or  province  in  which  the  lodge  i 
proposed  to  be  holden,  in  which  case  it  is  to  be  sent  to 
him,  or  to  his  deputy,  who  is  to  forward  it,  with  his 
recommendation  or  opinion  thereon,  to  the  Grand  Master. 
Applications  for  relief  must  also  be  by  petition,  stating 
the  name,  occupation,  place  of  abode,  and  present  cir- 
cumstances of  the  petitioner ;  together  with  the  name 
and  number  of  the  lodge  in  which  he  was  initiated,  and 
the  time  when  he  was  made  a  Mason.  The  applicant, 
unless  disabled  by  disease  or  accident,  must'  sign  his 
name  to  the  petition. — Constitutions. 

PHRASES  OF  ADMISSION.  When  a  candidate 
receives  the  first  degree,  he  is  said  to  be  initiated,  at  the 
second  step  he  is  passed,  at  the  third  raised;  when  he 
takes  the  mark  degree,  he  is  congratulated;  having  passed 
the  chair,  he  is  said  to  have  presided;  when  he  becomes  a 
Most  Excellent  Master,  he  is  acknowledged  and  received; 
and  when  a  Royal  Arch  Mason,  he  is  exalted. 

PHYSICAL.  The  physical  qualifications  of  a  candi- 
date are,  that  he  shall  be  a  free  man,  born  of  a  free 
woman,  of  mature  age,  and  able  body. 

PICKAXE.  The  sound  of  the  stroke  of  the  pickaxe 
reminds  us  of  the  sound  of  the  last  trumpet,  when  the 
grave  shall  be  shaken,  loosened,  and  deliver  up  its  dead. 

PILLARS.  Every  lodge  must  be  supported  by  three 
grand  shafts,  or  pillars — Wisdom,  Strength,  and  Beauty 
Wisdom  constructs  the  building,  Beauty  adorns,  and 
Strength  supports  it;  also,  Wisdom  is  ordained  to  dis- 
cover, Beauty  to  ornament,  and  Strength  to  bear.  He 
who  is  wise  as  a  perfect  Master,  will  not  be  easily  injured 
by  his  own  actions.  Hath  a  person  the  strength  which 
a  Senior  Warden  represents,  he  will  bear  and  overcome 


616  PIL— PLO. 

every  obstacle  in  life.  And  he  who  is  adorned,  like  the 
Junior  Warden,  with  humility  of  spirit,  approaches 
nearer  to  the  similitude  of  God  than  another.  But  the 
three  pillars  must  be  built  upon  a  rock,  and  that  rock  is 
called  Truth  and  Justice. — Gadicke. 

PILLARS  OF  THE  PORCH.  It  is  generally  thought 
that  these  pillars  were  made  and  erected  only  for  orna- 
ment, because  they  supported  no  building.  But  Abar- 
binel's  conjecture  is  not  improbable,  that  Solomon  had 
respect  to  the  pillar  of  the  cloud,  and  the  pillar  of  fire, 
that  went  before  them  and  conducted  them  in  the  wilder- 
ness, and  was  a  token  of  the  divine  Providence  over 
them.  These  he  set  at  the  porch,  or  entrance  of  the 
Temple  (Jachin  representing  the  pillar  of  the  cloud,  and 
Boaz  the  pillar  of  fire),  praying  and  hoping  that  the 
Divine  Light,  and  the  cloud  of  His  glory  would  vouch- 
safe to  enter  in  there ;  and  by  them  God  and  His  provi- 
dence would  dwell  among  them  in  this  house. — Bishop 
Patrick. 

PLACED.  The  situation  of  the  candidate  at  the 
north-east  angle  of  the  lodge,  was  symbolical  of  Joseph, 
who  was  the  father  of  two  tribes  of  Israel,  one  of  which 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  his  division  of  the  Israelites 
in  the  wilderness,  and  bore  one  of  the  great  cherubic 
banners,  and  the  other  had  two  allotments  in  the  land 
of  Canaan. 

PLANS.  The  tracing-board  is  for  the  Master  to  draw 
his  plans  and  designs  on,  that  the  building  may  be 
carried  on  with  order  and  regularity.  It  refers  to  the 
Sacred  Volume  which  is  denominated  the  Tracing-Board 
of  the  Grand  Architect  of  the  Universe,  because  in  that 
holy  book  he  had  laid  down  sucli  grand  pla"ns  and  holy 
designs,  that  were  we  conversant  therein,  and  adherent 
thereto,  it  would  bring  us  to  a  building  not  made  with 
hands,  eternal  in  the  heavens. 

PLOTS.  A  Mason  is  a  peaceable  subject  to  the  civil 
powers  wherever  he  resides  or  works,  and  is  never  to  be 
concerned  in  plots  and  conspiracies  against  the  peace 
and  welfare  of  the  nation,  nor  to  behave  himself  unduti- 


PLU— POL  617 

fu  ly  to  inferior  magistrates.  He  is  cheerfully  to  conform 
to  every  lawful  authority;  to  uphold,  on  every  occasion, 
the  interest  of  the  community,  and  zealously  to  promote 
the  interests  of  his  own  country. — Ancient  C/uirgcs. 

PLUMB-EULE.  Without  this  instrument  the  opera- 
tive mason  cannot  prove  that  his  work  is  perfectly 
upright;  and  the  overseer  or  superintendent  of  any  build- 
ing must  have  this  tool  ever  in  his  hands,  that  he  may 
prove  that  his  men  are  working  correctly.  To  proceed 
straight  forward  in  the  paths  of  virtue  and  honour,  and 
faithfully  to  perform  those  duties  the  Craft  requires  of 
us,  demands  constant  attention  on  the  part  of  every  Free 
and  Accepted  Mason. —  Gadicke. 

POETRY  OF  MASONRY.  An  intelligible  view  of 
the  poetry  of  Masonry  may  be  gathered  from  its  general 
principles.  It  inculcates  brotherly  love  amongst  all 
mankind;  it  tends  to  soften  the  harshness  of  an  exclusive 
feeling  towards  those  who  differ  from  us  ill  our  views  of 
religion  and  politics,  although  it  allows  of  no  discussions 
on  either  the  one  or  the  other;  it  suppresses  the  attach- 
ment to  class,  which  is  the  bane  of  all  other  institutions; 
and,  by  the  purity  of  its  sentiments,  it  harmonizes  the 
mind,  ameliorates  the  disposition,  and  produces  that 
genuine  feeling  of  benevolence  and  Christian  charity 
which  "  suffereth  long  and  is  kind ;  which  envieth  not, 
vaunteth  not  itself,  is  not  easily  puffed  up,  doth  not 
behave  unseemly,  seeketh  not  her  own,  is  not  easily  pro- 
voked, thinketh  no  evil,  rejoiceth  not  in  iniquity,  but 
rejoiceth  in  the  truth,  beareth  all  things,  eridureth  all 
things." 

POINT.     A  point  is  an  inactive  effective  disposition 
or  inclination  to  the  several  duties  of  man,  and  is  the 
beginning  of  every  active  duty.    It  is  also  the  beginning 
of  every  advantage,  profit,  pleasure,  or  happiness,  tha 
flows  from  the  observation  or  performance  of  such  a  duty. 

POINT  WITHIN  A  CIRCLE.  As  in  a  circle,  how- 
ever large,  there  is  one  middle  point,  whither  all  con- 
verge, called  by  geoinetricans  the  centre;  and  although 
the  parts  of  the  whole  circumference  may  be  divided 

52 


618  POL— FOR. 

inuumerably,  yet  is  there  no  other  point  save  that  one 
from  which  all  measure  equally,  and  which,  by  a  certain 
law  of  evenness,  hath  the  sovereignty  over  all.  But  if 
yoa  leave  thi3  one  point,  whatever  point  you  take,  the 
greater  number  of  lines  you  draw,  the  more  everything 
is  confused.  So  the  soul  is  tossed  to  and  fro  by  the  very 
vastness  of  the  things,  and  is  crushed  by  a  real  destitu- 
tion, in  that  its  own  nature  compels  it  everywhere  tc 
seek  one  object,  and  the  multiplicity  suffers  it  not. — St 
Augustin. 

POLITICS.  Politics  are  entirely  prohibited  from  a 
Freemasons'  lodge,  and  no  brother  dare  attempt  to  propa- 
gate his  views  upon  politics  by  means  of  the  Order,  this 
being  in  direct  opposition  to  the  ancient  statutes.  The 
political  opinions  of  mankind  never  agree,  and  they  are 
thus  directly  opposed  to  brotherly  union.  If  a  peculiar 
set  of  political  opinions  gain  the  upper  hand  in  a  state, 
or  if  a  revolution  take  place,  or  if  a  country  be  invaded 
by  a  foreign  army,  the  lodges  close  themselves.  Charity 
to  a  suffering  warrior,  let  him  be  a  friend  or  a  foe,  must 
not  be  considered  as  a  political  act,  for  it  is  the  general 
duty  of  mankind,  and  more  especially  it  is  a  masonic 
duty. — Gadicke. 

POMEGKANATE.  Grained  Apple.  The  fruit  is  about 
the  size  of  an  orange,  of  a  tawny  brown,  containing  an 
abundance  of  seeds ;  when  ripe  it  opens  lengthwise,  and 
is  full  of  juice  like  wine,  which  is,  when  cultivated,  sweet 
and  highly  agreeable.  As  an  emblem  for  ornamentation 
it  was  highly  esteemed  by  most  of  the  nations  of  antiquity. 
Moses  was  directed  to  put  embroidered  pomegranates, 
with  golden  bells  between  them,  at  the  bottom  of  the 
high-priest's  robe.  The  two  pillars  set  up  at  the  porch  of 
the  temple  were  ornamented  with  rows  of  artificial  pome- 
granates. This  fruit,  because  of  the  exuberance  of  its 
seed,  has  been  selected  by  Masons  as  an  emblem  of  plenty. 

PORCH.  The  width  of  the  porch,  holy  and  most 
holy  places,  were  twenty  cubits,  and  the  height  over  the 
holy  and  most  holy  places,  was  thirty  cubits ;  but  the 
height  of  the  porch  was  much  greater,  being  no  less 
than  120  cubits,  or  four  times  the  height  of  the  rest  of 


POT— PRA. 

the  building.  To  the  north  and  south  sides,  and  the 
west  end  of  the  holy  and  most  holy  places,  or  all  around 
the  edifice,  from  the  back  of  the  porch  on  the  one  side, 
to  the  back  of  the  porch  on  the  other  side,  certain 
buildings  were  attached;  these  were  called  side  cham- 
bers, and  consisted  of  three  stories,  each  five  cubits 
high,  and  joined  to  the  wall  of  the  temple  without. — 
Calmet. 

POT  OF  INCENSE.  The  pot  of  incense  presents 
itself  to  our  notice  as  an  emblem  of  a  pure  heart,  which 
is  always  an  acceptable  sacrifice  to  the  Deity ;  and  as 
this  glows  with  fervent  heat,  so  should  our  hearts  con- 
tinually glow  with  gratitude  to  the  great  and  beneficent 
author  of  our  existence,  for  the  manifold  blessings  and 
comforts  we  enjoy. 

POT  OF  MANNA.  The  pot  of  manna  was  placed 
in  the  sanctuary  to  commemorate  the  heavenly  bread, 
oy  which  the  Israelites  were  sustained  in  the  wilderness  ; 
it  has  therefore  been  adopted  as  a  masonic  emblem,  to 
signify  that  Christ  is  the  bread  of  God  which  came  down 
from  heaven. 


PUKSUIVANT.  An  attendant  or  herald,  who  publicly 
announced  all  new-comers  at  tournaments,  etc.  In  some 
Grand  Lodges,  an  officer  whose  name  implies  similar 
duties,  and  who  acts  as  the  inner  sentinel. 

PRACTICE.  We  may  talk  of  religion,  its  doctrines, 
its  precepts,  and  its  privileges  ;  we  may  talk  of  philoso- 
phy with  all  its  train  of  human  perfections,  and  human 
acquirements;  we  may  become  Masons,  boast  of  its 
secrecy,  its  science,  and  its  morals ;  put  on  all  its  gaudy 
trappings  arid  ornaments,  and  decorate  ourselves  with  its 
richest  external  jewels.  But  if  our  religion  is  destitute 
of  love  to  God,  and  of  charity  towards  our  fellow  crea- 
tures ;  if  our  philosophy  is  destitute  of  philanthropy,  or 
if  our  Masonry  is  destitute  of  the  activity  of  doing  good, 
away  with  religious  profession,  it  is  but  an  empty  name ; 
away  with  philosophical  sentiment,  it  is  but  as  sounding 
brass ;  away  with  masonic  pretensions,  they  are  but  as 
tinkling  cymbals. — Invvod. 


fi20  PR  A— PR  E. 

PRAYER.  The  legitimate  prayers  of  Freemasonry 
are  short  addresses  to  the  Great  Architect  of  the  Uni- 
verse for  a  blessing  on  our  labours.  Now  who  is  this 
Divine  Being  whom  we  thus  invoke? — Why,  according 
to  the  interpretation  of  our  ancient  brethren,  "  Him  that 
was  carried  to  the  top  of  the  pinnacle  of  the  holy 
temple,"  or  Jesus  Christ.  Nor  is  Freemasonry  singular 
n  ttiis  interpretation.  St.  Paul  says  "  Jesus  Christ  laid 
the  foundations  of  the  earth,  and  the  heavens  are  the 
work  of  his  hands,"  or,  in  other  words,  that  he  is  the 
Great  Architect  of  the  Universe. 

PRECAUTION.  The  greatest  precautions  are  used  to 
prevent  the  admission  of  unworthy  characters ;  if  from 
want  of  proper  information,  or  from  too  charitable  con- 
structions, such  are  introduced,  we  deeply  regret  the 
mistake,  and  use  every  proper  method  to  remedy  the 
evil. — Harris. 

PRECEDENCY.  The  precedency  of  lodges  is  derived 
from  the  number  of  their  constitutions,  as  recorded  in 
the  books  of  the  Grand  Lodge.  No  lodge  shall  be 
acknowledged,  nor  its  officers  admitted  into  the  United 
Grand  Lodge,  or  a  Provincial  Grand  Lodge,  nor  any  of 
its  members  entitled  to  partake  of  the  general  charity  or 
other  masonic  privilege,  unless  it  has  been  regularly 
constituted  and  registered. — Constitutions. 

PREFERENCE.  Though  we  give  a  decided  prefe- 
rence to  such  as  have  been  tried  and  proved,  and  found 
to  be  worthy,  and  have  in  consequence  been  made  mem- 
bers of  the  masonic  family,  we  are  known  to  profess  and 
practise  charity  unconfined,  and  liberality  unlimited, 
and  to  comprehend  in  the  wide  circle  of  our  bene- 
volence, the  whole  human  race. — Harris. 

PREJUDICE.  From  prejudice,  as  well  as  from  igno 
ranee,  arise  most  of  the  objections  agaicst  Freemasonry, 
and  all  the  misrepresentations  of  its  principles  and  prac- 
tices. As  the  origin  of  such  dislike  to  our  institution  i? 
so  well  known,  it  might  be  deemed  paying  too  great 
respect  to  its  evils,  to  take  any  notice  of  them  all.  ID 
general,  it  is  best  to  despise  the  invectives  of  calumny. 


PRE.  62] 

and  smile  at  the  impotence  of  malice ;  to  disdain  taking 
any  notice  of  groundless  surmises,  and  not  to  give  our- 
selves the  trouble  of  listening  to  the  queries  of  the 
ignorant,  or  of  confuting  the  opinions  of  the  prejudiced 
and  captious. — Harris. 

PREPARATION.  Preparation  has  several  depart- 
ments, various  steps  and  degrees.  We  must  place  our 
feet  on  the  first  round  of  the  masonic  or  theological 
ladder,  before  we  can  ascend  the  second ;  and  we  must 
receive  the  degree  of  Entered  Apprentice  before  we  can 
obtain  the  Fellowcraft,  and  the  Fellowcraft  before  the 
degree  of  Master  Mason.  Then  how  complete  is  the 
analogy  between  the  work  of  speculative  Masonry,  and 
the  preparation  of  the  materials  for  King  Solomon's 
Temple,  and  what  does  the  argument  by  way  of  ana- 
logy demonstrate  'i  Every  moral  truth  which  the  pre- 
paration of  the  materials  of  the  temple  teaches,  our 
masonic  preparation  also  illustrates.  It  would  be  wise 
in  us,  to  think  often  of  the  necessity  of  preparation  to 
be  advanced  in  light  and  knowledge. — Scott. 

PREPARED.  A  man  who  has  been  properly  pre 
pared  to  be  initiated  iuto  Freemasonry,  is  a  true  symbol 
of  a  pure  and  uncorrupted  man,  such  as  the  Society 
wishes  apd  requires  to  have  as  members.  Such  an  one 
must  be  able  to  appreciate  his  fellow  mortals  more  by 
their  moral  worth  arid  intellectual  attainments,  than  by 
their  rank,  power,  or  riches.  Happy  are  those  who 
wish  to  be  so  estimated,  for  they  will  do  honour  to  the 
Craft  when  clothed  in  purple  and  gold. — Gadicke. 

PREPARING  BROTHER.  It  is  the  duty  of  the 
preparing  brother,  shortly  before  the  candidate  for  initia 
tion  is  introduced  into  the  lodge,  to  prove  if  he  still  con- 
tinues earnest  in  his  desire  to  be  initiated,  what  are  the 
reasons  which  induce  him  to  do  so,  and  if  he  is  willing 
to  submit  himself  unconditionally  to  the  rules  of  an 
unknown  society.  From  this  we  may  perceive  that  the 
preparing  brother  must  possess  a  line  knowledge  of  man- 
kind. The  situation  in  which  he  is  placed  with  regard 
to  the  candidate,  gives  him  an  opportunity  of  putting  a 
number  of  questions  which  could  not  be  put  in  any  other 


622  F  RE— PUT. 

place,  or  which  the  candidate  could  not  answer  so  fully 
and  so  unhesitatingly  as  in  the  preparing-room.  The 
preparing  brother  must  not  terrify  the  candidate  from 
seeking  admission ;  his  duty  is  merely  to  remove  any 
erroneous  ideas  the  candidate  may  have  formed  of  the 
Craft,  as  far  as  may  be  found  necessary. — Gadicke. 

PRE-REQUISITES.  No  person  is  capable  of  becom 
Jig  a  member  unless,  together  with  the  virtues  afore- 
mentioned, or  at  least  a  disposition  to  seek  and  acquire 
them,  he  is  also  free-born,  of  mature  age,  of  good  report, 
of  sufficient  natural  endowments,  and  the  senses  of  a 
man ;  with  an  estate,  office,  trade,  occupation,  or  some 
visible  way  of  acquiring  an  honest  livelihood,  and  of 
working  in  his  Craft,  as  becomes  the  members  of  this 
most  ancient  and  honourable  fraternity,  who  ought  not 
only  to  earn  what  is  sufficient  for  themselves  and  fami- 
lies, but  also  something  to  spare  for  works  of  charity  and 
supporting  the  true  dignity  of  the  royal  Craft. — Moore 

PRIEST.     The  second  principal  of  the  Royal  Arch. 

PRINCIPAL  POINT.  The  principal  point  of  Ma- 
sonry, is  Brotherly  Love,  Relief,  and  Truth. 

PRINCIPALS.  In  a  Royal  Arch  Chapter  the  Com- 
panions are  supposed  to  be  seated  round,  in  the  fonn  of 
the  catenarian  arch,  in  which  the  thrones  of  the  three 
Principals  form  the  key  or  cope-stone,  to  preserve  a 
memory  of  the  vaulted  shrine  in  which  King  Solomon 
deposited  the  sacred  name  of  the  word.  The  cope-stones 
are  represented  by  the  three  Principals  of  the  Chapter, 
because  as  a  knowledge  of  the  secrets  of  the  vaulted 
chamber  could  only  be  known  by  drawing  them  forth, 
o  the  complete  knowledge  of  this  degree  can  be  attained 
only  by  passing  through  its  several  offices. 

PRINTED  WORKS  ON  FREEMASONRY.  The 
Mas  >n  promises  at  his  initiation,  that  he  will  not  betray 
the  secrets  of  the  Order  by  writing,  and  notwithstanding 
the  great  number  of  the  so-called  printed  works  upon 
Freemasonry  which  we  have,  there  is  not  an  author  ol 
one  of  those  works  who  has  been  a  traitor  to  the  re;:) 


PKI.  f>28 

secrets  of  the  Craft.  When  it  is  maintained  by  the 
world  that  the  books  which  are  said  to  have  been  written 
by  oppressed  Freemasons,  contain  the  secrets  of  Free- 
masonry, it  is  a  very  great  error.  To  publish  an  account 
of  the  ceremonies  of  the  Lodge,  however  wrong  that  may 
be,  does  not  communicate  the  secrets  of  Freemasonry 
The  printed  rituals  are  not  correct,  as  they  are  printed 
from  memory,  and  not  from  a  lodge  copy.  Inquiries  into 
the  history  of  the  Order,  and  the  true  meaning  cf  its 
hieroglyphics  and  ceremonies  by  learned  brethren  cannot 
be  considered  treason,  for  the  Order  itself  recommends 
the  study  of  its  history,  and  that  every  brother  should 
instruct  his  fellows  as  much  as  possible.  It  is  the  same 
with  the  printed  explanation  of  the  moral  principles  and 
the  symbols  of  the  Order  ;  we  are  recommended  to  study 
them  incessantly,  until  we  have  made  ourselves  masters 
of  the  valuable  information  they  contain  ;  and  when  our 
learned  and  cautious  brethren  publish  the  result  of  their 
inquiries,  they  ought  to  be  most  welcome  to  the  Craft. — 
Gadicke. 

i 

PRINTING.  No  brother  shall  presume  to  print  01 
publish,  or  cause  to  be  printed  or  published,  the  pro 
ceedings  of  any  lodge,  nor  any  part  thereof;  or  the 
names  of  the  persons  present  at  such  lodge,  without  the 
direction  of  the  Grand  Master,  or  Provincial  Grand 
Master,  under  pain  of  being  expelled  from  the  Order. 
This  law  is  not  to  extend  to  the  writing,  printing,  or 
publishing,  of  any  notice  or  summons  issued  to  the  mem- 
bers of  a  lodge  by  the  authority  of  the  Master. — Consti- 
tutions. 

PRIVATE  DUTIES.  Whoever  would  be  a  Mason 
should  know  how  to  practise  all  the  private  virtues.  He 
should  avoid  all  manner  of  intemperance  or  excess,  which 
might  prevent  his  performance  of  the  laudable  duties 
of  his  Craft,  or  lead  him  into  enormities,  which  would 
reflect  dishonour  upon  the  ancient  fraternity.  He  is  to 
be  industrious  in  his  profession,  and  true  to  the  Lord  and 
Muster  he  serves.  He  is  to  labour  justly,  and  not  to  eat 
any  man's  bread  for  nought ;  but  to  pay  truly  for  his 
meat  and  drink.  What  leisure  his  labour  allows,  he  is 
to  employ  in  studying  the  arts  and  sciences  with  a  dili- 


624  PR1— PRO. 

gent  mind,  that  he  may  the  better  perform  all  his  duties 
to  his  Creator,  his  country,  his  neighbour  and  himself. — 
Moore. 

PRIVILEGES.  The  majority  of  every  particular 
lodge,  when  duly  congregated,  have  the  privilege  of 
instructing  their  Master  and  Wardens  for  their  conduct 
in  the  Grand  Lodge  and  (Quarterly  Communications  ;  and 
all  particular  lodges  in  the  same  Communications,  shall 
as  much  as  possible  observe  'the  same  rules  and  usages, 
and  appoint  some  of  their  members  to  visit  each  other 
in  the  different  lodges,  as  often  as  it  may  be  convenient 
— Moore. 

PROBATIONS.  Probation  implies  progression,  and 
progression  implies  reward.  If  the  labour  of  the  Entered 
Apprentice  is  intended  to  refer  to  the  fall  of  man,  or  the 
curse  pronounced  for  his  disobedience,  then  the  industri- 
ous and  Christian  Mason  has  an  assurance  that  the  time 
will  come  when  he  will  be  called  from  his  labour  on 
earth,  to  refreshment  in  heaven. — Scott. 

PROCESSIONS.  Our  public  processions  have  been 
instituted  for  many  noble  purposes.  We  visit  the  house 
of  God  in  public,  to  offer  up  our  prayers  and  praises  for 
mercies  and  blessings ;  we  attend  in  a  body  to  shew  the 
world  our  mutual  attachment  as  a  band  of  brothers  ;  we 
are  arranged  in  a  set  form  to  exhibit  the  beauty  of  our 
system,  constructed  on  the  most  harmonious  proportions, 
and  modelled  by  a  series  of  imperceptible  grades  of  rank, 
which  cement  and  unite  us  in  that  indissoluble  chain  of 
sincere  affection  which  is  so  well  understood  by  Master 
Masons,  and  blend  the  attributes  of  equality  and  sub- 
ordination in  a  balance  so  nice  and  equitable,  that  the 
concord  between  rulers  and  brethren  is  never  subject  to 
violation,  while  we  meet  on  the  level  and  part  on  the 
square. 

PROCLAMATION.  On  the  proclamation  of  Cyrus 
the  Jews  left  Babylon,  under  the  conduct  of  Zerubba- 
bel,  son  of  Shealtiel,  the  lineal  descendant  of  thr  princely 
house  of  Judah,  attended  by  Jeshua  the  High  Priest, 
Ilaggai  the  prophet,  and  Ezra  the  scribe,  and  returned 


(JRAJiD   MASONIC    PBOCE8SIOH. 


PRO.  627 

to  their  own  land.  In  the  seventh  month  of  the  same 
year  the  altar  of  God  was  erected,  and  burnt  offerings 
were  sacrificed  upon  it ;  and  the  feast  of  tabernacles 
was  kept  according  to  the  law  of  Moses.  Men  were  also 
employed  according  to  the  permission  of  Cyrus,  to  cut 
cedars  in  Lebanon,  and  bring  them  by  sea  to  Joppa.  In 
the  beginning  of  the  second  year,  the  foundation  of  the 
temple  was  laid  by  Zerubbabel,  the  Grand  Master  of  the 
Jewish  Masons,  assisted  by  Jeshua  the  High  Priest,  as 
Senior  Grand  Warden,  with  great  rejoicing  and  praise  to 
God. 

PROFANE.  The  word  signifies  uninitiated.  All 
those  who  do  not  belong  to  the  Order  are  frequently  so 
called.  Before  a  lodge  is  held,  care  must  be  taken  that 
none  but  the  initiated  are  present,  and  that  the  lodge 
is  carefully  tiled.  In  the  lodge  lists,  which  are  frequently 
open  to  the  public,  there  are  given  the  addresses  to  which 
all  letters  for  the  lodge  must  be  sent,  and  these  are  called 
profane  addresses.  It  would  be  much  more  proper  to 
call  them  u  town  addresses,"  for  many  of  the  uninitiated 
translate  the  word  profane  as  unmannerly  or  impious. — 
Gadicke. 

PROGRESSIVE.  There  are  three  steps  and  three 
degrees  in  symbolical  Masonry.  Each  step  or  degree  is 
an  advance  towards  light  and  knowledge.  There  is  more 
revealed  in  the  Fellow  Craft's  degree,  than  in  the  degree 
of  the  Entered  Apprentice  ;  and  there  is  fulness  of  light 
and  knowledge  in  the  degree  of  Master.  Mankind,  be- 
fore the  appearance  of  the  Messiah,  had  been  partially 
instructed  under  the  patriarchal  and  Levitical  dispensa- 
tions. But  the  world  was  then  comparatively  in  dark- 
ness ;  more  light  was  wanted,  and  the  Messiah  came  to 
give  moie  light,  to  teach  and  instruct  the  world  in  the 
mysteries  of  his  kingdom. — Scott. 

PROMISE.  The  promise  of  a  Saviour,  its  reference 
and  fulfilment,  is  the  great  mystery  of  Freemasonry. 
Some  of  our  most  sublime  observances  are  founded  upon 
it,  and  the  distinguishing  tokens  of  recognition  in  one  of 
the  degrees,  refer  exclusively  to  that  gracious  interposi- 
tion of  the  Deity  in  behalf  of  fallen  man :  and  by  virtue 


02S  PRO. 

of  one  of  these  significaLt  signs,  if  we  prostrate  ourselves 
with  our  face  to  the  earth,  it  is  to  supplicate  the  mercy 
of  our  Creator  and  Judge,  looking  forward  with  humble 
confidence  to  his  holy  promises,  by  which  alone  we  hope 
to  pass  through  the  ark  of  our  redemption,  into  the 
mansions  of  eternal  bliss  and  glory. 

PROMOTION.  Every  man  strives  for  promotion, 
either  in  office  or  in  knowledge.  It  is  for  this  reason 
that  the  Apprentice  strives  for  the  Fellowcraft's  degree ; 
the  Fellov  craft  for  the  Master's  degree,  and  the  Master 
for  a  still  higher  degree,  or  state  of  knowledge.  Those 
who  really  and  zealously  strive  to  obtain  a  correct  know- 
ledge of  all  that  is  truly  good  and  valuable  in  the  Craft, 
will  not  fail  in  their  endeavours  to  obtain  masonic  pro- 
motion.— Gadicke. 

PRONUNCIATION.  The  name  of  Jehovah  is  the 
fountain  and  root,  produces  all  others,  and  itself  is 
derived  from  none ;  which  is  shewn  by  being  written 
in  111  in  TH  which  is  seventy-two  ;  and  is  adduced  by 
"  Bereshith  Raba,"  as  one  of  the  highest  Names,  being 
taught  by  the  priests  and  wise  men,  once  in  seven  years, 
to  their  equals  in  piety  and  virtue,  from  the  pronuncia- 
tion being  extremely  difficult  and  secret. — Manasseh  Ben 
Israel. 

PROPAGATION.  Our  Grand  Master  Solomon,  ob- 
serving the  effects  produced  by  strict  order  adopted 
among  the  Masons  employed  in  his  work,  conceived  the 
idea  of  uniting  the  wise  in  every  nation,  in  the  bond  of 
brotherly  love,  and  in  the  pursuit  of  scientific  acquire- 
ments. He  admitted  to  the  participation  of  this  system 
those  illustrious  sages,  who  resorted  to  Jerusalem,  even 
from  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  East,  to  be  instructed 
in  his  wisdom ;  and  they  returning  to  their  respective 
homes,  propagated  the  system  of  Freemasonry  over  the 
whole  face  of  the  Eastern  continent. — Hemming. 

PROPER  PERSONS.  The  persons  made  Masons,  01 
admitted  members  of  a  lodge,  must  be  good  and  true 
men,  free  born,  and  of  mature  and  discreet  age  and  sound 
judgment ;  no  bondmen,  no  women,  no  immoral  or  scan- 
dalous men,  but  of  good  report. —  Ancient, 


PRO.  629 

It  is  to  be  lamented  that  the  indulgence  (subjoined  tc 
this  wholesome  injunction,  (no  lodge  shall  ever  make  a 
Mason  without  due  inquiry  into  his  character,)  should 
weaken  the  regard  seriously  due  to  it ;  for  as  no  man 
will  build  his  house  upon  a  bog  or  a  quicksand,  a  man 
of  suspicious  integrity  will  be  found  equally  unfit  to 
sustain  the  character  of  a  true  Mason  ;  and  if  some  corre- 
sponding regard  to  worldly  circumstances  were  included, 
it  would  operate  more  for  the  welfare  and  credit  of  the 
Society. — Noorthouck. 

PROPHET.     The  third  principal  of  the  Royal  Arch 

Chapter. 

PROPOSING.  Proposing  a  candidate  is  a  thing  which 
requires  the  greatest  care  and  attention.  Through  an 
improper  subject,  a  whole  lodge — nay,  even  the  whole 
Society — may  receive  a  deep  wound.  No  one  dare  pro- 
pose a  person  with  whom  he  is  not  intimately  acquainted, 
and  whose  conduct  he  has  not  had  an  opportunity  ol 
observing  under  different  circumstances.  The  person 
who  is  about  to  make  a  proposition,  must  have  carefully 
inquired  whether  the  candidate  is  influenced  by  the 
desire  of  gain  or  self-interest ;  for  he  must  not  look  to 
the  Order  as  a  means  of  making  money,  but  rather  as  a 
means  of  expending  it  in  charitable  objects. 

PROSCRIPTION.  The  severest  punishment  in  the 
Order.  The  Freemason  who  is  found  guilty  of  a  crime 
against  the  regulations  of  the  Order,  or  the  laws  of  the 
land,  is  solemnly  proscribed,  and  notice  of  his  proscrip- 
tion is  sent  to  all  lodges,  so  that  he  never  can  gain 
admission  again. — Gadicke. 

PROTECTION.  The  true  believers,  in  order  to 
withdraw  and  distinguish  themselves  from  the  rest  of 
mankind,  especially  the  idolaters  by  whom  they  were 
surrounded,  adopted  emblems,  and  mystic  devices,  toge- 
ther with  certain  distinguishing  principles,  whereby  they 
should  be  known  to  each  other;  and  also  certify  that 
they  were  servants  of  that  God,  in  whose  hands  all  crea- 
tion existed.  By  these  means  they  also  protected  them- 
selves from  persecution,  and  their  faith  from  the  ridicule 
of  the  incredulous  vulgar  — Hutchiiison. 
53 


630  PEG. 

PROTOTYPE.  Masonry  has  the  Omnipotent  Archi- 
tect of  the  Universe  for  the  object  of  its  adoration  and 
imitation,  His  great  and  wonderful  works  for  its  pattern 
and  prototype,  and  the  wisest  and  best  of  men  of  all  ages, 
nations  and  languages,  for  its  patrons  and  professors. 
But  though  Masonry  primarily  inculcates  morals  and  the 
religion  of  nature,  it  has  caught  an  additional  spark  from 
the  light  of  revelation  and  the  Sun  of  Righteousness 
And  though  Masonry  continues  to  burn  with  subordinate 
lustre,  it  lights  the  human  traveller  on  the  same  road,  it 
oreathes  a  concordant  spirit  of  universal  benevolence  ai/d 
orotherly  love,  adds  one  thread  more  to  the  silken  cord 
jf  evangelical  charity  which  binds  man  to  man,  and 
crowns  the  cardinal  virtues  with  Christian  graces. — 
Watson. 

PROVERBS  OR  MAXIMS.  For  the  most  part  having 
reference  to  the  Order,  are  in  many  lodges  orally  com- 
municated to  the  brethren,  and  they  are  examined  in  the 
proficiency  they  have  obtained  in  discovering  the  spirit 
and  meaning  of  those  proverbs,  before  they  can  obtain  a 
higher  degree. — Gadicke. 

PROVINCIAL  GRAND  LODGE.  The  Provincial 
Grand  Lodge  of  each  province  is  to  be  assembled  by  the 
Provincial  Grand  Master  or  his  deputy,  at  least  once  in 
each  year  for  business;  and  which  may  also  be  a  masonic 
festival.  The  present  and  past  provincial  grand  officers, 
being  subscribing  members  of  any  lodge  within  the  dis- 
trict, with  the  Masters,  Past  Masters,  and  Wardens  of  all 
the  lodges,  are  members  of  the  Provincial  Grand  Lodge ; 
and  the  Master  and  Wardens  shall  attend  the  same  when 
duly  summoned,  or  depute  some  brethren  properly  quali- 
fied to  represent  them. — Constitutions. 

PROVINCIAL  GRAND  MASTER.  The  appoint- 
ment of  this  officer,  for  counties  and  for  large  populous 
districts,  is  a  prerogative  of  the  Grand  Master,  by  whom, 
or,  in  his  absence,  by  his  deputy,  a  patent  may  be  grant- 
ed, during  pleasure,  to  such  brother  of  eminence  and 
ability  in  the  Craft  as  may  be  thought  worthy  of  the 
appointment.  By  this  patent  he  is  invested  with  a  rank 
and  power,  in  his  particular  district,  similar  to  those  pos- 
sessed by  the  Grand  Master  himself. — 


PRO— PUB.  631 

PROVINCIAL  GRAND  OFFICERS.  These  officers 
are  to  be  annually  nominated  and  installed  or  invested, 
according  to  their  stations,  in  the  Provincial  Grand 
Lodge;  and  when  so  regularly  appointed,  they  possess, 
within  their  particular  district,  the  rank  and  privileges 
of  grand  officers;  but  they  are  not  by  such  appointment 
members  of  the  United  Grand  Lodge,  nor  do  they  take 
any  rank  out  of  the  province,  though  they  are  entitled  to 
wear  their  clothing  as  provincial  grand  officers,  or  past 
officers,  in  all  masonic  assemblies.  No  brother  can  be 
appointed  a  Grand  Warden  unless  he  be  the  Master  of  a 
lodge,  or  has  regularly  served  in  that  office;  nor  a  Grand 
Deacon,  unless  he  be  a  Warden,  or  Past  Warden  of  a 
lodge.  If  Grand  Stewards  are  appointed,  the  number 
shall  not  exceed  six,  nor  shall  they  take  any  prominent 
rank  or  distinction  in  the  province. — Constitutions. 

PRUDENCE.  The  emblem  of  prudence  is  the  first 
and  most  exalted  object  that  demands  our  attention  in  the 
lodge.  It  is  placed  in  the  centre,  ever  to  be  present  to  the 
eye  of  the  Mason,  that  his  heart  may  be  attentive  to  her 
dictates,  and  steadfast  in  her  laws;  for  prudence  is  the 
rule  of  all  virtues;  prudence  is  the  path  which  leads  to 
every  degree  of  propriety;  prudence  is  the  channel 
whence  self-approbation  flows  for  ever.  She  leads  us 
forth  to  worthy  actions,  and,  a.s  a  blazing  star,  enlightens 
us  throughout  the  dreary  and  darksome  paths  of  life — 
Hutchinson. 

PUBLICITY.  What  is  there  in  Freemasonry,  except 
the  landmarks  and  peculiar  secrets,  that  we  ought  to  be 
anxious  to  conceal?  Are  our  doctrines  unfavourable  to 
the  interests  of  morality,  that  we  are  desirous  of  hiding 
them  from  public  observation?  Are  our  ceremonies  re- 
pulsive to  virtue,  or  our  practices  subversive  to  the  rules 
and  decencies  of  society"/  Nothing  like  it.  We  boast 
of  our  benevolent  institutions;  we  extol  our  brotherly 
love;  we  celebrate  our  regard  for  the  four  cadinal,  and 
the  three  theological  virtues.  Why  place  our  light  under 
a  bushel  ?  why  refuse  to  let  it  shine  before  men,  that 
they  may  see  our  good  works  have  a  tendency  to  the  glory 
of  our  Father  which  is  in  heaven? 


032  PUN— QUA. 

PUNCTUALITY.  I  would  impress  upon  the  Masters 
and  Wardens  the  necessity  of  being  punctual,  and  always 
to  open  their  lodges  and  commence  their  business  at  the 
exact  hour  mentioned  in  the  summonses,  assured  that  if 
they  persevere  in  this  duty,  they  will  incite  regularity  in 
the  brethren,  and  the  consequences  will  be,  that  their 
families,  and  the  world  at  large,  will  appreciate  an  insti 
tution  which  thus  displays  the  fruits  of  sound  and  whole- 
some discipline;  the  lodges' will  increase  in  number  and 
reputation,  and  through  their  exemplary  conduct,  Free- 
masonry will  secure  a  triumphal  ascendancy,  and  excite 
general  admiration  and  respect. 

PUNISHMENTS.  Those  Freemasons  who  violate 
the  laws  of  the  country  in  which  they  reside,  are  either 
suspended,  excluded,  or  proscribed.  The  lodge,  never- 
theless, never  usurps  the  place  of  the  magistrate  or  judge, 
as  it  has  been  formerly  accused  of  doing.  It  rather 
directs  the  attention  of  the  officers  of  justice  to  those 
brethren  upon  whom  remonstrances  are  of  no  avail,  and 
whom  it  is  compelled  to  exclude. — Gadicke. 

PURITY.  White  was  always  considered  an  emblem 
of  purity.  Porphyry,  who  wrote  so  largely  on  the  spu- 
rious Freemasonry,  says,  "  They  esteem  him  not  fit  to 
offer  sacrifice  worthily,  whose  body  is  not  clothed  in  a 
white  and  clean  garment ;  but  they  do  not  think  it  any 
great  matter,  if  some  go  to  sacrifice,  having  their  bodies 
clean,  and  also  their  garments,  though  their  minds  be  not 
void  of  evil,  as  if  God  were  not  the  most  delighted  with 
internal  purity,  which  bears  the  nearest  resemblance  to 
him.  It  was  even  written  in  the  temple  of  Epidauras — 
let  all  who  come  to  offer  at  this  shrine  be  pure.  Now 
purity  consists  in  holy  thoughts. 

PURPLE.  The  colour  by  which  the  grand  officers 
are  distinguished.  It  is  an  emblem  of  union,  being  pro- 
duced by  the  combination  of  blue  and  scarlet,  and  reminds 
the  wearer  to  cultivate  amongst  the  brethren  over  whom 
lie  is  placed,  such  a  spirit  of  union  as  may  cement  them 
into  one  complete  and  harmonious  society. 

QUADRANGULAR  DIAGRAM.    This  figure,  which 


QUA.  633 

appears  on  some  of  the  old  Royai  Arch  floor-cloths, 
reminds  us  of  the  seven  pair  of  pillars  which  supported 
King  Solomon's  private  avenue,  the  seven  steps  in  ad- 
vancing, and  the  seven  seals ;  for  in  those  days  the  O.  B. 
was  sealed  seven  times.  The  entire  hieroglyphic,  in- 
cluding the  linear  and  angular  triads,  and 
the  quadrangular  diagram,  was  use'5  in  the 
continental  degree  of  Secret  Master,  to  ex- 
press the  Tetragrammatou,  or  Sacred  Name,  which  they 
assert  was  found  written  upon  the  ancient  monuments 
of  Jerusalem. 

QUALIFICATION.  Every  candidate  for  the  office 
of  Master  must  be  true  and  trusty,  of  good  report,  and 
held  in  high  estimation  amongst  the  brethren.  He  must 
be  well  skilled  in  our  noble  science,  and  a  lover  of  the 
Craft ;  he  must  have  been  regularly  initiated,  passed,  and 
raised  in  the  three  established  degrees  of  Freemasonry, 
and  have  served  the  office  of  Warden  in  some  regulai 
warranted  lodge.  He  ought  to  be  of  exemplary  conduct, 
courteous  in  manners,  easy  of  address,  but  steady  and  firm 
in  principle.  He  must  have  been  regularly  ballotted 
for,  and  elected  by,  the  Worshipful  Master,  officers,  ano 
brethren,  in  open  lodge  assembled ;  and  presented  ac- 
cording to  ancient  form,  to  a  regularly  constituted  board 
of  installed  Masters. 

QUALIFICATION  QUESTIONS.     These  questions 
are  used  as  tests,  to  ascertain  the  progress  of  a  candidate 
during  his  passage  through  the  degrees.     They  are  signi 
ficant ;  and  every  one  who  aspires  to  the  character  of  a 
perfect  Mason,  ought  to  be  acquainted  with  them. 

QUARRELLING.  As  a  Mason  you  are  to  cultivate 
brotherly  love,  the  foundation  and  cape-stone,  the  cement 
and  glory  of  this  ancient  fraternity,  avoiding  all  wrangling 
and  quarrelling,  all  slander  and  backbiting,  nor  permitting 
others  to  slander  any  honest  brother,  but  defending  his 
character  and  doing  him  all  good  offices,  as  far  as  is  con- 
sistent with  your  honour  and  safety,  and  no  farther. — 
Ancient  Charges. 

QUARRIES   OF   TYRE.      The  arrangement  of  tr* 


034  QUA. 

Tyriun  quarries  must  not  be  compared  with  the  cornmcn 
stone-pits  of  this  country,  but  rather  to  an  extensive  coal 
mine.  Thus,  Shaw  describes  the  quarries  of  Strabo,  at 
Aquilaria: — "Small  shafts  or  openings  are  carried  up 
quite  through  the  surface  above,  for  the  admission  of 
fresh  air,  whilst  large  pillars,  with  their  respective  arches: 
are  still  left  standing  to  support  the  roof."  Here  the 
lodges  were  opened  in  the  several  degrees. 

QUARTERLY  COMMUNICATIONS.  Four  Grand 
Lodges,  representing  the  Craft,  shall  be  held  for  quarter- 
ly communication  in  each  year,  on  the  first  Wednesday 
in  the  months  of  March,  June,  September  and  December, 
on  each  of  which  occasions,  the  Masters  and  Wardens  of 
all  the  warranted  lodges,  shall  deliver  into  the  hands  of  the 
Grand  Secretary  and  Grand  Treasurer,  a  faithful  list  of 
all  their  contributing  members ;  and  the  warranted  lodges 
in  and  adjacent  to  London,  should  pay  towards  the  grand 
fund  one  shilling  per  quarter  for  each  member. — Articles 
of  Union. 

QUARTERLY  SUBSCRIPTIONS.  Supporting  a 
lodge,  paying  the  serving  brethren,  and  other  expenses 
which  are  unavoidable,  cause  an  expenditure  which  the 
uncertain  fees  upon  initiation  will  not  meet,  and  thus 
renders  it  necessary  for  the  brethren  to  contribute  a  small 
sum  monthly  for  this  purpose ;  these  sums  vary  in 
amount  in  different  lodges  according  to  their  own  by- 
laws made  for  the  purpose.  The  balance  in  the  hands  of 
the  Treasurer,  after  paying  all  necessary  expenses,  is 
spent  for  the  benefit  of  the  lodge,  or  devoted  to  charita- 
ble purposes.  No  subscribing  brother  ought  to  neglect 
these  payments;  and  he  who  lives  in  a  place  where 
there  is  no  lodge,  and  is  not  a  subscriber,  acts  most 
unmasonically  by  neglecting  to  support  the  Charities. — • 
Poor  brethren,  and  those  who  are  initiated  as  musical  or 
serving  brethren,  are  exempt  from  all  contributions ;  but 
those  who  are  able  to  subscribe  and  do  not  do  so,  deserve 
most  justly  to  be  struck  off  the  list  of  members. — 
Gadicke. 

QUATERNARY.  The  sacred  quaternarj ,  or  number 
Four,  involves  the  liberal  sciences,  phy.sirs,  morality.  &c, 


QUE— RAI.  6,35 

And  because  the  first  four  digits,  added  into  each  other, 
produce  the  number  ten,  Pythagoras  called  the  quater- 
nary all  number,  and  used  it  as  the  symbol  of  univer- 
sality. 

QUEEN  ELIZABETH.  During  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  the  government  of  the  country  attempted  to 
interfere  with  Freemasonry,  but  without  success.  The 
queen  was  jealous  of  all  secrets  in  which  she  was  unable 
to  participate,  and  she  deputed  an  armed  force,  on  St 
John's  day,  in  December,  1561,  to  break  up  the  annual 
Grand  Lodge.  The  Grand  Master,  Sir  Thomas  Sackville, 
received  the  queen's  officers  with  great  civility,  telling 
them  nothing  could  give  him  greater  pleasure  than  to 
.admit  them  into  the  Grand  Lodge,  and  communicate  to 
them  the  secrets  of  the  Order.  He  persuaded  them  to 
be  initiated,  and  this  convinced  them  that  the  system 
was  founded  on  the  sublime  ordinances  of  morality  and 
religion.  On  their  return,  they  assured  the  queen  that 
the  business  of  Freemasonry  was  the  cultivation  of  mo- 
rality and  science,  harmony  and  peace;  and  that  politics 
arid  religion  were  alike  forbidden  to  be  discussed  in  their 
assemblies.  The  queen  was  perfectly  satisfied,  and  never 
attempted  to  disturb  the  lodges  again. 

RAINBOW.  The  rainbow  was  an  emblem  common 
to  every  species  of  religious  mystery ;  and  was  probably 
derived  from  an  old  arkite  tradition,  that  the  divinity  was 
clothed  in  a  rainbow ;  for  thus  he  is  represented  by  Eze- 
kiel  the  prophet :  "As  the  appearance  of  the  bow  that  is 
in  the  cloud  in  the  day  of  rain,  so  was  the  appearance  of 
the  brightness  round  about;  this  was  the  appearance 
of  the  likeness  of  the  Glory  of  the  Lord."  St.  John 
saw  in  a  vision  the  throne  of  God  encompassed  by  a 
rainbow.  A  rainbow  was  in  fact  the  usual  emblem  of  a 
divine  Saviour  throughout  the  world.  Some  Christians, 
"from  the  irradiation  of  the  sun  upon  a  cloud,  appre- 
hend the  mystery  of  the  Son  of  Righteousness  in  th 
obscurity  of  the  flesh  by  the  colours  green  and  red 
the  two  destructions  of  the  world  by  water  and  fire ;  or 
by  the  colour  of  water  and  blood  the  mysteries  of  baptism 
ind  the  holv  eucharist  " 


o86  flAI— KEG. 

RAISED.  The  expressive  term  used  to  designate  the 
reception  of  the  candidate  into  the  third  or  sublime 
degree  of  Master  Mason,  and  alludes  both  to  a  part  of 
the  ceremony  and  to  oar  faith  in  the  glorious  morn  of  tin; 
resarrection,  when  onr  "bodies  will  rise,  and  become  aa 
incorruptible  as  our  souls. 

RECOGNITION,  SIGN  OR  SIGNS,  WORD,  AND 
GRIP.  Wherever  brethren  meet,  in  whatever  part  of 
the  world  it  may  be,  whether  they  can  understand  each 
others  language  or  not,  if  it  be  by  day  or  by  night,  if 
one  be  deaf  and  the  other  dumb,  they  can  nevertheless 
recognise  each  other  as  brethren.  In  this  respect  the 
recognition  signs  are  a  universal  language,  and  they  are 
communicated  to  every  Mason  at  his  initiation.  Signs 
and  grips  can  be  given  so  cautiously  that  it  is  not  possi-* 
ble  to  perceive  them,  if  they  are  surrounded  by  thousands 
who  have  not  been  initiated.  To  give  the  word  is  some 
what  more  difficult.  By  the  grip  we  may  make  ourselves 
known  to  the  blind,  by  the  sign  unto  the  deaf,  and  by 
the  word  and  grip  by  day  or  by  night. — Gadicke. 

RECOMMENDATION.  The  following  is  the  general 
form  of  a  petition  to  the  Lodge  of  Benevolence  for  relief, 
which  may  be  altered  according  to  circumstances  : — We 
the  undersigned,  being  the  Master,  Wardens,  and  majority 
of  the  members  present,  in  open  lodge  assembled,  of 

lodge  No.  —  called ,  and  held  at  ,  this 

— — —  day  of  ,  18  -    ,  do  hereby  certify,  that  the 

within  named  petitioner  hath  been  a  regular  contributing 

member  of  this  lodge  for  the  space  of years  ;  and 

that  we  have  known  him  in  reputable  circumstances, 
and  do  therefore  recommend  him  to  the  Lodge  of  Benevo- 
lence for  relief,  having  satisfactory  grounds  for  believing 
the  allegations  set  forth  in  his  petition  to  be  true. — Con 
"titutions. 

RECONCILIATION.  Freemasonry  teaches  to  sup- 
press private  prejudices  and  party  spirit;  to  forget  ani- 
mosities, and  to  listen  to  the  voice  of  reconciliation ;  to 
soften  into  gentleness  and  complaisance,  sympathy,  and 
love ;  and  to  prepare  for  all  the  duties  of  universal 
benevolence. — Harris. 


RED— REG.  637 

RED  SEA.  That  part  of  the  sea  over  which  the 
Israelites  passed,  was,  according  to  Mr.  Bruce,  arid  other 
travellers,  about  four  leagues  across,  and,  therefore, 
might  easily  be  crossed  in  one  night.  In  the  dividing  oi 
the  sea,  two  agents  appear  to  be  employed,  though  the 
effect  produced  can  be  attributed  to  neither.  By  stretch- 
ing out  the  rod  the  waters  were  divided  ;  by  the  b .  jwirig 
of  the  vehement  east  wind,  the  bed  of  the  sea  was  dried. 
It  has  been  observed  that  in  the  bed  of  the  sea,  where 
the  Israelites  were  supposed  to  have  passed,  the  wator  is 
about  fourteen  fathoms,  or  twenty-eight  yards  deep.  No 
natural  agent  could  divide  these  waters,  and  cause  them 
to  stand  as  a  wall  upon  the  right  hand  and  upon  the 
left ;  therefore  God  did  it  by  his  own  sovereign  power. 
When  the  waters  were  thus  divided,  there  was  no  need 
of  a  miracle  to  dry  the  bed  of  the  sea,  and  make  it  passa- 
ble; therefore  the  strong  desiccating  east  wind  was 
brought,  which  soon  accomplished  this  object. — Adam 
Clarke. 

REFRESHMENT.  I  like  the  good  old  custom  of 
moderate  refreshment  during  lodge  hours,  because,  under 
proper  restrictions,  I  am  persuaded  that  it  is  consonant 
with  ancient  usage.  The  following  are  the  routine 
ceremonies  which  were  used  on  such  occasions  by  our 
brethren  of  the  last  century.  At  a  certain  hour  of  the 
evening,  and  with  certain  ceremonies,  the  lodge  waa 
called  from  labour  to  refreshment,  when  the  brethren 
"  enjoyed  themselves  with  decent  merrimenfr,"  and  the 
song  and  the  toast  prevailed  for  a  brief  period.  The 
songs  were  usually  on  masonic  subjects,  as  printed  in  the 
old  Books  of  Constitutions,  and  other  works ;  and 
although  the  poetry  is  sometimes  not  of  the  choicest 
kind,  yet  several  of  them  may  class  amongst  the  first 
compositions  of  the  day.  Each  song  had  its  appropriate 
toast ;  and  thus  the  brethren  were  furnished  with  the 
materials  for  passing  a  social  hour.  And  I  can  say  from 
experience,  that  the  time  of  refreshment  in  a  masonic 
lodge,  up  to  the  union  in  1S13,  was  a  period  of  unalloved 
happiness  and  rational  enjoyment. 

REG-ALIA.  No  brother  shall,  on  any  pretence,  be 
admitted  into  the  Grand  Lodge,  or  anv  subordinate  lodge. 


C38  REG. 

without  his  proper  clothing.  If  an  honorary  or  ot^ei 
jewel  be  worn,  it  must  be  conformable  to,  and  consistent 
with,  those  degrees,  which  are  recognised  by  the  Grand 
L  o  dge . — Constitutions. 

REGENERATION.  The  cross  on  which  the  Messiah 
suffered  was  typified  by  the  staff*  of  Jacob  amongst  the 
patriarchs ;  amongst  the  Jews  by  the  rod  of  Moses,  as 
an  agent  of  salvation  on  their  deliverance  from  Egyptian 
bondage,  and  during  their  sojournings  in  the  wilderness  ; 
and  also  by  the  pole  on  which  the  brazen  serpent  was 
suspended :  and  amongst  the  heathen  by  the  tau-cross, 
which  was  appropriated  to  Serapis,  and  other  deities  ; 
and,  in  its  triple  form  (y) ,  constituting  a  striking 
emblem  of  Royal  Arch  Masonry  united  with  Christianity 
at  the  present  day.  And  it  is  remarkable,  that  in  each 
and  every  case,  whether  of  the  staff*  of  Jacob,  the  rod  of 
Moses,  the  pillar  of  the  brazen  serpent,  or  the  tau  of  the 
heathen  nations,  the  emblem  signified  alike  the  cross  of 
Christ,  regeneration,  and  life. 

REGISTRAR.  The  Grand  Registrar  is  to  be  appointed 
annually  by  the  Grand  Master  on  the  day  of  his  installa- 
tion, and,  if  present,  invested  according  to  ancient  cus- 
tom. He  shall  have  the  custody  of  the  seals  of  the 
Grand  Lodge,  and  shall  affix  the  same  to  all  patents, 
warrants,  certificates,  and  other  documents  issued  by  the 
authority  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  as  well  as  to  such  as  the 
Grand  Master,  in  conformity  to  the  established  laws  and 
regulations  of  the  Craft,  may  direct.  He  is  to  superin- 
tend the  office  of  the  records  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  and 
to  take  care  that  the  several  documents  issued  from  his 
office  be  in  due  form. — Constitutions. 

REGISTRATION.  Every  lodge  must  be  particularly 
careful  in  registering  the  names  of  the  brethren  initiated 
therein,  and  also  in  making  the  returns  of  its  members, 
as  no  person  is  entitled  t^  partake  of  the  general  charity, 
unless  his  name  be  duly  registered,  and  he  shall  have 
been  at  least  two  years  a  contributing  member  of  a 
lodge ;  except  in  the  following  cases,  to  which  the  limi- 
tation of  two  years  is  not  meant  to  extend,  viz.:  ship- 
wreck, or  capture  at  sea,  loss  by  fire,  or  breaking  or  diy 


REG  -REI.  63il 

locating  a  limb,  fuJly  attested  and  proved.  To  prevent 
injury  to  individuals,  by  their  being  excluded  the  privi- 
leges of  Masonry,  through  the  neglect  of  their  lodges  in 
not  registering  their  names,  any  brother,  so  circum- 
stanced, on  producing  sufficient  proof  that  he  has  paid 
the  full  fees  to  his  lodge,  including  the  register  fee,  shall 
be  capable  of  enjoying  the  privileges  of  the  Craft.  But 
the  offending  lodge  shall  be  reported  to  the  Board  01 
General  Purposes,  and  rigorously  proceeded  against  for 
detaining  monies  which  are  the  property  of  the  Grand 
Lodge. — Constitutions. 

REGULAR  LODGE.  By  this  term  we  are  not  only 
to  understand  such  a  lodge  as  works  under  a  general 
warrant,  granted  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  country  in 
which  it  is  situated,  and  which  is  acknowledged  by,  and 
is  in  correspondence  with,  the  neighbouring  lodges,  but 
also  that  the  Book  of  the  Holy  Law  shall  be  unfolded 
on  the  pedestal ;  that  it  shall  be  composed  of  the  requi- 
site number  of  brethren,  and  the  authority  of  the  warrant 
enforced  by  the  presence  of  the  Book  of  Constitutions. 

REGULARITY.  He  only  is  acknowledged  as  a  Free 
and  Accepted  Mason  who  has  been  initiated  into  our 
mysteries  in  a  certain  manner,  with  the  assistance  of,  and 
under  the  superintendence  of  at  least  seven  brethren,  and 
who  is  able  to  prove  that  he  has  been  regularly  initiated, 
by  the  ready  use  of  those  signs  and  words  which  are  used 
by  the  other  brethren. — Charter  of  Colne. 

REGULATIONS  Without  such  regulations  as  Solo- 
mon had  devised  for  the  government  of  his  servants, 
without  such  artificers,  and  a  superior  wisdom  overruling 
the  whole,  we  should  be  ;it  a  loss  to  account  for  the 
beginning,  carrying  on,  and  finishing  that  great  work  in 
the  space  of  seven  years  and  six  months,  when  the  two 
succeeding  temples,  though  much  inferior,  employed  so 
much  more  time ;  and  then  we  have  good  authority  to 
believe  that  the  temple  of  Diana,  at  Ephesus,  a  structure 
not  comparable  to  the  Temple  of  Jerusalem,  was  two 
hundred  and  twenty  years  in  building. — Hutcldnson. 

REINSTATEMENT      The  Provincial  Grand  Mast™ 


640  R  EL— REN. 

has  no  power  t  >  expel  a  Mason,  though  he  may,  when 
satisfied  that  any  brother  has  been  unjustly  or  illegally 
suspended,  removed,  or  excluded  from  any  of  his  masonic 
functions  or  privileges  by  a  lodge,  order  him  to  be 
immediately  restored,  and  may  suspend,  until  the  next 
quarterly  communication,  the  lodge  or  brother  who  shall 
efuse  to  comply  with  such  order. — Constitutions. 

RELIEF.  Relief  is  an  important  tenet  of  our  pro- 
ession ;  and  though  to  relieve  the  distressed  is  a  duty 
incumbent  on  all  men,  it  is  more  particularly  so  on 
Masons,  who  are  linked  together  by  an  indissoluble  chain 
of  sincere  affection.  To  soothe  calamity,  alleviate  mis- 
fortune, compassionate  misery,  and  restore  peace  to  the 
troubled  mind,  is  the  grand  aim  of  the  true  Mason.  On 
this  basis  he  establishes  his  friendships,  and  forms  his 
connexions. 

RELIGION.  The  ancient  lodges  only  admitted  those 
persons  into  the  Order  who  acknowledged  the  divinity  of 
Jesus  Christ ;  thus  they  were  to  be  Christians,  either  of 
the  English,  Catholic,  Lutheran,  reformed,  or  modern 
Greek  church.  Mahometans,  Jews,  &c.,  were  excluded, 
for  none  of  these  acknowledged  the  New  Testament  as 
a  sacred  writing.  In  modern  times  some  of  the  French 
lodges  have  initiated  Jews,  but  they  are  not  acknow- 
ledged by  the  ancient  lodges  to  be  Freemasons. — GaJicJce 

REMOVAL  OF  LODGES.  When  any  lodge  shall 
have  resolved  to  remove,  the  Master  or  Warden  shall 
forthwith  send  a  copy  of  the  minutes  of  the  lodge  for 
such  removal  to  the  Grand  Secretary,  or  to  the  Provincial 
Grand  Master  or  his  deputy,  that  it  may  be  ascertained 
whether  the  above  law  has  been  strictly  complied  with, 
and  that  the  removal  may  be  duly  recorded.  If  the 
meeting  of  a  lodge  at  its  usual  place  should  by  any  cir- 
cumstance be  rendered  impossible  or  improper,  the  Master 
may  appoint  any  other  place,  and  consult  his  brethren 
on  the  occasion. — Constitutions. 

RENUNCIATION.  Amongst  the  Jews,  when  a  person 
renounced  any  bargain  or  contract,  he  took  off  his  shoe, 
and  gave  it  to  his  fellow;  which  was  considered  a  suffi- 


REP.  641 

cient  evidence  that  he  transferred  all  his  right  unto  that 
person  to  whom  he  delivered  his  shoe.  It  is  not  easy  to 
give  an  account  of  the  origin  of  this  custom ;  but  the 
reason  is  plain  enough,  it  being  a  natural  signification 
that  he  resigned  his  interest  in  the  land  by  giving  him 
his  shoe,  wherewith  he  used  to  walk  in  it,  to  the  end 
that  he  might  enter  into  it,  and  take  possession  of  it  him- 
self. The  Targum,  instead  of  a  shoe,  hath  the  right-hand 
glove;  it  being  the  custom  in  his  time,  perhaps,  to  give 
that  instead  of  the  shoe.  For  it  is  less  troublesome  to 
pull  off  a  glove  than  a  shoe,  and  deliver  it  to  another, 
though  it  hath  the  same  signification ;  as  now  the  Jews 
deliver  a  handkerchief  to  the  same  purpose.  So  R.  Solo- 
mon Jarchi  affirms — "  We  acquire,  or  buy,  now  by  a 
handkerchief,  or  veil,  instead  of  a  shoe." — Bishop  Patrick. 

REPASTS.  The  days  of  meeting  are  often  days  of 
festivity.  The  repasts  are  heightened  by  the  temporary 
equality,  which  adds  much  to  the  mirth  of  the  meeting, 
and  all  cares  subside  for  the  day.  What  has  been  said  oi 
certain  assemblies,  where  decency  was  not  respected,  u 
most  certainly  the  invention  of  calumny. — Barmel. 

REPORT.  The  sound  of  the  Master's  hammer  reminds 
each  brother  of  the  sacred  numbers,  a  thing  which  oughi 
to  induce  us  readily  and  cheerfully  to  acknowledge  and 
obey  his  commands.  He  who  wishes  to  gain  admittance 
amongst  us  must  remember  the  saying,  "  Knock  and  it 
shall  be  opened  unto  you."  It  is  only  then  that  he  can 
enter  with  a  sanctified  heart. — Gadiche. 

REPORTS.  The  reports  or  signals  of  Masonry  are 
too  well  known  to  every  brother  to  need  any  explanation 
They  are  arranged  on  certain  fixed  principles  to  dis- 
tinguish every  separate  degree. 

REPRESENTATION.  The  public  interests  of  the 
Fraternity  are  managed  by  a  general  representation  of 
all  private  lodges  on  record,  together  with  the  present 
and  past  g*ind  officers,  and  the  Grand  Master  at  theit 
head.  All  brethren  who  have  been  regularly  elected 
and  installed  as  Master  of  a  lodge,  and  who  have  exe- 
cuted the  office  for  one  year,  shall  rank  as  Past  Masters- 
54 


REP. 

and  shall  be  members  of  the  Gra.id  Lodge.  But  if  a 
Past  Master  shall  cease  to  subscribe  to  a  lodge  for  the 
space. of  twelve  months,  he  shall  no  longer  enjoy  the 
rank  of  Past  Master,  or  continue  a  member  of  the  Grand 
Lodge. — Constitutions. 

REPRESENTATIVES,  or  DEPUTIES  FROM  ONE 
LODGE  TO  ANOTHER.  They  may  either  be  represents 
tives  of  one  Grand  Lodge  in  another,  or  of  a  St.  John' 
Lodge  in  a  Grand  Lodge.  In  the  last  case  the  deputy 
must  endeavour  to  maintain  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
the  lodge  he  represents,  and  must  not  allow  any  resolu- 
tions to  be  passed  which  may  act  injuriously  to  the 
lodge  he  represents,  or  any  other  lodge.  We  perceive 
by  this  that  a  deputy  should  have  clear  views  of  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  the  lodge  he  represents,  and  of 
the  whole  Order,  or  he  cannot  do  his  duty  as  a  deputy  in 
bringing  any  propositions  he  may  have  to  make  before 
the  Grand  Lodge.  He  must  also  be  able  to  transmit  a 
correct  account  of  the  transactions  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
to  the  lodge  from  which  he  is  deputed. — Gadicke. 

REPUTATION.  It  seems  the  Masons  have  great 
regard  to  the  reputation,  as  well  as  the  profit,  of  their 
Order;  since  they  make  it  one  reason  for  not  divulging 
an  art  in  common,  that  it  may  do  honour  to  the  possessors 
of  it.  I  think  in  this  particular  they  show  too  much 
regard  for  their  own  society,  and  too  little  for  the  rest  of 
mankind. — Locke. 

REPROACH.  There  are  some  of  persons  of  so  captious 
and  uncharitable  a  make,  that  it  would  be  impossible  for 
the  most  cautious  to  avoid  their  remarks,  or  escape  their 
censures.  The  exceptions  may  lay  hold  of  some  un- 
guarded circumstance  or  other,  misrepresent  what  is 
good,  and,  by  giving  it  a  wrong  turn  or  appellation,  spoil 
both  its  credit  and  effect.  While  the  envious  and  ma- 
licious will  be  sagacious  in  discovering  the  weak  side  of 
every  character,  and  dexterous  in  making  the  most  and 
worst  of  it.  Thus  circumstanced,  how  are*  we  to  con- 
duct ourselves?  How  is  it  possible  to  steer  clear  from 
blame?  It  may  not  be.  But  if  we  cannot  escape 
reproaches,  we  may  avoid  deserving  them. — Harris. 


KES.  643 

RESIGNATION.  This  word  is  sometimes  applied  when 
a  member  desires  to  leave  his  Lodge.  A  Mason's  obliga- 
tions to  the  Order  are  indefeasible.  In  the  separation  of 
»  brother  from  his  Lodge,  the  word  dimit  should  be  used. 

RESPECTABILITY.  In  referring  to  the  prosperous 
condition  of  the  Craft,  and  the  accession  which  is  daily 
making  to  its  numbers,  1  would  observe  that  the  charac 
ter  of  a  lodge  does  not  depend  upon  the  number  but  the 
respectability  of  its  members.  It  is  too  often  the  case 
that  a  lodge  manifests  too  great  anxiety  to  swell  its 
numbers,  under  the  erroneous  idea  that  number  consti- 
tutes might.  It  should,  however,  be  remembered,  that 
the  race  is  not  to  the  swift,  nor  the  battle  to  the  strong. 
So  it  is  in  Masonry ;  a  lodge  of  a  dozen  men,  of  respect- 
able standing  in  society,  will  exert  more  influence  upon 
the  community  than  five  times  the  number  of  doubtful 
reputation.  The  latter  will  be  greater  in  numerical 
strength,  but  the  former  in  actual  power. —  TannekiU. 

RESTRICTIONS.  When  the  Temple  at  Jerusalem 
was  completed,  King  Solomon,  being  desirous  to  trans- 
mit the  society  under  the  ancient  restrictions,  as  a  bless- 
ing to  future  ages,  decreed  that  whenever  they  should 
assemble  in  their  lodges,  to  discourse  upon,  and  improve 
themselves  in,  the  arts  and  sciences,  and  whatever  else 
should  be  deemed  proper  topics  to  increase  their  know- 
ledge, they  should  likewise  instruct  each  other  in  secrecy 
arid  prudence,  morality  and  good  fellowship ;  and  for 
these  purposes  he  established  certain  peculiar  rules  and 
customs  to  be  invariably  observed  in  their  conversations, 
that  their  minds  might  be  enriched  by  a  perfect  acquaint- 
ance with,  and  practice  of,  every  moral,  social,  and 
religious  duty,  lest,  while  they  were  so  highly  honoured 
by  being  employed  in  raising  a  temple  to  the  great  Jeho- 
vah, they  should  neglect  to  secure  themselves  a  happy 
admittance  into  the  celestial  lodge,  of  which  the  Temple 
was  only  to  be  a  type. — Calcott. 

RESURRECTION.  The  Master  Mason's  tracing-board, 
covered  with  emblems  of  mortality,  reads  a  lesson  to  the 
initiated  of  the  certainty  of  death,  and  also  of  a  resurrec- 
tion from  the  dead.  Like  that  of  the  two  preceding 


644  RET—REV. 

degrees,  it  is  an  oblong  square,  circumscribed  by  a  black 
border  witbin  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the  compass. 
The  principal  figure  is  a  black  coffin,  on  a  white  ground, 
at  the  head  of  which  is  placed  a  sprig  of  evergreen,  called 
cassia,  or  acacia,  which  appears  to  bloom  and  flourish 
over  the  grave,  as  though  it  said — "  0  death  where  is  thy 
sting!  0  grave  where  is  thy  victory !  " 

RETURNS.  Every  lodge  shall,  at  least  once  m  the 
year,  transmit,  by  direct  communication,  to  the  Grand 
Secretary  a  regular  list  of  its  members,  and  of  the 
brethren  initiated  or  admitted  therein  since  their  last 
return,  with  the  dates  of  initiating,  passing,  and  raising 
every  brother;  also  their  ages  as  nearly  as  possible  at 
that  time,  and  their  titles,  professions,  additions,  or 
trades ;  together  with  all  monies  due  or  payable  to  the 
Grand  Lodge ;  which  list  is  to  be  signed  by  the  Master 
and  Secretary. — Constitutions. 

RE-UNION.  Freemasonry  forms  a  happy  centre  of 
re-union  for  worthy  men,  who  are  desirous  of  a  select 
society  of  friends  and  brothers,  who  have  bound  them- 
selves in  a  voluntary  obligation  to  love  each  otlwr,  to 
afford  aid  and  assistance  in  time  of  need,  to  animal*}  one 
another  to  acts  of  virtue  and  benevolence,  and  to  keep 
inviolably  the  secrets  which  form  the  chief  charactt  ristic 
of  the  Order. — Lalande. 

REVELATION.  Masonry  primarily  inculcates  n  orals 
and  the  religion  of  nature,  but  it  has  caught  an  addr  ional 
spark  from  the  light  of  revelation  and  the  Sun  of  Ri  fhte- 
ousness.  And  though  Masonry  continues  to  burn  with 
subordinate  lustre,  it  lights  the  human  traveller  OM  the 
same  road ;  it  breathes  a  concordant  spirit  of  uniT  ersal 
benevolence  and  brotherly  love ;  adds  one  thread  more 
to  the  silken  cord  of  evangelical  charity  which  bindr  man 
to  man,  and  crowns  the  cardinal  virtues  with  Chr>iian 
graces. —  Watson. 

REVELS.  No  dark  reveis  or  midnight  orgies  hte 
practised  in  a  lodge.  No  words  of  wrath  or  condemnation 
are  heard,  and  no  inquisitorial  questions  ere  asked.  The 
candidate  hears  of  peace,  brotherly  love,  relief,  and  train 


REV— RHE.  645 

He  is  taught  to  reverence  God's  holy  name,  and  never  tc 
mention  it  but  with  that  reverei-tial  awe  which  is  due 
from  the  creature  to  the  Creator;  to  implore  His  aid  in 
all  laudable  undertakings,  and  esteem  Him  as  the  chief 
good. — Scott. 

REVERENTIAL.  We  are  taught  by  the  reverential 
sign  to  bend  with  submission  and  resignation  beneath 
the  chastening  hand  of  the  Almighty,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  engraft  his  law  in  our  hearts.  This  expressive 
form,  in  which  the  Father  of  the  human  race  first  pre- 
sented himself  before  the  face  of  the  Most  High,  to  receive 
the  denunciation  arid  terrible  judgment,  was  adopted  by 
our  Grand  Master  Moses,  who,  when  the  Lord  appeared 
to  him  in  the  burning  bush  on  Mount  Horeb,  covered 
his  face  from  the  brightness  of  the  divine  presence. 

REVISION.  A  revision  of  the  lodge  lectures  peri- 
odically, to  meet  the  advance  of  civilization  and  science, 
ought  to  take  place  under  the  sanction  of  the  Grand 
Lodge.  Every  institution,  to  be  perfect,  should  be  con- 
sistent with  itself.  And  hence  the  insufficiency  of  the 
present  lectures  may  reasonably  be  questioned.  It  is 
therefore  desirable  that  the  attention  of  the  fraternity 
should  be  fairly  awakened  to  the  subject,  that  they  may 
take  the  premises  into  their  most  serious  consideration, 
and  endeavour  to  place  Freemasonry  on  so  substantial 
a  basis,  as  to  constitute  the  unmixed  pride  of  its  friends 
and  defenders,  and  defy  the  malice  of  its  traducers  and 
foes,  if  any  such  are  still  to  be  found  amongst  those  who 
are  indifferent  to  its  progress. 

REWARD.  The  brethren  are  released  from  theii 
labour  to  receive  their  reward.  Respect,  love,  and  grati- 
tude, are  their  reward,  and  the  consciousness  of  having 
deserved  such  must  dwell  in  the  breast  of  the  labourer 
himself.  No  one  can  or  dare  declare  himself  to  be 
worthy  or  unworthy  of  this  reward,  much  less  can  he 
claim  merit  from  his  brethren. — Gudicke. 

RHETORIC.  Rhetoric  teaches  us  to  speak  copiously 
and  fluently  on  any  subject,  not  merely  with  propriety, 
but  with  all  the  advantage  of  force  and  elegance  :  wisely 


646  RHY— RIG. 

contriving  to  captivate  the  hearer  by  strength  of  argu- 
ment and  beauty  of  expression,  whether  it  be  to  entreat 
or  exhort,  to  admonish  or  applaud. 

RHYME.  When  lectures  were  added  to  the  system 
of  Freemasonry,  they  were  sometimes  couched  in  doggrel 
rhyme ;  bat  their  verses  seldom  embodied  any  of  the 
peculiar  secrets.  The  introduction  of  the  "  Masters 
Part,"  as  it  was  then  called,  was  expressed-  as  follows 
The  passage  has  been  expunged  from  our  disquisitions, 
as  unmeaning  and  useless,  and  therefore  there  will  be  no 
impropriety  in  introducing  an  extract  here,  to  show  how 
our  forefathers  worked.  Ex.  An  E.  A.  P.  I  presume  you 
have  been.  R.  J.  and  B.  I  have  seen.  A  M.  M.  I  was 
most  rare,  with  diamond,  ashlar,  and  the  square.  Ex 
If  a  M.  M.  you  would  be,  you  most  understand  the  rule 
of  three,  and  M.  B.  shall  make  you  free ;  and  what  you 
want  in  Masonry,  shall  in  this  lodge  be  shown  to  thee. 
II.  Good  Masonry,  I  understand  ;  the  keys  of  all  lodges 
are  at  my  command,  &c.,  &c. 

RIBBON.  The  ribbon  worn  by  the  Companions  of 
the  Order,  is  a  sacred  emblem  denoting  light,  being 
composed  of  the  two  principal  colours  with  which  the 
veil  of  the  tabernacle  was  interwoven.  It  is  further 
signified  by  its  radiated  form,  and  in  both  respects  has 
been  considered  an  emblem  of  regal  power  and  dignity. 

RIGHT  ANGLE.  The  perfect  sincerity  of  one  right 
line  to  another,  is  as  the  line  of  that  angle,  the  line  of 
duty  being  radius.  An  acute  angle  is  imperfect  sincerity. 
An  obtuse  angle  is  injustice.  Join  sincerity  perfectly  to 
any  duty,  and  it  forms  justice,  and  is  equal  to  an  angle 
of  ninety  degrees. — Old  Lecture. 

RIGHT  HAND.  The  proper  residence  of  faith  or 
fidelity  was  thought  to  be  in  the  right  hand,  and  therefore 
this  deity  was  sometimes  represented  by  two  right  hands 
joined  together;  sometimes  by  two  little  images  shaking 
each  other  by  the  right  hand ;  so  that  the  right  hand  was 
esteemed  by  the  ancients  as  a  sacred  symbol.  And 
agreeably  to  this  are  those  expressions  in  Virgil : — "  Eii 
tlext.ra  fidesque;"  as  if  shaking  by  the  right  hand  was 


RIG— KIT.  647 

an  indispensable  token  of  an  honest  heart      And  again 
"Cur  dextrae  jungere  dextram  non  datur,  ac  veras  auclire, 
et  reddere  voces'/"  that  is  to  say,  why  should  we  not 
join  right  hand  to  right  hand,  and  hear  and  speak  the 
truth '? — Anderson. 

RIGHT  LINE.  A  right  line  is  a  duty  persisted  in 
with  constancy,  or  any  uninterrupted  advantage,  profit, 
pleasure,  or  .happiness.  That  which  hath  no  dependence 
on  any  other  thing  to  make  it  perfect  in  itself,  is  a  right 
line.  Every  divine  command  is  a  right  line,  and  also  the 
sincerity  with  which  such  a  command  ought  to  be  per- 
formed. Every  line  representing  a  duty  to  be  performed, 
may  be  supposed  to  contain  .all  the  particular  branches 
of  that  duty ;  for  the  branches  or  parts  of  any  duty,  must 
of  consequence  make  up  the  whole  duty  itself. — Old 
Lecture. 

RIGHTS.  The  right  of  the  Entered  Apprentice  to  be 
advanced,  or  the  Fellow  Craft  to  be  raised,  depends,  in 
strict  principle,  upon  his  proficiency  in  the  degree  which 
he  has  received.  He  should  be  able  to  exhibit  a  beautiful 
specimen  of  intellectual  or  moral  work,  to  entitle  him  to 
receive  wages,  or  to  enter  upon  the  study  of  highei 
departments  of  science. — Scott. 

RITE.  A  rite  is  an  item  in  the  ceremonial  of  confer- 
ring degrees,  although  in  some  countries  it  is  extended  to 
include  a  number  of  degrees  and  orders,  as  in  the  French 
rite  "  ancien  et  accepte,"  which  comprehends  the  "  Ma- 
(^onnerie  Symbolique,  Elu,  Chev.  d' Orient,  du  Soleil, 
Kadosh,  Rose  Croix,"  &c.,  with  the  "  Grades  dites  Phi- 
losophiques  et  Administratifs." 

RITUAL.  This  word  imports  how  a  lodge  ought  to 
be  opened  and  closed,  and  how  an  initiation,  passing,  or 
raising  ought  to  be  conducted;  this  may  also  be  called 
the  liturgy  of  the  lodge.  The  ritual  is  not  the  same  in 
all  lodges,  nay,  there  are  nearly  as  many  different  rituals 
as  there  are  Grand  Lodges.  Many  of  those  rituals  are  of 
quite  modern  origin,  especially  that  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
Royal  York,  Berlin,  and  that  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Hamburgh.  The  English  ritual  is  the  most  ancient,  ano 


648  RIV— ROD. 

extended  itself  into  every  part  of  the  earth  but  was 
afterwards  superseded  in  many  places  by  the  French, 
Swedish,  and  others.  Those  outward  forms  and  cere- 
monies, although  they  differ,  yet  they  do  not  divide  the 
brethren  amongst  themselves,  but  each  lodge  and  its 
members  is  tolerant  with  the  members  of  other  lodges ; 
and  all  lodges  are  allowed  to  endeavour  and  strive  to 
obtain  their  object  by  what  way  they  think  best.  Neither 
is  there  any  real  difference  whether  some  ceremonies  are 
to  be  performed  in  this  manner,  or  in  that,  according  to 
the  different  rituals,  or  whether  the  officers  are  called 
this  or  that.  Time  and  various  circumstances  have  made 
those  alterations  in  the  rituals  principally  to  produce  a 
more  lasting  impression  upon  the  mind  of  the  candidate 
at  his  initiation,  and  to  advance  with  the  improved  spirit 
of  the  times.  Fragments  from  some  of  the  rituals  have 
been  published,  especially  from  the  old  ones ;  but  there 
must  be  more  than  a  dozen  rituals  published  before  an 
uninitiated  person  could  learn  how  an  initiation  was  con- 
ducted, or  how  a  lodge  was  held.  The  end  to  which  the 
ritual  leads  us  is  the  principal  object,  or  the  real  secret 
of  Freemasonry,  and  it  would  require  an  adept  to  discover 
this  from  any  ritual.  There  only  ought  to  be  one  ritual, 
as  was  the  case  in  former  ages ;  and  the  unlucky  word 
system  ought  never  to  have  been  introduced  into  the 
Craft. — Gadicke. 

RIVERS  OF  EDEN.  The  four  rivers  of  Paradise 
had  a  reference  to  the  cardinal  virtues.  In  Pisor,  oui 
first  parents  revered  the  fountain  of  prudence  ;  in  Gihon 
they  beheld  the  sacred  stream  of  justice.  The  rapid  tor- 
rent of  Hiddekel  denoted  fortitude,  and  the  Euphrates 
the  mild  and  steady  current  of  temperance.  Happy  was 
their  state,  while  these  sacred  truths  continued  to  guide 
their  actions;  and  the  Mason  will  be  equally  happy  who, 
through  life,  adheres  to  the  lessons  here  inculcated. 
Instructed  by  prudence,  guided  by  justice,  strengthened 
by  fortitude  and  restrained  by  temperance,  like  Adam  in 
the  garden  of  Eden,  his  services  will  be  acceptable  to 
the  Deity. 

ROD.  The  rod  of  Moses,  fearful  as  the  attack  of  a 
serpent  to  the  Egyptians,  was  a  sceptre  of  righteousness 


ROU— ROY.  649 

to  the  children  of  Israel.  It  was  a  sign  ^f  the  divine 
authority,  and  a  visible  demonstration  of  God's  power 
vised  to  confound  the  pretended  skill  of  the  magicians, 
to  show  the  omnipotence  of  the  Deity,  and  to  humble 
the  pride  of  Pharaoh,  when  he  beheld  the  mighty  won- 
ders wrought  by  so  contemptible  an  agent  as  a  shepherd's 
staff.  But  above  all,  this  rod  metamorphosed,  was  a 
type  of  Christ's  death,  to  which  indeed  Freemasonry 
ultimately  points ;  for  as  by  a  serpent  death  came  into 
the  world,  so  by  the  death  of  the  Son  of  God,  the 
serpent,  or  Satan,  was  fully  vanquished  and  trodden  un- 
derfoot. 

ROUGH  ASHLER.  We  cannot  regard  the  rough 
ashler  as  an  imperfect  thing,  for  it  was  created  by  the 
Almighty  Great  Architect  and  he  created  nothing  imper- 
fect, but  gave  us  wisdom  and  understanding,  so  as  to 
enable  us  to  convert  the  seemingly  imperfect  to  our 
especial  use  and  comfort.  What  great  alterations  are 
made  in  a  rough  ashler  by  the  mallet  and  chisel !  With 
it  are  formed,  by  the  intelligent  man,  the  most  admirable 
pieces  of  architecture.  And  man,  what  is  he  when  he 
tirst  enters  into  the  world  ? — Imperfect,  and  yet  a  perfect 
work  of  God,  out  of  which  so  much  can  be  made  by 
education  and  cultivation. — Gadickc. 

ROYAL  ARCH.  This  degree  is  more  august,  sublime, 
and  important  than  those  which  precede  it,  and  is  the 
summit  of  ancient  Masonry.  It  impresses  on  our  minds 
a  more  firm  belief  of  the  existence  of  a  Supreme  Deity 
without  beginning  of  days  or  end  of  years,  and  justly 
reminds  us  of  the  respect  and  veneration  due  to  that  holy 
name.  Until  within  these  few  years,  this  degree  wafr 
not  conferred  on  any  but  those  who  had  been  enrolled  a 
considerable  time  in  the  fraternity,  and  could  besides 
give  the  most  unequivocal  proofs  of  their  skill  and  pro 
Eciency  in  the  Craft. — Ahiman  Rezon. 

ROYAL  ART.  It  is  a  royal  art  to  be  able  to  preserve 
a  secret,  and  we  are,  therefore,  accustomed  to  call  Free- 
masonry a  royal  art.  To  be  able  to  plan  large  buildings, 
especially  palaces,  is  also  certainly  a  great  and  a  royal 
art,  but  it  is  still  a  more  royal  art  to  induce  men  to  do  that 


650  ROY— SAC. 

whicii  is  good,  and  to  abstain  from  evil,  without  having 
recourse  to  the  power  of  the  law.  Others  derive  the 
appellation,  royal  art,  from  that  part  of  the  members  of 
the  English  Builders'  Huts,  who,  after  the  beheading  oi 
Charles  I.,  30fch  January,  1649,  joined  the  persecuted 
Stuart,  inasmuch  as  that  they  laboured  to  restore  the 
oyal  throne,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  Cromwell. 
Anderson,  on  the  contrary,  in  his  English  Constitution 
Book,  affirms  that  the  appellation  royal  art  is  derived 
from  the  fact,  that  royal  persons  have  stood,  and  still 
stand,  at  the  head  of  the  Craft. — Gadicke. 

ROYAL  LODGE.  The  Royal  Lodge  was  held  in  the 
city  of  Jerusalem,  on  the  return  of  the  Babylonish  cap- 
tives in  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Cyrus ;  over  it  pre 
sided  Z.,  the  prince  of  the  Jews,  H.,  the  prophet,  and  J. 
the  high  priest.  Now  it  was  that  the  kingly  power  was 
again  more  visibly  restored,  and  continued  till  the  total 
destruction  of  the  city  and  temple  by  the  Romans,  under 
the  command  of  Titus ;  when  Herod,  not  of  their  own 
royal  line,  nor  even  a  Jew,  was  appointed  king,  and 
hereby  was  verified  that  prophecy  of  Jacob's  in  Egypt, 
delivered  more  than  one  thousand  years  before,  "  that 
the  sceptre  should  not  depart  from  Judah,  nor  a  lawgiver 
from  between  his  feet,  until  Shiloh  come." 

RUAMMI.  The  words  Ammi  and  Ruammi,  made  use 
of  by  the  prophet  Hosea,  may  be  interpreted,  mij  people, 
and  obtained  mercy. 

RULERS.     The  rulers  and  governors,  supreme  and 
subordinate,  of  the  ancient  lodge,  are  to  be  obeyed  in 
their  respective  stations  by  all  the  brethren,  according  to 
the  old  charges  and  regulations,  with  all  humility,  rever 
nee,  love,  and  alacrity. — Ancient  Charges. 

SABBATH.  The  institution  of  a  Sabbath  was  in 
tignum  creationis,  for  a  memorial  of  the  creation ;  because, 
as  God  rested  on  that  day  in  testimony  that  his  work  was 
completed,  so  it  was  accounted  holy,  and  appointed  to 
be  observed  as  a  day  of  universal  repose. 

SACRKD.     We  call  that  sacred  which  is  separated 


SAC.  65 1 

FroiL  common  things,  and  dedicated  either  entirely  or 
partially  to  the  Most  High.  The  ideas  of  truth  and  vir- 
tue, the  feeling  of  a  pure  love  and  friendship  are  sacred, 
for  they  elevate  us  above  common  things  and  lead  to  God. 
The  tenour  of  sacred  thought  and  feelings  is  towards 
religion,  and  therefore  all  things  are  sacred  which  are 
peculiarly  dedicated  to  religious  services,  and  carefully 
guarded  from  being  applied  to  profane  uses,  or  which,  by 
means  of  their  religious  importance  and  value,  are  es- 
pecially honoured  and  considered  indispensable  to  our 
spiritual  and  moral  welfare.  According  to  these  ideas  oi 
what  is  sacred,  the  Freemason  can  call  his  work  sacred, 
and  every  brother  must  acknowledge  it  to  be  so.  Our 
labours  being  separated  from  the  outward  world,  and 
founded  upon  truth  and  virtue,  require  brotherly  love 
and  philanthropy,  and  always  elevate  the  spirit  to  the 
Great  Architect  of  the  Universe.  But  true  inward 
sanctity  every  brother  must  have  in  his  own  breast,  and 
not  have  it  to  seek  in  the  degrees  of  the  Order. — 
Gadicke. 

SACRED  LODGE.  Over  the  sacred  lodge  presided 
Solomon,  the  greatest  of  kings,  and  the  wisest  of  men  ; 
Hiram,  the  great  and  learned  king  of  Tyre ;  and  Hiram 
Abiff',  the  widow's  son,  of  the  tribe  of  Napthali.  It  was 
held  in  the  bowels  of  the  sacred  Mount  Moriah,  under 
the  part  whereon  was  erected  the  S.  S.,  -or  H.  of  H.  On 
this  mount  it  was  where  Abraham  confirmed  h.is  faith  by 
his  readiness  to  offer  up  his  only  son  Isaac.  Here  it  was 
where  David  offered  that  acceptable  sacrifice  on  the 
threshing-floor  of  Araunah,  by  wrhich  the  anger  of  the 
Lord  was  appeased,  and  the  plague  stayed  from  his 
people.  Here  it  was  where  the  Lord  delivered  to  David, 
in  a  dream,  the  plan  of  the  glorious  temple,  afterwards 
erected  by  our  noble  G.  M.  K.  S.  And  lastly,  here  it 
was  where  he  declared  he  would  establish  his  sacred 
name  and  word,  which  should  never  pass  away;  and  for 
these  reasons,  this  was  justly  styled  the  Sacred  Lodge. 

SACRED  NAME.  This  name  expresses  the  eternity 
of  the  Godhead,  and  points  to  his  unchangeableness,  as 
well  as  his  infinite  perfections.  The  Hebrews  noted  the 
attributes  of  the  Deity  under  different  names.  If  they 


652  ST. 

wished  to  express  his  divine  essence,  they  used  the  \vord 
Jehovah,  if  his  omnipotence  was  the  theme,  it  was  El, 
Elah,  or  Eloah;  to  express  his  excellency,  they  used  the 
word  Elion;  and  for  his  mercy,  Elchannan. 

ST.  JOHN  THE  BAPTIST.  He  was  the  forerunner 
of  Jesus,  a  son  of  the  Jewish  priest  Zacharias  and  ol 
Elizabeth,  who,  as  a  zealous  judge  of  morality  and  un- 
daunted preacher  of  repentance,  obtained  great  celebrity, 
first  in  his  native  country,  then  in  the  mountains  of 
Judea,  and  afterwards  among  the  whole  nation.  His 
simple  and  abstemious  manner  of  living  contributed 
much  to  his  fame,  and  especially  the  peculiar  purification 
or  consecration  by  baptism  in  a  river  bath,  which  he 
introduced  as' a  symbol  of  that  moral  purity  which  he  so 
zealously  inculcated.  Jesus  allowed  himself  to  be  bap- 
tized by  him,  and  from  that  time  forward  John  said  unto 
his  disciples,  that  he  was  certainly  the  Messias.  The 
frank  earnestness  and  .the  great  fame  with  which  he 
preached  even  in  Galilee,  soon  brought  upon  him  the 
suspicion  and  hatred  of  the  court  of'Tetrarch  Antipas,  or 
King  Herod,  who  imprisoned  him,  and  on  the  29th 
August,  in  the  thirty-second  or  thirty-third  year  of  his 
life,  caused  him  to  be  beheaded.  The  24th  June,  his 
birth-day,  is  dedicated  to  his  memory  through  all  Chris- 
tendom. The  patron  saint  of  the  Freemasons'  brother- 
hood was  formerly  not  St.  John  the  Baptist,  but  St. 
John  the  Evangelist,  whose  festival  they  celebrated  the 
27th  December,  upon  which  day  they  hold  their  general 
assembly,  probably  induced  thereto  because  at  this  sea- 
son of  the  year  the  members  could  be  better  spared  from 
their  business  or  profession.  For  this  reason  also  they 
chose  for  their  quarterly  festivals,  the  Annunciation  of 
the  Virgin  Mary,  Michaelmas,  and  the  festival  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist,  which  last  festival,  on  account  of  the  better 
weather  and  other  circumstances  having  been  found  to 
be  more  convenient  for  the  yearly  assembly,  was  often 
appointed  for  the  time  on  which  it  should  be  held,  so 
that  it  has  now  become  nearly  general.  Many  lodges 
si-ill  celebrate  the  27th  December,  and  call  it  the  minor 
St.  John's  day. —  Gudicke. 

ST.    JOHN    THE    EVANGELIST.     St.   John   thi 


ST.— SAL  053 

Evangelist  and  Apostle  of  Jesus,  whose  gospel  is  so 
important  to  all  Freemasons,  was  born  in  Bethsaida,  in 
Galilee,  a  son  of  Zebedee,  and  a  disciple  of  Jesus,  who 
loved  him  because  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  gentle- 
ness and  humility.  After  the  ascension  of  Jesus,  he 
preached  the  gospel  principally  in  Asia  Minor  and  at 
Ephesus,  where  it  is  probable  that  he  died  in  a  good  old 
age.  He  was  a  man  of  great  energy  and  poetic  fire  and 
life;  in  his  early  years  somewhat  haughty  and  intolerant, 
but  afterwards  an  example  of  love.  We  have  a  gospel 
or  biography  of  Jesus  by  him,  and  three  of  the  epistles 
also  bear  his  name.  The  gospel  of  St.  John  is  especially 
important  to  the  Freemason,  for  he  preached  lo^e,  and 
his  book  certainly  contains  all  the  fundamental  do  '.trines 
of  Freemasonry.  As  a  Freemason  ought  never  to  forget 
that  he  has  laid  his  hand  upon  the  gospel  of  St.  John,  so 
should  he  never  cease  to  love  his  brethren  according  to 
the  doctrine  of  love  contained  in  that  sacred  book. 
Many  lodges  celebrate  his  anniversary,  the  27th  D  mem- 
ber.— Gadicke. 

ST.  JOHN'S  MASONRY.  Originally  there  was  only 
one  kind  of  Freemasonry.  But  when  the  Scottish  and 
other  higher  degrees  were  introduced,  the  three  first 
degrees  received  the  name  of  St.  John's  Masonry. — 
Gadicke. 

SALT.  In  the  Helvetian  ceremonies  of  Masonry, 
salt  is  added  to  the  corn,  wine  and  oil,  because  it  was  a 
symbol  of  the  wisdom  and  learning  which  characterize 
Masons'  lodges.  Pierius  makes  it  an  emblem  of  hos- 
pitality and  friendship,  and  also  of  fidelity.  In  the 
Scriptures,  salt  is  considered  as  a  symbol  of  perpetuity 
and  incorruption,  and  used  as  a  covenant.  The  formula 
used  by  our  ancient  brethren,  when  salt  was  sprinkled 
on  the  foundation-stone  of  a  new  lodge  was,  "May  this 
undertaking,  contrived  by  wisdom,  be  executed  in  strength 
and  adorned  with  beauty,  so  that  it  may  be  a  house 
where  peace,  harmony,  and  brotherly  love  shall  per- 
petually reign." 

SALUTE.     As  operative  masons  and  other  mechanic* 
have  a  so-called  sign  or  pass-word,  especially  when  upoo 
55 


654  SAN— SAS. 

tramp  so  had  we  also  formerly  a  proper  form  for  saluting 
strange  brethren.  At  present  the  sahitntion  "from  the 
Worthy  and  Worshipful  Brethren  of  the  Holy  Lodge  of 
St.  John,"  «fec.,  &c.,  is  not  required  from  a  foreign  brother 
who  is  paying  a  visit,  because  something  more  is  demand- 
ed from  him  than  this  ancient  method  of  legitimation, 
The  salutation  of  the  brethren  should  be  a  salute  of 
peace  and  love,  and  strengthened  by  the  sacred  numbers 
He  who  does  not  really  love  his  brother,  let  him  not 
take  him  by  the  hand,  let  him  not  feign  love.  Expe- 
rience teaches  us  that  every  brother  is  not  worthy  of 
love,  and  that  those  who  meet  every  one  with  an  em- 
brace, who  profess  to  love  every  one,  lay  themselves 
open  to  the  suspicion  that  they  do  not  really  and  truly 
respect  any  one. — Gadlckc. 

SANCTUM  SANCTORUM.  This  was  the  oracle: 
-d  here  were  four  cherubim,  two  lesser  constructed  by 
Moses  of  massive  gold,  and  two  larger  made  by  Solo- 
mon and  plated  with  gold.  The  former  were  attached 
to  the  lid  of  the  Mercy  Seat,  the  latter  spread  their 
•vings  over  it  as  an  ornament  and  protection. 

SANHEDRIM.  The  Sanhedrim  was  a  council  of 
seventy-one  or  seventy-two  senators  among  the  Jews, 
who  determined  the  most  important  affairs  of  the  nation. 
The  room  in  which  they  met  was  a  rotunda,  half  of 
which  was  built  without  the  Temple  and  half  within, 
the  latter  part  being  that  in  which  the  judge  sat.  The 
Nasi,  or  prince,  who  was  generally  the  high  priest,  sat 
on  a  throne  at  the  end  of  the  hall,  his  deputy,  called 
Ab-beth-din,  at  his  right  hand,  and  the  sub-deputy,  or 
Chacan,,  at  his  left;  the  other  senators  being  ranged  in 
jrder  on  each  side.  Most  of  the  members  of  this  council 
were  priests  or  Levites,  though  men  in  private  stations 
.f  life  were  not  excluded. — Calinct. 

SASH.  The  colour  of  the  R.  A.  sash  is  one  of  the 
'nost  durable  and  beautiful  in  nature.  It  is  the  appro- 
priate colour  adopted  and  worn  by  our  ancient  brethren 
of  the  three  symbolical  degrees,  and  is  the  peculiar 
characteristic  of  an  institution  which  has  stood  the  test 
of  *ges  and  which  is  as  much  distinguished  by  th*» 


SCA— SCH.  655 

durabiity  of  its  materials  or  principles  as  by  the  beauty 
of  its  superstructure.  It  is  an  emblem  of  universal 
friendship  and  benevolence,  and  instructs  us  that  in 
the  mind  of  a  Mason,  those  virtues  should  be  as  the 
blue  arch  of  heaven  itself. —  Moore. 

SCARLET,  This  rich  and  beautiful  colour  is  em- 
blematical of  fervency  and  zeal.  It  is  the  appropriate 
colour  of  the  Royal  Arch  degree;  and  admonishes  us, 
that  \ve  should  be  fervent  in  the  exercise  of  our  devotions 
to  God,  and  zealous  in  our  endeavours  to  promote  the 
happiness  of  man. — Moore. 

SCEPTRE.  The  old  Masons  used  to  say  in  the  R.  A. 
Lecture,  "  On  the  top  of  those  staves  or  sceptres,  are 
the  banners  of  the  twelve  tribes,  which  we  have  for 
many  purposes ;  esbecially  to  commemorate  the  great 
wonders  wrought  for  the  children  of  Israel  during  their 
travels  in  the  wilderness,  when  they  were  first  set  up  as 
standards  around  their  encampments,  and  about  which 
each  tribe  was  assembled  in  due  form.  The  devices 
thereon  were  emblematical  of  what  should  happen  to 
their  posterity  in  after  ages." 

SCHAMIR.  It  is  asserted  by  the  Rabbins,  that  King 
Solomon  received  a  secret  from  Asmodeus,  an  evil  spirit, 
mentioned  in  the  book  of  Tobit,  who  had  usurped  his 
throne  and  afterwards  became  his  prisoner.  By  the 
use  of  this,  he  was  enabled  to  finish  the  temple  without 
the  use  of  axe,  hammer,  or  metal  tool ;  for  the  stone 
schamir,  which  the  demon  presented  to  him,  possessed 
the  property  of  cutting  any  other  substance,  as  a  diamond 
cuts  glass.  This,  however,  is  wholly  fabulous.  Metal 
tools  were  used  in  the  forest  and  the  quarry,  and  it  was 
by  a  very  natural  process  that  the  building  was  con- 
structed without  the  pollution  of  these  instruments. 

.SCHISM.  It  is  commonly  believed  that  the  pie- 
valence*of  schism  in  any  institution,  is  the  fruitful  parent 
of  many  evils,  which  cannot  fail  to  detract  from  its 
purity  and  excellence.  And  so  it  is;  but  the  evil  is  not 
without  its  portion  of  good.  Experience  teaches  that  if 
the  members  of  an  institution  become  apathetic,  nothing 


656  SCH— SCI. 

is  so  likely  to  rouse  them  to  a  sense  of  duty,  as  the 
existence  of  conflicting  opinions,  which  produce  a  sepa- 
ration of  interests,  and  divide  them  into  two  adverse 
sections ;  each  of  which,  like  the  self-multiplying  poly- 
pus, will  frequently  become  as  strong  and  prosperous  as 
the  parent  institution. 

SCHOOLS.  The  Royal  Freemasons'  School  for  Fe- 
mule  Children  was  established  in  1788,  for  maintaining, 
clothing,  and  educating  the  female  children  and  orphans 
of  reduced  brethren,  for  protecting  and  preserving  them 
from  the  danger  and  misfortunes  to  which  distressed 
young  females  are  peculiarly  exposed  ;  for  training  them 
up  in  the  knowledge  and  love  of  virtue,  and  in  habits  of 
industry;  and  impressing  on  their  minds  true  humility, 
and  the  practice  of  all  social,  moral,  and  religious  duties. 
Already  have  nearly  600  female  children  been  admitted 
to  this  school,  since  its  establishment,  and  have  been 
apprenticed,  or  returned  to  their  friends,  many  of  whom 
have  become  ornaments  of  their  sex  and  station,  and  all  of 
them  good  and  useful  members  of  society.  I  must  also 
mention  the  Royal  Masonic  Institution  for  Clothing, 
Educating,  and  Apprenticing  the  Sons  of  Indigent  and 
Deceased  Freemasons,  established  in  1798.  The  boys 
are  educated  at  schools  near  the  residences  of  their 
parents  or  friends,  are  furnished  with  books,  taught  to 
read,  write,  and  arithmetic,  furnished  with  proper  cloth- 
ing, and  on  leaving  the  institution,  a  suitable  apprentice 
fee  is  granted  to  them. — Percy. 

SCIENCE.  Freemasonry  is  a  science  not  to  be  con- 
fined to  a  few  Israelitic  traditions  learned  by  heart,  as  a 
school-boy  learns  his  lessons  ;  it  is  a  science  which  em- 
braces everything  useful  to  man ;  it  corrects  the  heart, 
and  prepares  it  to  receive  the  mild  impressions  of  the 
divine  code  ;  its  moral  injunctions,  if  duly  weighed  and 
properly  applied,  never  fail  to  form  its  disciples  into 
good  members  of  society.  It  opens  a  progressive  fie  d 
for  inquiry,  and  ought  never  to  be  driven  into  narrow 
bounds  by  the  enactment  of  a  law,  saying,  thus  far  will 
we  allow  you  to  go,  and  no  farther,  under  the  penalty 
of  exclusion  from  its  universality. — Iluscnbeth. 


SCI— SCU.  657 

SCIENTIFIC  MASONRY.  The  scientific  consists  in 
the  knowledge  of  several  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  so  far 
as  to  enable  us  to  discern  the  reason  for  the  operations 
of  tho.se  before-mentioned  instruments),  tools  and  ma- 
chines, and  to  the  force  and  momentum  of  the  different 
mechanii-ai  powers;  and  also  to  clear  up  and  arrange  our 
ideas  in  sm-.'i  a  manner,  as  to  be  able  to  delineate  them 
so  clearly  on  our  tracing-board,  that,  by  the  help  .of  a 
proper  scale,  the  brethren  of  the  second  degree  may  take 
them  oil'  and  complete  our  design,  and  if  intended  for 
that  purpose,  erect  a  structure,  which  when  finished, 
shall  contain  the  greatest  degree  of  strength,  elegance 
and  convenience,  that  the  quantity  of  materials  and  space 
allowed  will  admit  of;  and  this  is  the  part  of,  or  applica- 
ble to,  our  brethren  of  the  highest  degree  of  the  Craft 
of  Master  Masons. — Dunckerfy. 

SCRIBES.  The  two  scribes  represent  the  two  co- 
lumns which  supported  and  adorned  the  entrance  to  the 
arch ;  whence  is  signified  their  duty  of  registering,  or 
entering  in  the  records,  every  act,  law  and  transaction, 
for  the  general  good  of  the  chapter. 

SCROLL.  The  fine  inner  bark  of  such  trees  as  the 
lime,  ash,  maple,  or  elm,  was  early  used  as  a  substance 
for  writing  on.  As  such  was  called  in  Latin  liber,  this 
name  came  permanently  to  be  applied  to  all  kinds  of 
books,  and  has,  in  a  similar  connection,  been  adopted 
into  most  European  languages.  These  books,  like  all 
others  of  flexible  materials,  were  rolled  up  to  render  them 
portable,  and  to  preserve  the  writing.  They  were  usual- 
ly rolled  round  a  stick  or  cylinder,  and  if  they  were 
long,  round  two  cylinders,  hence  the  name  volume 
(voliimen),  a  thing  rolled  up,  which  continues  to  be 
applied  to  books  very  different  from  rolls.  In  using  the 
roll,  the  reader  unrolled  it  to  the  place  he  wanted,  arid 
rolled  it  up  again  when  he  had  read  it.  The  book  of  the 
law  written  on  parchment,  is  thus  rolled  and  thus  read 
in  the  Jewish  synagogues  at  the  present  time. — Kitto. 

SKULL  AND  CROSS-BONES.  These  are  emblems 
of  mortality,  and  teach  the  Master  Mason  to  contemplate 
death  as  the  end  of  his  afflictions,  and*  the  entrance  tc 
another  and  a  better  life. 


658  SCY— SEC. 

SCYTHE.  The  scythe  is  an  emblem  of  time,  which 
cuts  the  brittle  thread  of  life,  and  launches  us  into  eter- 
nity. What  havoc  does  the  scythe  of  time  make  among 
the  human  race!  If  by  chance  we  escape  the  numerous 
evils  incident  to  childhood  and  youth,  and  arrive  in 
perfect  health  and  strength  at  the  years  of  vigorous  man- 
hood; yet  decrepid  old  age  will  soon  follow,  and  we 
must  be  cut  down  by  the  all-devouring  scythe  of  time, 
and  be  gathered  into  the  land  where  our  fathers  have 
gone  before  us. — Old  Lectures. 

SEAL.  Every  Lodge  has  its  own  seal,  and  a  collec- 
tion of  these  seals  is  a  very  interesting  thing,  for  they 
each  contain  either  a  symbolical  or  an  allegorical  allusion 
to  the  name  of  the  lodge.  Every  certificate  is  sealed 
with  the  seal  of  the  Grand  Lodge  by  which  it  is  granted, 
and  as  all  Grand  Lodge  seals  are  well  known,  it  thus 
prevents  false  certificates  from  injuring  the  Craft. — 
Gadicke. 

The  component  parts  of  the  cherubim  are  exhibited  in 
the  official  seal  of,  I  believe,  all  the  Grand  Lodges  in  the 
jvorld.  In  that  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England,  the  two 
arge  cherubims  of  Solomon  are  its  supporters,  and  the 
four  figures  are  impaled  with  the  Masons'  arms  on  the 
field.  The  crest  is  the  Ark  of  the  Covenant,  on  which 
the  cherubim  are  again  repeated  as  hovering  over  the 
Mercy  Seat,  to  form  the  superb  throne  of  the  Deity. 

SEAL  OF  SOLOMON.  The  double  or  endless  trian- 
gle, in  one  or  other  of  its  different  forms,  constituted  the 
famous  seal  of  Solomon,  our  ancient  G.  M.,  which  was 
said  to  bind  the  evil  genii  so  fast,  that  they  were  unable 
to  release  themselves.  By  virtue  of  this  seal,  as  the 
Moslems  believed,  Solomon  compelled  the  genii  to  assist 
him  in  building  the  Temple  of  Jerusalem,  arid  many 
r»ther  magnificent  works. 


*o 


SECOND  DEGREE.  As  the  darkness  of  heathenism, 
or  natural  religion,  preceded  the  divine  revelation  vcach- 
safed  to  the  people  of  God,  so  by  our  initiation  into  the 
second  degree,  we  advance  still  farther  into  the  dawn 
figured  out  by  tl*  Mosaic  dispensation,  which  preceded 
the  more  perfect  Christian  day.  Here  the  novice  i« 


SEC.  669 

brought  to  light,  to  behold  and  handle  tools  of  a  more 
artificial  and  ingenious  construction,  and  emblematic  oi 
sublimer  moral  truths.  By  these  he  learns  to  reduce  rude 
matter  into  due  form,  and  rude  manners  into  the  more 
polished  shape  of  moral  and  religious  rectitude;  becom- 
ing thereby  a  more  harmonious  corner-stone  of  symmetry 
in  the  structure  of  human  society,  until  he  is  made  a 
glorious  corner-stone  in  the  temple  of  God. —  Watson. 

SECRECY.  Secrecy  is  one  of  the  first  duties  of  a 
Freemason,  but  those  Masons  err  much  who  think  they 
do  their  duty  by  only  exercising  it  in  things  concerning 
the  Order  of  the  lodge.  It  is  not  for  this  reason  only 
that  secrecy  is  so  often  inculcated  in  the  lodge  as  a 
masonic  duty,  it  is  that  he  ought  to  use  secrecy  and  cau- 
tion in  all  his  transactions  out  of  the  lodge,  and  especially 
where  his  talkativeness  might  be  the  means  of  causing 
injury  or  damage  to  his  fellow-men. — Gadicke. 

SECRETARY.  An  important  office  in  a  lodge,  for  it 
is  necessary  thai  it  should  be  filled  by  a  man  who  can 
not  only  make  out  the  common  transactions  of  the  lodge, 
but  who  is  also  capable  of  comprehending  the  spirit  of 
a  lecture,  and  introducing  it  into  the  transactions,  briefly 
and  at  the  same  time  correctly.  To  write  a  protocol 
correctly,  so  that  in  the  event  of  any  dispute  it  may 
serve  as  written  evidence,  is,  as  is  well-known,  a  most 
difficult  task,  and  requires  great  experience.  The  Secre- 
tary must  be  a  Master  Mason,  and,  when  necessary,  the 
brethren  must  assist  him  as  copyists. — Gadicke. 

SECRET.  What  can  it  be  ?  This  is  a  question  which 
has  been  asked  for  centuries,  and  will  probably  continue 
to  be  asked  for  centuries  to  come.  Ceremonies,  customs, 
moral  explanations  of  allegorical  and  symbolical  instru 
merits  and  figures  which  are  to  be  found  in  a  Freemasons' 
lodge,  are,  it  is  true,  considered  as  secrets  by  some  of 
the  brotherhood.  But  those  cannot  be  the  real  genuine 
secrets  of  Freemasonry ;  it  is  impossible ;  for  a  Mason 
may  be  acquainted  with  all  the  ceremonies,  usages,  and 
customs  of  the  Craft — he  may  be  able  morally  to  explaii. 
every  symbolical  or  allegorical  instrument  or  figure 
which  is  to  be  found  in  a  Masons'  lodge — and  yet  neither 


660  SEC— SEE. 

be  happy  in  this  world,  nor  have  a  sure  foundation  on 
which  to  build  his  hopes  of  happiness  in  the  world  tc 
come. — Gudicke. 

SECRET  SOCIETIES.  Freemasons  ever  endeavour 
to  act  up  to  the  principles  of  the  ancient  secret  societies 
and  if  they  differ  in  some  points  from  the  practices  of 
those  ancient  worthies,  it  is  in  having  improved  upon 
their  leading  principles,  by  spreading  the  truth  most 
extensively  over  the  globe,  whilst  the  schools  and  acade- 
mies of  learning  of  our  predecessors,  were  more  of  loca1 
than  of  universal  existence. — Husenbelli. 

SECT.  It  must  not  be  imagined  that  Masonry  is  a 
system  of  religion  at  the  present  period.  Nothing  can 
be  farther  from  the  truth.  Such  a  supposition  would 
reduce  it  to  the  level  of  a  religious  sect,  and  utterly  de- 
stroy its  universality.  It  embraces  a  view  of  all  the 
main  facts  connected  with  the  great  plan  of  human 
redemption;  but  leaves  the  brethren  to  arrange  those 
facts  as  may  suit  their  own  individual  opinion.  This  is 
the  doctrine  of  the  first  ancient  charge. 

SEDITION.  The  following  clause  of  exemption  from 
the  penalties  of  the  Sedition  Act,  was  highly  honourable 
to  the  Order : — "  And  whereas,  certain  societies  have 
been  long  accustomed  to  be  holden  in  this  kingdom, 
under  the  denomination  of  lodges  of  Freemasons,  the 
meetings  whereof  have  been  in  a  great  measure  directed 
to  charitable  purposes,  be  it  therefore  enacted,  that 
nothing  in  this  act  shall  extend  to  the  meetings  of  any 
Buch  society  or  lodge  which  shall,  before  the  passing  of 
this  act,  have  been  usually  holden  under  the  said  deno- 
mination, and  in  conformity  to  the  rules  prevailing  among 
the  said  societies  of  Freemasons." 

SEEING.  Seeing  is  that  sense  by  which  we  are 
enabled  to  istinguish  objects  of  different  Rinds,  and,  in 
an  instant  of  time,  without  any  change  of  place  or  situa- 
tion, to  view  armies  in  battle  array,  figures  of  tho  most 
stately  structures,  and  all  the  agreeable  varieties  displayed 
in  the  landscape  of  nature. — Old  Lecture*. 


SEE— SEM.  061 

SEEK.     He  who  is  desirous  of  finding  wisdom,  must 
diligently  seek  for  it ;  and  if  he  would  know  the  real 
design  of  Masonry,  he  must  study,  and  observe,  and  medi- 
tate, on  what  he  hears  in  the  lodge,  otherwise  the  bond 
age  of  ignorance  will  never  be  removed. 

SELF-INTEREST.  Let  me  travel  from  east  to  west, 
or  between  north  and  south,  when  I  meet  a  true  brother, 
I  shall  find  a  friend,  who  will  do  all  in  his  power  to  serve 
me,  without  having  the  least  view  of  self-interest ;  and  if 
I  am  poor  and  in  distress,  he  will  relieve  me,  to  the 
utmost  of  his  power,  interest,  or  capacity.  This  is  the 
second  grand  principle;  for  relief  will  follow  when  there 
is  brotherly  love. — Dunckerley. 

SELF-KNOWLEDGE.  Every  Freemason  is  ear- 
nestly exhorted  to  study  himself.  He  who  does  not 
know  himself,  his  moral  weaknesses,  his  desires,  his 
powers  of  toleration,  and  his  real,  not  his  imaginary, 
spiritual  strength,  cannot  live  as  the  Order  requires  that 
he  ought  to -live,  in  the  bonds  of  the  closest  fraternal 
love  with  the  whole  brotherhood ;  and  if  an  office  is  in- 
trusted to  him  in  the  lodge,  he  cannot  know  whether  he 
is  capable  of  filling  it  with  credit  to  himself  and  profit  to 
the  Craft.  It  is  quite  as  necessary  that  a  Freemason 
should  be  as  well  acquainted  with  his  moral  strength  as 
he  is  with  his  moral  weakness;  for  many  Masons  are 
inactive  in  the  lodge  and  in  the  Craft,  -nerely  because 
they  do  not  know  the  power  which  is  wiihin  themselves. 
He  who  has  thoroughly  studied  himself,  and  is  suscepti 
ble  of  all  good  impressions,  will  be  subject  to  much  less 
evil  than  others. — Gadickc. 

SEMPER  EADEM.  What  is  this  imperious  institu- 
tion which  has  spread  her  wings  over  the  whole  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  and  which,  without  the  slightest  depend- 
ence on  any  form  of  government,  has  preserved  its  purity 
amidst  every  species  of  political  convulsion,  the  disasters 
of  empires,  and  religious  wars?  What  is  this  immense 
and  influential  association  whose  origin  is  lost  amidst  the 
darkness  of  antiquity,  and  whose  ramifications  branch  out 
amidst  the  conflicting  interests  of  commercial  specula- 
tion, diplomatic  alliances,  and  all  the  social  establish- 


662  SEN— SEP. 

ments  of  mankind,  in  every  country  of  the  world,  in  spii? 
of  differences  in  climate,  colour,  language  and  manners? 
What  is  the  signification  of  its  rites  and  ceremonies,  its 
usages,  and  its  symbols?  What  services  is  it  able  to 
render  to  the  sacred  cause  of  humanity  ?  Every  reason- 
able man  will  answer  these  questions  by  a  reference  to 
the  mysteries  of  Freemasonry. — Janvier. 

SENIORITY  OF  LODGES.  The  precedency  of 
lodges  is  derived  from  the  number  of  their  constitution, 
as  recorded  in  the  books  of  the  Grand  Lodge.  No  lodge 
can  be  acknowledged,  nor  its  officers  admitted  into  the 
United  Grand  Lodge,  or  a  provincial  Grand  Lodge,  nor 
any  of  its  members  entitled  to  partake  of  the  general 
charity  or  other  masonic  privilege,  unless  it  has  been 
regularly  constituted  and  registered. — Constitutions. 

SENIOR  WARDEN.  The  duty  of  the  Senior  War- 
den, like  that  of  the  Master,  is  indicated  by  his  jewel  of 
office,  which  is  a  symbol  of  equality,  and  instructs  him 
that  the  duties  of  his  situation  ought  to  be  executed  with 
strict  impartiality,  and  without  respect  of  persons.  Re- 
gularity of  attendance  is  an  essential  part  of  this  office, 
because  if  the  Master  should  die,  or  be  removed,  or  be 
rendered  incapable  of  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office, 
the  Senior  Warden  must  supply  his  place  until  the  next 
election  of  officers ;  and  even  should  the  Master  necessa- 
rily be  absent  from  any  single  lodge,  the  Senior  Warden 
must  rule  the  lodge,  if  no  former  Master  be  present. 

SEPHIROTH.  The  term  sephira  is  derived  from  *\*K 
sapphire,  which,  in  holy  writ,  appears  to  have  been  con- 
sidered of  the  highest  brilliancy;  the  word  is  therefore 
generally  translated  "  splendour,  "  although  some  writers 
consider  its  derivation  to  be  from  ^ED,  to  number,  and 
render  it  "  enumerations."  The  former  is  the  most  cor- 
rect, from  its  supposed  origin  being,  that  previous  to  the 
creation  all  space  was  filled  with  infinite  light,  which 
was  withdrawn  to  a  certain  point  when  the  Divine  Mind 
resolved  to  form  the  universe,  thus  leaving  a  spherical 
vacuum.  From  the  concave  so  formed,  a  beam  of  light 
issued  to  the  opaque  sphere.  This  light  not  continuing 
long  in  a  rectilinear  course,  diverged  at  ten  different 


SER— SEV.  663 

points,  forming  as  many  separate  concentric  circles  of 
light,  divided  from  the  supreme  light  by  portions  of 
opaque  space,  yet  leaving  in  the  centre  an  opaque  sphe- 
rical body;  they  have  therefore  termed  them  sovereign 
lights.  They  are  named — 1,  The  Crown;  2,  Knowledge; 
3,  Wisdom;  4,  Might;  5,  Mercy;  6,  Grandeur;  7,  Vic- 
tory; S,  Glory;  9,  Stability;  10,  Kingdom. 

SERPENT  AND  CROSS.  Before  the  Israelites  were 
permitted  to  inhabit  the  country  assigned  to  the  n  by 
covenant  from  Jehovah  to  their  ancestor  Abraham,  a 
compound  symbol,  which  was  afterwards  introduced  into 
Freemasonry,  was  publicly  exhibited  as  a  type  of  salva- 
tion. I  refer  to  the  tau-cross  and  serpent.  The  Israelites 
were  subjected  to  a  plague  of  serpents,  as  the  punish- 
ment of  sin  ;  and  on  their  repentance  Moses  was  directed 
to  elevate  a  serpent  of  brass,  that  whosoever  looked  on 
it  might  be  saved.  Hence  the  cross  became  an  emblem 
of  life  and  salvation  ;  and  being,  in  a  higher  degree 
tripled  amongst  ourselves,  signifies  the  Tetragrammaton, 
or  Him  who  made  the  worlds,  even  the  author  of  our 
redemption — Jesus  Christ. 

SERVITUDE.  The  stipulated  period  of  an  appren- 
tice's servitude  is  seven  years,  but  less  time  will  suffice, 
if  found  worthy  of  promotion  by  possessing  the  qualities 
of  freedom,  fervency,  and  zeal. 

SEVEN.  Seven  is  an  important  number  to  a  Freema 
son.  In  ancient  times  each  brother  was  compelled  to  be 
acquainted  with  the  seven  liberal  arts  and  sciences ;  it 
is  for  this  reason  that  seven  brethren  form  a  symbolic 
lodge.  If  two  triangles  £±  are  joined  together,  they 
form  •&,  or  six-pointed  star,  and  if  this  figure  is  enclosed 
in  a  circle,  then  there  are  seven  points  ^;  and  it  \vas 
wilh  this  figure  that  the  ancients  represented  the  sever 
.subordinate  powers  of  nature. — Gad/eke. 

SEVEN  STARS.  An  emblem  which  demotes  the 
number  of  brethren  requisite  to  make  a  perfect  lodge. 

SEVENTY  YEARS.  This  period  of  the  captivity  in 
Babylon  must  be  computed  from  the  defeat  of  the  Kgyp- 


664  SHE. 

tians  at  Carchemish,  in  the  same  year  that  this  prophecy 
was  given,  when  Nebuchadnezzar  reduced  the  neighbour- 
ing nations  of  Syria  and  Palestine,  as  well  as  Jerusalem 
under  his  subjection.  At  the  end  of  seventy  years,  OE 
the  accession  of  Cyrus,  an  end  was  put  to  the  Babylo- 
nish monarchy ;  Babylon  itself  became  a  subject  and 
dependant  province,  and  began  to  experience  those  divine 
visitations  which  terminated  at  length  in  what  is  so 
iustly  called  "perpetual  desolation." — Blarney. 

SHEBA.  The  Queen  of  Sheba  appears  to  have  been 
a  person  of  learning,  and  that  sort  of  turning  which  was 
then  almost  peculiar  to  Palestine,  not  to  Ethiopia ;  for 
we  know  that  one  of  her  reasons  for  coming  was  to 
examine  whether  Solomon  was  really  the  learned  man  he 
was  said  to  be.  She  came  to  try  him  in  allegories  and 
parables,  in  which  Nathan  had  instructed  him.  They 
say  she  was  a  pagan  when  she  left  Arabia  ;  but  being  full 
of  admiration  at  Solomon's  works,  she  was  converted  to 
Judaism  in  Jerusalem,  and  bore  him  a  son,  whom  he 
called  Menilek,  and  who  was  their  first  king. — Bruce. 

SHEEP.  The  people  of  God  are  often  typified  in  the 
Scriptures  under  the  name  of  sheep,  because  of  their 
mild,  patient,  and  inoffensive  nature.  The  lambskin, 
then,  is  an  appropriate  emblem  of  the  innocence  of  Jesus, 
and  the  meekness  of  his  followers.  The  lamb,  too,  is  of 
a  social  nature,  and  is  emblematical  of  brotherly  love. 
It  is  easily  led.  But  there  are  "lost  sheep"  spoken  of 
in  the  Bible — those  which  have  wandered  far  from  their 
fold  and  shepherd.  The  apostles  were  sent  to  the  lost 
fheep  of  the  house  of  Israel.  Christ  called  his  own 
sheep  by  name,  and  leadeth  them  out.  The  sheep  should 
always  listen  to  the  shepherd's  voice,  and  follow  him  and 
fear.  Jesus  three  times  bade  Simon  Peter  to  feed  his 
sheep.  The  repetition  of  the  command  is  regarded  as 
very  beautiful  in  the  Greek  dialect.  Jesus  was  called 
the  Lamb  of  God,  not  only  on  account  of  his  spotless 
innocence,  but  in  allusion  to  the  lamb  sacrificed  for  the 
passover,  he  being  the  true  Paschal  Lamb,  slain  from  the 
foundation  of  the  world. — Scott. 

SHEKINAH.     A  beam  of  glory.     This  beam  show 


SHE— SHO.  C65 

upon  Abel  and  his  sacrifice,  and  is  thought  by  some  to 
have  been  the  moving  cause  of  Cain's  envy.  God  testi- 
fied his  approbation  of  Abraham's  sacrifice  by  the  same 
glory,  which,  like  the  flame  of  a  lamp,  passed  between 
the  sacrifices.  The  pillar  of  a  cloud,  and  the  clouds  which 
filled  the  Tabernacle  and  the  Temple,  were  of  the  same 
nature  ;  and,  according  to  the  Scriptures,  were  Jehovah, 
or  Christ ;  for  St.  Paul  tells  the  Jews  that  these  bright 
cffulgencies  vouchsafed  to  their  ancestors,  were  beams  of 
glory  from  the  eternal  Son  of  God. 

SHESH-BAZZAR.  Was  another  name  for  Zerubba- 
bel,  for  it  was  common  in  the  time  of  the  captivity  for 
the  great  men  of  Judah  to  have  two  names :  one  of  their 
own  country,  which  was  domestic  ;  another  of  the  Chal- 
deans, which  was  used  at  court.  Nehemiah  had  two 
names,  and  this  of  Shesh-bazzar  seems  to  have  been  a 
good  omen  of  their  flourishing  condition  ;  being  com- 
pounded of  two  words  signifying  fine  linen  and  gold. 
On  the  contrary,  Zerubbabel  was  a  name  importing  the 
misery  of  the  people  of  Israel  at  that  time ;  for  it  is  as 
much  as  an  exile  or  stranger  in  Babylon,  where  he  was 
born.  Thus  pious  men,  in  the  midst  of  the  honours  they 
had  at  court  (lor  Josephus  saith,  Zerubbabel  was  one  of 
the  guard  of  the  king's  body),  were  admonished  not  to 
forget  their  brethren,  but  sympathize  with  them  in  theii 
miseries. — Bishop  Pa/rick. 

SHEWBREAD.  On  the  golden  table  in  the  Taberna- 
cle of  Moses,  were  placed  the  twelve  loaves  of  unleav- 
ened bread,  called  the  presence  bread,  because  it  was 
perpetually  before  the  face  of  Jehovah,  and  some  say 
they  were  marked  with  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes 
of  Israel ;  but  there  is  no  authority  for  this  conjecture 
in  the  sacred  writings. 

SHIBBOLETH.  Shibboleth  signifies  waters.  Thus 
the  Ephraimites  prayed  the  men  of  Gilead  to  allow  them 
to  pass  over,  and  were  asked  in  return — To  pass  over 
what?  They  could  not  answer  "Shibboleth"  without 
betraying  themselves  to  the  enemy. 

SHOE.     The  putting  off  the  shoes    some  say,  wa» 
56 


666  SHO— SIG 

commanded  Moses,  that  he  should  thereby  sanctify  chut 
place  by  mak.ng  bare  his  feet.  But  the  place  wis  holy 
already,  because  of  God's  presence ;  the  place  was  not 
holy  because  Moses  put  off  his  shoes,  but  because  it 
was  holy  he  is  bid  to  put  off  his  shoes.  Ambrose  thus 
applieth  it — "that  because  the  shoes  are  made  of  the 
skins  of  dead  beasts,  Moses  should  put  off  all  fear  of  death, 
for  fear  whereof  he  fled  at  the  first  from  Pharoah."  (Com- 
ment, in  Lucani  Ivii.)  Cyprian  says,  "that  Moses,  by 
putting  off  his  shoes,  does  not  challenge  any  right  in  the 
spouse  of  the  church,  but  resigneth  it  to  Christ,  the  head 
and  husband  thereof;  for  this  was  the  custom,  that  the 
next  kinsman,  by  putting  off  a  shoe,  surrendered  his  right 
to  his  deceased  brother's  wife." 

SHOVEL.  The  use  of  the  shovel  is  to  clear  away 
rubbish  and  loose  earth ;  and  it  morally  depicts  the 
mortal  state  in  which  the  body  is  laid  in  the  grave ;  that 
when  the  remains  of  this  body  shall  have  been  properly 
disposed  of,  we.  with  humble  but  holy  confidence,  hope 
jhat  the  spirit  may  arise  to  everlasting  life. 

SHRINE.  The  place  where  the  Secrets  of  the  Royal 
Arch  are  deposited. 

SIC  TRANSIT  GLORIA  MUNDI.  "Every  thing 
vanishes  like  an  extinguished  flame."  A  most  important 
symbol  for  a  Mason.  No  earthly  glory  should  be  able 
to  captivate  him  ;  for  he  must  ever  bear  in  mind  the  glory 
of  a  flame  in  comparison  with  which  every  other  glory  is 
vain.  Life  itself  is  like  a  flame,  it  can  be  extinguished 
before  it  has  been  scarcely  perceived.  This  beautiful 
symbol  has  been  adopted  by  the  Knights  of  the  Garter. 
When  the  helmet,  sword,  &c.,  of  a  departed  brother  are 
solemly  lowered,  the  herald -at -arms  exclaims: — "Sip 
transit  gloria  mundi!" — GadicJce. 

SIGNATURE.  Every  brother  to  whom  a  Grand 
Lodge  certificate  is  granted  must  sign  his  name  in  the 
margin  thereof,  or  it  will  not  be  valid. — Constitutions. 

SIGN  OF  DISTRESS.  In  a  society  whose  members 
3ught  fraternally  to  love  and  assist  each  other,  it  is  to 


SIG— SIN.  667 

be  expected  that  they  should  have  a  sign  whereby  they 
could  make  themselves  known  immediately  to  their 
brethren,  in  however  distressed  circumstances  they  might 
be  placed,  and  thereby  al  the  same  time  claim  theii 
assistance  and  protection.  This  is  the  sign  of  distress,  in 
conjunction  with  a  few  words.  He  who  falls  into  the 
greatest  difficulty  and  danger,  and  supposes  that  there  13 
a  brother  within  sight  or  hearing,  let  him  use  this  sign, 
and  a  true  and  faithful  brother  must  spring  to  his  assist- 
ance.— Gadicke. 

SIGNS.  The  science  of  Freemasonry  is  still  charac- 
terized by  S.  W.  and  T.;  but  it  is  a  grievous  error  to 
suppose  them  to  be  the  essence  of  the  system  ;  they  are 
merely  senseless  designations  of  something  possessing 
greater  value.  The  are  to  the  Mason  as  the  wig  to  the 
judge,  lawrn  sleeves  to  the  reverend  prelate,  or  the  gold- 
headed  cane  to  the  ancient  physician — essentials  as  to 
form,  but  unimportant  in  reality.  The  sterling  value  o£ 
our  doctrines,  as  well  as  their  universality,  would  remain 
uninjured,  if  these  conventional  marks  of  recognition 
were  all  abolished.  Preston  calls  them  the  keys  of  our 
treasure ;  and  so,  indeed,  they  are  to  a  certain  extent,  but 
the  cabinet  might  be  opened  if  these  keys  were  lost.  The 
S.  W.  and  T.  are  merely  conventional,  though  it  is  not 
to  be  denied  that  great  numbers  of  Masons  are  satisfied 
with  their  possession,  and  look  for  nothing  beyond 
\  hem. 

SILENCE.  The  first  thing  that  Pythagoras  taught 
I  is  scholars  was  to  be  silent;  for  a  certain  time  he  kept 
them  without  speaking,  to  the  end  they  might  the  better 
learn  to  preserve  the  valuable  secrets  he  had  to  commu- 
nicate, and  never  to  speak  but  when  required,  expressing 
thereby  that  secrecy  was  the  rarest  virtue.  Aristotle  was 
asked  what  thing  appeared  to  him  most  difficult;  he 
answered  to  be  secret  and  silent.  To  this  purpose  St. 
Ambrose,  in  his  offices,  placed  among  the  principal  foun 
d&tions  of  virtue  the  patient  gift  silence. — Dermott. 

SINCERITY.  A  search  after  truth  is  the  peculiai 
employment  of  Masons  at  their  periodical  meetings,  and 
therefore  they  describe  it  as  a  divine  attribute,  and  the 


068  SIT— SKI. 

foundation  of  every  virtue.  To  be  good  men  and  true,  iz 
the  first  lesson  we  sire  taught  in  Masonry.  On  this  theme 
we  contemplate,  and  by  its  dictates  endeavour  to  regulate 
our  conduct;  influenced  by  this  principle,  hypocrisy  and 
deceit  are  unknown  in  the  lodge;  sincerity  and  plain 
dealing  distinguish  us ;  while  the  heart  and  tongue  join 
in  promoting  the  general  welfare,  and  rejoicing  in  each 
other's  prosperity. 

SITUATION.  The  lodge  is  situated  due  east  and 
west,  for  various  reasons;  but  the  principal  inducement 
of  our  ancient  brethren  to  adopt  this  disposition  was, 
that  it  might  serve  to  commemorate  the  great  deliverance 
of  the  Israelites  from  bondage,  by  imitating  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  Tabernacle  which  was  erected  by  Moses  in 
the  wilderness,  as  a  place  of  public  worship  until  the 
Lord  should  reveal  the  situation  which  he  had  chosen  for 
his  Holy  Name  amongst  the  tribes  in  the  promised  land. 

SIX  LIGHTS.  Royal  Arch  Masons  acknowledge  six 
lights ;  the  three  lesser,  together  representing  the  light 
of  the  Law  and  the  Prophets,  and  by  this  number  allude 
to  the  Patriarchal,  Mosaical,  and  Christian  dispensations. 
The  three  greater  represent  the  sacred  Word  itself, 
expressive  of  His  creative,  preserving,  and  destroying 

Eower.     These  lights  are  placed  in  the  form  of  an  equi- 
iteral  triangle,  each  of  the  lesser  intersecting  the  line 
formed  by  the  two  greater.    Thus  geometrically  dividing 
the  greater  triangle  into  three   lesser  triangles,  at  its 
extremities,  and  by  their  union,  form  a  fourth  triangle  in 
the   centre,  all   of  them  being   equal  and   equilateral, 
emblematical  of  the  four  degrees  in  Masonry — the  En 
tered  Apprentice,  the  Fellowcraft,  the  Master  Mason 
and  the  Holy  Royal  Arch. 

SIX  PERIODS.  In  six  days  God  created  the  heavens 
and  the  earth,  and  rested  upon  the  seventh,  therefore 
our  ancient  brethren  dedicated  it  as  a  day  of  rest  from 
their  labours,  thereby  enjoying  frequent  opportunities  to 
contemplate  the  glorious  works  of  the  creation,  and  to 
adore  their  great  Creator. —  WMe. 

SK1RRET.     The  skirret  acting  on  a  centrepin  ;s  used 


SKY— SLI,  669 

to  mark  out  the  ground  of  a  new  building.  As  the 
skirret  has  a  chalked  line  attached  to  it,  it  points  out  the 
straight  line  of  duty  chalked  out  in  the  Sacred  Law  of 
God. 

SKY-BLUE.  In  the  cosmogonies  divine  wisdom  cre- 
ates the  world,  and  the  Creator  is  always  coloured  blue. 
Vishnu,  according  to  the  sacred  books  of  the  Hindus,  was 
born  of  a  blue  color.  This  indicates  that  wisdom,  eman- 
ating from  God,  is  symbolized  by  azure.  In  Egypt  the 
supreme  God,  the  Creator  of  the  universe,  Cneph,  was 
painted  sky-blue.  In  Greece  azure  is  the  colour  of 
Jupiter.  In  China  the  firmament  is  the  supreme  God; 
and  in  Christian  symbolism  the  azure  vault  of  heaven  is 
the  mantle  which  veils  the  Divinity.  Azure  is  likewise 
the  symbol  of  God  the  Saviour,  the  Redeemer  of  man- 
kind. 

SLINKING.  It  is  not  only  possible,  but  it  has  oftex 
happened,  that  men  have  stole  into  the  Lodge  who  were 
never  worthy  of  being  admitted  members  of  the  Order, 
but  who  have  managed  to  get  initiated  by  hypocrisy,  and 
because  the  members  have  not  had  sufficient  opportunities 
to  prove  them,  and  to  watch  their  previous  conduct. 
But  it  is  quite  impossible  for  any  one  who  nas  not  been 
initiated  to  find  his  way  into  a  lodge  to  indulge  his 
curiosity.  Every  cultivated  and  moral  man  knows  that 
initiation  will  not  be  denied  him  if  he  applies  in  a  proper 
manner  for  it,  and  we  are  assured  that  they  will  never 
attempt,  either  by  force  or  fraud,  to  gain  admittance 
into  a  society  where  they  have  no  right  to  be.  Should 
any  one,  destitute  of  moral  feeling,  attempt  to  do  so, 
thinking  that  from  printed  works  he  has  made  himself 
acquainted  with  our  customs,  and  can  pass  himself  off 
for  a  Mason,  he  never  can  get  beyond  the  ante-chamber 
for  he  has  no  certificate,  or  if  he  has,  it  is  not  his,  and 
this  is  soon  proved ;  his  name  is  not  upon  any  list,  nor 
does  he  know  anything  of  how  he  should  answer  the 
questions  which  will  be  put  to  him.  An  uneducated 
man  has  still  less  chance  of  stealing  into  a  lodge,  for  his 
answer  to  the  first  question  put  to  him  would  discover 
him  at  once.  If  we  were  as  well  secured  from  the  first 
manner  of  improperly  gaining  admittance  into  a  lodge  as 


G70  SME— SOJ. 

we  aie  from  the  last,  the  Order  would  be  in  a  more 
flourishing  condition  than  it  now  is. — Gadicke. 

SMELLING.  With  regard  to  the  organ,  it  is  an 
impression  made  on  the  nose  by  little  particles  continu- 
ally exhaling  from  odorous  bodies;  with  regard  to  the 
object,  it  is  the  figure  and  disposition  of  odorous  effluvia 
which  sticking  on  the  organ,  excite  the  sense  of  smelling, 
and  with  regard  to  the  soul,  it  is  the  perception  of  the 
impression  of  the  object  on  the  organ,  or  the  affection  in 
the  soul  resulting  therefrom. 

SOCIETY.  Freemasonry  forms  a  happy  centre  of 
reunion  for  worthy  men,  who  are  desirous  of  a  select 
society  of  friends  and  brothers,  who  have  bound  them- 
selves in  a  voluntary  obligation  to  love  each  othor ;  to 
afford  aid  and  assistance  in  time  of  need ;  to  animate  one 
another  to  acts  of  virtue  and  benevolence ;  and  to  keep 
inviolably  the  secrets  which  form  the  great  characteristic 
of  the  Order. — Lalande. 

SODALITIES.  Cato  the  censor,  when  he  was  Ques- 
tor,  instituted  sodalities,  or  fraternities  of  congenial  per- 
sons. In  the  early  state  of  society,  when  the  laws  were 
too  weak  to  afford  protection,  individuals  had  no  other 
means  of  securing  their  lives  and  property  but  by  enter- 
ing into  such  associations,  where  a  number  of  persons 
engaged  themselves  to  vindicate  and  assist  each  oilier. 
And  they  had  periodical  meetings,  at  which  they  enjoyed 
themselves  merrily.  Thus  Quintilion  said :  "  Tempestiva 
corivivia,  et  pervijiges  jocos,  advocata  soda  Hum  turba 
solutas,  etaffluens  agebam."  Confraternities  of  the  same 
kind,  says  Bishop  Percy,  prevailed  in  this  kingdom  not 
only  during  the  Anglo-Saxon  times,  but  for  some  ages 
after  the  conquest. 

SO  JOURNERS.  While  preparations  were  in  progress 
for  building  the  second  Temple,  sojourners  and  pilgrims 
from  Babylon,  incited  by  the  admonitions  of  the  Prophets, 
occasionally  added  to  the  number  of  those  who  engaged 
with  enthusiasm  in  these  laborious  duties ;  and  their 
example  afforded  great  encouragement  to  the  workmen 


SOL.  671 

SOLID.  A  solid  hath  length,  breadth,  and  thickness, 
and  is  generated  by  the  flowing  of  a  superficies.  A  solid, 
then,  is  the  whole  system  of  divine  laws,  as  existing  in 
practice.  For  if  every  duty  in  practice  and  perfection  is 
a  superficies,  it  will  follow  that  when  they  are  all  laid 
one  upon  each  other,  there  will  be  formed  a  solid  ;  and 
this  solid  will  be  a  rectangular  triangular  pyramid,  whose 
altitude  and  the  length  and  breadth  of  its  base  are  all 
equal.  For  the  length,  breadth,  and  height  of  the  who  IP 
law  in  practice  must  be  perfect. —  Old  Lecture. 

SOLOMON.  Solomon,  son  of  David,  by  Bathsheba, 
was  declared  by  his  father  to  be  heir  to  the  throne  of  the 
Hebrews,  thereby  setting  aside  his  elder  brother.  He 
enjoyed  during  a  long  and  peaceful  reign,  from  1015  to 
975  before  Christ,  the  fruits  of  the  deeds  of  his  father. 
The  wisdom  of  his  judicial  decisions,  as  also  the  improve- 
ment and  perfection  of  the  system  of  government  he 
introduced,  gained  him  the  love  and  admiration  of  the 
people ;  and  his  fame  is  immortalized  by  the  building  of 
the  Temple,  which,  for  size,  magnificence,  and  beauty, 
far  exceeded  all  the  works  of  architecture  ever  before 
seen.  This  Temple  is  one  of  the  most  sublime  symbols 
in  the  Order  of  Freemasonry,  for  which  reason  Solomon's 
name  has  been  introduced  here. — Gadicke. 

SOLOMON'S  TEMPLE.  This  is  most  important  as 
a  symbol  to  a  Freemason,  for  in  its  time  it  was  considered 
as  the  most  regular  and  most  magnificent  building.  Solo- 
mon built  this  temple  at  Jerusalem,  and  it  was  not 
only  a  place  for  the  worship  of  God,  but  also  a  dwelling 
for  the  priesthood,  and  a  depository  for  the  ark.  David 
provided  a  great  quantity  of  building  materials,  and  left 
an  enormous  sum  of  money  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the 
building,  which  was  carried  on  in  perfect  quietness.  All 
the  stone  arid  wood  were  prepared  without  the  city,  and 
then  brought  to  Jerusalem.  The  foundation  was  laid  in 
the  year  of  the  world  2993 ;  and  at  that  time  the  Phoeni- 
sians  possessed  the  best  artists  of  every  description,  and 
in  architecture  they  took  the  lead  of  all  other  nations. 
In  order,  therefore,  to  build  his  Temple  according  to  the 
best  rules  of  architecture  then  known,  Solomon  requested 
Hiram,  King  of  Tyre,  to  furnish  him  with  an  architect, 
and  he  sent  him  one  who  was  also  called  Hiram.  Hiran* 


672  SOL— SOU. 

not  only  possessed  scientific  knowledge,  but  also  sufficient 
practical  skill  in  his  art  to  enable  him  to  make  everything 
according  to  the  wish  of  King  Solomon,  as  well  in  the 
building  of  the  Temple  with  regard  to  magnificence,  as 
also  in  originality  of  formation,  and  in  the  appropriateness 
of  the  sacred  vessels  which  were  necessary  in  the  sacri- 
fices and  burnt  offerings,  and  which  were  all  formed  in 
strict  proportion,  according  to  the  rules  of  geometry. 
The  walls  that  surrounded  the  Temple  were  7700  feet  in 
circumference.  The  large  and  noble  hall  stood  towards 
the  west,  and  the  Holy  of  Holies  in  the  east. —  Gadicke. 

SOLSTICES.  The  symbol  of  a  point  within  a  circle 
has  sometimes  been  invested  with  an  astronomical  refe- 
rence. Thus  it  is  said  that  the  point  in  the  centre 
represents  the  Supreme  Being ;  the  circle  indicates  the 
annual  circuits  of  the  sun ;  and  the  parallel  lines  mark 
out  the  solstices  within  which  that  circuit  is  limited. 
And  they  deduce  from  the  hypothesis  this  corollary,  that 
the  Mason,  by  subjecting  himself  to  due  bounds,  in  imi- 
tation of  that  glorious  luminary,  will  not  wander  from 
the  path  of  duty. 

SONGS  OF  MASONRY.  What  may  be  termed  the 
domestic  manners  of  a  society,  vary  with  the  customs  of 
the  age  in  wrhich  it  flourishes ;  and  the  fluctuations  are 
accurately  marked  in  the  character  of  its  songs.  It  is 
unnecessary  to  enter  into  a  dissertation  on  the  merits  of 
masonic  poetry.  In  this  respect  I  am  willing  to  confess 
that  the  Craft  does  not  occupy  the  first  rank  in  the 
literature  of  the  day.  But  our  songs  are  not  destitute 
of  poetical  merit,  if  it  consist  in  the  display  of  images 
which  are  peculiarly  appropriate  to  the  subject  undo 
illustration ;.  sentiment  which  strikes  the  imagination 
and  excites  new  feelings  in  the  mind ;  pathos  which 
touches  a  sensitive  chord  in  the  listener's  heart ;  and  a 
moral  to  inspire  a  love  of  virtue  ; — all  expressed  in  chaste 
language,  and  divested  of  extravagancies  either  in  style 
or  matter. 

SOUL  OF  THE  WORLD.  Philoh  says  that  the 
Sabbath  was  the  soul  instilled  into  the  world  by  God  ; 
which  R.  Abraham  Aben  Ezra  and  Nachmanirles  properly 


SOU— SQU.  673 

observe  was  tlie  benediction  which  God  bestowed  on  the 
Sabbath  Day,  sanctifying  it  thereby  ;  for  by  the  superior 
influence  of  that  day,  the  body  is  renovated,  the  strength 
renewed,  and  new  intelligence  and  knowledge  conveyed 
to  the  soul. — Manasseh  Ben  Israel. 

SOUTH.  The  due  course  of  the  sun  is  from  east  to 
south  and  west ;  and  after  the  Master  are  placed  the 
Wardens,  to  extend  his  commands  and  instructions  to  the 
west  and  the  north.  From  the  east  the  sun's  rays  cannot 
penetrate  into  the  north  and  the  west  at  the  same  time. 
— Gadicke. 

SPECULATIVE.  The  masonic  system  exhibits  a 
stupendous  and  beautiful  fabric,  founded  on  universal 
piety.  To  rule  and  direct  our  passions,  to  have  faith  ana 
hope  in  God,  and  charity  towards  man,  I  consider  as  the 
objects  of  what  is  termed  Speculative  Masonry. — Stephen 
Jones. 

SPIRIT  OF  THE  CRAFT.  O'er  the  tesselated  pave- 
ment of  this  fleeting  and  chequered  existence,  we  are  fast 
hastening  to  the  common  end  of  all  men ;  arid  along  the 
downward  track  of  Time,  we  are  descending,  some  more 
smoothly  than  others,  but  all  with  no  less  sure  and  quick 
transition.  Let  us  not,  therefore,  be  unmindful  of  the 
merciful  ends  of  our  creation  and  redemption,  to  "  shine 
as  the  stars  in  the  heavens,"  when  raised  in  glorified 
bodies  from  the  darkness  of  the  tomb,  we  shall  be  pre- 
sented, by  our  All-sufficient  Conductor  before  the  throne 
of  the  Almighty  and  ever-to-be-adored  and  worshipped 
Eternal  Master  of  the  heavenly  lodge  above ! — Poole. 

SQUARE.  In  architecture  not  only  are  the  corners 
of  the  building  proved  by  the  square,  but  all  horizontal 
and  perpendicular  lines  are  drawn  by  it.  Without  accu- 
rate squaring,  a  building  would  be  weak  and  tottering  in 
its  first  stages  of  erection,  and  must  continue  unfinished. 
Without  a  well-defined  and  very  clear  code  of  the  recipro- 
cal laws  and  duties  of  the  officers  and  members  of  any 
social,  charitable,  or  scientific  society,  it  is  impossible  for 
it  to  avoid  being  completely  overthrown  in  a  very  short 
tin>e.  Perfect  legality  is  the  only  sure  foundation  for 


674  STA. 

any  society,  and  by  it  alone  bodies  of  men  are  kept 
within  their  proper  limits  ;  for  as  soon  as  arbitrary  power 
and  physical  force  usurp  the  place  of  the  laws  of  any 
society,  it  speedily  becomes  defunct ;  with  great  propri- 
ety, therefore,  is  the  square  put  into  the  hands  of  the 
Worshipful  Master,  in  order  that  he  may  keep  the  breth- 
ren within  the  square  of  the  ancient  charges  of  Freema- 
sonry. This  symbol  must  at  all  times,  and  in  all  places, 
be  regarded  as  a  great  light,  and  the  genuine  Freemason 
is  not  only  reminded  by  this  light  to  do  his  duty  to  his 
brethren,  but  to  all  mankind. —  Gadicke. 

STANDARD.  The  Israelites  in  the  wilderness  were 
marshalled  according  to  their  tribes,  each  tribe  being 
sub-divided  into  families.  Every  head  of  a  sub-division, 
or  thousand,  was  furnished  with  an  ensign,  or  standard, 
under  which  his  followers  arranged  themselves,  according 
to  a  pre-concerted  plan,  both  when  in  camp  and  when 
on  the  march ;  and  thus  all  confusion  was  prevented, 
how  hastily  soever  the  order  might  be  given  to  proceed 
or  to  halt  and  pitch  their  tents.  The  four  leading  divisi- 
ons were  designated  by  the  component  parts  of  the 
cherubim — a  man,  an  ox,  a  lion,  and  an  eagle. 

STANDARD  BEARER.  Grand  Standard  Bearers 
may  be  appointed  by  the  Grand  Master  as  occasion  shall 
require ;  they  must  be  Master  Masons,  and  are  to  carry 
the  standard  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  Grand  Patron,  and 
Grand  Master,  on  all  grand  ceremonies.  They  are  not, 
however,  by  their  appointment,  members  of  the  Grand 
Lodge,  nor  are  they  to  wear  the  clothing  of  a  grand  offi- 
cer. Any  grand  officer  appointed  to  have  a  standard, 
may  appoint  a  Standard  Bearer  whenever  it  shall  be 
necessary,  who  must  be  a  Master  Mason. — Constitutions. 

STAR.  A  star,  in  hieroglyphical  language,  always 
denoted  a  God.  Thus,  when  Balaam  predicted  that  a 
star  should  arise  out  of  Jacob,  and  a  sceptre  out  of  Israel, 
he  referred  to  the  law-giver,  or  Shilo,  of  whom  that 
patriarch  had  already  spoken.  A  star  out  of  Jacob  and 
a  God  out  of  Jacob  would,  therefore,  be  parallel  ex- 
pressions. And  who  could  that  God  be  who  should  bear 
the  sceptre  of  Israel  as  King  of  kings  and  Lord  of  lords 


STA-— STE.  675 

but  the  theocratic  King  of  Israel,  Jehovah,  the  Messiah, 
or  Christ? 

STARS.  The  Master  Mason,  like  the  starry  firma- 
ment, ought  to  be  able  to  enlighten  the  younger  breth- 
ren. Seven  stars  remind  us  that  seven  brethren  make  a 
perfect  lodge.  Stars  are  also  employed  principally  as 
symbols  of  great  intellectuality,  and  this  symbol  has 
been  perpetuated  from  the  most  remote  antiquity.  The 
decoration  of  most  spiritual  and  temporal  orders  consists 
of  a  star. — Gadicke. 

STATUTES  OR  DUTIES.  Every  lodge  has  its 
statutes,  with  which  every  brother  should  be  well  ac- 
quainted, and  which  ought  frequently  to  be  read  in  open 
lodge.  They  treat  upon  the  duties  of  a  Freemason  both 
in  and  out  of  the  lodge,  upon  the  duties  of  the  officers, 
on  the  management  of  the  lodge,  the  duties  and  pri- 
vileges of  the  brethren  towrards  each  other,  and  of  the 
locality  in  which  the  lodge  is  placed. —  Gadicke. 

STAVES.  In  the  year  2513,  while  Moses  was  tend 
ing  the  flock  of  his  father-in-law  Jethro,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  he  was  commanded  by  the  Almighty  to  go 
down  into  Egypt,  and  deliver  his  brethren  from  their 
galling  captivity.  The  Deity  then  asked  him — "  What 
is  that  in  thine  hand?"  And  he  said,  "A  rod."  And 
the  Lord  said  unto  him — "  Cast  it  upon  the  ground." 
And  he  cast  it  upon  the  ground,  and  it  immediately 
became  a  serpent,  and  Moses  Hed  from  it.  And  the  Lord 
said  unto  Moses — "  Put  forth  thy  hand  and  take  it  by  the 
tail."  He  did  so,  and  it  resumed  its  original  form.  This 
is  the  origin  of  our  R.  A.  staves. 

STEP.  In  the  system  of  Masonry,  the  candidate  is 
presented  at  each  step  with  three  precious  jewels.  As 
an  E.  A.  P.,  he  receives  "  a  listening  ear,  a  silent  tongue, 
and  a  faithful  heart."  As  a  F.  C.,  it  is  "  faith,  hope,  and 
charity."  And  as  a  M.  M.,  he  receives  "  humanity,  friend 
ship,  and  brotherly  love." 

STEPS.  The  reflecting  man  is  cautious  how  he  takes 
a  step,  and  it  is  not  indifferent  to  him  whether  they  are 


676  STE— STK. 

directed  to  the  east  or  west,  north  or  soith.  His  desiro 
is  to  be  continually  progressing,  and  he  does  progress, 
even  though  he  is  compelled  occasionally  to  wait,  or 
even  to  take  a  by-path.  But  to  him  the  three  grand 
steps,  which  symbolically  lead  from  this  life  unto  the 
source  of  all  knowledge,  are  of  the  utmost  importance. 
He  advances  with  a  firm  step,  and  he  never  twns  back 
— Gadicke. 

STEWARD.  The  stewards  are  those  officers  who 
have  charge  of  the  expenditure  of  the  lodge  in  refresh- 
ment, &c.  Every  lodge  has  two. — Gadicke. 

STONE  OF  FOUNDATION.  The  masonic  founda 
tion  stone  is  said  to  have  been  inscribed  with  the  awful 
Name  or  Word,  which  is  confided  to  the  perfect  Master 
when  he  has  arrived  at  the  highest  dignity  of  the  science. 
The  characters  were  placed  within  an  equilateral  triangle 
and  circle,  as  a  symbol  of  the  Divine  Being  under  whose 
protection  this  consecrated  stone  was  placed,  arid  hence 
it  was  frequently  termed  the  stone  of  life.  The  Rabbins 
believed  that,  from  the  potency  of  this  Word,  the  stone 
was  invested  with  oracular  powers,  and  many  other 
singular  virtues. 

STONE  PAVEMENT.  The  stone  pavement  is  a 
figurative  appendage  to  a  Master  Masons'  lodge ;  and, 
like  that  of  the  Most  Holy  Place  in  the  Temple,  is  for 
the  High  Priest  to  walk  on. 

STONE  SQUARERS.  These  were  the  Dionysiacs,  a 
society  of  architects  who  built  the  Temple  of  Hercules 
at  Tyre,  and  many  magnificent  edifices  in  Asia  Minor, 
before  the  Temple  of  Solomon  was  projected.  They 
were  the  Masters  and  Wardens  of  the  lodges  of  Masom 
during  the  erection  of  this  famous  edifice. 

STRENGTH.  It  is  not  necessary  that  the  strength 
of  a  Warden  should  consist  of  the  physical  or  bodily ;  it 
ehoald  be  of  the  spiritual.  A  pillar  has  strength  to  bear. 
He  who  assiduously  goes  through  the  difficult  path  of 
life — courageously  bears  up  against  ab  its  disappoint- 
ments— manfully  and  unflinchingly  speaks  the  truth. 


STR— SUB.  «77 

even  before  the  thrones  of  kings  and  princes, — he  pos- 
sesses true  strength. — Gadicke. 

STRIKING  OFF.  Prohibiting  a  lodge  to  assemble, 
or  striking  a  lodge  off  from  the  Grand  Lodge  list.  It  is 
an  event  of  a  very  rare  occurrence  that  a  lodge  is  struck 
off  the  list,  or  prohibited  from  assembling.  This  may 
be  done  by  command  of  the  State ;  and  when  this  is  the 
case,  the  brethren  are  bound  to  obey  the  law  without 
murmuring,  or  complaining  that  their  sphere  of  useful- 
ness is  circumscribed.  But  when  a  lodge  is  struck  o^* 
from  the  list  of  the  Grand  Lodge  under  which  it  hel^  rts 
warrant,  it  must  be  because  it  has  fallen  into  irregularity, 
or  has  violated  the  rules  of  the  Craft  to  such  a  degree  as 
to  bring  down  upon  it  the  greatest  punishment  the  Grand 
Lodge  can  inflict. — Gadicke. 

STRING.  Our  traditions  say  that  when  Hiram  Abiff 
went  into  the  H.  of  H.  to  offer  up  his  orisons  to  God  at 
the  hour  of  high  twelve,  the  ark  of  the  covenant  had 
not  been  removed  thither,  for  that  took  place  at  the 
dedication,  after  which  no  one  wras  permitted  to  enter 
but  the  H.  P.,  and  he  only  once  a  year,  on  the  great  day 
of  expiation,  at  which  time  he  had  a  string,  or  belt,  round 
his  waist,  which  extended  into  the  court  of  the  Taber- 
nacle, that  he  might  be  drawn  from  the  S.  S.,  in  case 
sudden  death  should  occur  whilst  he  officiated  there. — 
Dalcho. 

SUBORDINATION.  The  rulers  and  governors,  su- 
preme and  subordinate  of  the  ancient  lodge,  are  to  be 
obeyed  in  their  respective  stations  by  all  the  brethren, 
according  to  the  old  charges  and  regulations,  with  all 
humility,  reverence,  love,  and  alacrity. — Ancient  Charges. 

SUBMISSION.  Your  obedience  must  be  proved  by 
a  close  conformity  to  our  laws  and  regulations ;  by 
prompt  attention  to  all  signs  and  summonses ;  by  modest 
and  correct  demeanour  whilst  in  the  lodge;  by  abstain- 
ing from  every  topic  of  religious  or  political  discussion ; 
by  a  ready  acquiescence  in  all  votes  and  resolutions  duly 
passed  by  the  brethren ;  and  by  perfect  submission  to 
the  Master  and  his  Wardens,  whilst  acting  in  the  dis- 
charge of  their  respective  offices. — Hemming. 
57 


678  SUC— SUP. 

SUCCOTH.  "When  a  sufficient  quantity  of  stone 
and  timber  had  been  provided  for  the  building  of  the 
•Temple,  the  brethren  were  assembled  in  the  extensive 
plains  between  Succoth  and  Zarthaii,  where  the  whole 
materials  were  arranged,  squared,  and  carved ;  having 
been  first  carefully  measured  under  the  architect's  own 
eye,  and  the  shape  delineated  by  darker  lines;  each 
lodge  having  its  peculiar  mark  and  number,  that  speci- 
mens of  imperfect  workmanship  might  be  known  and 
submitted  to  general  reprobation. 

SUMMONS.  The  brethren  must  be  invited  by  sum- 
mons from  the  Secretary  on  every  lodge  night ;  which 
summons  must  contain  the  place  where,  and  the  time 
when,  the  lodge  is  to  be  held,  as  well  as  what  degrees 
will  be  wrought. — Gadicke. 

SUN.  The  sun  rises  in  the  east,  and  in  tne  east  is 
the  place  for  the  Worshipful  Master.  As  the  sun  is  the 
source  of  all  life  and  warmth,  so  should  the  Worshipful 
Master  enliven  and  warm  the  brethren  to  their  work. 
Among  the  ancient  Egyptians,  the  sun  was  the  symbol 
of  divine  providence.  Schiller  says,  "the  sun  darts  his 
beams  equally  into  every  part  of  infinity." — Gadicke. 

SUPERFICIES.  The  flowing  of  a  line  generates  a 
surface.  A  surface,  therefore,  is  perfect  duty.  Duty  is 
either  theoretical  or  practical.  The  sum  of  theoretical 
duties  is  the  whole  system  of  divine  commands.  Prac- 
tical duties  are  those  commands  as  existing  in  practice. — 
Old  Lect tins.  • 

SUPERINTENDENT  OF  WORKS.  The  grand 
superintendent  of  the  works  ought  to  be  a  brother  well 
skilled  in  the  science  of  geometry  arid  architecture,  lie 
is  to  advise  with  the  Board  of  General  Purposes,  on  all 
plans  of  buildings  or  edifices  undertaken  by  the  Grand 
Lodge,  and  furnish  plans  and  estimates  for  the  same; 
he  is  to  superintend  their  construction,  and  see  that  they 
are  conformable  to  the  plans  approved  by  the  Grand 
Master,  the  Grand  Lodge,  arid  the  Board  of  General 
Purposes ;  he  is  to  suggest  improvements  when  necessary. 
in  all  the  edifices  of  the  Grand  Lodge ;  and  on  th«'<  (iv*» 


SUP— SWO.  679 

meeting  of  the  Board  of  General  Prrposes  in  every  year 
report  on  the  state  of  repair  or  dilapidation  of  such 
edifices,  and  make  such  farther  reports  from  time  to 
time,  as  he  may  deem  expedient. — Constitutions. 

SUPPORT.  The  lodge  is  supported  by  three  pillars, 
which  are  called  Wisdom,  Strength,  and  Beauty ;  because 
no  piece  of  architecture  can  be  termed  perfect,  unless  it 
have  Wisdom  to  contrive,  Strength  to  support,  and 
Beauty  to  adorn. 

SURFACE  OF  THE  EARTH.  Reminds  the  Free- 
mason that  his  activity  should  be  universal,  that  hills  or 
mountains  in  his  way  should  not  be  able  to  turn  him 
from  the  straight  path  of  duty,  but  that  in  the  midst  of 
the  greatest  dangers  and  difficulties,  he  should  proceed 
steadily,  though  cautiously,  on  his  way  to  light  and 
truth. — Gadicke. 

SUSPENSION.  If  any  brother  be  summoned  to  at 
tend  the  Grand  Master  or  his  deputy,  or  his  Provincial 
Grand  Master  or  his  deputy,  or  any  board  or  committee 
authorized  by  the  Grand  Lodge,  and  do  not  comply,  01 
give  sufficient  reason  for  his  non-attendance,  the  sum- 
mons is  to  be  repeated,  and,  if  he  still  persist  in  his 
contumacy,  he  shall  be  suspended  from  all  masonic 
rights,  and  the  proceeding  notified  to  the  Grand  Lodge 
— Con  st  ilvtions. 

SWORDS.  In  ancient  times,  every  brother  was 
obliged  to  be  armed  in  the  lodge  to  protect  himself,  in 
case  the  lodge  was  assaulted,  and  as  a  symbol  of  manly 
strength.  At  present,  swords  are  not  necessary  in  many 
lodges,  and  in  others,  they  are  only  used  as  symbols  of 
obedience,  in  case  that  one  should  be  necessary,  and  to 
be"  regarded  as  the  sword  of  justice.  For  the  protection 
of  his  fatherland,  every  faithful  brother  ought  to  draw 
the  sword  of  defence  cheerfully,  but  he  ought  never  to 
stain  it  with  a  brother's  blood,  even  though  that  brother 
is  a  foe. — Gadicke. 

SWORD  BEARER.  The  Grand  Sword  Bearer  i§ 
appointed  annually  by  the  Grand  Master,  on  the  day  of 


CSC  SYM. 

his  installation.  His  duty  is  to  attend  the  quarterly 
communications,  and  other  meetings  of  the  Grand 
Lodge. 

SYMBOL.  Every  Apprentice  knows  what  to  under- 
stand by  this  word,  and  he  also  knows  that  a  pillar  upon 
a  good  foundation  may  stand  firm,  although  nearly 
broken.  The  inscription  further  says  to  him,  "Let  no 
one  despair  under  his  trials,  when  his  anxious  strivings 
after  the  only  true  good  are  impeded  at  every  step  ;  the 
man  determined  to  advance  in  the  paths  of  virtue  must 
be  firm  as  a  well-founded  pillar,  even  when  it  is  broken 
above  half-through." — Gadicke. 

SYMBOLICAL.  Freemasonry  being  confessedly  an 
allegorical  system,  all  its  points,  parts,  and  secrets  must 
partake  in  common  of  its  emblematical  construction. 
Every  doctrine  and  ceremony  has  its  mystical  references 
— every  landmark  its  legitimate  explanation.  But  there 
are  often  more  important  antitypes  than  those  which  are 
commonly  assigned,  and  though  they  do  not  appear  on 
the  surface,  are  nevertheless  worthy  of  our  serious  con- 
sideration. Hence  arises  the  necessity,  in  these  times 
of  scientific  and  philosophical  research,  of  maintaining 
Freemasonry  in  its  proper  rank,  by  investigating  the  ten- 
dency of  its  numerous  details,  that  we  may  correctly 
ascertain  whether  their  import  be  uniform,  and  their 
typical  reference  valuable. 

SYMBOLICAL  LECTURE.  The  forms,  symbols, 
and  ornaments  of  Royal  Arch  Masonry,  as  well  as  the 
rites  and  ceremonies  at  present  in  use  among  us,  were 
adapted  by  our  predecessors  at  the  building  of  the  second 
temple.  Thus  to  preserve  in  our  minds  the  providential 
means  by  which  that  great  discovery  was  effected,  as  in 
our  hearts  the  lesson  of  that  high  morality,  we,  as  mem- 
bers of  this  exalted  degree,  ought  to  practice,  we  have 
recourse  to  the  explanations  of  the  symbolical  lecture. 
— R.  A.  Lecture. 

SYMBOLICAL  MACHINERY.  The  learned  Faber, 
speaking  of  the  construction  of  the  Apocalypse,  has  the 
following  very  important  remark  :  "  In  the  repre^enta- 


SYM— TAG.  681 

tioiibf  a  pure  church,  an  ancient  patriarchial  scheme  oi 
symbolical  machinery,  derived  most  plainly  from  the 
events  of  the  deluge,  and  borrowed,  with  the  usual  per- 
verse misapplication,  by  the  contrivers  of  paganism,  has 
been  reclaimed  (by  Christianity)  to  its  proper  use." 
What  is  this  patriarchial  scheme  of  symbolical  machinery, 
from  which  the  heathen  contrived  and  borrowed  their 
spurious  Masonrv?  What  can  it  be,  but  a  system  of 
truth,  appended  to  the  original  plan  of  divine  worship, 
which  was  revealed  by  God  to  the  first  man?  It  was 
indeed  primitive  Freemasonry,  veiled  in  allegory,  and 
illustrated  by  symbols. 

SYMBOLICAL  MASONRY.  Symbolical  Masonry, 
under  whatever  form  it  may  be  propounded,  is  a  catholic 
institution,  democratic  in  its  form  and  government,  and 
universal  in  its  operation.  This  is  demonstrable  from 
any  of  the  definitions  of  the  Order,  from  the  free  election 
of  its  chief  magistrate,  and  the  inferior  governors  of  every 
private  lodge,  annually  and  by  universal  suffrage,  and 
from  the  reputed  form  and  extent  of  its  lodges.  If  it 
were  deprived  of  any  of  the  above  attributes,  it  would  be 
no  longer  Freemasonry ;  and  all  its  beneficial  effects  upon 
the  mind  and  manners  of  men,  would  be  scattered  to  the 
winds  of  heaven. 

TABERNACLE.  The  Tabernacle  appears  to  have 
been  constructed  on  the  plan  of  the  Egyptian  temples. 
It  is  true  that,  strictly  speaking,  it  ought  not  to  be  looked 
upon  as  a  piece  of  architecture,  being  only  a  vast  tent. 
But  by  reflecting  on  it  more  closely,  we  shall  perceive 
that  the  Tabernacle  had  a  great  relation  with  architec- 
ture. In  the  government  of  the  Hebrews,  the  Supreme 
Being  was  equally  their  God  and  King.  The  Tabernacle 
was  erected  with  a  view  to  answer  to  the  double  title. 
It  served  at  once  for  the  temple  and  the  palace. 

TACITURNITY.  Taciturnity  is  a  proof  of  wisdom, 
and  an  art  of  inestimable  value,  which  is  proved  to  be  an 
attribute  of  the  Deity,  by  the  glorious  example  which  he 
gives  in  concealing  from  mankind  the  secret  mysteries 
of  his  providence.  The  wisest  of  men  cannot  penetrate 
into  the  arcana  of  heaven,  nor  can  they  divine  to-daj 
what  to-morrow  may  bring  forth. 


682  TAS— TEN. 

TASSELS.  Pendant  to  the  corners  of  the  lodge  are 
four  tassels,  meant  to  remind  us  of  the  four  cardinal  vir- 
tues; namely,  temperance,  fortitude,  prudence  and  jus- 
tice ;  the  whole  of  which,  tradition  informs  us,  wee  rcon- 
Btantly  practised  by  a  great  majority  of  our  ancient 
brethren.  The  distinguishing  characters  of  a  good  Free- 
nason,  are  virtue,  honour  and  mercy ;  and  should  those 
be  banished  from  all  other  societies,  may  they  ever  be 
found  in  a  Mason's  breast. — Hemming. 

TAU  CROSS.     The  emblem  (ft)  forms  the  principal 

distinction  of  a  Royal  Arch  Mason's  apron  and  jewel. 
Being  placed  in  the  centre  of  a  triangle  and  circle,  both 
emblems  of  the  Deity,  it  wrould  appear  that  it  was  origi- 
nally intended  to  typify  the  sacred  name,  as  the  author 
probably  of  eternal  life;  being  tripled  in  the  Christian 
system,  because  the  life  to  come,  according  to  the  light 
of  revelation,  is  superior  to  the  elysium  of  the  heathen ; 
or  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  three  heavens  mentioned  by 
St.  Paul.  It  has  been  referred  to  the  three  great  lights 
of  Masonry,  expressive  of  the  creative,  preserving,  and 
destroying  power  of  God. 

TEMPERANCE.  By  temperance,  wre  are  instructed 
to  govern  the  passions,  and  check  unruly  desires.  The 
health  of  the  body,  and  the  dignity  of  the  species,  are 
equally  concerned  in  a  faithful  observance  of  it. 

TEMPLE.  The  Temple  of  Solomon  was  only  a  small 
building,  and  very  inferior  in  point  of  size  to  some  of  our 
churches,  its  dimensions  being  only  one  hundred  and  five 
feet  broad,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  long.  Its 
splendour  and  superiority  lay  in  the  richness  of  its  mate- 
rials, and  ornaments,  and  the  cloisters  and  other  buildings 
with  which  it  was  surrounded.  It  was  built  of  white 
marble,  so  excellently  put  together,  that  the  joints  could 
not  be  distinguished,  and  the  whole  building  looked  as 
though  it  had  been  cut  out  of  one  entire  stone.  The 
timber  was  cedar  and  olive  wood  covered  with  plates  of 
told,  and  studded  with  precious  stones  of  many  hues. 

TEN.  The  number  of  perfection.  The  great  triangle 
is  generally  denominated  Pythagorean,  because  it  served 


TES  683 

PS  a  principal  illustration  of  that  philosopher's  system. 
This  emblem  powerfully  elucidates  the  mystical  relation 
between  numerical  and  geometrical  symbols.  It  is  com- 
posed of  ten  points,  so  arranged  as  to  form  one  greater 
equilateral  triangle,  and  at  the  same  time  to  divide  it 
into  nine  similar  triangles  of  smaller  dimensions. — Hem- 
ming. 

TESSEL  ATED.  The  tesselated  border  was  anciently 
called  the  Idented  Trasel.  A  learned  Scottish  Mason,  in 
a  letter  to  the  author,  thinks  that  the  proper  term  is 
tasselated  border.  The  simple  and  original  meaning,  he 
says,  is  to  be  found  in  books  of  heraldry,  and  is  nothing 
more  than  an  indented  bordure  of  a  shield,  or  coat  of 
arms.  In  Masonry,  the  border  is  the  margin  of  the 
masonic  floor-cloth,  or  tableau  of  the  lodge,  the  tassels 
being  appended  as  ornaments. 

TESSERA  HOSPITALIS.  This  was  a  token  or  tally 
amongst  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  divided  length- 
wise into  two  equal  parts,  upon  each  of  which  one  of  the 
parties  wrote  his  name,  and  interchanged  it  with  the 
other  as  a  sign  of  hospitality.  The  production  of  this, 
when  they  travelled,  gave  a  mutual  claim  to  the  con- 
tracting parties  and  their  descendants,  for  reception  and 
kind  treatment  at  each  other's  houses,  as  occasion  might 
require.  It  is  supposed  that  an  allusion  to  these  is 
intended  in  the  Book  of  Revelations,  where  it  is  said, 
"  to  him  that  overcometh  will  I  give  a  white  stone,  and 
in  the  stone  a  new  name  written,  which  no  man  know- 
eth,  save  he  that  receiveth  it." 

TESTS.  One  cogent  reason  why  our  brethren  of  the 
Inst  century  adopted  a  series  of  tests  to  distinguish  the 
cowan  from  the  true  and  faithful  brother,  is  found  in  the 
fact  that  the  entire  system  of  speculative  Masonry  .is 
contained  in  the  Holy  Scriptures.  The  Old  Testament 
presents  us  with  its  history  and  legend,  its  types  and 
symbols ;  and  the  New  Testament  with  its  morality,  and 
the  explanation  of  those  allegorical  references,  which 
were  a  sealed  book  until  the  appearance  of  the  Messiah 
upon  earth,  and  the  revelation  of  his  gospel.  Now,  as 
the  particular  tests  where  all  this  information  might  bfe 


(584  TET— THI. 

found,  were  freely  circulated  amongst  the  brethren  iu 
manuscript,  if  not  print,  a  few  stray  copies  might  get 
into  the  hands  of  the  uninitiated,  and  a  superficial  know- 
ledge of  our  references  might  be  thus  attained;  and 
without  some  written  tests  as  a  means  of  detecting  im- 
posture, a  bold  man,  even  with  such  slight  pretensions, 
might  have  succeeded  in  introducing  himself  into  a  lodge 
where  the  officers  were  careless  about  the  admission  of 
visitors,  aud  the  Senior  Entered  Apprentice  was  remiss 
in  the  discharge  of  his  duties ;  and  once  there,  he  would 
Bee  enough  to  qualify  him  to  repeat  the  experiment,  and 
thus  would  become  enabled  to  reveal  the  truths,  which 
were  not  bound  upon  his  conscience  by  any  obligations 
to  secrecy. 

TETRAGRAMMATON.  The  Jews  are  quite  aware 
that  the  true  pronunciation  of  the  Word  is  lost,  and 
regard  it  as  one  of  the  mysteries  to  be  revealed  in  the 
days  of  the  Messiah.  They  hold,  however,  that  the 
knowledge  of  the  Name  of  God  does  exist  on  earth,  and 
he  by  whom  the  secret  is  acquired,  has,  by  virtue  of  it, 
the  powers  of  the  world  at  his  command  ;  and  they  ac- 
count for  the  miracles  of  Jesus,  by  telling  us  that  he 
had  got  possession  of  the  Ineffable  Name.  Rightly 
understood,  they  seem  to  mean  that  he  who  calls  upon 
God  rightly,  by  this  His  true  name,  cannot  fail  to  be 
heard  by  him.  In  short,  this  word  forms  the  famous 
tetragrammaton,  or  Quadrilateral  name,  of  which  every 
one  has  heard. — Kitto. 

THEORY.  The  theory  of  masonry  contains  some- 
thing of  the  whole  of  science ;  the  operative  part  of 
Masonry  is  the  practice  of  all  the  virtues,  of  all  the 
sciences.  Therefore,  to  be  initiated  only  into  the  theory 
of  Masonry,  is  at  least  to  be  in  the  way  of  learning  well ; 
and  if  we  follow  on  to  exercise  the  practice  of  Masonry, 
it  will  as  assuredly  lead  us  into  the  way  of  doing  well ; 
jud  both  to  learn  and  to  do  well,  is  the  whole  of  our 
religion,  whether  as  men,  as  Christians,  or  as  Masons. — 
Jnwood. 

THIRD  DEGREE.  In  the  ceremonial  of  the  Third 
Degree,  the  last  grand  mystery  is  attempted  to  be  illus- 


THR.  68* 

tated  in  a  forcible  and  peculiar  mannei,  showing  by 
striking  analogy,  that  the  Master  Mason  cannot  be  deemed 
perfect  in  the  glorious  science,  till  by  the  cultivation  of 
his  intellectual  powers,  he  has  gained  such  moral  govern, 
ment  of  his  passions,  such  serenity  of  mind,  that  in 
synonymous  apposition  with  Mastership  in  operative  art, 
his  thoughts,  like  his  actions,  have  become  as  useful  as 
human  intelligence  will  permit;  and  that  having  passed 
through  the  trials  of  life  with  fortitude  and  faith,  he  is 
fitted  for  that  grand,  solemn,  and  mysterious  consumma- 
tion, by  which  alone  he  can  become  acquainted  with  the 
great  secret  of  eternity. — Cruccfix. 

THREAD  OF  LIFE.  By  which  the  masonic  key  is 
suspended. 

THREE.  A  sacred  number  in  Freemasonry,  with 
which  all  labour  is  commenced  and  finished.  This  num- 
ber reminds  us  of  the  three  great  lights,  the  three  king- 
doms of  nature,  the  Holy  Trinity,  or  of  the  words  of 
Christ :  "  Where  two  or  three  are  assembled  in  my  name, 
there  will  I  be  in  the  midst  of  you."  We  may  also  con- 
sider ourselves  as  the  third  party  in  unity  and  love, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  exercise  those  two  cardinal  virtues. 
The  Christian  can  also  take  the  number  three  as  the 
grand  distinguishing  doctrine  of  his  faith.  There  are 
three .  principal  parts  in  a  man,  body,  soul,  and  spirit. 
Faith,  love,  and  hope,  support  and  adorn  life. — Gadicke. 

THREE  GRAND  OFFERINGS.  These  were  all 
performed  on  the  sacred  mountain  of  Moriah.  First,  the 
offering  of  Isaac,  when  it  pleased  the  Lord  to  substitute 
a  more  agreeable  victim  in  his  stead.  The  second  con- 
sisted of  the  many  pious  prayers  and  ejaculations  of 
King  David,  which  appeased  the  wrath  of  God,  arid  put 
a  stop  to  the  pestilence  which  raged  among  his  people, 
owing  to  his  inadvertently  having  had  them  numbered. 
And  the  third,  of  the  many  thanksgivings,  oblations, 
burnt  sacrifices,  and  costly  offerings,  which  King  Solo« 
mon  made  at  tie  dedication  and  consecration  of  the 
Temple 

THREE  SENSES.     The  three  senses,  hearing,  seeing 


086  THR— TOK. 

and  feeling,  are  deemed  peculiarly  essential  amongwt 
Masons,  and  held  in  great  estimation.  Their  nature  and 
uses,  form  a  part  of  the  instruction  in  the  FellowcrafVs 
degree. 

THREE  STEPS.  The  three  steps  delineated  upon  a 
Master's  carpet,  are  emblematical  of  the  three  principal 
stages  of  human  life,  youth,  manhood,  and  old  age. 

TIME.  The  central  point  is  a  symbol  of  time,  and 
the  circle  of  eternity.  The  latter,  like  the  universe, 
being  unlimited  in  its  extent ;  for  time  is  but  as  a  point 
compared  with  eternity,  and  equi-distant  from  all  parts 
of  its  infinitely  extended  circumference ;  because  the 
latter  occupied  the  same  indefinite  space  before  the  crea- 
tion of  our  system,  as  it  will  do  when  time  is  extin- 
guished, and  this  earth,  with  all  that  it  contains,  shall  be 
destroyed. 

TOASTS.  The  brother  whose  duty  it  is,  as  a  visitor, 
to  return  thanks,  must  be  extremely  careful  not  to  say 
too  much,  or  he  is  easily  led  away  into  an  extempora- 
neous lecture,  to  which  it  is  not  so  easy  to  find  a  be- 
coming end ;  the  opposite  fault  of  repeating  a  few  set 
phrases,  like  a  parrot,  ought  to  be  equally  as  carefully 
guarded  against.  If  both  old  and  young  members  are  at 
the  same  table,  the  young  never  attempt  to  press  before 
the  old.  And  before  the  close,  the  toast,  which  is  so 
dear  to  every  good  Mason,  should  never  be  omitted ;  viz. 
"oar  sick  and  afflicted  brethren,"  neither  ought  the  serv- 
ing brethren  ever  to  be  forgot. — Gadicke. 

TOKENS.  Signs,  tokens,  and  words  do  not  consti- 
tute Freemasonry,  but  are  local  marks  whereby  they 
know  each  other,  and  may  be  altered,  or  entirely  done 
away,  without  the  least  injury  to  scientific  Freemasonry. 
It  is  with  many  Freemasons  too  absurd  a  belief,  and  a 
still  more  absurd  practice,  to  build  our  science  upon  so 
shallow  a  foundation  as  signs,  tokens,  and  words,  which 
I  fear  constitute  with  some  the  only  attainment  they  look 
for  in  Freemasonry.  That  certain  signals  may  be  neces- 
sary, I  do  readily  allow ;  but  deny  that  such  a  mechanism 
shall  constitute  a  principal  part  of  our  institution. — 
llusenbclh. 


TON— TRA.  687 

TONGUE.  A  Mason  should  use  his  tongue  to  protect, 
but  never  to  betray. 

TRACING-BOARD.  The  tracing-board  is  for  the 
Master  to  draw  his  plans  and  designs  on,  that  the  build- 
ing, whether  moral  or  literal,  may  be  conducted  with 
order  and  regularity. 

TRADITION.  It  is  well-known  that  in  former  times, 
while  learning  remained  in  few  hands,  the  ancients  had 
several  institutions  for  the  cultivation  of  knowledge, 
concealed  under  doctrinal  and  ritual  mysteries,  that  were 
sacredly  withheld  from  all  who  were  not  initiated  into  a 
participation  of  the  privileges  they  led  to,  that  they 
might  not  be  prostituted  to  the  vulgar.  Among  these 
institutions  may  be  ranked  that  of  Masonry;  and  its 
value  may  be  inferred  from  its  surviving  those  revolutions 
of  government,  religion  and  manners,  that  have  swallowed 
up  the  rest.  And  the  traditions  of  so  venerable  an 
institution  claim  an  attention,  far  superior  to  the  loose 
oral  relations  or  epic  songs  of  any  uncultivated  people 

whatever. — Anderson. 

\ 

TRAITOR.  Ancient  Freemasonry  inflicted  very  se- 
vere punishment  for  the  least  treason  to  the  Order; 
nevertheless,  we  have  accounts  of  men  who  have  proved 
traitors,  even  as  wre  find  accounts  of  such  traitors  to  the 
mysteries  of  the  ancients.  With  the  increase  of  enlighten- 
ment and  rational  reflection,  it  is  admitted  that  a  brother 
may  both  speak  arid  write  much  upon  the  Order  without 
becoming  a  traitor  to  its  secrets.  How  an  initiation  is 
conducted,  how  a  word  or  grip  is  given,  gives  no  key  to 
the  true  secret  of  the  Order;  but  we  nevertheless  dis- 
approve of  such  disclosures,  for  this  reason,  that  the 
uninitiated  could  only  form  a  useless  chimera  from  them. 
—  Gadicke. 

TRANSFERRING.  If  a  lodge  be  dissolved,  the  con- 
stitution shall  be  delivered  up  to  the  Grand  Master,  and 
shall  not,  on  any  account,  be  transferred  without  his 
consent.  If  the  brethren  holding  a  warrant  for  a  lodge 
render  themselves  unworthy  of  longer  possessing  it,  the 
Grand  Master  may,  after  the  Grand  Lodge  shall  bav* 


688  TEA— TR1. 

decided  on  that  fact,  transfer  such  warrant  to  othei 
brethren,  whom  he  may  think  deserving,  with  a  new 
number,  at  the  bottom  of  the  lodges  then  on  record. — 
Constitutions. 

TRAVEL.  Oui  ancient  brethren  are  masonkally 
said  to  have  travelled  from  west  to  east,  in  search  oi 
instruction ;  and  it  is  an  undeniable  fact  that  all  know- 
ledge, all  religion,  all  arts  and  sciences,  have  travelled, 
according  to  the  course  of  the  sun,  from  east  to  west. 
From  that  quarter  the  Divine  glory  first  came,  and  thence 
the  rays  of  divine  light  continue  to  diffuse  themselves 
over  the  face  of  the  earth.  From  thence  came  the  Bible, 
and  through  that  the  new  covenant.  From  thence  came 
the  prophets,  the  apostles,  and  the  first  missionaries  that 
brought  the  knowledge  of  God  to  Europe,  to  the  isles  oi 
the  sea,  and  to  the  west. — Adam  Clarke. 

TREASURER.  The  old  founders  of  the  lodges  must 
have  intended  to  collect  large  sums  of  money,  or  very 
Bmall  sums  must  in  those  days  have  been  considered  large 
treasures,  for  they  have  given  the  title  of  treasurer  to 
the  brother  who  has  charge  of  the  lodge  funds.  Every 
lodge  has  a  treasurer,  and  it  is  his  duty  not  only  to  take 
care  of,  but  to  -collect  all  the  lodge  dues.  Part  of  the 
expenditure  of  the  lodge  is  fixed,  arid  part  is  voted  by 
the  Master  Masons  for  charitable  purposes.  Those  lodges 
which  are  in  the  habit  of  practising  the  charitable  vir- 
tues, inculcated  so  forcibly  in  Freemasonry,  seldom  are 
in  possession  of  large  funds ;  and  lodges  which  pride 
themselves  upon  being  rich,  seldom  enjoy  a  great  repu- 
tation in  Freemasonry. — Gudicke. 

TRIANGLE.  A  geometrical  figure,  which  every 
Freemason  knows;  and  he  must  in  particular  study  that 
triangle  which  has  three  equal  sides,  or  which  is  called 
an  equal  sided  triangle.  The  ancient  Egyptian  priests 
expressed  the  origin  of  all  things  by  the  triangle;  and 
when  they  afterwards  wished  to -describe  the  Godhead  in 
its  various  attributes,  they  also  adopted  the  triangle. 
The  kind,  good,  gracious,  and  merciful  God,  they  deline- 
ated by  the  water  triangle  V  5  and  the  just  and  angry 
God,  by  the  fire  triangle  A,  .  The  triangle  considered  aj 


TRI— TRO.  G89 

a  geometrical  figure,  is  composed  of  three  things,  which 
united,  form  one  whole,  viz.,  of  three  particular  points 
and  angles,  by  the.  union  of  which  the  triangle  itself  is 
Conned,  as  one  whole,  or  complete  figure.  It  is  for  this 
reason  that  it  has  been  adopted  as  the  symbol  of  the 
Triune  God.  If  we  unite  a  \7  with  A,  we  have  a  six 
pointed  star  Q  as  a  symbol  of-  the  perfect  Godhead,  in 
all  his  attributes  and  works.  If  we  surround  this  figure 
with  a  circle  @  there  will  be  seven  points  in  it,  if  we 
include  the  centre  point  of  the  circle,  which  represent 
the  sacred  number  seven. — Gadicke. 

TRIPLE  TRIANGLE.  One  would  be  apt  tc  suspect 
that  they  (the  Druids)  had  a  regard  for  the  sacred  symbol 
and  mystical  character  of  medicine,  which  in  ancient 
times  was  thought  to  be  of  no  inconsiderable  value  ;  this 
is  a  pentagonal  figure,  formed  from  a  triple  triangle, 
called  by  the  name  of  Hygeia,  because  it  may  be  resolved 
into  the  Greek  letters  that  compose  the  word.  The 
Pythagoreans  used  it  among  their  disciples  as  a  mystical 
symbol  denoting  health,  and  the  cabalistic  Jews  and 
Arabians  had  the  same  fancy.  It  is  the  pentalpha,  or 
pentagrarnmon,  among  the  Egyptians,  the  mark  of  pros- 
perity. Antiochus  Suter,  going  to  fight  against  the 
Galatians,  was  advised  in  a  dream  to  bear  this  sign  up- 
on his  banner,  whence  he  obtained  a  signal  victory. — 
Ktukeltj. 

TRIPLE  TAU.  This  figure  forms  two  right  angles 
on  each  of  the  exterior  lines,  and  another  at  the  centre 
by  their  union,  for  the  three  angles  of  each  triangle  are 
equal  to  two  right  angles.  This  being  triplified,  illus- 
trates the  jewel  worn  by  the  companions  of  the  Royal 
Arch,  which  by  its  intersection  forms  a  given  number  of 
ngles  ;  these  may  be  taken  in  five  several  combinations, 
and  reduced,  their  amount  in  right  angles  will  be  found 
equal  to  the  two  Platonic  bodies,  which  represent  the 
four  elements  and  sphere  of  the  universe. — R.  A.  Lecture. 

TROWEL.  The  trowel  is  appropriated  to  the  Master's 
degree,  because,  as  the  lectures  say,  it  is  as  Master  Masong 
only  we  constitute  the  recognized  of  the  masonic  family. 
Again,  this  implement  is  considered  as  the  appropriate 


690  TRU—  TUS. 

working  tool  of  the  Master  Mason,  because,  in  operative 
masonry,  while  the  E.  A.  P.  prepares  the  materials,  and 
the  Feliowcraft  places  them  in  their  proper  situation,  the 
Master  Mason  spreads  the  cement  with  a  trowel,  which 
binds  them  together.  In  speculative  Masonry  the  Master 
of  the  lodge  is  the  cement  which  unites  the  brethren, 
and  binds  them  together  in  peace,  harmony,  and  brotherly 
love. 

TRUE.  The  Mason  should  not  only  be  true  to  the 
brotherhood  and  the  Order,  but  to  all  mankind.  Every 
Mason  ought  to  act  in  such  a  manner  as  to  render  it 
unnecessary  to  doubt  his  truth.  Flattering  words,  which 
are  only  calculated  to  entrap  the  weak  and  the  unwary,  do 
not  strengthen  that  truth  which  is  expected  amongst 
brethren.  We  must  be  able  to  depend  with  as  much 
confidence  upon  the  word  of  a  Mason  as  if  he  had  given 
us  a  written  undertaking.  —  Gadicke. 

TRUTH.  Truth  is  a  divine  attribute,  and  the  found- 
ation of  every  virtue.  To  be  good  and  true,  is  the  first 
lesson  we  are  taught  in  Masonry.  On  this  theme  we 
contemplate,  and  by  its  dictates  endeavour  to  regulate 
our  conduct  ;  influenced  by  this  principle,  hypocrisy  and 
deceit  are  unknown  in  the  lodge;  sincerity  and  plain 
dealing  distinguish  us,  while  the  heart  and  tongue  join 
in  promoting  the  general  welfare,  arid  rejoicing  in  each 
other's  prosperity.  —  Preston. 

TUBAL  CAIN.  Before  the  general  deluge  there  was 
a  man  called  Lameck,  who  had  two  wives,  the  one  called 
Adah,  the  other  Zillah;  by  Adah  he  had  two  sons,  Jabell 
and  Juball;  by  Zillah  he  had  a  son  called  Tubal,  and  a 


ighter  called  Mahrnah.  These  four  children  found 
the  beginning  of  all  the  crafts  in  the  world.  Jabell  found 
out  geometry,  and  had  divided  flocks  of  sheep  and  lambs  ; 
he  built  the  first  house  of  stone  and  timber.  Jnball 
found  out  music.  Tubal  found  out  the  Smith's  trading 
or  craft,  also  the  working  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron, 
and  steel.  —  Ancient  Masonic  Manuscript. 

TUSCAN.  The  Tuscan  being  the  first,  is  the  most 
simple  and  solid  of  the  five  orders.  It  was  invented  in 


TWE— UNL  691 

Tuscany,  whence  it  derives  its  name.  The  simplicity 
of  the  construction  of  this  column,  renders  it  eligible 
where  solidity  is  the  chief  object,  and  where  ornament 
would  be  superfluous. 

TWENTY-FOUR  INCH  EULE.  An  instrument  made 
use  of  by  operative  masons  to  measure  and  lay  out 
their  work ;  but  we,  as  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  are 
taught  to  make  use  of  it  for  the  more  noble  and  glorious 
purpose  of  dividing  our  time.  It  being  divided  into 
twenty-four  equal  parts,  is  emblematical  of  the  twenty- 
four  hours  of  the  day,  which  we  are  taught  to  divide  into 
three  parts,  whereby  we  find  a  portion  for  the  service 
of  God,  and  the  relief  of  a  worthy  distressed  brother; 
a  portion  for  our  usual  avocations;  and  a  portion  for 
refreshment  and  sleep. — Lectures. 

UNANIMOUS.  A  ballot  is  unanimous  when  there  are 
no  black  balls.  This  unanimity  must  be  founded  upon  the 
proper  exercise  of  the  rules  and  regulations  laid  down  for 
our  guidance  in  this  important  part  of  our  duty,  and  a 
perfect  unanimity  in  the  opinions  of  the  brethren  on  the 
moral  character  of  the  candidate. —  Gadicke. 

UNIFORMITY.  AU  lodges  are  particularly  bound  to 
observe  the  same  usages  an  1  customs ;  every  deviation, 
therefore,  from  the  established  mode  of  working  is  highly 
improper,  and  cannot  be  justified  or  countenanced.  In 
order  to  preserve  this  uniformity,  and  to  cultivate  a  good 
understanding  among  Freemasons,  some  members  of 
every  lodge  should  be  deputed  to  visit  other  lodges  as 
often  as  may  be  convenient.  If  any  lodge  shall  give  its 
sanction  for  a  lodge  of  instruction  being  holden  under  its 
warrant,  such  lodge  shall  be  responsible  that  the  proceed- 
ings in  the  lodge  of  instruction  are  correct  and  regular, 
and  that  the  mode  of  working  there  adopted  has  received 
the  sanction  of  the  Grand  Lodge. — Constitutions. 

UNIVERSE.  The  universe  is  the  Temple  of  the  Deity 
whom  we  serve.  Wisdom,  Strength,  and  Beauty  are 
about  his  throne,  as  the  pillars  of  his  works;  for  his 
Wisdom  is  infinite,  his  Strength  is  in  omnipotence,  and 
Beauty  stands  forth  through  ail  his  creation  in  symmetry 
and  order.  He  hath  stretched  forth  the  heavens  as  a 
canopy,  and  the  earth  He  hath  planted  as  his  footstool ; 
He  crowns  his  temple  with  the  stars  as  with  a  diadem; 


692  UNI— UPP. 

and  in  bis  hand  He  extendeth  the  power  and  the  glory  j 
the  sun  and  moon  are  messengers  of  his  will,  and  all  his 
law  is  concord.  The  pillars  supporting  the  lodge  are 
representative  of  these  divine  powers.  A  lodge,  where 
perfect  Masons  are  assembled,  represents  these  works  of 
the  Deity. — Hutchinson. 

UNIVERSALITY.  The  universality  of  Masonry  is 
thus  described  by  a  masonic  writer  of  the  last  century : 
"Leaving  holy  ground,  we  trace  Masonry  amongst  the 
Eastern  Magi,  and  in  the  renowned  learning  of  Egypt. 
From  whence,  like  other  sciences,  taking  a  westerly 
direction,  it  was  brought  by  that  ^European  apostle  of 
Masonry,  Pythagoras,  from  whose  propagation  it  reached 
the  British  isle.  Its  principles  were  respected  and  dis- 
seminated by  Brahmins,  philosophers,  artists,  and  saints, 
and  diffused  the  light  of  science  to  the  remotest  corners 
of  the  earth.  It  taught  natural  religion,  philosophy, 
subordination,  and  arts  on  the  banks  of  the  Ganges,  in 
the  hieroglyphics  of  Egypt,  the  sanctuaries  of  Eleusis, 
the  schools  of  the  sages,  the  caves  of  the  Druids." 

UNIVERSAL  LANGUAGE.  An  universal  language 
has  been  much  desired  by  the  learned  of  many  ages.  It 
is  a  thing  rather  to  be  wished  than  hoped  for.  But  it 
seems  the  Masons  pretended  to  have  such  a  thing  among 
them.  If  it  be  true,  I  guess  it  must  be  something  like  the 
language  of  the  pantomimes  among  the  ancient  Romans 
who  are  said  to  be  able,  by  signs  only,  to  express  and 
deliver  any  oration  intelligibly  to  men  of  all  nations  and 
languages. — Locke. 

UPPER  CHAMBER.  Our  lodges  are  formed  in  upper 
chambers,  and  carefully  guarded  by  tyled  doors  and 
drawn  swords.  The  highest  of  hills  and  the  lowest  of 
valleys  are  situations  least  exposed  to  unauthorized  intru- 
sion. Thus  Masons  are  said  to  meet  in  these  situations, 
to  commemorate  a  remarkable  custom  of  the  ancient  Jev/s 
in  the  building  of  their  temples,  schools,  and  synagogues  ; 
and  as  by  the  Jewish  law,  whenever  ten  of  them  assembled 
together  for  that  purpose,  they  proceeded  to  work,  so  it 
was  with  our  ancient  brethren,  who  formed  themselves 
into  a  lodge,  whenever  ten  operative  masons  were  assem- 
bled, consisting  of  the  Master,  two  Wardens,  and  seven 
Fellow-Crafts. 


TJPBr-YIB.  693 

'  CJPKIGHT  POSTUKE.  To  walk  and  act  uprightly 
before'  heaven  and  before  men  is  to  add  still  great  luster 
to  the  Mason's  character;  to  do  justice  and  to  have 
charity,  are  excellent  steps  in  human  life,  but  to  act 
uprightly,  gives  a  superlative  degree  of  excellence,  for  in 
that  situation  we  should  become  examples  in  religious,  in 
civil,  and  in  moral  conduct,  which  are  among  the  great 
principles  of  our  noble  institution. 

USAGES.  The  usages  and  customs  of  Masons  have 
ever  corresponded  with  those  of  the  ancient  Egyptians, 
to  which  they  bear  a  near  affinity.  Their  philosophers, 
unwilling  to  expose  their  mysteries  to  vulgar  eyes,  con- 
cealed their  particular  tenets,  and  principles  of  polity  and 
philosophy,  under  hierogly pineal  figures,  and  expressed 
their  notions  of  government  by  signs  and  symbols,  which 
they  communicated  to  their  priests,  or  magi  alone,  who 
were  bound  by  oath  not  to  reveal  them. 

VAULT.  Vaults  are  found  in  every  country  of  the 
world  as  well  as  in  Judea,  and  were  used  for  secret 
purposes.  Thus  Stephens,  speaking  of  some  ruins  in 
Yucatan,  says — "  The  only  way  of  descending  was  to  tie 
a  rope  around  the  body,  and  be  lowered  by  the  Indians. 
In  this  way  I  was  let  down,  and  almost  before  nay  head 
had  passed  through  the  hole,  my  feet  touch  the  top  of  a 
heap  of  rubbish,  high  directly  under  the  hole,  and  falling 
off  at  the  sides.  Clambering  down  it  I  found  myself  in  a 
round  chamber,  so  filled  with  rubbish  that  I  could  not 
stand  upright.  With  a  candle  in  my  hand,  I  crawled  all 
round  on  my  hands  and  knees.  The  chamber  was  in  the 
shape  of  a  dome,  and  had  been  coated  with  plaster,  most 
of  which  had  fallen,  and  now  encumbered  the  ground,  the 
depth  could  not  be  ascertained  without  clearing  out  the 
interior." 

VIRTUES.  In  all  ages  it  has  been  the  object  of  Free- 
masonry, not  only  to  inform  the  minds  of  its  members, 
by  instructing  them  in  the  sciences  and  useful  arts,  but 
to  better  their  hearts,  by  enforcing  the  precepts  of 
religion  and  morality.  In  the  course  of  the  ceremonies 
of  initiation,  brotherly  love,  loyalty,  and  other  virtues  are 
inculcated  in  hieroglyphic  symbols,  and  the  candidate  is 
often  reminded  that  there  is  an  eye  above,  which  observeth 
the  workings  of  his  heart,  and  is  ever  fixed  upon  the 
thoughts  and  actions  of  meu. — Laurie. 


694  VIS— WAR. 

VISITING  BRETHREN.  If  a  Freemason  is  a 
her  of  any  lodge,  be  has  a  right  to  be  admitted  into  till 
other  lodges  as  a  visiting  brother,  but  he  must  be  either 
introduced  by  a  member  of  the  lodge,  or  he  must  be  able 
to  legitimize  himself  by  producing  his  Grand  Lodge 
certificate,  and  proving  himself  by  his  work. 

VOTES.  All  matters  are  to  be  decided  by  a  majority 
of  votes,  each  member  having  one  vote,  and  the  Grand 
Master  two  votes ;  unless  the  lodge,  for  the  sake  of  expe- 
dition, think  proper  to  leave  any  particular  subject  to  the 
determination  of  the  Grand  Master.  The  votes  of  the 
members  always  to  be  signified  by  each  holding  up  one 
of  his  hands,  which  uplifted  hands  the  Wardens  are  to 
count,  unless  the  number  should  be  so  uneven  as  to 
render  counting  unnecessary. — Constitutions. 

WAGES.  The  tradition  respecting  the  payment  of  the 
workmen's  wages  at  the  building  of  Solomon's  Temple, 
may  or  may  not  be  accurate,  as  I  am  ignorant  of  the 
authority  on  which  the  calculations  are  founded.  Indeed 
the  probabilty  is,  that  the  tradition  has  been  fabricated 
in  a  subsequent  age,  without  the  existence  of  any  docu- 
ments to  attest  its  authenticity.  The  men  were  paid  in 
their  lodges  by  shekels,  a  silver  coin  of  about  half-a-crown 
of  our  money ;  and  the  number  of  shekels  per  day  was 
regulated  by  the  square  of  the  number  of  the  degree 
which  each  order  of  men  had  attained.  Thus  with  respect 
to  the  Entered  Apprentices  only,  there  were  ten  thousand 
in  work,  and  twenty  thousand  at  rest.  These  men,  at 
the  rate  of  one  shekel  per  head,  would  receive  daily 
£1,250,  or,  during  the  seven  years  and  seven  months  of 
building  the  Temple,  £3,458,750.  In  the  higher  grades, 
the  men  were  not  only  remunerated  for  their  labor,  but 
also  for  their  superior  ingenuity  and  artistical  skill. 

WARDENS.  Every  lodge  has  two,  and  they  stand 
next  in  rank  to  the  M.  W.  Their  .places  are  so  situated, 
that  they  are  enabled  to  superintend  the  execution  of  the 
commands  of  the  W.  M.  Experienced  brethren,  who 
have  a  sufficient  knowledge  of  strength  and  beauty,  and 
who  are  at  all  times  ready  to  use  the  level  and  the  plumb- 
rule,  ought  always  to  be  chosen  as  Wardens,  that  they 
may  be  enabled  to  conduct  the  business  of  the  lodge  ID 
the  unavoidable  absence  of  the  W.  M.  or  his  deputy. 


WAR— WHL  695 

WARE  ANT.  In  former  times  a  lodge  forn.bJ  itself 
without  any  ceremony,  wherever  a  sufficient  nu.nber  of 
brethren  dwelt  to  form  a  lodge,  and  one  of  tho  neighbor- 
ing lodges  formed  it  for  them.  But  in  1722  the  Grand 
Lodge  in  London  determined  that  every  new  lodge  in 
England  'should  have  a  patent,  and  since  that  time  all 
those  brethren  who  wish  to  form  a  new  lodge,  strive  to 
obtain  a  warrant  from  the  Grand  Lodge.  The  new  lodge 
then  joins  the  Grand  Lodge  as  a  daughter  Iodg3,  binds 
itself  to  work  according  to  its  system,  and  to  keep  within 
the  ancient  landmarks.  Then  is  such  a  lodge  called  just 
perfect,  and  regular. —  Gadicke. 

WATCH-WORD.  The  Word  is  not  to  be  understood 
us  a  watch-word  only,  after  the  manner  of  those  annexed 
to  the  several  degrees  of  the  Craft,  but  also,  theologically, 
as  a  term  to  convey  to  the  mind  some  idea  of  tLat  Great 
Being  who  is  the  sole  author  of  our  existence,  and  to 
carry  along  with  it  the  most  solemn  veneration  for  his 
sacred  Name  and  Word,  as  well  as  the  most  clear  and 
perfect  elucidation  of  his  power  and  attributes  that  the 
human  mind  is  capable  of  receiving. 

WEST.  Where  the  sun  closes  its  daily  race,  there  the 
thanks  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  world  follow  it,  and  with 
the  ensuing  morning  it  again  commences  its  benevolent 
course.  Every  brother  draws  near  to  the  evening  of  his 
days ;  and  well  will  it  be  with  him  if  at  the  close  of  his 
labors  he  can  look  forward  with  hope  for  a  good  reward 
lor  his  work. —  Gadicke, 

WHITE.  This  color  has  ever  been  regarded  as  em- 
blematic of  purity  and  innocence.  In  the  York  rite  the 
apron  is  always  of  this  color,  though  the  trimming  varies 
in  the  symbolic  and  chapitral  degrees.  "  Let  thy  garments 
be  always  WHITE,"  etc. — Solomon. 

WHITE  STONE.  The  white  stone  is  an  inestimable 
gift,  promised  to  every  one  who  lives  a  moral  and  virtuous 
life.  White  is  an  emblem  of  purity,  and  the  new  name 
conveys  a  title  to  be  admitted  within  the  veil,  and  honored 
with  a  seat  near  the  living  God  in  that  palace  which  is 
described  by  St.  John  as  a  perfect  cube,  whose  walls  and 
foundations  are  garnished  with  all  manner  of  precious 
stones,  all  hewed,  squared,  and  polished  by  the  masterly 
hand  of  the  T.  G.  A.  O.  T.  U. 


696  WID— WOIV 

WIDOW'S  SON.  Hiram,  the  architect,  is  described  in 
two  places  of  Scripture ;  in  the  first  he  is  called  a  widow's 
son,  of  the  tribe  of  Naphtali,  and  in  the  other  is  called  the 
son  of  a  woman  of  the  daughters  of  Dan ;  but  in  both  that 
his  father  was  a  man  of  Tyre ;  that  is,  she  was  of  the 
daughters  of  the  city  of  Dan,  in  the  tribe  of  Naphtali,  and 
is  calted  a  widow  of  Naphtali,  as  her  husband  was  a 
Naphtalite ;  for  he  is  not  called  a  Tyrian  by  descent,  but 
a  man  of  Tyre  by  habitation. — Anderson. 

WINDING  STAIRCASE.  When  the  Fellow-Crafts 
went  to  receive  their  wages,  they  ascended  a  winding 
staircase,  the  steps  of  which,  like  all  the  Masonic  symbols, 
are  illustrative  of  discipline  and  doctrine,  as  well  as  of 
natural,  mathematical,  and  metaphysical  science,  and  open 
to  us  an  extensive  range  of  moral  and  speculative  inquiry. 
In  their  delineation,  the  steps,  which  count  odd  numbers, 
shoiild  be  more  particularly  marked  as  one,  three,  five, 
seven,  eleven;  and  in  ascending  them  the  Fellow-Craft 
should  pause  on  each  alternate  step,  and  consider  the 
several  stages  of  his  progress,  as  well  as  the  important 
lessons  which  are  there  inculcated. 

WISDOM.  Those  alone  are  wise  who  exercise  the 
powers  of  the  mind  in  secrecy,  and  who,  without  any 
selfish  object,  endeavor  to  promote  the  universal  happi- 
ness of  mankind,  whom  neither  fortune  nor  misfortune  are 
able  to  drive  from  a  cairn  and  steady  progress  through 
life.  To  possess  Masonic  wisdom  it  is  not  necessary  to  be 
very  learned,  or  to  have  a  most  penetrating  genius;  the 
man  of  good  plain  common  sense  may  be  more  masoni- 
cally  wise  than  the  most  learned  man  in  existence.  It  is 
not  the  act  of  a  wise  man  to  make  a  great  profession  of 
wisdom ;  rnd  the  secrets  of  our  Lodges  ought  to  teach  us 
how  to  exercise  our  Masonic  wisdom. —  Gadicke. 

WORKING  TOOLS  OF  FREEMASONS.  They  are 
of  three  kinds,  viz:  ornaments,  furniture,  and  jewels. 
What  we  understand  by  these  are  things  without  which 
we  are  unable  to  perform  any  manual  labor  as  ought  to  be 
expected  from  working  tools;  but  if  we  take  them  as 
.symbols,  then  they  have  a  most  important  signification. 

WORLDLY  WEALTH.  Masonry  regards  no  man  on 
account  of  his  worldly  wealth  and  honor.  The  poor  as 
well  as  the  rich  may  knock  at  the  door  of  c«ir  temple,  and 


RCH   OF   THE   TEMPLE   AND   WINDING   8TAIKS. 


WO1R— TEA.  699 

gain  admission.     All  are  welcome  if   found  worthy  to 
receive  light.     This  is  strictly  spiritual:  "Seek,  and  ye 
shall  find ;  ask,  and  ye  shall  receive ;  knock,  and  the  door 
»      shall  be  opened  unto  you." — Scott. 

WORSHIPFUL.  A  title  of  respect  given  to  justices  of 
the  peace,  etc.,  and  in  the  same  sense  to  symbolic  Lodges, 
and  also  to  the  present  and  Past  Masters  of  the  same. 

WORSHIPFUL  MASTER  He  who  has  attained  the 
third  degree  in  Freemasonry  is  a  Master ;  and  where  they 
do  not  work  in  the  so-called  high  degrees,  has  attained 
the  summit  of  his  profession.  None  but  F.  Cs.  who  have 
been  found  worthy  can  obtain  this  degree.  As  a  M.  M. 
he  has  a  voice  in  all  the  consultations  of  the  officers  of 
the  Lodge,  and  he  may,  if  possessed  of  sufficient  Masonic 
skill,  be  appointed  to  any  office  in  the  Lodge,  even  that 
of  W.  M.  This  is  the  highest  preferment  a  Mason  can 
obtain  in  St.  John's  Masonry,  through  the  three  degrees 
of  which  every  candidate  for  the  P.  M.  degree  must  have 
passed.  If  there  are  members  in  the  Lodge  who  have 
the.  higher  degrees,  they  are  generally  elected  W.  M. ;  but 
although  it  is  by  no  means  necessary  to  possess  those 
degrees  to  enable  a  brother  to  be  elected  to  the  chair,  it 
is  absolutely  necessary  that  he  should  be  a  man  of  good 
moral  character,  and  extensive  Masonic  information ;  he 
is  then  elected  by  his  brother  M.  Ms.  for  one  year.  The 
greatest  care  and  caution  ought  to  be  used  by  the  brethren 
at  this  election  to  pi-event  the  Lodge  being  injured  by 
the  election  of  an  improper  person.  He  must  also  be 
well  acquainted  with  the  Order,  its  doctrines,  its  secrets, 
its  history,  and  constitution,  and  must  possess  the  power 
of  communicating  his  own  reflections  upon  all  these  sub- 
jects, in  a  clear  comprehensive  form,  to  the  brethren. 

YEAR  OF  MASONRY.  The  birth  of  Christ  is  com- 
monly giveu  to  the  autumn  of  the  year  5  before  Christ, 
which  is  an  apparent  anomaly,  which  may  require  a  few 
words  of  explanation.  The  era  of  the  birth  of  Christ 
was  not  in  use  until  about  532  A.  D.,  in  the  time  of  Jus- 
tinian, when  it  was  introduced  by  Dionysius  Exiguus,  a 
Sej'thian  by  birth,  and  a  Roman  abbot ;  and  which  only 
began  to  prevail  in  the  West  about  the  time  of  Charles 
Martel  and  Pope  Gregory  II.,  A.  D.  730.  It  has  long 
been  agreed  by  all  chronologers  that  Dionysius  made 


700  YOR  -ZEE. 

a  mistake  in  placing  the  birth  of  Christ  some  years 
too  late;  but  the  amount  of  the  difference  has  been 
variously  estimated  at  two,  three,  four,  five,  and  even 
eight  years.  The  general  conclusion  is  that  which  is 
adopted  in  our  Bibles,  and  which  places  the  birth  of  Christ 
four  years  before  the  common  era,  or  more  probably  a  few 
months  more.  In  Masonry  we  add  4000  up  to  the  birth 
of  Christ,  and  that  sum  constitutes  the  reputed  year  of 
Masonry. 

YORK  MASONS.  The  brother  of  King  Athelstan, 
Prince  Edwin,  being  taught  Masonry,  and  taking  upon 
him  the  charges  of  a  Master  Mason,  for  the  love  he  had 
to  the  said  Craft,  and  the  honorable  principles  whereon 
it  is  grounded,  purchased  a  free  charter  of  King  Athelstan 
for  the  Masons ;  having  a  correction  among  themselves, 
as  it  was  anciently  expressed,  or  a  freedom  and  power  to 
regulate  themselves,  to  amend  what  might  happen  amiss, 
and  to  hold  a  yearly  communication  and  general  assem- 
bly. That  accordingly  Prince  Edwin  summoned  all  the 
Masons  in  the  realm  to  meet  him  in  congregation  at  York, 
who  came  and  composed  a  general  Lodge,  of  which  he 
was  Grand  Master ;  and  having  brought  with  them  all 
the  writings  and  records  extant,  some  in  Greek,  some  in 
Latin,  some  in  French,  and  other  languages,  from  the 
contents  thereof  that  assembly  did  frame  the  Constitution 
and  Charges  of  an  English  Lodge,  and  made  a  law  to 
preserve  and  observe  the  same  in  all  time  coming. 

ZEREDATHA.  The  pillars  and  other  brass  work  were 
cast  in  the  clayey  ground  between  Succoth  and  Zeredatha. 
In  the  Hebrew  the  words  for  "  clayey  ground "  are  "  in 
the  thickness  of  the  ground."  That  is,  the  earth  was  stiff 
and  glutinous,  and  upon  that  account  more  fit  to  make 
moulds  of  all  kinds. 

ZERUBBABEL.  The  son  of  Salathiel,  cf  the  royal 
race  of  David.  Cyrus  committed  to  his  care  the  sacred 
vessels  of  the  temple,  with  which  he  returned  to  Jerusalem. 
He  is  always  named  first,  as  being  the  chief  of  the  Jews  that 
returned  to  their  own  country,  where  he  laid  the  founda- 
tions of  the  second  temple.  When  the  Samaritans  offered 
to  assist  in  rebuilding  the  temple,  Zerubbabel  and  the 
principal  men  of  Judah  refused  them  this  honor,  since 
Cyrus  had  granted  his  commission  to  the  Jews  only. 


POPTILAK 

WORKS  ON  FREEMASONRY, 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  * 

MASONIC   PUBLISHING  CO., 

No.  626  BROADWAY. 

ROBT.  MACOY,  ) 

WM.    T.    ANDERSON,     V  NEW      YORK. 

11.    S.    AliCIIEU.  ) 

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